Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene

Design and energy management optimization for hybrid renewable

energy system- case study: Laayoune region
Lamyae Mellouk a, b, *, M. Ghazi a, A. Aaroud b, M. Boulmalf a, D. Benhaddou c,
K. Zine-Dine b
a
Universit

e Internationale de Rabat, Computer Science Faculty, TIClab, Morocco
b
LAROSERI Lab., Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Sciences, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
c
University of Houston, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The major objectives of this work are: 1) to develop new efficient optimization algorithm to solve NP-
Received 8 April 2018 hard problems, 2) to show the potential of integrating renewable energy technologies for Laayoune
Received in revised form region- Morocco taken as case study. In this work, new parallel hybrid Genetic Algorithm-Particle Swarm
12 January 2019
Optimization algorithm (P-GA-PSO) is developed to solve both sizing and energy management problems
Accepted 12 February 2019
Available online 16 February 2019
for micro-grids. The studied micro-grid is composed of four different renewable energy technologies and
energy storage system. The objectives of both optimization problems are to satisfy typical load demand,
to minimize energy production cost, to maximize renewable energy integration, to avoid energy losses
Keywords:
Hybrid system
and overload. P-GA-PSO performances are evaluated and compared with the ordinary optimization
Renewable energy methods based on: 1) a set of benchmark functions, 2) various scenarios used to solve the proposed
Near-optimal design micro-grid optimization problems. Obtained results demonstrated that P-GA-PSO outperforms ordinary
Energy management problem optimization algorithms in terms of convergence time and solution quality. Moreover, the proposed
Parallel hybrid heuristic methods micro-grid is very promising in terms of load demand satisfaction, cost and pollutant emissions
CO2 saving reduction. Indeed, the obtained energy cost does not exceed 0.17 US$/kWh, which is close to fossil fuel
energy cost, and fossil fuel replacement rate exceeds 50% during all periods.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction In this regards, Morocco government inaugurates several pro-

Nowadays, electricity has become one of the most important
parts in modern life. Yet, the electricity sector is facing three major
challenges: ensuring a sufficient supply to keep up with the
continuous climbing demand of electrical energy, reducing its cost
and limiting pollutant emissions caused by conventional electricity
production processes. For that reason, adequate responses to these
challenges have been proposed, such as: the energy efficiency
incorporation, promoting biomass use, using carbon capture and
storage as well as promoting renewable energy sources integration
[1]. In the latter solution, wind and solar energies are the world's
most widely used to contribute in electrical energy generation
through their integration in an innovative concept called Micro-
grid [2].

Internationale de Rabat, Computer Science
* Corresponding author. Universite
Faculty, TIClab, Morocco.
E-mail address: lamiae.mellouk@uir.ac.ma (L. Mellouk).
jects and develops many researches to enlarge the use of renewable
energy resources. Indeed, Morocco built the largest wind farm in
Africa in Tarfaya city in 2014, and the world's largest concentrated
solar plant in Ouarzazat city in 2016. This is because the country
plans to decrease the fossil fuel energy import by producing more
than 40% of electrical energy using only clean renewable energy
resources by 2020. It was proven in the literature that the inte-
gration of renewable energy sources in the micro-grids could be
able to provide low cost, efficient and environmentally friendly
Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems (DRES) [3]. Yet, DRES are
very sensitive for both load and generation changes [4].
The majority of published papers in the literature dealt with
micro-grids' configurations [5], generation unit sizing [6], storage
needs [7,8], and energy management [1,9]. In the recent papers, the
main goals are to provide systems with: greater flexibility, higher
efficiency and lower cost. However, reaching these goals cannot be
easy due to the non-linear behaviour of energy production and
storage, strong dependence to the meteorological data changes,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.02.066
0960-1481/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
622 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634
and stochastic behaviour of energy demand. Thus, to solve prob-
lems related to micro-grids, a large variety of optimization tech-
niques were proposed in the literature. These methods can be
generally classified as analytical techniques, heuristic methods and
hybrid methods. Analytical techniques include Lagrange relaxation
[10], interior point method [11], linear programming techniques
and quadratic were mainly used as the optimizing tool for solving
the Economic Dispatch problem in the micro-grids [12,13].
Analytical methods bring some benefits, such as the non-
parametrization required in their implementation, some of them
have a fast calculation time, and they are easy to implement.
However, they have some drawbacks such as convergence imma-
turity to a local optimum, and they are not usually applicable to
some types of cost functions which are non-convex, non-mono-
tonically, non-smooth etc. [14,15].
Heuristic methods include Genetic Algorithms (GAs) [16e23],
Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABCA) [24], Ant Lion optimizer
[25], Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [26e28] and Intelligent
Flower Pollination Algorithm [29]. These heuristic methods have
given acceptable results over the years. Hybridization have been
widely presented in the literature like fuzzy adaptive hybrid par-
ticle swarm optimization algorithm [30], A hybrid multi-agent
based particle swarm optimization [31], PSO-GA algorithm [32],
hybrid differential evolution-based chemical reaction optimization
[33], and Roulette Wheel Mechanism and Monte Carlo simulation
method [13]. The most commonly hybridization algorithm in the
literature is the combination of GA and PSO to solve optimization
problems related to energy management in the micro-grids [34,35].
Unfortunately, hybrid algorithms usually suffer from long compu-
tational time. To address this drawback, the recent studies opt for
the parallelism. In Ref. [36], authors used Lagrange's and PSO al-
gorithms in parallel to solve the power system management
problem with a large set of data, they concluded that parallelism
increases the solution quality and reduces convergence time. In
Ref. [37], authors implement a parallel and distributed computation
method to solve economic dispatch problem, their results show
better performance of accelerated consensus algorithm. In Ref. [38],
a Parallel Genetic Algorithm is implemented on eight processors in
order to minimize the cost function for constrained Dynamic Eco-
nomic Problem (DED). In their work, the proposed algorithm en-
hances the solution quality and speedup upper bounds for the best
performance. This review shows that the parallelism has been
successfully used to achieve significant improvements in terms of
computational efficiency, speed-up and convergence properties.
In this paper, new Parallel Genetic -Particle Swarm Optimization
Algorithm (PGPSO) is developed and implemented to solve both
sizing and energy management optimization problems considering
four renewable energy technologies, namely, wind turbines (WT),
solar photovoltaic panels (PV), concentrated solar photovoltaic
panels (CPV), and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC)-Solar Steam
Turbine (SST), and lead-acid batteries bank. We summarize the
contributions of this paper as follows:
1) Developing an efficient optimization algorithm based on new
parallel hybrid GA and PSO algorithms.
2) Developing new method to evaluate the cost of energy storage.
This is because, to our knowledge, in the majority of published
papers, the cost of charge/discharge does not take into consid-
eration the type and cost of energy source that supplied energy
storage system during each slot of time.
3) Showing the potential of renewable energy sources to achieve
the economic and environmental goals fixed by Moroccan
government and to ensure the desired fossil fuel energy
replacement rate
This paper is composed three complementary parts. The first
part describes the new developed algorithm and proves its effi-
ciency based on a set of benchmark functions. The second part
presents components' specifications, meteorological data for
Laayoune city located in the south-west of Morocco (considered as
case study). Then P-GA-PSO is applied to find out the near-optimal
size and the configuration of the micro-grid for different fossil fuel
replacement rate ranging from 10% to 75%. The third part uses P-
GA-PSO to deal with the energy management optimization prob-
lem based on the constructed micro-grid design.
2. Parallel hybrid genetic algorithm and particle swarm
optimization
New Parallel Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Particle Swarm
Optimization called P-GA-PSO algorithm is developed to deal with
both micro-grid sizing and energy management optimization
problem. The aim of the new developed optimization algorithm is
to improve the search quality of solution through the hybridization
and reducing the required convergence time via parallelization. In
this work, parallel computing is developed based on data paral-
lelism and task parallelism on multi-core processor (Intel® Core™
i7-4800MQ Processor this system has one CPU and four cores.
Hyper threading makes each core look like two CPUs, so it shows
eight logical processors). In addition, Matlab Parallel computing
toolbox allows data and task parallelism without programing
network architecture.
P-GA-PSO is distributed within four processes as illustrated in
Fig. 1. The algorithm is implemented in three steps:
In the first step: the algorithm parameters are initialized, then,
“Single-Program, Multiple-Data” (SPMD) command is used to set
up four parallel computations simultaneously (Processes 1, 2, 3 and
4) each MATLAB worker has a unique value of lab-index while num-
labs denotes the total number of workers. The SPMD pseudo-code
is shown in Fig. 3.
In the second step: received data are sent to the available
threads to start up the evolutionary optimization procedure for
each process separately. The first thread using GA-Crossover
method proceeds in this way: 1) Population initialization, 2)
Fitness and constraint functions evaluation 3) Elites' Selection 4)
Generate new population using Crossover operations. The steps 2),
3) and 4) are repeated until the quarter of the maximum number of
generations. The second thread uses PSO method proceeds in this
way as shown in Fig. 2: 1) Population and velocities initialization, 2)
fitness function and constraint functions evaluation, 3) elites se-
lections', 4) update velocities and solutions (the pseudo code of PSO
updating velocities and solutions is presented in Fig. 2). Step 2) and
3) are repeated until the quarter of the maximum generations'
number. The third and fourth threads are similar to GA-Crossover
(first thread) except in the reproduction procedure. These threads
use respectively mutation procedure and mutation combined with
crossover procedure.
Finally In the third step: received data from each process are
gathered and ranked according to the fitness function quality. For
each PSO solution, we randomly choose one solution from each
process to form four neighbours. Also, an additional ranking of all
obtained solutions is performed during this step. The gathering and
ranking operations are followed by MPI-Scatter.
Operation to send chunks of required data to each process (PSO
solutions, velocities and data of neighbours are sent to PSO process
and all data table ranking are sent to the other processes). The same
procedure (Reproduction, Gathering, Ranking, and Scattering) is
repeated until achieving the maximum generations' number.
The performance and effectiveness superiority of P-GA-PSO is
demonstrated, in Table 3, by comparing P-GA-PSO, GA and PSO
 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634 623

Fig. 1. Parallel hybrid Genetic Algorithm-Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm P-GA-PSO.

methods, using a set of benchmark functions: Shaffer, Rosenbrock,
Rastrigin and Ackley functions. The executions are run 20 times,
and the best of all optimization results as well as their average
values are collected and presented in Table 1.
This proposed algorithm allows both local and global optimum
research. The program used by the third thread implement just
mutation which changes slightly the set of solutions. Thus, this
mutation could be able to explore the nearest solutions in the
search space. In addition, the program executed on the first thread
could be able to search the furthest possible solutions. Further-
more, the second thread use PSO with velocity and neighbour
concepts (gathered from the other processors), which provides an
efficient way to search the local and global optimum, at the same
time. Finally the program on the forth thread allows an exhaustive
search of local and global optimum by dint of mutation and
crossover operations in the same program.
In P-GA-PSO algorithm, the communication rate between
threads is neglected. Only results are exchanged within processors.
Thus, based on this analysis, we conclude that the speedup of our
new developed algorithm will be close to linear speedup. In addi-
tion, we expect that solution quality will be improved in compar-
ison to ordinary GA and PSO methods. Knowing that, solution
quality will be improved when solutions diversification and pop-
ulation size increase. Indeed, our parallel algorithm allows large
624 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634

four most used renewable energy technologies which are Wind

Fig. 2. Pseudo code for Particle Swarm Optimization.
Fig. 3. Pseudo code for Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) process (NG-PSO).
Turbines (WT), Photovoltaic panels (PV), Concentrated Photovoltaic
panels (CPV) and parabolic through-solar steam turbine technology
(SST) as shown in Fig. 4. Three different solar energy sources are
selected to be a subject of this study for these reasons: 1-Laayoune
region is characterized with high potential of solar energy during
the whole year, 2-To make the right decision concerning the se-
lection of the most suitable solar energy technology. All the energy
sources are interconnected with each other by micro-grid control
system, inverters, power conditioning systems and batteries bank.
The load demand profile during 24 h is presented in Fig. 5. Technical
data of wind turbines used in this unit are given in Table 2. PV
modules use semiconductors to generate electrical power by con-
verting solar radiation into electricity. The conversion efficiency of
PV panels is equal to 13.5% with an absorber area equal to 1.65m2/
Panel. The CPV modules work as traditional PV modules, except
that they use optics to concentrate the sun radiation onto solar cells
that do not cover the entire module area. Also, CPV modules require
the use of high-performance trackers that intelligently and auto-
matically follow the sun throughout the day. This concentration
factor dramatically reduces the amount of semiconductor needed,
and opens up the potential to cost-effectively use of very high-
performance multi-junction cells with efficiency levels equals to
32.8%. The solar steam turbine contains parabolic trough collectors
(PTC) for direct steam generation inside the absorber pipes. The SST
generates superheated steam at 410
C under pressure equal to
70 bars. The selected steam turbine uses regenerative-rankine cycle
with PTC efficiency equals to 60.3% during summer, 30% during
winter and 45% during spring and autumn [39]. The electrical ef-
ficiency of the steam turbine plant is equal to 28%. The other
specifications of the solar turbine system are taken from Ref. [40].
In this study, wind and solar energies are the clean renewable en-
ergy sources used to produce electrical energy. Laayoune city (27

70 31.029600 N, 13
90 45.000000 W) located in the south of Morocco is
characterized by great potential and large availability of both wind
and solar energies. In order to estimate the solar radiation flux, El
Mghouchi model [41] is used in the first section dealing with the
near-optimal design sizing. Hourly sun radiation and wind speed
measurements are used in the second section dealing with energy
management problem. El Mghouchi model shows good agreement
to predict the global and direct solar irradiation in several locations
in Morocco [42]. The model is given by equations (2.1), (2.2) and
(2.3) and (2.4):
G¼IþD (2.1)

diversification of individuals through the use of four different


0:13
reproduction processes. The performance evaluation includes the I ¼ Io Ct Gexp sinðhÞ (2.2)
sinðhÞ
evaluation of the proposed algorithm on a set of benchmark func-
tions. Then it was evaluated on micro-grid optimization scenarios.
G ¼ 0:796  0:01sinð0:986 ðJ þ 284ÞÞ (2.3)


3. Description, data and sizing model equations 1
D ¼ 120 Gexp (2.4)
ð0:4511 þ sinðhÞÞ
The proposed hybrid renewable energy system is composed of

Table 1
Comparison Results between GA, PSO and P-GA-PSO.

Test function Number of variables Input domain Near-optimal solution Best solution Average Best solutions

GA PSO PGA-PSO GA PSO PGA-PSO

Schaffer 2 [-100,100] f(X) ¼ 0 8.8.106 2.4.1011 8.4.1013 1.1.104 1.2.1010 1.2.1012

Rosenbrock 11 [-5,10] f(X) ¼ 0 7.105 8.3105 1.7.105 0.35 0.70 3.1.105
Rastrigin 20 [-5.12,5.12] f(X) ¼ 0 1.4.107 1.7107 2.1.108 3.7.107 1.7107 4.2.108
Ackley 30 [-32.768, 32.768] f(X) ¼ 0 1.1.106 1.1.106 5.8.107 1.38.105 8.2.105 1.3.106
 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634 625

Fig. 4. Simplified schematic of the proposed micro-grid.

Fig. 5. Typical hourly load profile.

Table 2
Technical data of wind turbine [40].

Rated power Pr (kW) Rated velocity Vr (m/s) Cut-in velocity Vc (m/s) Cut-out velocity Vf (m/s)) Investment, installation and transportation
Cost & auxiliary equipment (US$)

100 10.5 3.5 20 ~30.000

Where G, I, and D: are the global solar radiation flux, the direct
solar radiation flux, and the diffuse solar radiation flux respectively, PW ¼ Pr if vr < v < vf (2.7)
given in W/m2. J is the day number of the year, ranging from 1 on 1  3
January to 365 on 31 December, Ct is the correction of the vc=
vr 1þb
Where: b ¼  3 and a ¼
EartheSun distance, and h is the solar elevation angle calculated as 1 vc=
v3r
vr
presented in Ref. [41]. The monthly average values of wind speed
The electrical power produced by PV and CPV panels is related
given in Ref. [43] are used in this study. These data are collected and
directly to the panel area, solar irradiation Eg, the panel efficiency h,
presented in Fig. 6. The electrical power output (Pw) for each wind
and the performance ratio (PR) which is used to account for
turbine is related to the wind speed (v), and it is also related to four
different energy losses related to inverters, temperature, cables,
parameters that are the cut-in wind speed (vc), the rated wind
dust deposition and other losses. The relationship between the
speed (vr), the rated power (Pr) and the cut-out wind speed (vf)
panel area and the electrical power output for (PV) and (CPV)
through the following equations [44]:
panels are given by the following equations:
PW ¼ 0 if v > vf or v < vc (2.5)
PPV ¼ APV hPV PRPV Eg (2.8)
 
PW ¼ Pr av3  b if vc < v < vr (2.6) PCPV ¼ ACPV hCPV PRCPV Eg (2.9)
The (PTC) collectors convert the solar energy into thermal
626 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634
Fig. 6. (A) Average wind speed (m/s), (B) Average daily solar irradiation (W/m2), (C) Average monthly solar irradiation (W/m2).
energy. The useful thermal energy produced is transferred to
working fluid (compressed water) to produce high pressure steam.
The thermal power is related to the parabolic through collector
efficiency and the solar irradiation by the following equation:
Pth ¼ hth he Ap Eg
Where Ap is the total collectors' aperture area. The electrical power
is given by the following equation:
Pst ¼ he Pth
Where: he is steam turbine's efficiency. The investment, installation
and transportation costs, for each wind turbine, are given in Table 2.
Lifetime is estimated equal to 25 years, maintenance and operating
cost are estimated as presented in Ref. [45]. The costs of the PV and
CPV systems are estimated based on the current Morocco market
situation. The PV panel cost is taken equal to 664 US$ (for panels
with an absorber area equals to 1.65m2/Panel). The CPV panels use
two-axis sun trucking system, the absorber area and cost for each
panel are equal to 1.2 m2 and 374 US$ respectively. The annual
maintenance cost is taken equal to 14 USD per panel for CPV and PV
panels. An additional cost is added for the auxiliary equipment such
as inverter which is estimated equal to 86.4 US$/panel. As
mentioned before, (SST) system is composed of two subsystems:
solar thermal collectors and the steam turbine unit. The capital cost
percentages for the vacuum tube (receiver) in parabolic trough
collector is equal to 28.3%. According to the current market situa-
tion in Morocco, the vacuum receiver cost is equal to 221.6 US$ per
meter length. The cost of the parabolic trough collectors is calcu-
lated using the following equation:
Cparabolic ¼ Aap Cp
2
Aap is the aperture area of the collector (m ), Cp is the price of
the (PTC) per m2 of aperture area (US Dollar/m2). The capital cost of
the steam turbine Cst unit is taken equal to 530 USD/kW [46].
Hence, the total capital cost for solar steam turbine Csst is calculated
by the following relationship:
Csst ¼ Cparabolic þ Cturbine (2.13)
Where the total capital cost of steam turbine system is given by:
(2.10)
Cturbine ¼ Pe Cst (2.14)
The maintenance cost rate of the (SST) is assumed equal to 5% of
the capital cost. We mention that in this study the land cost is not
included. However, 2%, 1% and 0.8% of the total cost are estimated as
(2.11) an additional cost for the manpower, spare parts and installation
respectively for the designed micro-grid. The annual amortization
factor F is determined using the relationship:
ið1 þ iÞn
F¼ (2.15)
ð1 þ iÞn  1
Where the interest rate (i) is taken equal to 5% and 25 years is
considered for the amortization (n).
4. Sizing optimization problem
4.1. Problem formulation
The objective of this section is to provide a near-optimal design
and sizing of hybrid WT-PV-CPV-SST and the energy storage system
to satisfy typical load demand presented in Fig. 5. This optimization
should ensure a near-optimal cost of electrical energy for different
fossil fuel replacement rates. To do so, after predicting meteoro-
logical data of the studied location, two steps are followed to find
out the near-optimal size of the micro-grid. In the first one, we
(2.12) provide each technology size based on 1 MW as a maximum power
output. We calculate both the average power output (expressed in
kW) and the average cost (expressed in US$/kWh) based on the
annualized cost. Table 3 provides the initial sizing of different
components based on the maximum value achieved by wind speed
and solar irradiation during a year. Fig. 6 illustrates seasonal
 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634 627

Table 3
Initial sizing of different renewable energy sources.

Initial Sizing for Each Technology

Wind Turbines Photovoltaic Panels Concentrated Photovoltaic Panels Solar Steam Turbine
2 2
Max Power NW Max Power APV(m ) Npv Max Power ACPV(m ) NCPV Max Power APTC(m2) NPTC
1 MW 151 1 MW 6940 4207 1 MW 2809 2340 1 MW 4212 118

changes of these two natural energy sources. These variations cause
a seasonal change of the average renewable energy output and cost
as shown in Fig. 7.
Results obtained in the first step are called initial sizing. The
initial sizing results show that the cost of energy provided by wind
turbines is higher than solar technology systems. However, the
benefit of using wind turbines is that they have the ability to pro-
duce electrical power during 24 h. In contrast, the solar systems
generate electrical power only during sunlight hours, therefore,
they need highly expensive storage systems to ensure the avail-
ability of power during night and cloudy days. Consequently, wind
power integration is crucial to achieve the required fuel energy
replacement rate. In the second step, we carried out near-optimal
size of different technologies to satisfy load demand based on
initial sizing. The storage system and energy bought from up-grid
are considered in this step. The electricity from the up-grid is
used only in the case of the renewable energy systems insufficiency.
P-GA-PSO algorithm is applied to find out the near near-optimal
sizing of each technology in the Microgrid.
4.2. Objective function
renewable energy source respectively. The variable Y S represents
the size fraction related to the initial size of each source S provided
in Table 3 (for example: If Y PV ¼ 0:5, this is equivalent to adopting
Y PV :NPV ¼ 0.5*4207 ¼ 2103 PV panels in the micro-grid), and Xi,j
refers to the percentage of energy loaded ((1-Xi,j) is the fraction of
energy to be stored). Ni is the days number's for each month, E is
the amount of electrical energy (kWh) and C is the energy cost
(US$/kWh) (it is worth to mention that E and C are evaluated from
previous section). Subscripts Up, Batt and disch symbolize respec-
tively the up-grid, batteries and discharge operation.
4.3. Sizing constraints
The total load of energy must be satisfied during each time, thus,
equality constraints are expressed by (3.2):
X
4
Up buy
ELoad
i;j ¼ X Si;j Y S ESi;j þ Ei;j
S¼1

þ X disch
i;j EBatt
i;j ; c i2f1; 2; …12g; c j 2f1; 2; …24g
The objective of sizing optimization is to find out the most ad-
(3.2)
vantageous configuration of the hybrid energy system in terms of
size of each considered technology. Thus, the objective function is The energy system must be able to exceed the fossil fuel
defined as follow: replacement rate aRE (aRE ¼ 10, 20 … 75%), the inequality constraint
0 is expressed by equation (3.3):
X
12 X
24 X
4
f 1min ¼ min@ Ni X Si;j C Si;j Y S ESi;j þ C Up buy Up buy
Ei;j 2 3
X
12 X
24 X
4
i¼1 j¼1 S¼1
1 Ni 4 aRE ELoad
i;j  X Si;j Y S ESi;j  X disch
i;j EBatt
i;j
50 (3.3)
i¼ j¼1 S¼1
þ X disch C disch EBatt A (3.1)
i;j i;j i;j
To avoid the energy losses, all the renewable energy produced
must be either used or stored in the batteries, thus, equality
The subscripts ‘i’, ‘j’ and ‘S’ refer the month, hour number and constraint is expressed by equation (3.4):

Fig. 7. Average power output and cost of energy for the considered technologies- Sizing based on 1 MW as max output for each technology.
628 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634

These results show that only short-term energy storage system

Chg
EBatt
i;j ¼ EBatt disch Batt
i;j1 þ Ei;j  X i;j Ei;j (3.4) could be used when aRE is less than 40%. Otherwise, long-term
energy storage system should be added to the micro-grid system.
Where the energy charged is expressed by equation (3.5): The storage capacity, the average cost of electrical energy and the
amount of CO2 emissions saving per year are presented in Table 5. It is
X
4   obvious from these results that when aRE increases the amount of CO2
Chg
Ei;j ¼ Y s 1  X si;j Esi;j (3.5) saving increases simultaneously. Unfortunately, the energy cost in-
s¼1
creases. Knowing that, in sizing procedure, the possibility of selling
The cost of batteries energy discharged is calculated based on electrical energy to the up-grid is not included. This is why, the next
the cost of renewable energy charged and the batteries investment section will be dedicated to energy management optimization
cost, thus, cost is evaluated using equation (3.6): problem, we will take into account both selling and buying electrical
energy to/from the up-grid, and it will consider the near-optimal
C disch
Chg
¼ C i;j þ C inv (3.6) sizing results' when aRE is equal to 50% as a case study (to meet up
i;j batt
with environmental objectives fixed by Morocco government).
Where the energy charging cost is estimated by:
5. Energy management optimization
Total cost of energy stored at timeðjÞ
C Chg ¼
i;j Total amount of energy stored at timeðjÞ 5.1. Energy management problem formulation and objective
function
In other terms, C Chg
i;j
is expressed by equation (3.7):
This section will solve the energy management problem for the
Cost of energy Excess Cost of energy Stored at ðj1Þ
zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
hX4  ffl}|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl
 iffl{ zfflfflfflfflfflfflffl}|fflfflfflfflfflfflffl{ designed micro-grid by considering 50% of fossil fuel replacement
s s s Chg
s¼1
Y s
1  X i;j C i;j E i;j þ C i;j1 EBatt
i;j1
rate. Proper and suitable time-dependent control and micro-grid
C Chg
i;j
¼ hX4   i management are critical to achieve further cost and performance
s s
s¼1
s
Y 1  X i;j Ei;j þ EBatt
i;j1 optimization. The aims of this section are summarized as follow:
|fflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl{zfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflfflffl} |fflffl{zfflffl}
Energy Excess to store at time j Energy Stored atðj1Þ
✓ Optimizing the electrical energy cost over 24 h;
(3.7) ✓ Using 100% of all the renewable energy produced to maximize
the amount of CO2 saving;
✓ Avoiding overload and insufficiency of energy and ensuring
stable load during each period of time.
4.4. Near-optimal sizing results and discussion
In Fig. 8, hourly energy availability and its cost are determined
The near-optimal results for this section are summarized and based on the performance of each designed technology. The hourly
presented in Tables 4 and 5 for different fossil fuel replacement weather data for four typical days in the year (“January, 15th”,
rates (aRE ranging from 10 to 75%). “April, 15th”, “July, 15th” and “October, 15th”).

Table 4
Near-optimal sizing results for different fossil fuel replacement rates.

aRE (%) Sizing results

Wind Turbines Photovoltaic Panels Concentrated Photovoltaic Panels Solar Steam Turbine

YW(%) NW YPV(%) APV(m2) Npv YCPV(%) ACPV(m2) NCPV YSST (%) APTC(m2) NPTC PST (kW)

10 0.0 0 57.3 3980 2412 0.0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0

20 26.6 40 30.4 2108 1278 0.0 0 0 9.8 415 12 98
30 30.3 46 7.4 511 310 45.8 1285 1071 29.4 1239 34 294
40 66.0 100 0.3 20 12 61.6 1730 1442 1.6 68 2 16
50 36.4 55 96.6 6706 4064 23.8 667 556 93.0 3920 109 930
60 62.7 95 74.2 5150 3121 21.5 602 502 97.6 4112 114 976
65 59.0 89 131.6 9137 5537 54.3 1524 1270 38.9 1639 46 389
70 66.2 100 183.4 12726 7713 46.4 1302 1085 6.3 265 7 63
75 80.0 121 30.4 2110 1279 124.7 3503 2919 64.0 2696 75 640

Table 5
Near-optimal sizing results for different fossil fuel replacement rates.

aRE (%) CO2 Saving (Tons/year) Energy production Cost without Max Storage capacity (MWh) Energy production cost including
storage (USD/kWh) storage (USD/kWh)

10 788.4 0.1073 0 0.1073

20 1576.8 0.1487 0 0.1487
30 2365.2 0.1508 0 0.1508
40 3153.6 0.1923 0 0.1923
50 3942.0 0.1567 5.65 0.2346
60 4730.4 0.2013 5.69 0.2791
65 5124.6 0.2022 6.96 0.2975
70 5518.8 0.2189 7.48 0.3214
75 5913.0 0.2214 8.05 0.3317
 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634 629

The objectives are to satisfy continuously the power load such as during each time ‘j’. Subscripts ‘PV’, ‘CPV’, ‘SST’, ‘W’, ‘batt’, and ’Up’
presented in Fig. 5, and minimizing the daily cost. So, it is important refer respectively to photovoltaic, concentrated photovoltaic, solar
to take the right decision concerning the contribution of each en- steam turbine, wind, batteries and up-grid system, and ‘sell’ refers
ergy source. Including energy storage system charging/discharging to sell operation of renewable energy to the up-grid in the case of
operations and baying/selling operations from/to the up-grid renewable energy production excess. X disch j and X sell
j are respec-
Up
during 24 periods. Thus, the objective function is expressed by tively discharge and sell percentages. Bj and Bdisch
j are respectively
equation (4.1): decision variables of buying and discharging operations. EExceed t is
expressed by:
0
X
24 X
4 4 
X 
¼ min@
Upbuy
f 2min
Up
X Sj C Sj ESj þ Bj C Upbuy Ej EExceed
j ¼ 1  X Sj ESj ; c j 2 f1; 2; …24g (4.2)
j¼1 S¼1 S¼1
1
Up Exceed A
þ Bdisch
j X disch
j C disch
j EBatt
j  Bj C UPsell X sell
j Ej (4.1)
5.2. Energy management problem constraints
The ‘C Sj ’, ‘X Sj ’ and ‘ESj ’ are respectively the energy cost, the
contribution percentage of each source, and the energy produced The total energy load must be satisfied at each slot of time, thus,

Fig. 8. Hourly energy production (kWh) and energy cost (US$/kWh) during the four typical days.
630 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634

the first equality constraint is expressed by equation (4.3):  .

Exceed Chg 
C ch ch Batt
j ¼ C j1 E j1 þ kj C j Ej EBatt
Chg (4.9)
Up j1 þ kj E j
Eload ¼ Eused
j þ BUp
j
Ej buy þ Bdisch
j X disch
j EBatt
j ; cj2f1; 2…24g
(4.3) Where:

4 
X  .
Where Eused is the amount of energy loaded to the customers from
t
C Exceed
j ¼ 1  X sj C sj Esj EExceed
j (4.10)
only renewable energy sources, this energy is expressed by equa-
s¼1
tion (4. 4):
 .
Chg
X
4 kj ¼ 1 If Ej þ EBatt Batt
j1  Emax ; Else kj ¼ EBatt Batt
max  Ej1 E
Chg
Eused
j ¼ X Sj C Sj ESj ; cj2f1; 2…24g (4.4) j
S¼1 (4.11)
To avoid energy losses, energy produced by renewable tech-
nologies must be totally shared between users, storage energy
systems (charging operation) and the up-grid (selling). This is 5.3. Energy management results and analysis
expressed by the second equality constraint equations (4.5) and
(4.6). The management optimization problem is resolved using P-GA-
PSO algorithm. The obtained results are presented in Figs. 9e12 for
Chg four typical days in the year. These results show that the load
EBatt
j ¼ EBatt
j1 þ Ej  Bdisch
j X disch
j EBatt
j ; c j 2f1; 2; …24g
demanded is totally satisfied, energy losses are avoided, fossil fuel
(4.5) replacement rate exceeded 50% and the average cost is minimized in
comparison with the average cost obtained in design with about 50%.
Where: There is a tendency to use all the wind energy to satisfy the energy
load in the four considered typical days. Nearly, all the energy that will
Chg Up
Ej ¼ EExceed
j  Bj X sell
j Ej
Exceed
(4.6) be stored or sold is produced from solar energy technologies.
Indeed, during January, Fig. 9 shows that fossil fuel replacement
The energy storage capacity must be always included between rate is equal to 55% which is equivalent to 13.512 tons/day of CO2
its minimum and maximum values, thus, batteries inequality saving. The daily load demand is totally covered with an average
constraint is expressed by equation (4.7): cost of 0.1727US$/kWh. During April month, as presented in Fig. 10,
the load demand is totally satisfied with an average cost of 0.13US$/
EBatt batt
min  Ej  EBatt
max ; cj2f1; 2; …24g (4.7) kWh. During this period, fossil fuel replacement decreases to be
equal to 67.6%, which is equivalent to save 16.593 tons/day of CO2
EBatt Batt
min and E max represent the minimum and the maximum bat- emissions. Figs. 11 and 12 represent respectively results obtained
teries storage capacities respectively. for July and October. These results demonstrated that for July, the
The cost of energy discharged from batteries is calculated using load demand is totally covered with an average cost of 0.1187 US$/
the following strategy. The cost of discharge Cstg
t;disch
is equal to the kWh, and fossil fuel replacement rate attained is equal to.
sum of the charging operation cost and storage operation cost, thus, 57% leading to saving 14.094 tons/day of CO2 emissions. For
the discharge cost is evaluated using equations (4.8) and (4.9) October, the load demand is totally satisfied with an average cost of
0.1213 US$/kWh, and fossil fuel replacement rate accomplished is
Chg
C disch
j ¼ Cj þ C inv
batt (4.8) equal to 54.89% leading to saving 13.473 tons/day of CO2 emissions.
P-GA-PSO, GA and PSO algorithms are compared to prove the
The cost of energy charged at each slot of time ‘j’ depends on the performance superiority of our developed algorithm. These algo-
energy storage state at previous time ‘j-1’ and the amount of energy rithms are applied to solve the energy management optimization
added to the batteries between time ‘j-1’ and ‘j’. In this way, the problem for the four typical days. Results obtained for each algo-
energy charging cost is evaluated using equation (4.9): rithm are collected and presented in Fig. 13. These results are

Fig. 9. Obtained Results for 15th January eFossil fuel replacement rate ¼ 55.05%; Average Cost ¼ 0.1727 US$/kWh; Daily Total Cost ¼ 3.53 103 US$; CO2 Saving ¼ 13.512 tons/Day.
 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634 631

Fig. 10. Obtained Results for 15th April eFossil fuel replacement rate ¼ 67.6%; Average Cost ¼ 0.13 US$/kWh; Daily Total Cost ¼ 2.66 103 US$; CO2 Saving ¼ 16.593 tons/Day.

Fig. 11. Obtained Results for 15th July eFossil fuel replacement rate ¼ 57.42%; Average Cost ¼ 0.1187 US$/kWh; Daily Total Cost ¼ 2.43 103 US$; CO2 Saving ¼ 14.094 tons/Day.

Fig. 12. Obtained Results for 15th October eFossil fuel replacement rate ¼ 54.89%; Average Cost ¼ 0.1213 US$/kWh; Daily Total Cost ¼ 2.48 103 US$; CO2 Saving ¼ 13.473 tons/Day.

carried out after 20 executions, and consider four major criteria:
Convergence success, computing time, and solution quality in
terms of average cost and fossil fuel replacement rate.
P-GA-PSO converges better than GA and PSO. Indeed, Fig. 13
shows that P-GA-PSO succeed at 100% in all executions to provide
a near-optimal solution, while, the convergence success rate does
not exceed 30% for both GA and PSO. The computing time required
for P-GA-PSO to converge does not exceed 25 s in all executions,
while the best computing time for GA and PSO requires at least 62 s.
During all considered typical days, P-GA-PSO offers lowest values of
average cost in comparison with GA and PSO. In addition, P-GA-PSO
outperforms GA and PSO in terms of fossil fuel replacement rates.
632 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634
Fig. 13. Results of comparison between P-GA-PSO, GA and PSO.
6. Conclusion
The objective of this work is to show the potential of integrating
solar and wind energy sources to meet Moroccan government
renewable energy goals and strategy (replacing more than 40% of
fossil fuel energy by renewable sources by 2020). This is done
through: 1) selecting of the most used and the most appropriate
components to construct the micro-grid, 2) optimizing the size of
each component, 3) and adopting an optimized energy manage-
ment strategy. The two latest problems are highly non-linear
problems. Thus, in this work, a novel parallel hybrid Genetic
Algorithm-Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm called P-GA-PSO
is developed to solve both optimization problems. The major con-
tributions of this work are:
✓ Developing New efficient Parallel GA-PSO algorithm;
✓ Providing and developing an optimized design and sizing of
micro-grid for Laayoun-Region;
✓ Developing new strategy to evaluate the cost of energy storage.
In addition to storage system, four renewable energy technol-
ogies are considered: Wind Turbines (WT), Photovoltaic panels
(PV), Concentrated Photovoltaic panels (CPV) and parabolic
through-solar steam turbine technology (SST). Three different solar
energy sources have been selected to be a subject of this study for
these reasons: 1-Laayoune region is characterized with high
Test function Number of variables Mathematical expression
Schaffer 2 2
0:5 þ ðsinðx21  x22 Þ  0:5Þ=ð1 þ 0:001ðx21 þ x22 ÞÞ
potential of solar energy during the whole year, 2-To make the right
decision concerning the selection of the most suitable solar energy
technology.
The overall conclusions and results obtained in this study are
summarized as follow:
✓ The developed P-GA-PSO is proven more efficient than ordinary
GA and PSO in terms of time convergence, solution quality and
convergence success rate;
✓ The proposed Micro-grid for Laayoune region is very promising
in terms of energy cost and fossil fuel replacement rate. Indeed,
the obtained costs of energy are approximately close to fossil
fuel energy cost and more than 50% of fossil fuel rate is achieved
during all periods.
Acknowledgement
Financial support of the “Universite
Internationale de Rabat
(UIR)-TicLab” is gratefully acknowledged.
Appendix A-1. Benchmark functions description
In table below, we present a set of a well-known benchmark
function (known as landscapes), they used to evaluate the perfor-
mances of optimization algorithms.
Plotting in 3D
2
 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634 633

(continued )

Test function Number of variables Mathematical expression Plotting in 3D

Rosenbrock 11 P
10 2
½100ðxiþ1  x2i Þ þ ðxi  1Þ2 
i¼1

Rastrigin 20 P
20
120 þ ½x2i  10cosð2pxi Þ
i¼1

! !
Ackley 30 P
30 1=2
P
30
 20 exp 0:2ð x2i =20Þ  exp cosð2pxi Þ=20 þ 20 þ expð1
i¼1 i¼1

Nomenclature and Symbols ST Steam turbine

WT Wind turbine
Aap Absorber area of solar panel (m2) Xi Contribution ratio of each system i
C Cost of energy (USD/kWh) S Source of Energy
CPV Concentrated photovoltaic
E Electrical energy (kWh) References
F Annual amortization factor
i Interest rate or energy source/month number [1] Montassar Kahia, Mohamed Safouane BenAïssa, Charfeddine Lanouar,
j Hour number Renewable and non-renewable energy use - economic growth nexus: the case
of MENA Net Oil Importing Countries, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 71 (May
P Electrical power (kW) 2017) 127e140.
Pr Performance ratio [2] Felix Creutzig, Peter Agoston, Jan Christoph Goldschmidt, Gunnar Luderer,
PV Photovoltaic Gregory Nemet, Robert C. Pietzcker, The underestimated potential of solar
energy to mitigate climate change, Nat. Energy 2 (2017), 17140.
RES Renewable energy system [3] M. Fadaee, M.A.M. Radzi, Multi-objective optimization of a stand-alone hybrid
aRE Replacement rate of Fossil fuel energy renewable energy System by using evolutionary algorithms: a review, Renew.
h Efficiency Sustain. Energy Rev. 16 (2012) 3364e3369.
[4] Etxeberria, I. Vechiu, H. Camblong, J.M. Vinassa, H. Camblong, Hybrid energy
n Number of years storage systems for renewable energy sources integration in microgrids: a
SST Solar steam turbine review, 2010 Conference Proceedings IPEC.
[5] Ellen MB. Cavalheiro, Andre
HB. Vergílio, Christiano Lyra, et al., Optimal
634 L. Mellouk et al. / Renewable Energy 139 (2019) 621e634
configuration of power distribution networks with variable renewable energy
resources, Comput. Oper. Res. 96 (2018) 272e280.
[6] Shreya Mahajan, Shelly Vadhera, et al., Optimal location and sizing of
distributed generation unit using human opinion dynamics optimization
technique, Distrib. Generat. Altern. Energy J. 33 (2) (2018) 38e57.
[7] Felix Cebulla, Jannik Haas, Josh Eichman, et al., How much electrical energy
storage do we need? A synthesis for the US, Europe, and Germany, J. Clean.
Prod. 181 (2018) 449e459.
[8] Akbar Maleki, Design and optimization of autonomous solar-wind-reverse
osmosis desalination systems coupling battery and hydrogen energy storage
by an improved bee algorithm, Desalination 435 (2018) 221e234.
[9] M.H. Nehrir, C. Wang, K. Strunz, H. Aki, R. Ramakumar, J. Bing, Z. Miao,
Z. Salameh, A review of hybrid renewable/alternative energy systems for
electric power generation: configurations, control, and applications, IEEE
Trans. Sustain. Energy 2 (No. 4) (October 2011).
[10] Jameel Ahmad, Muhammad Tahir, Sudip K. Mazumder, Dynamic economic
dispatch and transient control of distributed generators in a Microgrid, IEEE
Syst. J. 99 (2018) 1e11.
[11] Sergio Granville, Near-optimal reactive dispatch through interior point
methods, IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 9 (1) (1994) 136e146.
[12] N. Nabona, , et al.L.L. Freris, Optimisation of economic dispatch through
quadratic and linear programming, in: Proceedings of the Institution of
Electrical Engineers, IET Digital Library, 1973, pp. 574e580.
[13] M. Di Somma, G. Graditi, E. Heydarian-Forushani, M. Shafie-khah, P. Siano,
Stochastic Optimal Scheduling of Distributed Energy Resources with Renew-
ables Considering Economic and Environmental Aspects, Renewable Energy,
2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene. 2017.09.07.
[14] N. Noman, H. Iba, Differential evolution for economic load dispatch problems,
Electr. Power Syst. Res. 78 (2008) 1322e1331.
[15] R. Siddaiah, R.P. Saini, A review on planning, configurations, modeling and
optimization techniques of hybrid renewable energy systems for off grid
applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 58 (2016) 376e396.
[16] R. Dufo-Lopez, J.L. Bernal-Agustın, Design and control strategies of PV-Diesel
systems using genetic algorithms, Sol. Energy 79 (2005) 33e46.
[17] E. Koutroulis, D. Kolokotsa, A. Potirakis, K. Kalaitzakis, Methodology for
optimal sizing of stand-alone photovoltaic/wind-generator systems using
genetic algorithms, Sol. Energy 80 (2006) 1072e1088.
[18] H. Yang, W. Zhou, L. Lu, Z. Fang, Optimal sizing method for stand-alone hybrid
solarewind system with LPSP technology by using genetic algorithm, Sol.
Energy 82 (2008) 354e367.
[19] B. Ould Bilal, V. Sambou, P.A. Ndiaye, C.M.F. Kebe, M. Ndongo, Optimal design
of a hybrid solarewindebattery system using the minimization of the
annualized cost system and the minimization of the loss of power supply
probability (LPSP), Renew. Energy 35 (2010) 2388e2390.
[20] M.S. Ismail, M. Moghavvemi, T.M.I. Mahlia, Genetic algorithm based optimi-
zation on modeling and design of hybrid renewable energy systems, Energy
Convers. Manag. 85 (2014) 120e130.
[21] Teodoro Cardoso Bora, Viviana Cocco Mariani, Leandro Dos Santos Coelho, et
al., Multi-objective optimization of the environmental-economic dispatch
with reinforcement learning based on non-dominated sorting genetic algo-
rithm, Appl. Therm. Eng. 146 (2019) 688e700.
[22] €
Ozge Pınar Akkaş, Ertug _
rul Çam, Ibrahim Eke, et al., New optimization algo-
rithms for application to environmental economic load dispatch in power
systems, Electrica 18 (2) (2018) 133e142.
[23] Yizi Shang, Shibao Lu, Jiaguo Gong, et al., Improved genetic algorithm for
economic load dispatch in hydropower plants and comprehensive perfor-
mance comparison with dynamic programming method, J. Hydrol. 554 (2017)
306e316.
[24] Dervis Karaboga, Beyza Gorkemli, Celal Ozturk, et al., A comprehensive sur-
vey: artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm and applications, Artif. Intell. Rev. 42
(1) (2014) 21e57.
[25] Vikram Kumar Kamboj, Ashutosh Bhadoria, S.K. Bath, et al., Solution of non-
convex economic load dispatch problem for small-scale power systems
using ant lion optimizer, Neural Comput. Appl. 28 (8) (2017) 2181e2192.
[26] Shubham Tiwari, M.P. Dave, Bharti Dwivedi, et al., Economic Load Dispatch
Using Particle Swarm Optimization, Lap Lambert Academic Publishing, 2017.
[27] B.K. Panigrahi, V. Ravikumar Pandi, Sanjoy Das, et al., Adaptive particle swarm
optimization approach for static and dynamic economic load dispatch, Energy
Convers. Manag. 49 (6) (2008) 1407e1415.
[28] A. Immanuel Selvakumar, K. Thanushkodi, et al., A new particle swarm opti-
mization solution to nonconvex economic dispatch problems, IEEE Trans.
Power Syst. 22 (1) (2007) 42e51.
[29] Mohammad Jafar Hadidian Moghaddam, Akhtar Kalam, Saber Arabi Nowdeh,
Abdollah Ahmadi, Manoochehr Babanezhad, Sajeeb Saha, Optimal sizing and
energy management of stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic/wind system based
on hydrogen storage considering LOEE and LOLE reliability indices using
flower pollination algorithm, Renew. Energy (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.renene.2018.09.078.
[30] Taher Niknam, A new fuzzy adaptive hybrid particle swarm optimization al-
gorithm for non-linear, non-smooth and non-convex economic dispatch
problem, Appl. Energy 87 (1) (2010) 327e339.
[31] Rajesh Kumar, Devendra Sharma, Abhinav Sadu, et al., A hybrid multi-agent
based particle swarm optimization algorithm for economic power dispatch,
Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 33 (1) (2011) 115e123.
[32] Mohammad Abedini, Mohammad H. Moradi, S. Mahdi Hosseinian, et al., Near-
optimal management of microgrids including renewable energy sources using
GPSO-GM algorithm, Renew. Energy 90 (2016) 430e439.
[33] P.K. Roy, S. Bhui, A multi-objective hybrid evolutionary algorithm for dynamic
economic emission load dispatch, Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst. 26 (2016)
49e78.
[34] Fahad Parvez Mahdi, Pandian Vasant, Vish Kallimani, et al., A holistic review
on optimization strategies for combined economic emission dispatch prob-
lem, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 81 (2018) 3006e3020.
[35] Zeineb Abdmouleh, Adel Gastli, Lazhar Ben-Brahim, et al., Review of optimi-
zation techniques applied for the integration of distributed generation from
renewable energy sources, Renew. Energy 113 (2017) 266e280.
[36] K. Senthil, T. Raynitchka, A. Alexander, Method for a parallel solution of a
combined economic emission dispatch problem, Electr. Power Compon. Syst.
(2017) 1532e5016, https://doi.org/10.1080/15325008.2016.1265614. ISSN:
,1532-5008.
[37] Guo Chen, Chaojie Li, Zhaoyang Dong, et al., Parallel and distributed compu-
tation for dynamical economic dispatch, IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 8 (2) (2017)
1026e1027.
[38] W. Ongsakul, J. Tippayachai, Parallel micro genetic algorithm based on merit
order loading solutions for constrained dynamic economic dispatch, Electr.
Power Syst. Res. 61 (2) (2002) 77e88.
[39] E. Zarza, M.E. Rojas, L. Gonza
lez, J.M. Caballero, F. Rueda, INDITEP: the first
pre-commercial DSG solar power plant, Sol. Energy 80 (2006) 1270e1276.
[40] https://www.hitwind.com/50kw-100kw-wind-turbines-special-offers/.
[41] Y. ElMghouchi, A. ElBouardi, Z. Choulli, T. Ajzoul, New model to estimate and
evaluate the solar radiation, Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 3 (2) (2014)
225e234. December.
[42] Y. ElMghouchi, T. Ajzoul, A. ElBouardi, Prediction of daily solar radiation in-
tensity by day of the year in twenty-four cities of Morocco, Renew. Sustain.
Energy Rev. 53 (2016) 823e831.
[43] H. Nfaoui, J. Bahrau, A.S. Darwish, A.A.M. Sayigh, Wind energy potential in
Morocco, Renew. Energy 1 (1) (1991) 1e8.
[44] G. Notton, M. Muselli, P. Poggi, A. Louche, Decentralized wind energy system
providing small electrical loads in remote areas, Int. J. Energy Res. 25 (2001)
141e164.
[45] Jincheng Chen, Feng Wang, Kim A. Stelson, A mathematical approach to
minimizing the cost of energy for large utility wind turbines, Appl. Energy 228
(2018) 1413e1422.
[46] T. Kosugi, P.S. Pak, Economic evaluation of solar thermal hybrid H2O turbine
power generation systems, Energy 28 (2003) 185e198.