Mod 8

Module 8
Aerodynamics
Exam Number:-1.
1. If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept wing aircraft, the aircraft will
a) roll
b) pitch nose up
c) pitch nose down
2) Angle of attack .
a) increases with an increased angle of incidence (angle of attack)

b) decreases with an increase in angle of incidence (angle of attack)
c) does not change with a change in angle of incidence (angle of attack)
3. On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the

a) root on a high thickness ratio wing
b) tip on a high thickness ratio wing
c) tip on a low thickness ratio wing
4. On a high wing aircraft in a turn

a) the up-going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilising effect
b) the down-going wing gains lift causing a stabilising effect
c) the down-going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilising effect
5. For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing

a) is greater than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
b) is lower than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
c) is the same as the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
6. The ISA?
a) is taken from the equator
b) is taken from 45 degrees latitude
c) assumes a standard day
7. As altitude increases, pressure

a) decreases at constant rate
b) increases exponentially
c) decreases exponentially
8. The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What direction of force is required to be produced by
the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight
a) upwards
b) downwards
c) sideways
9. When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what is the altitude?
a) 12,000 ft
b) 8,000 ft
c) 18,000 ft
10. During a turn, the stalling angle

a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Picture a side view of a swept wing aircraft. The wing tips are behind the wing root. Think, therefore, of
the lift on the wing tip holding the tail up. Lose the lift on the tips and what will happen?";
explain[2]="This question is much easier than it looks at first read. All wing types (straight, swept, delta etc.) increase
lift with an increase in angle of attack (up to the stall angle).";
explain[3]="Thickness ratio is a red herring. But you must learn the stall points for different types of wing platforms -
they differ greatly.";
explain[4]="The down-going wing has an increased lift due to an increas in angle of attack (due to the up flow of air).
This opposes the roll which is a stabilizing effect.";
explain[5]="A long slender wing (i.e. high Aspect Ratio) has a higher lift than a short stubby wing (low Aspect Ratio).
A delta wing is about as low Aspect Ratio as you can get (about 1:1 for concord for example).";
explain[6]="The properties of a standard day are related to sea level at latitude 45 degrees with absolutely dry air.";
explain[7]="Pressure decreases - sure! But the rate of decrease reduces with altitude. At 18000 ft, half the pressure is
lost already, and there is still another 40,000ft or so to go";
explain[8]="On most aircraft, the thrust-drag couple produces a nose up pitch moment (think of how low the thrust line
is on a Boeing). It is balanced by the Centre of Lift being behind the CG. So to correct a nose up moment, what force
do you need at the tail?";
explain[9]="Just one of those facts you have to learn - but it is quoted in just about every text book on the CAA reading
list.";
explain[10]="Do not get cofused between stalling angle and stalling speed. In a turn the vertical component of lift is
less, so to compensate the pilot must increase speed, but the stalling angle is a fixed quantity for any aerofoil,
regardless of any other factor.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-2.
1. If gauge pressure on a standard day at sea level is 25 PSI, the absolute pressure is
a) 10.3 PSI
b) 43.8 PSI
c) 39.7 PSI
2. The C of G moves in flight. The most likely cause of this is

a) movement of passengers
b) movement of the centre of pressure
c) consumption of fuel and oils
3. The C of P is the point where

a) all the forces on an aircraft act
b) the three axis of rotation meet
c) the lift can be said to act
4. The three axis of an aircraft act through the

a) C of G
b) C of P
c) stagnation point
5. Pressure decreases
a) proportionally with a decreases in temperature
b) inversely proportional to temperature
c) Pressure and temperature are not related
6. As air gets colder, the service ceiling of an aircraft

a) reduces
b) increases
c) remains the same
7. What is sea level pressure?

a) 1013.2 mb
b) 1012.3 mb
c) 1032.2 mb
8. When the weight of an aircraft increases, the minimum drag speed

a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains the same
9. An aircraft will have

a) less gliding distance if it has more payload
b) more gliding distance if it has more payload
c) the same gliding distance if it has more payload
10. When an aircraft experiences induced drag

a) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the tip and on top of the wing spanwise towards the root
b) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the root and on top of the wing spanwise towards the tip
c) Neither a) or b) since induced drag does not caused by spanwise flow
=========================================
2
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="Absolute pressure = gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure at seal level = 14.7
PSI.";
explain[2]="Unless the fuel tank is right on the aircraft Cof G, the consumption of fuel will always cause a shift in Cof
G.";
explain[3]="Just a definition";
explain[4]="Another definition!";
explain[5]="As temperature decreases, pressure increases - therefore they are inversely proportional.";
explain[6]="As air gets colder it gets denser. Lift increases (remember the lift equation has density) and the engines
produce more thrust - so it can climb higher.";
explain[7]="Learn the ISA sea level quantities, in all units.";
explain[8]="Sketch the drag - speed curve, with induced, profile and total drag. As aircraft weight increases, it must
produce more lift to support it. More lift = more induced drag. Now sketch the induced drag curve higher, and see
where the intersection with profile drag moves to.";
explain[9]="This may surprise you. A glider converts potential energy (ie height) into kinetic energy (ie speed) and
thus lift. More weight = more speed = more lift. The glide angles of a heavy glider is exactly the same as a light
glider. (But the increased speed means it covers the distance faster).";
explain[10]="The high pressure under the wing flows around the tip to the low pressure on top of the wing. The
resulting vortex is what causes induced drag. Since air is viscous it drags the air underneath the wing towards the tip,
and pushes the air on top of the wing towards the root.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-3.
1. At stall, the wingtip stagnation point

a) moves toward the lower surface of the wing
b) moves toward the upper surface of the wing
c) doesn’t move
2. How does IAS at the point of stall vary with height?

a) It is practically constant
b) It increases
c) It decreases
3. The rigging angle of incidence of an elevator is

a) the angle between the mean chord line and the horizontal in the rigging position
b) the angle between the bottom surface of the elevator and the horizontal in the rigging position
c) the angle between the bottom surface of the elevator and the longitudinal datum
4. What is the lapse rate with regard to temperature?

a) 1.98oC per 1000 ft
b) 1.98oF per 1000 ft
c) 4oC per 1000 ft
5. What happens to load factor as you decrease turn radius?

a) It increases
b) It decreases
c) It remains constant
6. If you steepen the angle of a banked turn without increasing airspeed or angle of attack, what will the aircraft do?
a) It will remain at the same height
b) It will sideslip with attendant loss of height
c) It will stall
7. An aircraft wing tends to stall first at

a) the tip due to a higher ratio thickness/chord
b) the tip due to a lower ratio thickness/chord
c) the root due to a higher ratio thickness/chord
8. Dihedral wings combat instability in

a) pitch
b) yaw
c) sideslip
9. To stop aircraft decreasing in height during a sideslip, the pilot can

a) advance the throttle
b) pull back on the control column
c) adjust the rudder position
10. What control surface movements will make an aircraft fitted with ruddervators yaw to the left?
a) Left ruddervator lowered, right ruddervator raised
b) Right ruddervator lowered, left ruddervator raised
c) Both ruddervators raised
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="At stall the angle of attack is high (all along the wing) is positioned towards the lower surface of the
wing..";
explain[2]="The true airspeed at which an aircraft stalls increases with height due to a drop in density. However the
Indicated Airspeed decreases with height due to the same drop in density. Therefore there is practically no change in
stall speed with height..";
explain[3]="The angle of incidence of any surface is measured from the mean chord line.";
explain[4]="The lapse rate is approximately 2 degrees Centigrate per 1000 feet.";
explain[5]="Since the load factor increases in a turn, if you decrease the turn rate the load factor decreases.";
explain[6]="Increasing the angle of a banked turn without increasing the airspeed or angle of attack, the aircraft will
sideslip and lose height.";
explain[7]="The boundary layer separates at a lower angle of attack with a higher thickness/chord atio. Therefore it
will stall first at the root..";
explain[8]="As the aircraft sideslips, there is a greater angle of attack on the lower wing which increases lift,
straightens the aircraft and stops the sideslip.";
explain[9]="During a turn, extra speed is required to stop the aircraft sideslipping and decreasing in height.";
explain[10]="To make the aircraft yaw to the left, the left ruddervator is lowered, the right ruddervator is raised.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-4.
1. When a leading edge slat opens, there is a gap between the slat and the wing. This is
a) to allow it to retract back into the wing
b) to allow air through to re-energize the boundary layer on top of the wing
c) to keep the area of the wing the same
2. Which of the following is true?

a) Lift acts at right angles to the wing chord line and weight acts vertically down
b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down
c) Lift acts at right angles to the relative air flow and weight acts at right angles to the aircraft centre line
3. If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept wing aircraft, the aircraft will
a) roll
b) pitch nose up
c) pitch nose down
4. Lift on a delta wing aircraft

a) increases with an increased angle of incidence (angle of attack)
5. On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the

a) root on a high thickness ratio wing

a) the up-going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilizing effect
b) the down-going wing gains lift causing a stabilizing effect
c) the down-going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilizing effect
7. For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing

a) is greater than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
b) is lower than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
c) is the same as the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
8. The ISA
9. As altitude increases, pressure

a) decreases at constant rate
b) increases exponentially
c) decreases exponentially
10. The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What direction of force is required to be produced by
the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight?
a) Upwards
b) Downwards
c) Sideways
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="The gap between the wing and the slat is to allow air from the lower surface through to the upper surface
to re-nergise it at high angles of attack.";
explain[2]="Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down.";
explain[3]="If the tips of a swept wing aircraft stall, the lift still acting at the roots, will pull the aircraft up..";
explain[4]="Lift (on any type of wing) increases with an increased angle of attack.";
explain[5]="Stall commences on a straight wing at the root (on any thickness ratio wing).";
explain[6]="The down going wing gains lift due to the uplflow, which stops the aircraft banking. This is the basic
mechanism of dynamic stability.";
explain[7]="For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing is lower than the lift on a delta wing.";
explain[8]="The ISA is taken from 45 degrees latitude as an average of the World's atmospheric data.";
explain[9]="As altitude increases, pressure decreases exponentially. Since pressure is given by density x gravity x
height, both density and height decreases (that is, height above the point you are measuring) so the decrease in pressure
is exponential";
explain[10]="Since the thrust-drag couple is usually a nose-up couple (on low engined aircraft) then if the thrust-drag
couple overcomes the lift weight couple, the aircraft will pitch nose-up. The tail of the aircraft would have to produce
an upward force to counteract this..";
=========================================
Exam Number:-5.
1. When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what is the altitude?
a) 12,000 ft
b) 8,000 ft
c) 18,000 ft

a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same
3. The vertical fin of a single engined aircraft is

a) parallel with both the longitudinal axis and vertical axis
b) parallel with the longitudinal axis but not the vertical axis
c) parallel with the vertical axis but not the longitudinal axis
4. Aircraft flying in the transonic range most often utilize

a) sweptback wings
b) advanced supercritical airfoils
c) high wings
5. Which type of flap changes the area of the wing?

a) Fowler
b) Split
c) Slotted
6. Forward swept wings tend to stall at the root first so the aircraft retains lateral control, so why are they never used
on passenger aircraft?
a) Because the wing tips wash in at high wing loads
b) Because the wing tips wash out at high wing loads
c) Because at high loads their angle of incidence increases and the loads imposed on the wing can increase until
they destroy it
7. What happens to air flowing at the speed of sound when it enters a converging duct?
a) Velocity decreases, pressure and density increase
b) Velocity increases, pressure and density decreases
c) Velocity, pressure and density increase
8. As the angle of attack of an airfoil increases the centre of pressure

a) moves forward
b) moves aft
c) remains stationary
9. An aircraft, which is longitudinally stable, will tend to return to level flight after a movement about which axis?
a) Pitch
b) Roll
c) Yaw
10. Vapour trails from the wingtips of an aircraft in flight are caused by
a) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing causing vortices
b) high pressure above the wing and low pressure below the wing causing vortices
c) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing causing a temperature rise
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="At 18000 feet the pressure is half of that at sea level.";

explain[2]="During a turn the stalling angle does not change. The stalling angle never changes providing the wing
section shape (CL) does not change. Do not get confused with stalling SPEED which increases as turn rate increases.";
explain[3]="The vertical fin is parallel with the longitudinal axis (when viewed from above) and parallel with the
vertical axis (when viewed from the front).";
explain[4]="Aircraft which fly in the transonic range most often use swept back wings.";
explain[5]="The fowler flap changes the area of the wing because it slides backwards as well as downwards.";
explain[6]="Forward swept wings are known as 'structurally divergent'. This means when they flex upwards, they
present more of their underside to the airflow which causes them to flex up even more - untill they break off.";
explain[7]="Air at the speed of sound will increase in velocity and due to the compressibility effect, will increase in
pressure and density also.";
explain[8]="As the angle of attack of the aerofoil increases, the centre of pressure moves forward.";
explain[9]="Longitudinal stability is around the pitch axis.";
explain[10]="Vapour trails are caused by wing tip vortices which are caused by low pressure above the wing and high
pressure below the wing.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-6.
1. Vortex generators on the wing are most effective at

a) high speed
b) low speed
c) high angles of attack
2. The chord line of a wing is a line that runs from

a) the centre of the leading edge of the wing to the trailing edge
b) half way between the upper and lower surface of the wing
c) one wing tip to the other wing tip
3. The angle of incidence of a wing is an angle formed by lines

a) parallel to the chord line and longitudinal axis
b) parallel to the chord line and the lateral axis
c) parallel to the chord line and the vertical axis
4. The centre of pressure of an aerofoil is located

a) 30 - 40% of the chord line back from the leading edge
b) 30 - 40% of the chord line forward of the leading edge
c) 50% of the chord line back from the leading edge
5. Compressibility effect is
a) drag associated with the form of an aircraft
b) drag associated with the friction of the air over the surface of the aircraft
c) the increase in total drag of an airfoil in transonic flight due to the formation of shock waves
6. Lateral control of an aircraft at high angle of attack can be maximised by using

a) fences
b) vortex generators
c) wing slots
7. Stall strips are always

a) made of metal
b) on the leading edge of a wing
c) fitted forward of the ailerons
8. Stall strips
a) cause the wing root to stall
b) cause the wing tip to stall
c) cause the wings to stall symmetrically
9. Due to the interference of the airflow on a high wing aircraft between the fuselage and the wings, the lateral
stability of the aircraft in a gusty wind situation will cause
a) the upper wing to increase its lift
b) the upper wing to decrease its lift
c) the lower wing to decrease its lift
10. Slats
a) reduce the stall speed
b) reduce the tendency of the aircraft to Yaw
c) decrease the aerofoil drag at high speeds
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="Vortex generators on the wing are designed to re-energise the boundary layer at high angles of attack and
help prevent separation of the airflow";
explain[2]="The chord line is a STRAIGHT line which goes from the leading edge of the wing to the trailing edge of
the wing.";
explain[3]="The angle of incidence is the angle between the chord line and the longitudinal axis.";
explain[4]="The centre of pressure is positioned roughly 30 - 40 % of the chord line BACK from the leading edge.";
explain[5]="Compressibility effect is associated with an increase in drag during the transonic flight stage.";
explain[6]="At high angles of attack, the airflow over the ailerons can be separated from the surface. Vortex
generators, positioned just forward of the ailerons, are designed to re-energise the boundary layer and help to prevent
this separation. This makes the ailerons more effective at high angles of attack.";
explain[7]="Stall strips are fitted at the leading edge of the wing to ensure that the root of the wing stalls before the
tips.";
explain[8]="Stall strips are fitted at the leading edge of the wing to ensure that the root of the wing stalls before the
tips.";
explain[9]="In a gust, the aircraft may be forced to roll and sideslip away from the gust. In such a slideslip, the
fuselage shields the upper wing from some of the airflow. This reduces the lift on the upper wing which drops and
opposes the gust.";
explain[10]="Slats are designed to increase the lift at low speed, and hence decrease the stall speed.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-7.
1. What is the temperature lapse rate for aircraft flying below 36,000 feet altitude?
a) 1°C per 1000 feet

b) 3°C per 1000 feet
c) 2°C per 1000 feet
2. For a pressure of 25lbs/in² at sea level, what is the absolute pressure?

a) 39.7 lbs/in²
b) 49.7 lbs/in²
c) 10.3 lbs/in
3. An aircraft banks into a turn. No change is made to the airspeed or angle of attack. What will happen?
a) The aircraft enters a side slip and begins to lose altitude
b) The aircraft turns with no loss of height
c) The aircraft yaws and slows down
4. The relationship between induced drag and airspeed is

a) directly proportional to the square of the speed
b) inversely proportional to the square of the speed
c) directly proportional to speed
5. What is the definition of Angle of Incidence?

a) The angle the underside of the mainplane or tailplane makes with the horizontal
b) The angle the underside of the mainplane or tailplane makes with the longitudinal datum line
c) The angle the chord of the mainplane or tailplane makes with the horizontal
6. What is Boundary Layer?

a) Separated layer of air forming a boundary at the leading edge
b) Turbulent air moving from the leading edge to trailing edge
c) Sluggish low energy air that sticks to the wing surface and gradually gets faster until it joins the free stream
flow of air
7. The normal axis of an aircraft passes through

a) the centre of gravity
b) a point at the center of the wings
c) at the centre of pressure
8. On a high winged aircraft, what effect will the fuselage have on the up-going wing?
a) The up-going wing will have a decrease in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
b) The down-going will have a decrease in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
c) The up-going wing will have an increase in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
9. What is the collective term for the fin and rudder and other surfaces aft of the centre of gravity that helps
directional stability?
a) Effective keel surface
b) Empennage
c) Fuselage surfaces
10. Temperature above 36,000 feet will

a) decrease exponentially
b) remain constant
c) increase exponentially
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="Temperature lapse rate up to 36,000 feet (the tropopause) is approximately 2 degress centigrade per 1000
feet. Above the tropopause it is constant.";
explain[2]="Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure = 14.7 psi.";
explain[3]="When an aircraft banks and turns, some of the lift vector is used to turn the aircraft, therefore the aircraft
will lose altitude.";
explain[4]="Induced drag decreases proportionally with the square of the speed.";
explain[5]="Angle of incidence is the 'wing setting angle'. That is the angle of the chord of the mainplane or tailplane
with the horizontal - or aircraft centre line when in the rigging position.";
explain[6]="The boundary layer is the layer of air immediately in contact with the aircraft skin which is slowed down
by the skin friction.";
explain[7]="All the axis of the aircraft (normal, longitudinal and lateral) pass through the centre of gravity.";
explain[8]="The up-going wing of an aircraft in a turn or bank has a down-flow of air due to its movement. It therefore
has a decrease in angle of attack and a decrease in lift. This is the basic mechanism of dynamic stability.";
explain[9]="All the side surfaces aft of the centre of gravity which aid the directional stability are collectively called
the EFFECTIVE KEEL SURFACE.";
explain[10]="Temperature lapse rate up to 36,000 feet (the tropopause) is approximately 2 degress centigrade per 1000
feet. Above the tropopause it is constant.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-8.
1. A decrease in incidence toward the wing tip may be provided to
a) prevent adverse yaw in a turn

b) prevent spanwise flow in maneuvers
c) retain lateral control effectiveness at high angles of attack
2. The angle of attack which gives the best L/D ratio
a) decreases with a decrease in density

b) in unaffected by density changes
c) increases with a decrease in density
3. For a given aerofoil production lift, where

P = pressure and V = velocity:
a) P1 is greater than P2, and V1 is greater than V2

b) P1 is less than P2 and V1 is greater than V2
c) P1 is greater than P2, and V1 is less than V2
4. Low wing loading
a) increases stalling speed, landing speed and landing run

b) increases lift, stalling speed and maneuverability
c) decreases stalling speed, landing speed and landing run
5. Due to the change in downwash on an untapered wing (i.e. one of constant chord length) it will
a) not provide any damping effect when rolling

b) tend to stall first at the root
c) not suffer adverse yaw effects when turning
6. True stalling speed of an aircraft increases with altitude

a) because reduced temperature causes compressibility effect
b) because air density is reduced
c) because humidity is increased and this increases drag
7. As a general rule, if the aerodynamic angle of incidence (angle of attack) of an aerofoil is slightly increased, the
centre of pressure will
a) never move
b) move forward towards the leading edge
c) move towards the tip
8. The "wing setting angle" is commonly known as

a) angle of incidence
b) angle of attack
c) angle of dihedral
9. On a very humid day, an aircraft taking off would require

a) a shorter take off run
b) a longer take off run
c) humidity does not affect the take off run
10. An aircraft is flying at 350 MPH, into a head wind of 75 MPH, what will its ground speed be?
a) 175 mph
b) 275 mph
c) 200 mph
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="A decrease in incidence towards the wingtip (known as washout) causes the wing root to stall before the
wing tip. So, even after the wing roots have stalled, the wing tips are still flying and full aileron control is provided.";
explain[2]="Since the lift formula both contain density, L/D is unaffected with a change in density.";
explain[3]="Bernoulli's principle applies.";
explain[4]="Wing loading is aircraft weight divided by wing area, therefore an aircraft with a low wing loading will
require less landing speed, less landing run and have a decreased stalling speed.";
explain[5]="The change in downwash is referring to downwash which causes the root of the wing to stall before the
tip.";
explain[6]="Since lift provided by the wing reduces with density, the stalling speed increases with altitude due to the
decrease in altitude with density.";
explain[7]="As the angle of attack increases the centre of pressure moves towards the leading edge.";
explain[8]="The wing setting angle is commonly known as the 'angle of incidence'.";
explain[9]="Since water vapour wighs less than dry air, and it displaces dry air, the density on a humid day is less, and
an aircraft requires a longer take-off run.";
explain[10]="Ground speed = IAS minus headwind.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-9.
1. When does the angle of incidence change?
a) When the aircraft attitude changes

b) When the aircraft is ascending or descending
c) It never changes
2. As the angle of attack decreases, what happens to the centre of pressure?
a) It moves forward
b) It moves rearwards
c) Centre of pressure is not affected by angle of attack decrease
3. A decrease in pressure over the upper surface of a wing or aerofoil is responsible for
a) approximately 2/3 (two thirds) of the lift obtained

b) approximately 1/3 (one third) of the lift obtained
c) approximately 1/2 (one half) of the lift obtained
4. Which of the four forces act on an aircraft?
a) Lift, gravity, thrust and drag

b) Weight, gravity, thrust and drag
c) Lift, weight, gravity and drag
5. Which of the following types of drag increases as the aircraft gains altitude?
a) Parasite drag
b) Induced drag
c) Interference drag
6. Correcting for a disturbance which has caused a rolling motion about the longitudinal axis would re-establish
which of the following?
a) Lateral stability
b) Directional stability
c) Longitudinal stability
7. The layer of air over the surface of an aerofoil which is slower moving, in relation to the rest of the airflow, is
known as
a) camber layer
b) boundary layer
c) none of the above
8. What is a controlling factor of turbulence and skin friction?

a) Aspect ratio
b) Fineness ratio
c) Counter sunk rivets used on skin exterior
9. Changes in aircraft weight

a) will not affect total drag since it is dependant only upon speed
b) cause corresponding changes in total drag due to the associated lift change
c) will only affect total drag if the lift is kept constant
10. The aircraft stalling speed will
a) increase with an increase in weight

b) be unaffected by aircraft weight changes since it is dependant upon the angle of attack
c) only change if the MTMA were changed
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="The angle of incidence is the angle at which the wing is 'set' into the fuselage. It never changes.";
explain[2]="The centre of pressure moves FORWARDS with an INCREASE in angle of attack. Therefore it moves
REARWARDS with a DECREASE in angle of attack.";
explain[3]="Look at a diagram of the lift distributions on the top and bottom surfaces of a wing. 2/3rds of the lift is
provided by the top surface.";
explain[4]="The four forces on an aircaft are lift, weight (gravity), thrust and drag.";
explain[5]="As density decreases with altitude, the lift must be compensated by increasing speed. Induced drag
increases with the square of the speed, therefore induced drag increases with altitude.";
explain[6]="The aircraft's response to rolling is lateral stability.";
explain[7]="The boundary is the layer of air in immediate contact with the skin of the aircraft which is slowed down by
skin friction.";
explain[8]="Countersunk rivets reduce skin friction and turbulence.";
explain[9]="A change in aircraft weight will require a change in lift. Increasing aircraft lift increases aircraft drag (lift
dependant drag). Total drag is induced drag plus parasite drag."; MY FAMILY
explain[10]="With an increase in aircraft weight, the aircraft must fly with a greater angle2021-05-12 06:51:09 it will
of attack. Therefore
stall at a higher speed."; --------------------------------------------
\
=========================================
Exam Number:-10.
1. In a bank and turn
a) extra lift is not required

b) extra lift is not required if thrust is increased
c) extra lift is required
2. To maintain straight and level flight on the aeroplane shown, with a decrease in tail-plane download the mainplane
lift would have to
a) remain constant
b) decrease
c) increase
3. To achieve the maximum distance in a glide, the recommended air speed is
a) as close to the stall as practical

b) as high as possible with VNE
c) the speed where the L/D ratio is maximum
4. If the C of G is aft of the Centre of Pressure
a) changes in lift produce a pitching moment which acts to increase the change in lift
b) when the aircraft sideslips, the C of G causes the nose to turn into the sideslip thus applying a restoring moment
c) when the aircraft yaws the aerodynamic forces acting forward of the Centre of Pressure
5. Porpoising is an oscillatory motion in the
a) pitch plane
b) roll plane
c) yaw plane
6. Directional stability is maintained
a) by the mainplanes, and controlled by the ailerons

b) by the tailplane, and controlled by the elevators
c) by the keel surface and fin, and controlled by the rudder
7. Due to the interference effects of the fuselage, when a high wing aeroplane sideslips
a) the accompanying rolling due to keel surface area is destabilizing

b) the accompanying lift changes on the wings produces a stabilizing effect
c) the accompanying rolling due to the fin is destabilizing
8. The power required in a horizontal turn

a) is greater than that for level flight at the same airspeed
b) must be the same as that for level flight at the same airspeed
c) is less than that for level flight at the same airspeed
9. A wing mounted stall sensing device is located

a) usually on the under surface
b) always at the wing tip
c) always on the top surface
10. For an aircraft in a glide

a) thrust, drag, lift and weight act on the aircraft
b) weight, lift and drag act on the aircraft
c) weight and drag only act on the aircraft
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="In a bank and turn, extra lift is required and this is usually provided by increasing the thrust.";
explain[2]="Total lift is mainplane lift minus tailplane download. If the tailplane download decreases, the total lift
increases. Therefore to maintain straight and level flight the mainplane lift would have to decrease.";
explain[3]="The most efficient angle of attack is when the L/D ratio is a maximum. This is usually around 4 degrees.";
explain[4]="If the C of G is aft of the centre of pressure, an increase in lift will pitch the aircraft nose-up, which will
increase the lift even further etc. etc.";
explain[5]="Porpoising is an oscillatory motion in the pitch plane.";
explain[6]="Directional stability is maintained by the keel surface and the fin and controlled by the rudder.";
explain[7]="When a high wing aircraft sideslips, the upper wing is shielded from some of the airflow by the fuselage.
The upper wing's lift reduces, it drops and the aircraft opposes the sideslip.";
explain[8]="Since some of the lift vector is used to turn the aircraft, there will be a tendancy to reduce height. To
maintain height, power must be increased to compensate.";
explain[9]="A wing mounted stall sensing device is mounted just underneath the wing leading edge.";
explain[10]="For an aircraft in a glide, weight lift and drag act. The weight produces the forward motion.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-11.
1. The upper part of the wing in comparison to the lower
a) develops more lift

b) develops the same lift
c) develops less lift
2. What effect would a forward CG have on an aircraft on landing?
a) Increase stalling speed

b) No effect on landing
c) Reduce stalling speed
3. QNH refers to
a) Quite near horizon

b) setting the altimeter to zero
c) setting the mean sea level atmospheric pressure so an altimeter reads the aerodrome altitude above mean sea
level
4. QNE refers to
a) Setting an altimeter to read aerodrome altitude above sea level

b) Quite new equipment
c) setting the mean sea level atmospheric pressure in accordance with ICAO standard atmosphere i.e. 1013
millibars
5. An aspect ratio of 8 would mean
a) span 64, mean chord 8

b) mean chord 64 , span 8
c) span squared 64 ,chord 8
6. If an aircraft in level flight loses engine power it will
a) pitch nose up
b) pitch nose down
c) not change pitch without drag increasing
7. QFE is
a) sea level pressure
b) airfield pressure
c) difference between sea level and airfield pressure
8. The lift /drag ratio at stall

a) increases
b) decreases
c) is unchanged
9. On a straight unswept wing, stall occurs at

a) the thick portion at the wing root
b) the thick portion at the wing tip
c) the thin portion at the wing tip
10. During a climb from a dive
a) the thrust required is greater than required for level flight

b) the thrust required is lower than for level flight
c) the thrust required is the same as for level flight
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="Look at the lift distribution diagram of an aerofoil and see how approximately 2/3rds of the lift is derived
from the top surface.";
explain[2]="A forward CG would require the tail of the aircraft to exert more download to keep the nose level. This
will increase the wing loading and thus the aircraft would stall at a higher speed.";
explain[3]="'Q' is the mathematical symbol for pressure. 'NH' stands for Nautical Height. QNH refers to the setting of
the mean sea level atmospheric pressure (i.e. 1013mb) so the altimeter indicates the altitude above mean sea level.";
explain[4]="'Q' is the mathematical symbol for pressure. 'NE' stands for Nautical Elevation. QNE refers to the setting
of sea level atmospheric pressure so the altimeter indicates the actual altitude above sea level of the non-standard day.";
explain[5]="Aspect Ratio is the ratio of the span to the chord.";
explain[6]="Assuming that the thrust-drag couple is a pitch-up couple (as it would be on a low engined aircraft) then
losing engine power will lose the pitch up moment so the aircraft will pitch nose down.";
explain[7]="'Q' is the mathematical symbol for pressure. 'FE' stands for Field Elevation. QFE refers to setting airfield
pressure so the altimeter indicates zero on the runway.";
explain[8]="At stall the lift drops drastically and drag increases. Therefore the lift/drag ratio decreases.";
explain[9]="On a straight unswept wing, the stall always occurs at the root. This is the preferred stall characteristic.";
explain[10]="Due to the speed and momentum gained during the dive, the aircraft will initially climb with less required
thrust.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-12.
1. When power is off, the aircraft will pitch
a) nose down
b) nose up
c) trim level
2. Angle of attack on a down going wing in a roll

a) increases
b) decreases
c) unaffected
3. For any given speed, a decrease in aircraft weight, the induced drag will
a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same
4. The amount of lift generated by a wing is

a) greatest at the root
b) greatest at the tip
c) constant along the span
5. Induced Drag is
a) greatest towards the wing root and downwash is greatest at the tip
b) greatest towards the wing tip and downwash is greatest towards the root
c) greatest towards the tip and downwash decreases from tip to root
6. Induced Drag is
a) equal to profile drag at stalling angle

b) equal to profile drag at Vmd
c) never equal to profile drag
7. With an increase in aircraft weight
a) Vmd will be at the same speed

b) Vmd will be at a lower speed
c) Vmd will be at a higher speed
8. For a given IAS an increase in altitude will result in
a) no change in the value of induced drag

b) an increase in induced drag
c) an increase in profile drag
9. As the angle of attack of a wing is increased in level flight
a) the Cof G moves aft and the Cof P forward

b) the Cof P and transition point move forward
c) the Cof P moves forward and the stagnation point aft over the upper surface
10. Stall inducers may be fitted to a wing
a) at the tip to cause the root to stall first

b) at the root to cause the tip to stall first
c) at the root to cause the root to stall first
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Assuming that the thrust-drag couple is a pitch-up couple (as it would be on a low engined aircraft) then
losing engine power will lose the pitch up moment so the aircraft will pitch nose down.";
explain[2]="The downgoing wing experiences an upflow of air. This increases angle of attack and lift and thus
opposes the role. Ths is the basic mechanism of dynamic stability.";
explain[3]="Induced drag is 'lift dependant drag'. Less lift and there will be less induced drag. Decreasing the lift
decreases the induced drag.";
explain[4]="See a diagram of the lift distribution of the wing (viewed from the front) and you will see it is parabolic.
The wing tip vortices decrease the lift at the tips.";
explain[5]="Induced drag is associated with wintip vortices. The greater the vortices at the tip, the greater is the
induced drag.";
explain[6]="Sketch the drag curves (drag against speed). Induced drag decreases exponentially with speed. Profile
drag increases exponentially with speed. Vmd (minimum drag speed) is where they meet.";
drag increases exponentially with speed. The induced drag is elevated with weight (since it is lift dependant) and so
cuts the profile drag further to the right (higher Vmd)";
explain[8]="The lift required when an aircraft increases altitude is the same, so with a decrease in density the aircraft
must fly with a greater angle of attack (CL). Induced drag is dependant upon CL therefore induced drag increases with
altitude..";
explain[9]="As angle of attack increases in level flight, CofP moves forward and the Transition Point (the point at
which the laminar flow breaks away and forms into turbulent flow) also moves forward.";
explain[10]="Stall inducers (or stall strips) are placed at the root of the wing to trip up the airflow just before full stall
to ensure the wing stalls first at the root (and maintains the aileron authority even with a partially stalled wing).";
=========================================
Exam Number:-13.
1. With increasing altitude pressure decreases and
a) temperature decreases at the same rate as pressure reduces

b) temperature decreases but at a lower rate than pressure reduces
c) temperature remains constant to 8000 ft
2. The Centre of Pressure is

a) the point on the chord line at which the resultant lift force may be said to act
b) the point of maximum pressure on the under surface of the wing
c) the centre of gravity of the wing
3. If the angle of attack is increased the Centre of Pressure will

a) move forward
b) move rearward
c) remain stationary
4. The optimum angle of attack of an aerofoil is the angle at which
a) the aerofoil produces maximum lift

b) the aerofoil produces zero lift
c) the highest lift/drag ratio is produced
5. A high aspect ratio wing has a
a) increased induced drag

b) decreased induced drag
c) decreased skin friction drag
6. Minimum total drag of an aircraft occurs
a) at the stalling speed

b) when profile drag equals induced drag
c) when induced drag is least
7. If the weight of an aircraft is increased, the induced drag at a given speed
a) will increase
b) will decrease
c) will remain the same
8. The transition point on a wing is the point where
a) the flow separates from the wing surface

b) the boundary layer flow changes from laminar to turbulent
c) the flow divides to pass above and below the wing
9. The boundary layer of a body in a moving airstream is
a) a thin layer of air over the surface where the air is stationary
b) a layer of separated flow where the air is turbulent
c) a layer of air over the surface where the airspeed is changing from free stream speed to zero speed
10. A laminar boundary layer will produce
a) more skin friction drag than a turbulent one

b) less skin friction drag than a turbulent one
c) the same skin friction drag as a turbulent one
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="See a graph of pressure against altitude and temperature against altitude. Pressure decreases faster than
temperature therefore pressure has a greater effect upon the performance of the aircraft.";
explain[2]="The centre of Pressure is the point on the chord line at which the resultant lift force is said to act.";
explain[3]="If the angle of attack is increased the centre of pressure will move forwards.";
explain[4]="The optimum angle of attack is the angle at which the highest lift/drag ratio is produced.";
explain[5]="Induced drag decreases with increasing aspect ratio.";
drag increases exponentially with speed. Vmd (minimum drag speed) is where they meet.";
explain[7]="If weight is increased, for a given speed the aircraft must fly at a greater angle of attack (CL). Induced
drag increases with increased CL.";
explain[8]="The transition point is a point on the surface of the wing where the boundary layer changes from laminar to
turbulent.";
explain[9]="The boundary layer is a thin layer of stationary air in contact with the surface of the skin.";
explain[10]="Skin friction drag is greater in a turbulent boundary layer than in a laminar boundary layer.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-14.
1. Longitudinal stability is given by
a) the fin
b) the wing dihedral
c) the horizontal tailplane
2. Lateral stability is given by

a) the ailerons
b) the wing dihedral
c) the horizontal tailplane
3. Stability about the lateral axis is given by
a) wing dihedral
b) the horizontal tailplane
c) the ailerons
4. Sweepback of the wings will
a) increase lateral stability

b) decrease lateral stability
c) not affect the lateral stability
5. Dutch Roll is
a) a combined rolling and yawing motion

b) a type of slow roll
c) primarily a pitching instability
6. A high wing position gives
a) more lateral stability than a low wing

b) less lateral stability than a low wing
c) the same lateral stability as a low wing
7. On an aircraft in an unpowered steady speed descent
a) the lift equals the weight

b) the weight equals the drag
c) the weight equals the resultant of the lift and drag
8. When an aircraft rolls to enter a turn and power is not increased

a) the lift equals the weight
b) the lift is greater than the weight
c) the lift is less than the weight
9. The boundary layer is

a) thickest at the leading edge
b) thickest at the trailing edge
c) constant thickness from leading to trailing edges
10. The amount of thrust produced by a jet engine or a propeller can be calculated using
a) Newton’s 1st law

b) Newton’s 2nd law
c) Newton’s 3rd law
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="The horizontal stabilizer (tailplane) provides longitudinal stability.";

explain[2]="The wing dihedral provides lateral stability.";
explain[3]="Stability about the lateral axis is longitudinal stability. The horizontal stabilizer (tailplane) provides
longitudinal stability.";
explain[4]="Wing sweepback increases the 'effective' dihedral of the wing (10 degrees of sweepback has the same
effect as 1 degree of dihedral) and therefore increases lateral stability.";
explain[5]="Dutch role is a combination of role and yaw.";
explain[6]="The pendulum effect produced by the fuselage of a high wing aircraft provides more lateral stability.";
explain[7]="In an unpowerd descent, the weight equals the resultant of the lift and the drag.";
explain[8]="When an aircraft roles into a turn and power is not increased, the lift is greater than the weight and the
aircraft will begin to descend.";
explain[9]="The boundary layer is thickest at the trailing edge.";
explain[10]="Newton's second law is Force = Mass x Acceleration.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-15.
1. An engine which produces an efflux of high speed will be
a) more efficient
b) less efficient
c) speed of efflux has no affect on the engine efficiency
2. When an aircraft with a Cof G forward of the Cof P rolls, the nose of the aircraft will
a) stay level
b) raise
c) drop
3. Directional stability may be increased with
a) pitch dampers
b) horn balance
c) yaw dampers
4. Lateral stability may be increased with
a) increased lateral dihedral

b) increased lateral anhedral
c) increased longitudinal dihedral
5. Longitudinal stability is increased if the
a) CP moves forward of the CG

b) Thrust acts on a line below the total drag
c) CG is forward of the CP
6. Wing loading is calculated by weight
a) divided by gross wing area

b) divided by lift
c) multiplied by gross wing area
7. Induced drag is
a) inversely proportional to the square of speed

b) proportional to speed
c) nothing to do with speed
8. In a bank, the weight is
a) increased
b) decreased
c) the same
9. L/D ratio is
a) higher at supersonic cruise speed

b) higher at sub sonic speed
c) the same
10. The power required at low altitude for a given IAS is

a) the same as at high altitude
b) higher
c) lower
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="A pure turbojet accelerates a low mass of air at a high rate and is less efficient than a turbo fan or turbo
prop.";
explain[2]="Since the weight-lift couple is a nose down moment, a reduction of the lift (when the aircraft roles some of
the lift vector is used to turn the aircraft) will cause the nose to rise.";
explain[3]="Yaw dampers increase directional stability.";
explain[4]="Lateral dihedral increases lateral stability. (BTW: Longitudinal stability is the difference between
mainplane and tailplane angles of incidence)";
explain[5]="If the CG is forward of the CP it will have a nose-down tendancy which makes the aircraft less likely to
stall and therefore it will have more longitudinal stability.";
explain[6]="Wing loading is weight divided by wing area and measured in Newtons per square metre.";
explain[7]="Induced drag is inversely proportional to the square of the speed - i.e. it reduces with the square of the
speed.";
explain[8]="The weight is not changed unless you throw something out of the aircraft.";
explain[9]="Because drag increases in thew supersonic range the lift/drag ratio will be higher at subsonic speed.";
explain[10]="Since drag is the same at all altitudes , the power required is the same at all altitudes.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-16.
1. If the stall speed is 75 knots what is the same stall speed in mph
a) 75 x 0.87
b) 75 / 0.87
c) 75 / 0.87 x relative density
2. As the angle of attack increases the stagnation point
a) moves towards the upper surface

b) moves towards the lower surface
c) does not move
3. The term pitch-up is due to
a) compressibility effect
b) ground effect
c) longitudinal instability
4. In a steady climb at a steady IAS, the TAS is
a) more than IAS

b) less than IAS
c) the same
5. An untapered wing will
a) have no yaw effect in banking

b) have no change in induced drag in the bank
c) stall at the root first
6. With the ailerons away from the neutral, induced drag is
a) unchanged but profile drag is higher

b) higher on the lower wing plus profile drag increases
c) higher on the upper wing plus profile drag increases
7. The lift drag ratio is
a) higher at mach numbers above supersonic

b) higher at sub sonic mach numbers
c) the same
8. The force opposing thrust is
a) drag
b) lift
c) Weight
9. Directional stability is about the
a) normal axis
b) longitudinal axis
c) lateral axis
10. Lateral stability is about the

a) longitudinal axis
b) normal axis
c) vertical axis
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="MPH = Knots/0.87 and Knots = MPH x 1.15.";

explain[2]="The stagnation point is the stationary air at the leading edge of the wing. As the angle of attack increases
the stagnation point moves towards the lower surface.";
explain[3]="'Pitch-up' is a term given to the instability caused by the compressibility effect in the transonic range.";
explain[4]="IAS is a function of density. If density reduces with altitude, the TAS must increase if the aircraft
maintntains a steady IAS.";
explain[5]="The straight wing will always stall at the root first. This is the desired stall characteristic.";
explain[6]="Induced drag is 'lift dependant drag'. The upper wing has more lift and hence more induced drag. It also
has more profile drag due to the aileron's protrusion into the airflow.";
explain[7]="Since drag is higher in supersonic flight, the Lift/Drag ratio will be higher at sub-sonic speeds.";
explain[8]="The force opposing thrust is drag.";
explain[9]="Directional stability is stability about the normal axis.";
explain[10]="Lateral stability is stability about the longitudinal axis.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-17.
1. All the lift can be said to act through the
a) centre of pressure
b) centre of gravity
c) normal axis
2. Longitudinal stability is provided by the
a) horizontal stabilizer
b) vertical stabilizer
c) mainplane
3. The concept of thrust is explained by
a) Newton’s 1st law

b) Newton’s 3rd law
c) Bernoulli’s theorem
4. The camber of an aerofoil section is
a) the curvature of the median line of the aerofoil

b) the angle of incidence towards the tip of a wing
c) the angle which the aerofoil makes with the relative airflow
5. If the aircraft turns and side-slips
a) the sweepback of the wing will correct the sideslip

b) the dihedral of the wing will correct the sideslip
c) the keel surface will correct the sideslip
6. Movement of an aircraft about its lateral axis
a) is pitching
b) is rolling
c) is yawing
7. Induced drag
a) is caused by skin friction

b) results from disturbed airflow in the region of mainplane attachments
c) is associated with the lift generated by an aerofoil
8. The centre of pressure is
a) the point on the chord line through which the total resultant lift force on the aerofoil may be said to act
b) the point of maximum pressure on the undersurface of a mainplane
c) the point at which the four forces acting on an aircraft are said to act
9. At what altitude is tropopause
a) 63,000 ft.
b) 36,000 ft.
c) 57,000 ft.
10. What approximate percentage of oxygen is in the atmosphere a)

12%
b) 21%
c) 78%
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="All the lift is said to act through the centre of pressure.";

explain[2]="Longitudinal stability is provided by the horizontal stabiliser (tailplane).";
explain[3]="Newton's Third Law states 'Every action has an equal and opposite reaction'.";
explain[4]="Aerofoil camber is the curvature of the median line of the aerofoil.";
explain[5]="As the aircraft turns and sideslips the dihedral of the wing will correct the sideslip due to the increased lift
on the downgoing wing.";
explain[6]="Movement of an aircraft about its lateral axis is 'pitching'.";
explain[7]="Induced drag is often called 'lift dependant drag' because it increases with increasing lift.";
explain[8]="The C of P is the point at which the sum of all the forces on the aircraft can be said to act.";
explain[9]="The tropopause is 36,000 ft. Above the tropopause is the troposphere.";
explain[10]="21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 1% other gases.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-18.
1. Which has the greater density
a) air at low altitude

b) air at high altitude
c) it remains constant
2. As air flows over the upper cambered surface of an aerofoil, what happens to velocity and pressure?
a) Velocity decreases, pressure decreases

b) Velocity increases, pressure increases
c) Velocity increases, pressure decreases
3. What is the force that tends to pull an aircraft down towards the earth?
a) Drag
b) Thrust
c) Weight
4. Which of the following act in opposition to forward movement?
a) Lift
b) Gravity
c) Drag
5. The angle at which the chord line of the aerofoil is presented to the airflow is known as
a) angle of attack
b) angle of incidence
c) resultant
6. The imaginary straight line which passes through an aerofoil section from leading edge to trailing edge is called
a) centre of pressure
b) the direction of relative airflow
c) the chord line
7. What is the angle between the chord line of the wing, and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, known as
a) angle of attack
b) angle of incidence
c) angle of dihedral
8. An aircraft disturbed from its normal flight path, and automatically returns to that normal flight path, without any
action on the part of the pilot is known as
a) aircraft stability
b) aircraft instability
c) aircraft stall
9. Directional control is provided by
a) horizontal stabilizer
b) rudder
c) elevator
10. About which axis of the aircraft does a rolling motion take place?
a) Normal axis
b) Longitudinal axis
c) Lateral axis
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="Air density reduces with altitude.";

explain[2]="As airflows over the upper cambered surface of an aerofoil, velcity increases and pressure decreases. This
is Bernoulli's effect.";
explain[3]="Weight tends to pull the aircraft down towards the earth.";
explain[4]="Drag is opposition to forward movement.";
explain[5]="Angle of Attack is the angle at which the chord line of the aerofoil is presented to the airflow.";
explain[6]="The Chord Line is the imaginary straight line which passes through the aerofoil from leading edge to
trailing edge.";
explain[7]="Angle of incidence is the angle between the chord line of the wing and the longitudinal axis of the
aircraft.";
explain[8]="Stability is the aircraft's ability for the aircraft to return to its normal flightpath after being disturbed.";
explain[9]="The rudder provides directional control.";
explain[10]="Rolling takes place about the longitudinal axis.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-19.
1. Which motion happens about the lateral axis?
a) Pitching
b) Yawing
c) Rolling
2. Wing tip vortices create a type of drag known as
a) form drag
b) induced drag
c) profile drag
3. Which of the following describes the “Empennage”?
a) Nose section of an aircraft, including the cockpit

b) Tail section of the aircraft, including fin, rudder, tail plane and elevators
c) The wings, including the ailerons
4. At what altitude does stratosphere commence approximately?
a) Sea level
b) 63,000 ft
c) 36,000 ft
5. When an aircraft is in straight and level unaccelerated flight, which of the following is correct?
a) Lift and weight are equal, and thrust and drag are equal
b) Lift greater than weight, and thrust greater than drag
c) Lift greater than weight, and thrust is less than drag
6. As the angle of attack is increased (up to the stall point), which of the following is correct?
a) Pressure difference between top and bottom of the wing increases

b) Lift increases
c) Both a) and b) are correct
7. The fin gives stability about which axis?
a) Lateral axis
b) Normal axis
c) Longitudinal axis
8. What is the horizontal movement of the nose of the aircraft called?
a) Rolling movement
b) Pitching movement
c) Yawing movement
9. What type of drag, depends on the smoothness of the body, and surface area over which the air flows?
a) Parasite drag
b) Form drag
c) Skin friction drag
10. If the nose of the aircraft is rotated about its lateral axis, what is its directional movement?
a) Turning to the left or right

b) Rolling or banking to the left or right
c) Climbing or diving
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Pitching is movement about the lateral axis.";

explain[2]="Induced drag is associated with wingtip vortices.";
explain[3]="'Empannage' is the whole tail of the aircraft including fin, rudder, tailplane and elevator.";
explain[4]="The stratosphere is above 63,000 ft.";
explain[5]="In straight and level unaccelerated flight, lift equals weight and thrust equals drag.";
explain[6]="As the angle of attack is increased the pressure difference between the upper and lower surfaces of the
wing is increased. This causes the lift to increase.";
explain[7]="The fin gives stability about the normal axis.";
explain[8]="Horizontal movement of the nose of the aircraft is 'yawing'.";
explain[9]="Skin friction drag depends upon the smoothness of the body and the surface area.";
explain[10]="For an aircraft to climb or dive it must be rotated about ts lateral axis.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-20.
1. When air flow velocity over an upper cambered surface of an aerofoil decreases, what takes place?
a) Pressure increases, lift decreases

b) Pressure increases, lift increases
c) Pressure decreases, lift increases
2. When an aircraft stalls
a) lift and drag increase

b) lift increases and drag decreases
c) lift decreases and drag increases
3. Wing loading is
a) the maximum all up weight multiplied by the total wing area

b) the maximum all up weight divided by the total wing area
c) the ratio of the all up weight of the aircraft to its basic weight
4. An aircraft wing with an aspect ration of 6:1 is proportional so that
a) the mean chord is six times the thickness

b) the wing span is six times the mean chord
c) the wing area is six times the span
5. Upward and outward inclination of a mainplane is termed
a) sweep
b) dihedral
c) stagger
6. The function of an aircraft fin
a) is to provide stability about the normal axis

b) is to provide directional control
c) is to provide straight airflow across the rudder
7. Movement of an aircraft about its normal axis
a) is pitching
b) is rolling
c) is yawing
8. A pressure of one atmosphere is equal to
a) 14.7 psi
b) 100 millibar
c) 1 inch Hg.
9. The millibar is a unit of

a) atmospheric temperature
b) pressure altitude
c) barometric pressure
10. With an increase in altitude under I.S.A. conditions the temperature in the troposphere
a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains constant
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="When airflow velocity over the upper cambered surface of an aerofoil DECREASES, the pressure
increases and thus the lift decreases.";
explain[2]="When an aircraft stalls the drag increases and the lift decreases.";
explain[3]="Wing Loading is maximum all-up-weight divided by wing area. Measured in Newtons per Square
Metre.";
explain[4]="If aspect ratio is 6:1 the wing span is 6 times the mean chord.";
explain[5]="Upward and outward inclination of a mainplane is termed dihedral.";
explain[6]="The function of the aicraft fin is to provide stability about the normal axis.";
explain[7]="'yawing' is movement of the aircraft about its normal axis.";
explain[8]="One atmosphere is 14.7 psi.";
explain[9]="Barometric pressure is measured in millibar.";
explain[10]="Temperature is constant in the troposphere.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-21.
1. Which of the following forces act on an aircraft in level flight?
a) Lift, thrust, and weight

b) Lift, thrust, weight, and drag
c) Lift, drag, thrust
2. When an aircraft is banked, the horizontal component of the lift
a) will tend to make the aircraft follow a circular path

b) will oppose the tendency of the aircraft to follow a circular path
c) will oppose the weight thus requiring more total lift in the turn
3. If, after a disturbance, an aeroplane initially returns to its equilibrium state
a) it has neutral stability

b) it has static stability and may be dynamically stable
c) it is neutrally unstable
4. Stability of an aircraft is
a) the tendency of the aircraft to return to its original trimmed position after having been displaced
b) the ability of the aircraft to rotate about an axis
c) the tendency of the aircraft to stall at low airspeeds
5. With reference to altimeters QFE is
a) setting aerodrome atmospheric pressure so that an altimeter reads zero on landing and take off
b) quite fine equipment
c) the manufacturers registered name
6. Under the ICAO “Q” code there are which three settings?
a) QFE , QNH , QNE

b) QEF , QNH , QEN
c) QE , QN , QQE
7. Wing loading is
a) GROSS WEIGHT divided by GROSS WING AREA

b) WING AREA x WING CHORD
c) the ultimate tensile strength of the wing
8. The three axes concerned with stability of an aircraft have

a) normal axis through C of G. Lateral axis - wing tip to wing tip. Longitudinal axis - nose to tail but not through C
of G
b) longitudinal, lateral and normal axis all passing through aircraft centre of gravity
c) longitudinal axis nose to tail, lateral axis at furthest span point, normal axis through centre of pressure
9. A barometer indicates
a) pressure
b) density
c) temperature
10. If an aircraft returns to a position of equilibrium it is said to be

a) negatively stable
b) neutrally stable
c) positively stable
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "a";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Lift, thrust, weight and drag act on an aircraft in level flight.";

explain[2]="When an aircraft is banked, the horizontal component of lift makes the aircraft follow a circular path.";
explain[3]="Static stability is when an aircraft returns to its equilibrium (trimmed) state. Dynamis stability is the
ability of the aircraft to oppose the disturbance";
explain[4]="Stability is the tendancy for the aircraft to return to its original position after being displaced.";
explain[5]="Q is the mathematical symbol for pressure. FE stands for Filed Elevation. QFE regfers to setting the
altimeter to aerodrome atmospheric pressure so the altimeter reads zero on landing and takeoff.";
explain[6]="The ICAO 'Q' codes are QFE. QNE, QNH.";
explain[7]="Wing loading is gross weight divided by wing area measured in Newtons per Square Metre.";
explain[8]="The longitudinal, lateral and normal axis all pass through the aircraft's centre of gravity.";
explain[9]="A barameter indicates pressure.";
explain[10]="If an aircraft is positively stable it will return to its trimmed position.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-22.
1. The pendulum effect on a high wing aircraft
a) increases lateral stability

b) decreases lateral stability
c) has no effect on lateral stability
2. The amount of water vapour in the air (humidity holding capacity of the air) is
a) greater on a colder day, and lower on a hotter day

b) greater on a hotter day and lower on a colder day
c) doesn't have a significant difference
3. Weight is equal to
a) volume x gravity
b) mass x acceleration
c) mass x gravity
4. Induced Drag
a) increases with an increase in speed

b) reduces with an increase in angle of attack
c) increases with increase in aircraft weight
5. Airflow over the upper surface of the wing generally
a) flows towards the root

b) flows towards the tip
c) flows straight from leading edge to trailing edge
6. With an increase in aspect ratio for a given ISA, induced drag will
a) remain constant
b) increase
c) reduce
7. With increasing altitude the angle at which a wing will stall
a) remains the same

b) reduces
c) increases
8. If the density of the air is increased, the lift will
a) increase
b) decrease
c) remain the same
9. All the factors that affect the lift produced by an aerofoil are
a) angle of attack, air density, velocity, wing area

b) angle of attack, air temperature, velocity, wing area
c) angle of attack, velocity, wing area, aerofoil shape, air density
10. A wing section suitable for high speed would be

a) thick with high camber
b) thin with high camber
c) thin with little or no camber
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Pendulum effect on a high wing aircraft increases lateral stability.";

explain[2]="The amount of water vapour in the air is greater on a hotter day.";
explain[3]="Weight = mass x gravity.";
explain[4]="Induced drag increase with aircraft weight because it is 'lift dependant drag'.";
explain[5]="Due to wing tip vortices there is a general flow of air from tip to root on the top surface, and root to tip on
the lower surface.";
explain[6]="A long slender wing (high aspect ratio) has a high induced drag.";
explain[7]="The angle at which a wing stalls does not chang - only the stall speed changes.";
explain[8]="See the formula for lift. Lift is directly proportional to air density.";
explain[9]="Lift formula is CL (includes aerofoil shape and angle of attack) x 1/2 x air density x velocity squared.";
explain[10]="A high speed wing is this with little or no camber.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-23.
1. The induced drag of an aircraft
a) increases with increasing speed

b) increases if aspect ratio is increased
c) decreases with increasing speed
2. As the speed of an aircraft increases the profile drag
a) increases
b) decreases
c) decreases at first then increase
3. The stagnation point on an aerofoil is the point where
a) the suction pressure reaches a maximum

b) the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent
c) the airflow is brought completely to rest
4. After a disturbance in pitch, an aircraft continues to oscillate at constant amplitude. It is
a) longitudinally unstable
b) longitudinally neutrally stable
c) laterally unstable
5. On an aircraft with an all-moving tailplane nose up pitch is caused by
a) increasing tailplane incidence

b) decreasing tailplane incidence
c) up movement of the trim tab
6. The stalling of an aerofoil is affected by the
a) airspeed
b) angle of attack
c) transition speed
7. What gives the aircraft directional stability?

a) Vertical stabiliser
b) Horizontal stabiliser
c) Elevators
8. The most fuel efficient of the following types of engine is the
a) rocket
b) turbo-jet engine
c) turbo-fan engine
9. The quietest of the following types of engine is the
a) rocket
b) turbo-jet engine
c) turbo-fan engine
10. Forward motion of a glider is provided by
a) the engine
b) the weight
c) the drag
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "a";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "b";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="Induced drag decreases with increasing speed.";

explain[2]="Profile drag increases with increasing speed.";
explain[3]="The stagnation point on the aerofoil is the point where the airflow is brought completely to rest on the
leading edge.";
explain[4]="If an aircraft oscillates in pitch without the oscillations increasing or decreasing it is longitudinally
neutrally stable.";
explain[5]="To make the nose pitch up, the tailplane down load must be increased. This is done by decreasing its
incidence (or increasing its negative incidence).";
explain[6]="The stall position of an aerofoil is determined by its angle of attack only.";
explain[7]="The vertical stabiliser gives the aircraft directional stability.";
explain[8]="The turbo fan is the most fuel efficient engine.";
explain[9]="The turbo fan is the quietest engine.";
explain[10]="The weight provides forward motion of a glider.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-24.
1. Profile drag consists of what drag types?
a) Form, skin friction and interference

b) Form, induced and skin friction
c) Form, induced and interference
2. An aircraft in straight and level flight is subject to
a) zero load factor

b) a load factor of 1
c) a load factor of ½
3. Aspect ratio is given by the formula
a) Mean Chord
Span
b) Span2
Area
c) Span2
Mean Chord
a) the up going wing loses lift which has a de-stabilizing effect

b) the down going wing gains lift causing a stabilizing effect
c) the down going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilizing effect
5. Which condition is the actual amount of water vapour in a mixture of air and water?
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew point
c) Absolute humidity
6. An aspect ratio of 8 means

a) the span is 8 times the mean chord
b) the mean chord is 8 times the span
c) the area is 8 times the span
7. The ISA
8. Which will weigh the least?

a) 98 parts of dry air and 2 parts of water vapour
b) 35 parts of dry air and 65 parts of water vapour
c) 50 parts of dry air and 50 parts of water vapour
9. A high aspect ratio wing

a) is stiffer than a low aspect ratio wing
b) has less induced drag than a low aspect ratio wing
c) has a higher stall angle than a low aspect ratio wing
10. The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What force must the tail of the aircraft exert to maintain
the aircraft in a level attitude?
a) Down
b) Up
c) Sideways
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="Profile consists of Form Drag, Skin Friction Drag and Interference Drag.";
explain[2]="An aircraft in straight and level flight is subject to a load factor of 1 (i.e. 1g).";
explain[3]="Aspect Ratio is span / mean chord. Multiply top and bottom by span and you get span squared / area.";
explain[4]="When an aircraft roles, the downgoing wing gains lift (due to the upflow of air causing an increased angle
of attack). This opposes the role.";
explain[5]="Absolute humidity is the 'actual' amount of water in a mixture of air and water.";
explain[6]="An Aspect Ratio of 8 means the span is 8 times the chord.";
explain[7]="The ISA is taken from 45 degrees latitude.";
explain[8]="Dry air is heavier than water vapour.";
explain[9]="A long slender wing (high aspect ratio) has less induced drag than a short stubby wing.";
explain[10]="Assuming the thrust-drag couple is a nose up couple (low engined aircraft) then if the thrust-drag couple
overcomes the lift-weight couple, the aircraft will pitch up. The tail of the aircraft needs to exert an upwards force to
maintain level flight.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-25.
1. Induced downwash
a) reduces the effective angle of attack of the wing

b) increases the effective angle of attack of the wing
c) has no effect on the angle of attack of the wing
a) increases
b) decreases
c) remains the same
3. Which is the ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if
the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure?
a) Absolute humidity
b) Relative humidity.
c) Dew point
4. A straight rectangular wing, without any twist, will
a) have greater angle of attack at the tip

b) have the same angle of attack at all points along the span
c) have less angle of attack at the tip
5. If gauge pressure on a standard day is 25 PSI, the absolute pressure is
a) 10.3 PSI
b) 43.8 PSI
c) 39.7 PSI
6. The C of G moves in flight. The most likely cause of this is
a) movement of passengers
b) movement of cargo
c) consumption of fuel and oils
7. The speed of sound in the atmosphere
a) varies according to the frequency of the sound

b) changes with a change in temperature
c) changes with a change in pressure
8. A straight rectangular wing, without any twist, will

a) stall first at the tip
b) stall first at the root
c) stall equally along the span of the wing
9. What is sea level pressure?
a) 1013.2 mb
b) 1012.3 mb
c) 1032.2 mb
10. Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aircraft to be the greatest?
a) Low temperature with low humidity

b) High temperature with low humidity
c) High temperature with high humidity
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "c";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "b";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Induced downwash reduces the effective angle of attack of the wing.";

explain[2]="The stalling ANGLE does not change. Only the stall speed changes.";
explain[3]="Relative humidity is the ratio of the water vapour actually present to the water vapour that the air would
hold if it were saturated.";
explain[4]="Due to wingtip vortices, there is more downwash at the tip, and therefore there is less angle of attack at the
tip.";
explain[5]="Absolute pressure = gauge pressure plus atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 PSI.";
explain[6]="Consumption of fuel and oil causes the C of G to move in flight.";
explain[7]="Speed of sound is affected by air temperature.";
explain[8]="A straight rectangular wing will stall first at the root. This is because the effective angle of attack is
reduced at the tips because of the greater downwash at the tips.";
explain[9]="Sea level pressure is 1013.2 mb.";
explain[10]="High temperature and high humidity are the worst conditions for aircraft performance.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-26.
1. Which condition is the actual amount of water vapour in a mixture of air and water?
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew point
c) Absolute humidity
2. When the weight of an aircraft increases, the minimum drag speed
a) decreases
b) increases
c) remains the same
3. Which statement concerning heat and/or temperature is true?
a) There is an inverse relationship between temperature and heat.

b) Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules of any substance
c) Temperature is a measure of the potential energy of the molecules of any substance
4. Which is the ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if
the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure?
a) Absolute humidity
b) Relative humidity
c) Dew point
5. When an aircraft experiences induced drag
a) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the tip and on top of the wing spanwise towards the root
c) Neither a) or b) since induced drag does not cause spanwise flow
6. What is absolute humidity?
a) The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated.
b) The actual amount of the water vapour in a mixture of air and water
c) The ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be present if the air
were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure
7. Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aircraft to be the greatest?
a) Low temperature with low humidity
b) High temperature with low humidity
c) High temperature with high humidity
8. If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is missing on an aeroplane wing, a likely result will be
a) increased lift in the area of installation on the opposite wing at high angles of attack
b) asymmetrical aileron control at low angles of attack
c) asymmetrical aileron control at or near stall angles of attack
9. When a leading edge slat opens, there is a gap between the slat and the wing. This is
a) to allow it to retract back into the wing
b) to allow air through to re-energize the boundary layer on top of the wing
c) to keep the area of the wing the same
10. An aeroplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively
a) positive air pressure below and above the wing's surface.

b) negative air pressure below the wing's surface and positive air pressure above the wing's surface.
c) positive air pressure below the wing's surface and negative air pressure above the wing's surface
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Absolute humidity is the 'actual' amount of water in a mixture of air and water.";
explain[2]="Vmd is where the induced drag curve intersects with the profile drag curve. Increasing the weight elevates
the induced drag (lift dependant drag) and therefore the intersection is shifted to the right (greater Vmd).";
explain[3]="Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. Heat is a form of energy
exchange.";
explain[5]="Induced drag causes air to flow under the wing spanwise towards the tip and on top of the wing spanwise
towards the root.";
explain[7]="High temperature and high humidity are the worst conditions for aircraft performance.";
explain[8]="The stall strip is to make the root of the wing stall before the tip so at the stall point, full aileron control is
maintained.";
explain[9]="The gap which opens up when the leading edge slat opens is to allow high pressure through from beneath
the wing and re-energise the boundary layer on top of the wing.";
explain[10]="The wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively positive air pressure below the wing surface
and negative air pressure above the wing surface.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-27.
1. Aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the ratio of the
a) wingspan to the wing root

b) square of the chord to the wingspan
c) wingspan to the mean chord
2. Which of the following is true?
b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down
c) Lift acts at right angles to the relative air flow and weight acts at right angles to the aircraft centre line
3. The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated is called
a) dewpoint
b) absolute humidity
c) relative humidity
4. The airflow over the upper surface of a cambered wing
a) increases in velocity and pressure

b) increases in velocity and reduces in pressure
c) reduces in velocity and increases in pressure
5. Which type of flap increases the area of the wing?
a) Plain Flap
b) Fowler Flap
c) All flaps
6. If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is missing on an aeroplane wing, a likely result will be
c) asymmetrical aileron control at or near stall angles of attack
7. With increased speed in level flight
a) induced drag increases

b) profile drag increases
c) profile drag remains constant
8. Deployment of flaps will result in
a) a decrease in stall angle

b) an increase in stall angle
c) a decrease in angle of attack
9. An aeroplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively

a) positive air pressure below and above the wing's surface.
b) negative air pressure below the wing's surface and positive air pressure above the wing's surface.
c) positive air pressure below the wing's surface and negative air pressure above the wing's surface.
10. The angle of attack of an aerofoil section is the angle between the
a) chord line and the relative airflow

b) underside of the wing surface and the mean airflow
c) chord line and the centre line of the fuselage
=========================================
ans[1] = "c";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "a";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the wing span to mean chord.";
explain[2]="Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down.";
explain[3]="The temperature to which humid air must be cooled to become saturated is called the 'due point'.";
explain[4]="Airflow flowing over the upper surface of an aerofoil increases in velocity and decreases in pressure.";
explain[5]="A fowler flap increases the wing area as well as increasing the wing camber.";
explain[6]="The stall strip is to make the root of the wing stall before the tip so at the stall point, full aileron control is
maintained.";
explain[7]="With increased speed in level flight, the profile drag increases and the induced drag decreases.";
explain[8]="Deployment of flaps increases camber and decreases stall angle.";
explain[9]="The wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively positive air pressure below the wing surface
and negative air pressure above the wing surface.";
explain[10]="Angle of attack of an aerofoil is the angle between the chord line and the relative air flow.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-28.
1. A swept wing tends to stall first at the
a) root
b) tip
c) centre section
2. Kreuger Flaps are normally fitted to
a) the trailing edge of the wings

b) the tips of the wings
c) the leading edge of the wings
3. Aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the ratio of the
a) wingspan to the wing root.

b) square of the chord to the wingspan.
c) wingspan to the mean chord
4. The trailing vortex on a pointed wing (taper ratio = 0) is
a) at the root
b) at the tip
c) equally all along the wing span
5. A high wing aircraft will be more
a) laterally stable than a low wing aircraft

b) longitudinally stable than a low wing aircraft
c) directionally stable than a low wing aircraft
6. A wing with a very high aspect ratio (in comparison with a low aspect ratio wing) will have
a) increased drag at high angles of attack.

b) a low stall speed.
c) poor control qualities at low airspeeds.
7. The lift curve for a delta wing is
a) more steep than that of a high aspect ratio wing

b) less steep than that of a high aspect ratio wing
c) the same as that of a high aspect ratio wing
8. After an aircraft has been disturbed from its straight and level flight, it returns to its original attitude with a small
amount of decreasing oscillation. The aircraft is
a) statically stable but dynamically unstable

b) statically unstable but dynamically stable
c) statically stable and dynamically stable
9. An increase in the speed at which an aerofoil passes through the air increases lift because
a) the increased speed of the airflow creates a greater pressure differential between the upper and lower surfaces.
b) the increased speed of the airflow creates a lesser pressure differential between the upper and lower surfaces.
c) the increased velocity of the relative wind increases the angle of attack
10. A delta wing has

a) a higher stall angle than a straight wing
b) a lower stall angle than a straight wing
c) the same stall angle than a straight wing
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "c";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "a";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "b";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "a";
ans[10] = "a";
explain[1]="A swept wing tends to stall first at the tip.";

explain[2]="Kreuger Flaps are normally fitted to the leading edge of the wings (ref: 737-100,200 etc.).";
explain[3]="Aspect ratio is defined as the ratio of the wingspan to the mean chord.";
explain[4]="Trailing vortex of a pointed wing is spread equally along the trailing edge.";
explain[5]="Due to pendulum effect of the fuselage, a high wing aircraft will be more laterally stable than a low wing
aircraft.";
explain[6]="A very high aspect ratio wing will have increased drag at high angles of attack.";
explain[7]="A delta wing produces less lift for any given angle of attack than any other type of wing.";
explain[8]="Static stability is the ability of the aircraft to return to its untrimmed position. Dynamic stability is the
ability of the aircraft to not oscillate about the trimmed position.";
explain[9]="Increasing the speed of an aerofoil increases the pressure differential between the upper and lower
surface.";
explain[10]="A delta wing has a much higher stall angle than a normal wing.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-29.
1. The Lift/Drag ratio of a wing at the stalling angle is
a) of a negative value
b) low
c) high
2. The airflow over the upper surface of a cambered wing

a) increases in velocity and pressure
b) increases in velocity and reduces in pressure
3. The speed of air over a swept wing which contributes to the lift is
a) less than the aircraft speed

b) more than the aircraft speed
c) the same as the aircraft speed
4. For a given angle of attack induced drag is
a) greater on a high aspect ratio wing

b) greater towards the wing root
c) greater on a low aspect ratio wing
5. In straight and level flight, the angle of attack of a swept wing is
a) the same as the aircraft angle to the horizontal

b) more than the aircraft angle to the horizontal
c) less than the aircraft angle to the horizontal
6. Induced drag
a) is never equal to the profile drag

b) is equal to the profile drag at the stalling speed
c) is equal to the profile drag at Vmd
7. A delta wing aircraft flying at the same speed (subsonic) and angle of attack as a swept wing aircraft of similar
wing area will produce
a) the same lift

b) more lift
c) less lift
8. The stagnation point is
a) static pressure plus dynamic pressure

b) static pressure minus dynamic pressure
c) dynamic pressure only
9. On a swept wing aircraft, due to the adverse pressure gradient, the boundary layer on the upper surface of the wing
tends to flow
a) directly from leading edge to trailing edge
b) towards the tip
c) towards the root
10. With increased speed in level flight

a) induced drag increases
b) profile drag increases
c) profile drag remains constant
=========================================
ans[1] = "b";
ans[2] = "b";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "c";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "c";
ans[7] = "c";
ans[8] = "a";
ans[9] = "b";
ans[10] = "b";
explain[1]="At stall the lift drops rapidly and the drag increases rapidly. Lift/Drag ratio therefore decreases.";
explain[2]="Airflow over the upper surface of a cambered surface of the wing increases in velocity and decreases in
pressure.";
explain[3]="Airflow over the upper surface of a cambered surface of the wing has a greater velocity than the aircraft
speed.";
explain[4]="A low aspect ratio wing (short-stubby wing) has a greater induced drag.";
explain[5]="Angle of attack in straight and level flight is equal toi the angle of incidence which is more than the angle
of the aircraft (swept wing or not).";
explain[6]="Induced drag is equal to profile drag at Vmd.";
explain[7]="A delta wing aircraft at any given angle of attack and speed will produce less lift than any other type of
wing.";
explain[8]="At stagnation, the pressure is total (static plus dynamic).";
explain[9]="Due to adverse pressure gradient on a swept wing, the boundary layer slides towards the tip and thickens at
the tip.";
explain[10]="Profile drag increases with speed, induced drag decreases with speed.";
=========================================
Exam Number:-30.
1. If a swept wing stalls at the tips first, the aircraft will
a) pitch nose up
b) pitch nose down
c) roll
2. The thickness/chord ratio of the wing is also known as
a) aspect ratio
b) mean chord ratio
c) fineness ratio
3. Flexure of a rearward swept wing will
a) increase the lift and hence increase the flexure

b) decrease the lift and hence decrease the flexure
c) increase the lift and hence decrease the flexure
4. A High Aspect Ratio wing is a wing with
a) long span, long chord

b) long span, short chord
c) short span, long chord
5. Stall commencing at the root is preferred because
a) the ailerons become ineffective

b) it provides the pilot with a warning of complete loss of lift
c) it will cause the aircraft to pitch nose up
6. An aircraft flying in “ground effect” will produce
a) more lift than a similar aircraft outside of ground effect

b) less lift than a similar aircraft outside of ground effect
c) the same lift as a similar aircraft outside of ground effect
7. If the angle of attack of a wing is increased in flight, the
a) C of P will move forward

b) C of G will move aft
c) C of P will move aft
8. The Rams Horn Vortex on a forward swept wing will be
a) the same as a rearward swept wing

b) more than a rearward swept wing
c) less than a rearward swept wing
9. When maintaining level flight an increase in speed will
a) cause the C of P to move aft

b) cause the C of P to move forward
c) have no affect on the position of the C of P
10. For a cambered wing section the zero lift angle of attack will be
a) zero
b) 4 degrees
c) negative
=========================================
ans[1] = "a";
ans[2] = "c";
ans[3] = "b";
ans[4] = "b";
ans[5] = "b";
ans[6] = "a";
ans[7] = "a";
ans[8] = "c";
ans[9] = "c";
ans[10] = "c";
explain[1]="Since the tips are behind the Centre of Gravity, losing the lift at the tips will cause the nose to rise.";
explain[2]="The thickness/chord ratio of the wing is also known as the fineness ratio.";
explain[3]="Flexure of a rearward swept wing will decrease the lift (since the wing presents its upper surface to the
airflow and the angle of attack reduces) and so the wing flexes back.";
explain[4]="Aspect ratio is the ratio of span to chord";
explain[5]="Stall commencing at the root causes turbulent air to hit the tailplane. The resulting 'buffet' warns the pilot
just before complete stall.";
explain[6]="An aircraft flying in ground effect will have more lift than an aircraft not flying in ground effect (which is
why seagulls glide close to the water surface).";
explain[7]="Increasing the angle of attack moves the CofP foreward.";
explain[8]="A forward swept wing does not suffer from the Rams Horn Vortex.";
explain[9]="A change in speed has no effect on the position of the CofP (providing angle of attack is not changed).";
explain[10]="A non symmetrical wing will produce some lift at zero degrees. Therefore it must have a negative angle
of attack to produce zero lift.";
=========================================
An increase in the speed at which an aerofoil passes through the air increases lift because
Ans a) the increased speed of the airflow creates a greater pressure differential between the upper and
lower surfaces.
b) the increased speed of the airflow creates a lesser pressure differential between the upper and lower
surfaces.
c) the increased velocity of the relative wind increases the angle of attack
A delta wing has
Ans a) a higher stall angle than a straight wing b) a lower stall angle than a straight wing c) the same
stall angle than a straight wing
The Lift/Drag ratio of a wing at the stalling angle is
a) Of a negative value Ans b) low c) high
The airflow over the upper surface of a cambered wing
a) increases in velocity and pressure Ans b) increases in velocity and reduces in pressure
The speed of air over a swept wing which contributes to the lift is
a) Less than the aircraft speed Ans b) more than the aircraft speed c) the same as the aircraft
speed
For a given angle of attack induced drag is
a) Greater on a high aspect ratio wing b) greater towards the wing root Ans c) greater on a low
aspect ratio wing
In straight and level flight, the angle of attack of a swept wing is
a) the same as the aircraft angle to the horizontal Ans b) more than the aircraft angle to the horizontal
c) less than the aircraft angle to the horizontal
Induced drag
a) Is never equal to the profile drag b) is equal to the profile drag at the stalling speed Ans c) is
equal to the profile drag at Vmd
A delta wing aircraft flying at the same speed (subsonic) and angle of attack as a swept wing aircraft of
similar wing area will produce
a) The same lift b) more lift Ans c) less lift
The stagnation point is
Ans a) static pressure plus dynamic pressure b) static pressure minus dynamic pressure c) dynamic
pressure only
On a swept wing aircraft, due to the adverse pressure gradient, the boundary layer on the upper surface
of the wing tends to flow
a) Directly from leading edge to trailing edge Ans b) towards the tip c) towards the root
With increased speed in level flight
a) Induced drag increases Ans b) profile drag increases c) profile drag remains constant
If a swept wing stalls at the tips first, the aircraft will
Ans a) pitch nose up b) pitch nose down c) roll
The thickness/chord ratio of the wing is also known as
a) Aspect ratio b) mean chord ratio Ans c) fineness ratio
Flexure of a rearward swept wing will
a) increase the lift and hence increase the flexure Ans b) decrease the lift and hence decrease the
flexure
c) increase the lift and hence decrease the flexure
A High Aspect Ratio wing is a wing with
a) Long span, long chord Ans b) long span, short chord c) short span, long chord
Stall commencing at the root is preferred because
a) the ailerons become ineffective Ans b) it provides the pilot with a warning of complete loss of lift
c) it will cause the aircraft to pitch nose up
An aircraft flying in “ground effect” will produce
Ans a) more lift than a similar aircraft outside of ground effect
b) less lift than a similar aircraft outside of ground effect
c) the same lift as a similar aircraft outside of ground effect
If the angle of attack of a wing is increased in flight, the
Ans a) C of P will move forward b) C of G will move aft c) C of P will move aft
The Rams Horn Vortex on a forward swept wing will be
a) The same as a rearward swept wing b) more than a rearward swept wing Ans c less than a
rearward swept wing
When maintaining level flight an increase in speed will
a) Cause the C of P to move aft b) cause the C of P to move forward Ans c) have no affect on
the position of the C of P
For a cambered wing section the zero lift angle of attack will be
a) Zero b) 4 degrees Ans c) negative
Density changes with altitude at a rate

a) Of 2kg/m3 per 1000ft Ans b) which changes with altitude c) which is constant until 11km
Airflow at subsonic speed is taken to be
a) Compressible Ans b) incompressible c) either a or b depending on altitude
Bernoulli’s equation shows that
Ans a) at constant velocity the kinetic energy of the air changes with a change of height
b) with a change in speed at constant height both kinetic and potential energies change
c) with a change in velocity at constant height the static pressure will change
If fluid flow through a venturi is said to be incompressible, the speed of the flow increases at the throat
to
Ans a) maintain a constant volume flow rate b) allow for a reduction in static pressure c) allow for
an increase in static pressure
To produce lift, an aerofoil must be
a) Asymmetrical b) symmetrical Ans c) either a or b above
Lift is dependent on
Ans a) the area of the wing, the density of the fluid medium, and the square of the velocity
b) the net area of the wing ,the density of the fluid medium and the velocity
c) the frontal area of the wing, the density of the fluid medium and the velocity
The maximum lift/drag ratio of a wing occurs
a) at the angle of attack where the wing develops its maximum lift
b) during take off Ans c) at an angle below which the wing develops max lift
A wing develops 10,000N of lift at 100knots. Assuming the wing remains at the same angle of attack and
remains at the same altitude, how much lift will it develop at 300knots?
a) 900,000 N Ans b) 90,000N c) 30,000N

The angle of attack is
a) Related to angle of incidence b) always kept below 15 degrees Ans c) not related to the angle
of incidence
The difference between the mean camber line and the chord line of an aero foil is
Ans a) one is always straight and the other may be straight b) neither are straight c) they both may be
curved
If the C of G is calculated after loading as within limits for take off
a) No further calculation is required
Ans b) a further calculation is required prior to landing to allow for fuel and oil consumption
b) A further calculation is required prior to landing to allow for flap deployment
A stalled aero foil has a lift/drag ratio
a) More than the lift/drag ratio prior to stall b) Zero Ans c) Less than the lift/drag ratio prior to
stall
At low forward speed
a) Increased downwash reduces tail plane effectiveness
Ans b) increased downwash increases tail plane effectiveness
b) Excessive rudder movement may cause fin to stall
Helicopter rotor blades create lift by
Ans a) creating low pressure above the blades
c) Pushing the air down c) Working like a screw
On some modern aircraft a stall warning will automatically
a) Increase thrust b) Extend outboard slats

Ans c) cause a pitch nose down movement
Upward and outward inclination of a mainplane is termed
a) Sweep Ans b) dihedral c) stagger
The function of an aircraft fin
Ans a) is to provide stability about the normal axis
b) is to provide directional control
c) is to provide straight airflow across the rudder
Movement of an aircraft about its normal axis
a) Is pitching b) is rolling Ans c) is yawing
A pressure of one atmosphere is equal to
Ans a) 14.7 psi b) 100 millibar c) 1 inch Hg.
The millibar is a unit of
a) Atmospheric temperature b) pressure altitude Ans c) barometric pressure
With an increase in altitude under I.S.A. conditions the temperature in the troposphere
a) Increases Ans b) decreases c) remains constant
Which of the following forces act on an aircraft in level flight?
a) Lift, thrust, and weight Ans b) Lift, thrust, weight, and drag c) Lift, drag, thrust
When an aircraft is banked, the horizontal component of the lift
Ans a) will tend to make the aircraft follow a circular path

b) will oppose the tendency of the aircraft to follow a circular path
c) will oppose the weight thus requiring more total lift in the turn
If, after a disturbance, an aeroplane initially returns to its equilibrium state
a) It has neutral stability Ans b) it has static stability and may be dynamically stable c) it is
neutrally unstable
Stability of an aircraft is
Ans a) the tendency of the aircraft to return to its original trimmed position after having been displaced
b) the ability of the aircraft to rotate about an axis
c) the tendency of the aircraft to stall at low airspeeds
With reference to altimeters QFE is
Ans a) setting aerodrome atmospheric pressure so that an altimeter reads zero on landing and take off
b) Quite fine equipment c) the manufacturers registered name
Under the ICAO “Q” code there are which three settings?
Ans a) QFE , QNH , QNE b)QEF , QNH , QEN c) QE , QN , QQE
Wing loading is
Ans a) GROSS WEIGHT divided by GROSS WING AREA
b) WING AREA x WING CHORD
c) the ultimate tensile strength of the wing
The three axes concerned with stability of an aircraft have
a) Normal axis through C of G. Lateral axis – wing tip to wing tip. Longitudinal axis – nose to tail but
not through C of G
Ans b) longitudinal, lateral and normal axis all passing through aircraft centre of gravity
b) Longitudinal axis nose to tail, lateral axis at furthest span point, normal axis through centre of
pressure
A barometer indicates
Ans a) pressure b) density c) temperature
If an aircraft returns to a position of equilibrium it is said to be
a) Negatively stable b) neutrally stable Ans c) positively stable
The pendulum effect on a high wing aircraft
Ans a) increases lateral stability b) decreases lateral stability c) has no effect on lateral stability
The amount of water vapour in the air (humidity holding capacity of the air) is
a) greater on a colder day, and lower on a hotter day Ans b) greater on a hotter day and lower on a
colder day
c) doesn’t have a significant difference
Weight is equal to
a) Volume x gravity b) mass x acceleration Ans c) mass x gravity
Induced Drag
a) Increases with an increase in speed b) reduces with an increase in angle of attack
Ans c) increases with increase in aircraft weight
Airflow over the upper surface of the wing generally
Ans a) flows towards the root b) flows towards the tip c) flows straight from leading edge to trailing
edge
With an increase in aspect ratio for a given ISA, induced drag will
a) Remain constant b) increase Ans c) reduce

With increasing altitude the angle at which a wing will stall
Ans a) remains the same b) reduces c) increases
If the density of the air is increased, the lift will
Ans a) increase b) decrease c) remain the same
All the factors that affect the lift produced by an aerofoil are
a) angle of attack, air density, velocity, wing area
b) angle of attack, air temperature, velocity, wing area
Ans c) angle of attack, velocity, wing area, aerofoil shape, air density
A wing section suitable for high speed would be
a) Thick with high camber b) thin with high camber Ans c) thin with little or no camber
The induced drag of an aircraft
a) Increases with increasing speed b) increases if aspect ratio is increased Ans c) decreases with
increasing speed
As the speed of an aircraft increases the profile drag
Ans a) increases b) decreases c) decreases at first then increase
The stagnation point on an aerofoil is the point where
a) the suction pressure reaches a maximum
b) the boundary layer changes from laminar to turbulent
Ans c) the airflow is brought completely to rest
After a disturbance in pitch, an aircraft continues to oscillate at constant amplitude. It is
a) Longitudinally unstable Ans b) longitudinally neutrally stable c) laterally unstable

On an aircraft with an all-moving tailplane nose up pitch is caused by
a) Increasing tailplane incidence Ans b) decreasing tailplane incidence c) up movement of the

trim tab
The stalling of an aerofoil is affected by the
a) Airspeed Ans b) angle of attack c) transition speed
What gives the aircraft directional stability?
Ans a) Vertical stabiliser b) Horizontal stabiliser c) Elevators
The most fuel efficient of the following types of engine is the
a) Rocket b) turbo-jet engine Ans c) turbo-fan engine
The quietest of the following types of engine is the
a) Rocket b) turbo-jet engine Ans c) turbo-fan engine
Forward motion of a glider is provided by
a) The engine Ans b) the weight c) the drag
Profile drag consists of what drag types?
Ans a) Form, skin friction and interference b) Form, induced and skin friction c) Form, induced and
interference
An aircraft in straight and level flight is subject to
a) Zero load factor Ans b) a load factor of 1 c) a load factor of ½
Aspect ratio is given by the formula

a) Mean Chord Span Ans b) Span2 Area c) Span2 Mean Chord
On a high wing aircraft in a turn
a) The up going wing loses lift which has a de-stabilizing effect
Ans b) the down going wing gains lift causing a stabilizing effect
b) The down going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilizing effect
Which condition is the actual amount of water vapour in a mixture of air and water?
a) Relative humidity b) Dew point Ans c) Absolute humidity
An aspect ratio of 8 means
Ans a) the span is 8 times the mean chord b) the mean chord is 8 times the span c) the area is 8 times
the span
The ISA
a) Is taken from the equator b) is taken from 45 degrees latitude Ans c) assumes a standard
day
Which will weigh the least?
Ans a) 98 parts of dry air and 2 parts of water vapour b) 35 parts of dry air and 65 parts of water
vapour
b) 50 parts of dry air and 50 parts of water vapour
A high aspect ratio wing
a) is stiffer than a low aspect ratio wing Ans b) has less induced drag than a low aspect ratio wing
c) has a higher stall angle than a low aspect ratio wing
The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What force must the tail of the aircraft exert
to maintain the aircraft in a level attitude?
a) Down Ans b) Up c) Sideways

Induced downwash
Ans a) reduces the effective angle of attack of the wing
b) increases the effective angle of attack of the wing
c) has no effect on the angle of attack of the wing
during a turn, the stalling angle
a) Increases b) decreases Ans c) remains the same
Which is the ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be
present if the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure?
a) Absolute humidity Ans b) Relative humidity. C) Dew point
A straight rectangular wing, without any twist, will
a) have greater angle of attack at the tip
b) have the same angle of attack at all points along the span
Ans c) have less angle of attack at the tip
If gauge pressure on a standard day is 25 PSI, the absolute pressure is
a) 10.3 PSI b) 43.8 PSI Ans c) 39.7 PSI
The C of G moves in flight. The most likely cause of this is
a) Movement of passengers b) movement of cargo Ans c) consumption of fuel and oils
The speed of sound in the atmosphere
a) Varies according to the frequency of the sound
Ans b) changes with a change in temperature c) changes with a change in pressure
A straight rectangular wing, without any twist, will

a) stall first at the tip Ans b) stall first at the root
c) stall equally along the span of the wing
What is sea level pressure?
Ans a) 1013.2 mb b) 1012.3 mb c) 1032.2 mb
Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aircraft to be the greatest?
a) Low temperature with low humidity b) High temperature with low humidity Ans c) High
temperature with high humidity
Which condition is the actual amount of water vapour in a mixture of air and water?
a) Relative humidity b) Dew point Ans c) Absolute humidity
When the weight of an aircraft increases, the minimum drag speed
a) Decreases Ans b) increases c) remains the same
Which statement concerning heat and/or temperature is true?
a) There is an inverse relationship between temperature and heat.
Ans b) Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the molecules of any substance
b) Temperature is a measure of the potential energy of the molecules of any substance
Which is the ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be
present if the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure?
a) Absolute humidity Ans b) Relative humidity c) Dew point
When an aircraft experiences induced drag
Ans a) air flows under the wing spanwise towards the tip and on top of the wing spanwise towards the
root
c) Neither a) or b) since induced drag does not cause spanwise flow
What is absolute humidity?
a) The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated.
Ans b) The actual amount of the water vapour in a mixture of air and water
b) The ratio of the water vapour actually present in the atmosphere to the amount that would be
present if the air were saturated at the prevailing temperature and pressure
Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aircraft to be the greatest?
a) Low temperature with low humidity b) High temperature with low humidity Ans c) High
temperature with high humidity
If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is missing on an aeroplane wing, a likely result will be
Ans c) asymmetrical aileron control at or near stall angles of attack
When a leading edge slat opens, there is a gap between the slat and the wing. This is
a) To allow it to retract back into the wing
Ans b) to allow air through to re-energize the boundary layer on top of the wing
b) To keep the area of the wing the same
An aeroplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively
a) positive air pressure below and above the wing’s surface.
b) negative air pressure below the wing’s surface and positive air pressure above the wing’s surface.
Ans c) positive air pressure below the wing’s surface and negative air pressure above the wing’s surface
Aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the ratio of the
a) Wingspan to the wing root b) square of the chord to the wingspan Ans c) wingspan to the
mean chord
Which of the following is true?
Ans b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down
b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative air flow and weight acts at right angles to the aircraft
centre line
The temperature to which humid air must be cooled at constant pressure to become saturated is called
Ans a) dewpoint b) absolute humidity c) relative humidity
The airflow over the upper surface of a cambered wing
a) increases in velocity and pressure Ans b) increases in velocity and reduces in pressure
Which type of flap increases the area of the wing?
a) Plain Flap Ans b) Fowler Flap c) All flaps
If all, or a significant part of a stall strip is missing on an aeroplane wing, a likely result will be
b) asymmetrical aileron control at low angles of attack Ans c) asymmetrical aileron control at or near
stall angles of attack
With increased speed in level flight
a) Induced drag increases Ans b) profile drag increases c) profile drag remains constant
Deployment of flaps will result in
Ans a) a decrease in stall angle b) an increase in stall angle c) a decrease in angle of attack
An aeroplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively
a) positive air pressure below and above the wing’s surface.
b) negative air pressure below the wing’s surface and positive air pressure above the wing’s surface.
Ans c) positive air pressure below the wing’s surface and negative air pressure above the wing’s surface.
The angle of attack of an aerofoil section is the angle between the
Ans a) chord line and the relative airflow
b) underside of the wing surface and the mean airflow
c) chord line and the centre line of the fuselage
A swept wing tends to stall first at the
a) Root Ans b) tip c) centre section
Kreuger Flaps are normally fitted to
a) The trailing edge of the wings b) the tips of the wings Ans c) the leading edge of the wings
Aspect ratio of a wing is defined as the ratio of the
a) Wingspan to the wing root. B) square of the chord to the wingspan. Ans c) wingspan to the
mean chord
The trailing vortex on a pointed wing (taper ratio = 0) is
a) At the root b) at the tip Ans c) equally all along the wing span
A high wing aircraft will be more
Ans a) laterally stable than a low wing aircraft b) longitudinally stable than a low wing aircraft
b) Directionally stable than a low wing aircraft
A wing with a very high aspect ratio (in comparison with a low aspect ratio wing) will have
a) Increased drag at high angles of attack. Ans b) a low stall speed. C) poor control qualities at
low airspeeds.
The lift curve for a delta wing is
a) More steep than that of a high aspect ratio wing
Ans b) less steep than that of a high aspect ratio wing
b) The same as that of a high aspect ratio wing
After an aircraft has been disturbed from its straight and level flight, it returns to its original attitude
with a small amount of decreasing oscillation. The aircraft is
a) statically stable but dynamically unstable
b) statically unstable but dynamically stable
Ans c) statically stable and dynamically stable
The angle of attack which gives the best L/D ratio
a) Decreases with a decrease in density
Ans b) in unaffected by density changes
b) Increases with a decrease in density
For a given aerofoil production lift, where
P = pressure and V = velocity:
a) P1 is greater than P2, and V1 is greater than V2
b) P1 is less than P2 and V1 is greater than V2
Ans c) P1 is greater than P2, and V1 is less than V2
Low wing loading
a) increases stalling speed, landing speed and landing run
b) increases lift, stalling speed and maneuverability

Ans c) decreases stalling speed, landing speed and landing run
Due to the change in downwash on an untapered wing (i.e. one of constant chord length) it will
a) Not provide any damping effect when rolling
Ans b) tend to stall first at the root
b) Not suffer adverse yaw effects when turning
True stalling speed of an aircraft increases with altitude
a) Because reduced temperature causes compressibility effect
Ans b) because air density is reduced
b) Because humidity is increased and this increases drag
As a general rule, if the aerodynamic angle of incidence (angle of attack) of an aerofoil is slightly
increased, the centre of pressure will
a) Never move Ans b) move forward towards the leading edge c) move towards the tip
The “wing setting angle” is commonly known as
Ans a) angle of incidence b) angle of attack c) angle of dihedral
On a very humid day, an aircraft taking off would require
a) A shorter take off run Ans b) a longer take off run c) humidity does not affect the takeoff run
An aircraft is flying at 350 MPH, into a head wind of 75 MPH, what will its ground speed be?
a) 175 mph Ans b) 275 mph c) 200 mph
When does the angle of incidence change?
a) When the aircraft attitude changes
b) When the aircraft is ascending or descending
Ans c) It never changes

As the angle of attack decreases, what happens to the centre of pressure?
a) It moves forward Ans b) It moves rearwards
c) Centre of pressure is not affected by angle of attack decrease
A decrease in pressure over the upper surface of a wing or aerofoil is responsible for
Ans a) approximately 2/3 (two thirds) of the lift obtained
b) approximately 1/3 (one third) of the lift obtained
c) approximately ½ (one half) of the lift obtained
Which of the four forces act on an aircraft?
Ans a) Lift, gravity, thrust and drag
b) Weight, gravity, thrust and drag
c) Lift, weight, gravity and drag
Which of the following types of drag increases as the aircraft gains altitude?
a) Parasite drag Ans b) Induced drag c) Interference drag
Correcting for a disturbance which has caused a rolling motion about the longitudinal axis would re-
establish which of the following?
Ans a) Lateral stability b) Directional stability c) Longitudinal stability
The layer of air over the surface of an aerofoil which is slower moving, in relation to the rest of the
airflow, is known as
a) Camber layer Ans b) boundary layer c) none of the above
What is a controlling factor of turbulence and skin friction?
a) Aspect ratio b) Fineness ratio Ans c) Counter sunk rivets used on skin exterior
Changes in aircraft weight
a) Will not affect total drag since it is dependant only upon speed
Ans b) cause corresponding changes in total drag due to the associated lift change
b) Will only affect total drag if the lift is kept constant
The aircraft stalling speed will
Ans a) increase with an increase in weight
b) be unaffected by aircraft weight changes since it is dependant upon the angle of attack
c) only change if the MTMA were changed
In a bank and turn
a) Extra lift is not required b) extra lift is not required if thrust is increased Ans c) extra lift is
required
To maintain straight and level flight on the aeroplane shown, with a decrease in tail-plane download the
mainplane lift would have to
a) Remain constant Ans b) decrease c) increase
To achieve the maximum distance in a glide, the recommended air speed is
a) As close to the stall as practical b) as high as possible with VNE Ans c) the speed where the
L/D ratio is maximum
If the C of G is aft of the Centre of Pressure
Ans a) changes in lift produce a pitching moment which acts to increase the change in lift
b) when the aircraft sideslips, the C of G causes the nose to turn into the sideslip thus applying a
restoring moment
c) when the aircraft yaws the aerodynamic forces acting forward of the Centre of Pressure
Porpoising is an oscillatory motion in the
Ans a) pitch plane b) roll plane c) yaw plane

Directional stability is maintained
a) by the mainplanes, and controlled by the ailerons
b) by the tailplane, and controlled by the elevators
Ans c) by the keel surface and fin, and controlled by the rudder
Due to the interference effects of the fuselage, when a high wing aeroplane sideslips
a) The accompanying rolling due to keel surface area is destabilizing
Ans b) the accompanying lift changes on the wings produces a stabilizing effect
b) The accompanying rolling due to the fin is destabilizing
The power required in a horizontal turn
Ans a) is greater than that for level flight at the same airspeed
b) must be the same as that for level flight at the same airspeed
c) is less than that for level flight at the same airspeed
A wing mounted stall sensing device is located
Ans a) usually on the under surface b) always at the wing tip c) always on the top surface
For an aircraft in a glide
a) Thrust, drag, lift and weight act on the aircraft
Ans b) weight, lift and drag act on the aircraft
b) Weight and drag only act on the aircraft
The upper part of the wing in comparison to the lower
Ans a) develops more lift b) develops the same lift c) develops less lift
What effect would a forward CG have on an aircraft on landing?
Ans a) Increase stalling speed b) No effect on landing c) Reduce stalling speed

QNH refers to
a) Quite near horizon b) setting the altimeter to zero
Ans c) setting the mean sea level atmospheric pressure so an altimeter reads the aerodrome altitude
above mean sea level
QNE refers to
Ans a) Setting an altimeter to read aerodrome altitude above sea level b) Quite new equipment
b) Setting the mean sea level atmospheric pressure in accordance with ICAO standard atmosphere
i.e. 1013 millibars
An aspect ratio of 8 would mean
Ans a) span 64, mean chord 8 b) mean chord 64 , span 8 c) span squared 64 ,chord 8
If an aircraft in level flight loses engine power it will
a) Pitch nose up Ans b) pitch nose down c) not change pitch without drag increasing
QFE is
a) Sea level pressure Ans b) airfield pressure c) difference between sea level and airfield
pressure
The lift /drag ratio at stall
a) Increases Ans b) decreases c) is unchanged
On a straight unswept wing, stall occurs at
Ans a) the thick portion at the wing root b) the thick portion at the wing tip c) the thin portion at
the wing tip
During a climb from a dive
Ans a) the thrust required is greater than required for level flight
b) the thrust required is lower than for level flight
c) the thrust required is the same as for level flight
When power is off, the aircraft will pitch
Ans a) nose down b) nose up c) trim level
Angle of attack on a down going wing in a roll
Ans a) increases b) decreases c) unaffected
For any given speed, a decrease in aircraft weight, the induced drag will
a) Increase Ans b) decrease c) remain the same
The amount of lift generated by a wing is
Ans a) greatest at the root b) greatest at the tip c) constant along the span
Induced Drag is
a) greatest towards the wing root and downwash is greatest at the tip
b) greatest towards the wing tip and downwash is greatest towards the root
Ans c) greatest towards the tip and downwash decreases from tip to root
Induced Drag is
a) Equal to profile drag at stalling angle Ans b) equal to profile drag at Vmd c) never equal to
profile drag
With an increase in aircraft weight
a) Vmd will be at the same speed b) Vmd will be at a lower speed Ans c) Vmd will be at a higher
speed
For a given IAS an increase in altitude will result in
a) No change a) increase
Ans b) decrease
b) Remain the same
As the angle of attack of a wing is increased in level flight
a) The Cof G moves aft and the Cof P forward
Ans b) the Cof P and transition point move forward
b) The Cof P moves forward and the stagnation point aft over the upper surface
Stall inducers may be fitted to a wing
a) at the tip to cause the root to stall first
b) at the root to cause the tip to stall first
Ans c) at the root to cause the root to stall first
With increasing altitude pressure decreases and
a) Temperature decreases at the same rate as pressure reduces
Ans b) temperature decreases but at a lower rate than pressure reduces
b) Temperature remains constant to 8000 ft
The Centre of Pressure is
Ans a) the point on the chord line at which the resultant lift force may be said to act
b) the point of maximum pressure on the under surface of the wing
c) the centre of gravity of the wing
If the angle of attack is increased the Centre of Pressure will
Ans a) move forward b) move rearward c) remain stationary
The optimum angle of attack of an aerofoil is the angle at which

a) The aerofoil produces maximum lift b) the aerofoil produces zero lift
Ans c) the highest lift/drag ratio is produced
A high aspect ratio wing has a
a) Increased induced drag Ans b) decreased induced drag c) decreased skin friction drag
Minimum total drag of an aircraft occurs
a) At the stalling speed Ans b) when profile drag equals induced drag c) when induced drag is
least
If the weight of an aircraft is increased, the induced drag at a given speed
Ans a) will increase b) will decrease c) will remain the same
The transition point on a wing is the point where
a) The flow separates from the wing surface
Ans b) the boundary layer flow changes from laminar to turbulent
b) The flow divides to pass above and below the wing
The boundary layer of a body in a moving airstream is
Ans a) a thin layer of air over the surface where the air is stationary
b) a layer of separated flow where the air is turbulent
c) a layer of air over the surface where the airspeed is changing from free stream speed to zero speed
A laminar boundary layer will produce
a) More skin friction drag than a turbulent one
Ans b) less skin friction drag than a turbulent one
b) The same skin friction drag as a turbulent one
Longitudinal stability is given by

a) The fin b) the wing dihedral Ans c) the horizontal tailplane
Lateral stability is given by
a) The ailerons Ans b) the wing dihedral c) the horizontal tailplane
Stability about the lateral axis is given by
a) Wing dihedral Ans b) the horizontal tailplane c) the ailerons
Sweepback of the wings will
Ans a) increase lateral stability b) decrease lateral stability c) not affect the lateral stability
Dutch Roll is
Ans a) a combined rolling and yawing motion b) a type of slow roll c) primarily a pitching instability
A high wing position gives
Ans a) more lateral stability than a low wing
b) less lateral stability than a low wing
c) the same lateral stability as a low wing
On an aircraft in an unpowered steady speed descent
a) The lift equals the weight b) the weight equals the drag Ans c) the weight equals the
resultant of the lift and drag
When an aircraft rolls to enter a turn and power is not increased
a) The lift equals the weight b) the lift is greater than the weight Ans c) the lift is less than the
weight
The boundary layer is
a) Thickest at the leading edge Ans b) thickest at the trailing edge c) constant thickness from
leading to trailing edges
The amount of thrust produced by a jet engine or a propeller can be calculated using
a) Newton’s 1st law Ans b) Newton’s 2nd law c) Newton’s 3rd law
An engine which produces an efflux of high speed will be
a) More efficient Ans b) less efficient c) speed of efflux has no affect on the engine efficiency
When an aircraft with a Cof G forward of the Cof P rolls, the nose of the aircraft will
a) Stay level b) rise Ans c) drop
Directional stability may be increased with
a) Pitch dampers b) horn balance Ans c) yaw dampers
Lateral stability may be increased with
Ans a) increased lateral dihedral b) increased lateral anhedral c) increased longitudinal dihedral
Longitudinal stability is increased if the
a) CP moves forward of the CG b) Thrust acts on a line below the total drag Ans c) CG is
forward of the CP
Wing loading is calculated by weight
Ans a) divided by gross wing area b) divided by lift c) multiplied by gross wing area
Induced drag is
Ans a) inversely proportional to the square of speed b) proportional to speed c) nothing to do with
speed
In a bank, the weight is
a) Increased b) decreased Ans c) the same

L/D ratio is
a) Higher at supersonic cruise speed Ans b) higher at sub sonic speed c) the same
The power required at low altitude for a given IAS is
Ans a) the same as at high altitude b) higher c) lower
If the stall speed is 75 knots what is the same stall speed in mph
a) 75 x 0.87 Ans b) 75 / 0.87 c) 75 / 0.87 x relative density
As the angle of attack increases the stagnation point
a) Moves towards the upper surface Ans b) moves towards the lower surface c) does not move
The term pitch-up is due to
Ans a) compressibility effect b) ground effect c) longitudinal instability
In a steady climb at a steady IAS, the TAS is
Ans a) more than IAS b) less than IAS c) the same
An untapered wing will
a) Have no yaw effect in banking b) have no change in induced drag in the bank Ans c) stall at
the root first
With the ailerons away from the neutral, induced drag is
a) Unchanged but profile drag is higher b) higher on the lower wing plus profile drag increases
Ans c) higher on the upper wing plus profile drag increases
The lift drag ratio is

a) Higher at mach numbers above supersonic Ans b) higher at sub sonic mach numbers c) the
same
The force opposing thrust is
Ans a) drag b) lift c) Weight
Directional stability is about the
Ans a) normal axis b) longitudinal axis c) lateral axis
Lateral stability is about the
Ans a) longitudinal axis b) normal axis c) vertical axis
All the lift can be said to act through the
Ans a) center of pressure b) center of gravity c) normal axis
Longitudinal stability is provided by the
Ans a) horizontal stabilizer b) Vertical stabilizer c) Main plane
The concept of thrust is explained by
a) Newton’s 1st law Ans b) Newton’s 3rd law c) Bernoulli’s theorem
The camber of an aerofoil section is
Ans a) the curvature of the median line of the aerofoil
b) the angle of incidence towards the tip of a wing
c) the angle which the aerofoil makes with the relative airflow
If the aircraft turns and side-slips
a) The sweepback of the wing will correct the sideslip

Ans b) the dihedral of the wing will correct the sideslip
b) The keel surface will correct the sideslip
Movement of an aircraft about its lateral axis
Ans a) is pitching b) is rolling c) is yawing
Induced drag
a) is caused by skin friction
b) results from disturbed airflow in the region of mainplane attachments
Ans c) is associated with the lift generated by an aerofoil
The centre of pressure is
Ans a) the point on the chord line through which the total resultant lift force on the aerofoil may be said
to act
b) the point of maximum pressure on the undersurface of a mainplane
c) the point at which the four forces acting on an aircraft are said to act
At what altitude is tropopause
a) 63,000 ft. Ans b) 36,000 ft. c) 57,000 ft.
What approximate percentage of oxygen is in the atmosphere
a) 12% Ans b) 21% c) 78%
Which has the greater density
Ans a) air at low altitude b) air at high altitude c) it remains constant
As air flows over the upper cambered surface of an aerofoil, what happens to velocity and pressure?
a) Velocity decreases, pressure decreases b) Velocity increases, pressure increases Ans c)

Velocity increases, pressure decreases
What is the force that tends to pull an aircraft down towards the earth?
a) Drag b) Thrust Ans c) Weight
Which of the following act in opposition to forward movement?
a) Lift b) Gravity Ans c) Drag
The angle at which the chord line of the aerofoil is presented to the airflow is known as
Ans a) angle of attack b) angle of incidence c) resultant
The imaginary straight line which passes through an aerofoil section from leading edge to trailing edge is
called
a) Centre of pressure b) the direction of relative airflow Ans c) the chord line
What is the angle between the chord line of the wing, and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, known as
a) Angle of attack Ans b) angle of incidence c) angle of dihedral
An aircraft disturbed from its normal flight path, and automatically returns to that normal flight path,
without any action on the part of the pilot is known as
Ans a) aircraft stability b) aircraft instability c) aircraft stall
Directional control is provided by
a) Horizontal stabilizer Ans b) rudder c) elevator
About which axis of the aircraft does a rolling motion take place?
a) Normal axis Ans b) Longitudinal axis c) Lateral axis
Which motion happens about the lateral axis?
Ans a) Pitching b) Yawing c) Rolling

Wing tip vortices create a type of drag known as
a) Form drag Ans b) induced drag c) profile drag
Which of the following describes the “Empennage”?
a) Nose section of an aircraft, including the cockpit
Ans b) Tail section of the aircraft, including fin, rudder, tail plane and elevators
b) The wings, including the ailerons
At what altitude does stratosphere commence approximately?
a) Sea level Ans b) 63,000 ft c) 36,000 ft
When an aircraft is in straight and level unaccelerated flight, which of the following is correct?
Ans a) Lift and weight are equal, and thrust and drag are equal
b) Lift greater than weight, and thrust greater than drag
c) Lift greater than weight, and thrust is less than drag
As the angle of attack is increased (up to the stall point), which of the following is correct?
a) Pressure difference between top and bottom of the wing increases
b) Lift increases Ans c) Both a) and b) are correct
The fin gives stability about which axis?
a) Lateral axis Ans b) Normal axis c) Longitudinal axis
What is the horizontal movement of the nose of the aircraft called?
a) Rolling movement b) Pitching movement
Ans c) Yawing movement
What type of drag, depends on the smoothness of the body, and surface area over which the air flows?
a) Parasite drag b) Form drag Ans c) Skin friction drag
If the nose of the aircraft is rotated about its lateral axis, what is its directional movement?
a) Turning to the left or right b) Rolling or banking to the left or right Ans c) Climbing or diving
When air flow velocity over an upper cambered surface of an aerofoil decreases, what takes place?
Ans a) Pressure increases, lift decreases
b) Pressure increases, lift increases c) Pressure decreases, lift increases
When an aircraft stalls
a) Lift and drag increase b) lift increases and drag decreases
Ans c) lift decreases and drag increases
Wing loading is
a) The maximum all up weight multiplied by the total wing area
Ans b) the maximum all up weight divided by the total wing area
b) The ratio of the all up weight of the aircraft to its basic weight
An aircraft wing with an aspect ration of 6:1 is proportional so that
a) The mean chord is six times the thickness
Ans b) the wing span is six times the mean chord
b) The wing area is six times the span
On a swept wing aircraft if both wing tip sections lose lift simultaneously the aircraft will
a) Roll Ans b) pitch nose up c) Pitch nose down
Lift on a delta wing aircraft
Ans a) increases with an increased angle of incidence (angle of attack)

b) Decreases with an increase in angle of incidence (angle of attack)
c) Does not change with a change in angle of incidence (angle of attack)
On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the
Ans a) root on a high thickness ratio wing
b) Tip on a high thickness ratio wing
c) Tip on a low thickness ratio wing
a) The up-going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilizing effect
Ans b) the down-going wing gains lift causing a stabilizing effect
b) The down-going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilizing effect
For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing
a) Is greater than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
Ans b) is lower than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
b) Is the same as the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
The ISA?
a) Is taken from the equator
b) Is taken from 45 degrees latitude
Ans c) assumes a standard day
At higher altitudes as altitude increases, pressure
a) Decreases at constant rate
b) Increases exponentially
Ans c) decreases exponentially

The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What direction of force is required to be
produced by the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight
Ans a) upwards b) Downwards c) Sideways
When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what is the altitude?
a) 12,000 ft. b) 8,000 ft. Ans c) 18,000 ft.
During a turn, the stalling angle
a) Increases b) Decreases Ans c) remains the same
If gauge pressure on a standard day at sea level is 25 PSI, the absolute pressure is
a) 10.3 PSI b) 43.8 PSI Ans c) 39.7 PSI
The C of G moves in flight. The most likely cause of this is
a) Movement of passengers
b) Movement of the center of pressure
Ans c) Consumption of fuel and oils
The C of P is the point where
a) All the forces on an aircraft act
b) The three axis of rotation meet
Ans c) the lift can be said to act
The three axis of an aircraft act through the
Ans a) C of G b) C of P c) Stagnation point
Pressure decreases
Ans a) proportionally with a decrease in temperature
b) Inversely proportional to temperature

c) Pressure and temperature are not related
As air gets colder, the service ceiling of an aircraft
a) Reduces Ans b) increases c) Remains the same
What is sea level pressure?
Ans a) 1013.2 mb b) 1012.3 mb c) 1032.2 mb
When the weight of an aircraft increases, the minimum drag speed
a) Decreases Ans b) increases c) Remains the same
An aircraft will have
a) Less gliding distance if it has more payload
b) More gliding distance if it has more payload
Ans c) the same gliding distance if it has more payload
When an aircraft experiences induced drag
Ans a) air flows under the wing span wise towards the tip and on top of the wing span wise towards the
root
b) Air flows under the wing span wise towards the root and on top of the wing span wise towards the tip
c) Neither a) or b) since induced drag does not caused by span wise flow
At stall, the wingtip stagnation point
Ans a) moves toward the lower surface of the wing
b) Moves toward the upper surface of the wing c) Doesn’t move
How does IAS at the point of stall vary with height?
Ans a) It is practically constant b) It increases c) It decreases

The rigging angle of incidence of an elevator is
Ans a) the angle between the mean chord line and the horizontal in the rigging position
b) The angle between the bottom surface of the elevator and the horizontal in the rigging position
c) The angle between the bottom surface of the elevator and the longitudinal datum
What is the lapse rate with regard to temperature?
Ans a) 1.98oC per 1000 ft. b) 1.98oF per 1000 ft. c) 4oC per 1000 ft.
What happens to load factor as you decrease turn radius?
a) It increases Ans b) It decreases c) It remains constant
If you steepen the angle of a banked turn without increasing airspeed or angle of attack, what will the
aircraft do?
a) It will remain at the same height
Ans b) It will sideslip with attendant loss of height c) It will stall
An aircraft wing tends to stall first at
a) the tip due to a higher ratio thickness/chord
b) the tip due to a lower ratio thickness/chord Ans c) the root due to a higher ratio thickness/chord
Dihedral wings combat instability in
a) Pitch b) yaw Ans c) sideslip
To stop aircraft decreasing in height during a sideslip, the pilot can
Ans a) advance the throttle
b) pull back on the control column
c) adjust the rudder position

What control surface movements will make an aircraft fitted with ruddervators yaw to the left?
Ans a) Left ruddervator lowered, right ruddervator raised
b) Right ruddervator lowered, left ruddervator raised
c) Both ruddervator raised
When a leading edge slat opens, there is a gap between the slat and the wing. This is
a) To allow it to retract back into the wing
Ans b) To allow air through to re-energize the boundary layer on top of the wing
b) To keep the area of the wing the same
Which of the following is true?
Ans b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative airflow and weight acts vertically down
b) Lift acts at right angles to the relative air flow and weight acts at right angles to the aircraft
centre line
If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept wing aircraft, the aircraft will
a) Roll Ans b) pitch nose up c) pitch nose down
Lift on a delta wing aircraft
Ans a) increases with an increased angle of incidence (angle of attack)
On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the
Ans a) root on a high thickness ratio wing

a) The up-going wing loses lift causing a de-stabilizing effect
Ans b) the down-going wing gains lift causing a stabilizing effect c) the down-going wing loses lift
causing a de-stabilizing effect
For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing
a) Is greater than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
Ans b) is lower than the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
b) Is the same as the lift on a high aspect ratio wing
The ISA
a) Is taken from the equator
Ans b) is taken from 45 degrees latitude
b) Assumes a standard day
As altitude increases, pressure
a) Decreases at constant rate b) increases exponentially Ans c) decreases exponentially
The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What direction of force is required to be
produced by the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight?
Ans a) Upwards b) Downwards c) Sideways
When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what is the altitude?
a) 12,000 ft b) 8,000 ft Ans c) 18,000 ft
During a turn, the stalling angle
a) Increases b) decreases Ans c) remains the same

The vertical fin of a single engined aircraft is
Ans a) parallel with both the longitudinal axis and vertical axis
b) parallel with the longitudinal axis but not the vertical axis
c) parallel with the vertical axis but not the longitudinal axis
Aircraft flying in the transonic range most often utilize
Ans a) sweptback wings b) advanced supercritical airfoils
b) High wings
Which type of flap changes the area of the wing?
Ans a) Fowler b) Split c) Slotted
Forward swept wings tend to stall at the root first so the aircraft retains lateral control, so why are they
never used on passenger aircraft?
a) Because the wing tips wash in at high wing loads
b) Because the wing tips wash out at high wing loads
Ans c) Because at high loads their angle of incidence increases and the loads imposed on the wing can
increase until they destroy it
What happens to air flowing at the speed of sound when it enters a converging duct?
a) Velocity decreases, pressure and density increase
b) Velocity increases, pressure and density decreases
Ans c) Velocity, pressure and density increase
As the angle of attack of an airfoil increases the centre of pressure
Ans a) moves forward b) moves aft c) remains stationary
An aircraft, which is longitudinally stable, will tend to return to level flight after a movement about
which axis?
Ans a) Pitch b) Roll c) Yaw

Vapour trails from the wingtips of an aircraft in flight are caused by
Ans a) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing causing vortices
b) high pressure above the wing and low pressure below the wing causing vortices
c) low pressure above the wing and high pressure below the wing causing a temperature rise
Vortex generators on the wing are most effective at
a) High speed b) low speed Ans c) high angles of attack
The chord line of a wing is a line that runs from
Ans a) the centre of the leading edge of the wing to the trailing edge
b) half way between the upper and lower surface of the wing
c) one wing tip to the other wing tip
The angle of incidence of a wing is an angle formed by lines
Ans a) parallel to the chord line and longitudinal axis
b) parallel to the chord line and the lateral axis
c) parallel to the chord line and the vertical axis
The centre of pressure of an aerofoil is located
Ans a) 30 – 40% of the chord line back from the leading edge
b) 30 – 40% of the chord line forward of the leading edge
c) 50% of the chord line back from the leading edge
Compressibility effect is
a) drag associated with the form of an aircraft
b) drag associated with the friction of the air over the surface of the aircraft
Ans c) the increase in total drag of an airfoil in transonic flight due to the formation of shock waves
Lateral control of an aircraft at high angle of attack can be maximised by using
a) Fences Ans b) vortex generators c) wing slots
Stall strips are always
a) Made of metal Ans b) on the leading edge of a wing c) fitted forward of the ailerons
Stall strips
Ans a) cause the wing root to stall b) cause the wing tip to stall
b) Cause the wings to stall symmetrically
Due to the interference of the airflow on a high wing aircraft between the fuselage and the wings, the
lateral stability of the aircraft in a gusty wind situation will cause
a) the upper wing to increase its lift Ans b) the upper wing to decrease its lift
c) the lower wing to decrease its lift
Slats
Ans a) reduce the stall speed
b) reduce the tendency of the aircraft to Yaw
c) decrease the aerofoil drag at high speeds
What is the temperature lapse rate for aircraft flying below 36,000 feet altitude?
a) 1°C per 1000 feet b) 3°C per 1000 feet Ans c) 2°C per 1000 feet
For a pressure of 25lbs/in² at sea level, what is the absolute pressure?
Ans a) 39.7 lbs/in² b) 49.7 lbs/in² c) 10.3 lbs/in
An aircraft banks into a turn. No change is made to the airspeed or angle of attack. What will happen?
Ans a) The aircraft enters a side slip and begins to lose altitude
b) The aircraft turns with no loss of height
c) The aircraft yaws and slows down
The relationship between induced drag and airspeed is
a) Directly proportional to the square of the speed
Ans b) inversely proportional to the square of the speed
b) Directly proportional to speed
What is the definition of Angle of Incidence?
a) The angle the underside of the mainplane or tailplane makes with the horizontal
b) The angle the underside of the mainplane or tailplane makes with the longitudinal datum line
Ans c) The angle the chord of the mainplane or tailplane makes with the horizontal
What is Boundary Layer?
a) Separated layer of air forming a boundary at the leading edge
b) Turbulent air moving from the leading edge to trailing edge
Ans c) Sluggish low energy air that sticks to the wing surface and gradually gets faster until it joins the
free stream flow of air
The normal axis of an aircraft passes through
Ans a) the centre of gravity b) a point at the center of the wings c) at the centre of pressure
On a high winged aircraft, what effect will the fuselage have on the up-going wing?
Ans a) The up-going wing will have a decrease in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
b) The down-going will have a decrease in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
c) The up-going wing will have an increase in angle of attack and therefore a decrease in lift
What is the collective term for the fin and rudder and other surfaces aft of the centre of gravity that
helps directional stability?
Ans a) Effective keel surface b) Empennage c) Fuselage surfaces
Temperature above 36,000 feet will
a) Decrease exponentially Ans b) remain constant c) increase exponentially
A decrease in incidence toward the wing tip may be provided to
a) prevent adverse yaw in a turn
b) prevent spanwise flow in maneuvers Ans c) retain lateral control effectiveness at high angles of
attack
SR.NO. QUESTION TEXT CORRECT ANSWER
1 When the pressure is half of that at sea level, what is the altitude? 18,000 ft
2 What happens to load factor as you decrease turn radius? It increases
3 . Forward swept wings tend to stall at the root first so the aircraft retains lateral control, so Because at high loads
why are they never used on passenger aircraft? their angle of
incidence increases
and the loads
imposed on the wing
can increase until they
destroy it
4 Longitudinal stability is increased if the CG is forward of the

CP
5 Which atmospheric conditions will cause the true landing speed of an aircraft to be the High temperature
greatest? with high humidity
6 Trim tabs are used to Assist in moving the

main control surface
7 Slots smoothes out the airflow over the top surface of the wing at Higher flight speeds
8 An aircraft will have The same gliding

distance if it has more
payload
9 The thrust-drag couple overcomes the lift-weight couple. What direction of force is Upwards
required to be produced by the tail of the aircraft to maintain straight and level flight
10 Aerofoil efficiency is defined by Lift over drag
11 . When an aircraft has a tendency to keep constant angle of attack with reference to the Longitudinal stability
relative wind, it is said to have
12 The vertical stabilizer is the primary surfaces which provides Directional stability
13 In coming under ground effect, the air speed indicator of an aircraft reads Low
14 . For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing Is lower than the lift
on a high aspect ratio
wing
15 . On a high wing aircraft in a turn The down-going wing

gains lift causing a
stabilizing effect
16 The speed of sound in the atmosphere Changes with a

change in
temperature
17 If the radius of a turn is reduced the load factor will Increase

18 The lift /drag ratio at stall Decreases
19 . What is the collective term for the fin and rudder and other surfaces aft of the centre of Effective keel surface
gravity that helps directional stability?
20 The optimum angle of attack of an aerofoil is the angle at which The highest lift/drag
ratio is produced
21 The slope of the CL - α curve of cambered aerofoil is Higher than that of a

symmetric aerofoil
22 On an aircraft with an all-moving tailplane nose up pitch is caused by Decreasing tailplane

incidence
23 The transition point on a wing is the point where the boundary layer
flow changes from
laminar to turbulent
24 If the wing tips stall before the root on a swept wing aircraft, the aircraft will Pitch nose up
25 When does the angle of incidence change? It never changes
26 Changes in aircraft weight Cause corresponding

changes in total drag
due to the associated
lift change
27 A delta wing has A higher stall angle

than a straight wing
28 A decrease in pressure over the upper surface of a wing or aerofoil is responsible for Approximately 2/3
(two thirds) of the lift
obtained
29 Sort out the correct statement A symmetric aerofoil

is having lower CL
max though at higher
stalling angle
30 In a gliding flight Lift will be less than

weight
31 The angle of bank is Same for both heavier

and lighter aircraft
32 Which type of flap changes the area of the wing? Fowler
33 Which of the following is true? Lift acts at right angles

to the relative airflow
and weight acts
vertically down
34 The relationship between induced drag and airspeed is Inversely proportional

to the square of the
speed
35 If gauge pressure on a standard day at sea level is 25 PSI, the absolute pressure is 39.7 PSI
36 The normal axis of an aircraft passes through the centre of gravity

37 . If you steepen the angle of a banked turn without increasing airspeed or angle of attack, It will sideslip with
what will the aircraft do? attendant loss of
height
38 The aircraft stalling speed will Increase with an

increase in weight
39 During a turn, the stalling angle remains the same
40 Streamlining will reduce Form drag
41 Load factor stands for Lift / weight
42 Coefficient of lift is influenced by Both a) and b)
43 As air gets colder, the service ceiling of an aircraft Increases
44 On some modern aircraft a stall warning will automatically Cause a pitch nose
down movement
45 True stalling speed of an aircraft increases with altitude Because air density is
reduced
46 Lateral stability is reduced by increasing Anhedral
47 For any given speed, a decrease in aircraft weight, the induced drag will Decrease
48 The design feature which assists in improving stability about all its axes is Sweep back
49 Ice formed on the leading edge will cause the aircraft to Stall at a higher speed
1 Sharp leading edged wings are generally used for high-speed aircraft to Enable the attached
shock waves to be
accurately positioned
2 Aircraft flying in the transonic range most often utilize Swept back wings
3 The lift curve for a delta wing is Less steeper than that
of a high aspect ratio
wing
4 The downstream Mach number of an oblique shock wave will be Less than , equal to,
or greater than 1
5 The speed of sound in the troposphere ---------------------with altitude, mostly due to------------- Decreases, a decrease
------ in temperature
6 A delta wing has A higher stall angle

7 What happens to air flowing at the speed of sound when it enters a converging duct? Velocity decreases,
pressure and density
increase
8 Transonic range of Mach number is 0.75 to 1.2
9 Critical Mach number is the Lowest Mach number

at which the airflow
over some point of
the aircraft reaches
the speed of sound
10 Two aircraft are flying level with same IAS , but at different heights. The Mach number will Higher for the aircraft
be flying high
11 We can increase critical Mach number by Sweep back
12 The fineness ratio of a high speed aerofoil when compared to high lift aerofoil is High
13 A delta wing aircraft flying at the same subsonic speed and angle of attack as a swept wing Less lift
aircraft of similar wing area will produce
14 A delta wing has A higher stalling angle

15 On a swept wing aircraft, the fineness ratio is Highest at the tip
16 To overcome ineffective control surface problem in the transonic region, An all moving tail
plane may be used
17 Bow wave is coming under the category of Detached shock wave

18 Just before an aircraft reaches critical Mach number, The nose pitches
down because the C.P
moves rear.
19 When a subsonic aircraft speeds up, its centre of pressure Moves aft
20 The decrease in velocity will be maximum, when a supersonic flow passes through a Normal shock wave
21 The airflow behind a normal shock wave will Always be subsonic
22 Airflow at subsonic speed is taken to be Incompressible
23 The TAS corresponding to the critical Mach number Decreases with

altitude
24 For an aircraft climbing at a constant IAS, the Mach number will Increase
25 A wing section suitable for high speed would be Thin with little or no
camber
26 Tuck-under is caused by Root stall on a swept

wing aircraft
27 If a swept wing stalls at the tip first, the aircraft will Pitch nose up
28 Mach number is the Ratio of TAS of aircraft

to speed of sound at
the same atmospheric
conditions.
29 A wing with a very high aspect ratio ( in comparison to a low aspect ratio wing) will have High stalling speed
30 The speed of air over a swept wing, which contributes to the lift is Less than the aircraft
speed
1 The design feature which assists in improving stability about all its axes is Sweep back
2 A design feature which increases the critical Mach number is Sweep back
3 In a gliding flight Lift will be less than

weight
4 Dutch Roll is A combined rolling

and yawing motion
5 Airflow over the upper surface of the wing generally Flows towards the
root
6 When lift increases Drag also will increase
7 Wash out design is adopted in Swept wings
8 Control reversal can be prevented by Differential aileron
9 The aircraft stalling speed will Increase with an

increase in weight
10 Lateral stability is reduced by increasing Anhedral
11 In a vertical climb, lift required is Zero
12 Trim tabs are used to Trim the aircraft in

flight
13 Spoilers mounted on the upper surface of the wing operate in conjunction with aileron to Provide lateral control
14 The steepness of the glide path depends on L / D ratio
15 Load factor stands for Lift / weight
16 The transition point on a wing is the point where The boundary layer
flow changes from
laminar to turbulent
17 Angle of attack can be varied by Elevators
18 Angular displacement about longitudinal axis is called Rolling
19 Angle of attack on a down going wing in a roll Increases
20 The drag produced by elements involved in producing lift is called Induced drag
21 Longitudinal control is about Lateral axis

QUESTION TEXT CORRECT ANSWER
22 If the angle of bank is lesser than the appropriate value corresponding to co-ordinated Skidding will occur
turn , then
23 In a gliding flight Thrust is zero
24 Changes in aircraft weight Cause corresponding

changes in total drag
due to the associated
lift change
25 With increasing altitude the angle at which a wing will stall Remains the same
26 If the radius of a turn is reduced the load factor will Increase
27 Sort out the correct statement A symmetric aerofoil

is having lower CL
max though at higher
stalling angle
28 The difference in angles of incidence of wing and tail plane is called Longitudinal dihedral
29 The angle at which CL / CD is maximum is called Optimum angle
30 Mass balance is adopted to Prevent flutter
31 Increase in angle of incidence towards wing tip is called Wash-in
32 To achieve the maximum distance in a glide, the recommended air speed is The speed where the
L/D ratio is maximum
33 The vertical stabilizer is the primary surfaces which provides Directional stability
34 The steepness of the glide path depends on L / D ratio
35 Which among the following is true Lift acts at right angles

to the relative airflow
and weight acts
vertically down
36 Longitudinal stability is increased if the CG is forward of the

CP
37 On some modern aircraft a stall warning will automatically Cause a pitch nose
down movement
38 By pendulum effect, we mean High wing position

such that C.P is above
C.G
39 The vertical stabilizer is the primary surface which provides Directional stability
40 Ventral fin provides Directional stability

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a) increases with an increased angle of incidence (angle of attack)

3. On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the

4. On a high wing aircraft in a turn

5. For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing

7. As altitude increases, pressure

10. During a turn, the stalling angle

2. The C of G moves in flight. The most likely cause of this is

3. The C of P is the point where

4. The three axis of an aircraft act through the

6. As air gets colder, the service ceiling of an aircraft

7. What is sea level pressure?

8. When the weight of an aircraft increases, the minimum drag speed

9. An aircraft will have

10. When an aircraft experiences induced drag

1. At stall, the wingtip stagnation point

2. How does IAS at the point of stall vary with height?

3. The rigging angle of incidence of an elevator is

4. What is the lapse rate with regard to temperature?

5. What happens to load factor as you decrease turn radius?

7. An aircraft wing tends to stall first at

8. Dihedral wings combat instability in

9. To stop aircraft decreasing in height during a sideslip, the pilot can

2. Which of the following is true?

4. Lift on a delta wing aircraft

5. On a straight wing aircraft, stall commences at the

6. On a high wing aircraft in a turn

7. For the same angle of attack, the lift on a delta wing

9. As altitude increases, pressure

2. During a turn, the stalling angle

3. The vertical fin of a single engined aircraft is

4. Aircraft flying in the transonic range most often utilize

5. Which type of flap changes the area of the wing?

8. As the angle of attack of an airfoil increases the centre of pressure

explain[1]="At 18000 feet the pressure is half of that at sea level.";

1. Vortex generators on the wing are most effective at

2. The chord line of a wing is a line that runs from

3. The angle of incidence of a wing is an angle formed by lines

4. The centre of pressure of an aerofoil is located

6. Lateral control of an aircraft at high angle of attack can be maximised by using

7. Stall strips are always

a) 1°C per 1000 feet

2. For a pressure of 25lbs/in² at sea level, what is the absolute pressure?

4. The relationship between induced drag and airspeed is

5. What is the definition of Angle of Incidence?

6. What is Boundary Layer?

7. The normal axis of an aircraft passes through

10. Temperature above 36,000 feet will

1. A decrease in incidence toward the wing tip may be provided to

a) prevent adverse yaw in a turn

2. The angle of attack which gives the best L/D ratio

a) decreases with a decrease in density

3. For a given aerofoil production lift, where

a) P1 is greater than P2, and V1 is greater than V2

4. Low wing loading

a) increases stalling speed, landing speed and landing run

a) not provide any damping effect when rolling

6. True stalling speed of an aircraft increases with altitude

8. The "wing setting angle" is commonly known as

9. On a very humid day, an aircraft taking off would require

1. When does the angle of incidence change?

a) When the aircraft attitude changes

2. As the angle of attack decreases, what happens to the centre of pressure?