Borehole Assembly Design Analysis Used For Directional Drilling Failure and Problems

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BOREHOLE ASSEMBLY DESIGN ANALYSIS USED FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

FAILURE AND PROBLEMS
Research · November 2018
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BOREHOLE ASSEMBLY DESIGN ANALYSIS USED FOR
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING FAILURE AND PROBLEMS
BY
Abeer Jasim Muhammed
ID. NO: 1100323

Submitted to
Department of Natural Resources Engineering

And
Management
(2015-16)
BY
Supervised
By
Dr. Akram Hamoodi
Lecturer in NREM
University of Kurdistan-Hewlêr.
AbeerJasim Muhammed Page I

BY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
For
The Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
(PE)
Supervised
By
Dr. AkramHamoodi
Lecturer in NREM,
University of Kurdistan-Hewlêr.
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page II

DECLARATION
I Abeer Jasim Muhammed hereby, state that the dissertation entitled ‘‘ Borehole assembly
design analysis used for directional drilling failure and problems’’ submitted to the
department of Natural Resources Engineering and Management, University of Kurdistan –
Hewler is a partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of bachelor of engineering in
petroleum is partially my original work under the supervision and guidance of Dr.Akram
Humoodi Al-Hiti lectures in NREM, University of Kurdistan-Hewler. It has not previously
formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, and associate ship, fellowship or
other similar title.
Place: University of Kurdistan-Hewler
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page III

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Borehole assembly design analysis used for
directional drilling failure and problems” submitted by Abeer Jasim Muhammed for the
award of bachelor of engineering is record of partial research work done under my guidance
and supervision and it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma
associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title and also certify that the dissertation
represents partially independent work on the part of the candidate.
Dr.Akram Humoodi Al-Hiti
Place: University of Kurdistan-Hewler
Date:8/6/2016
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page IV

DEDICATED
I will dedicate my project to my lovely parents who’s taught me to trust in Allah, believed in
myself and believed in hard work to achieve the best things and be useful person for the
community and my lovely country. Also I dedicate my project to my friends who encourage
and support me and I really appreciate all the helps I received during my project process.
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page V

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly all my blessings and thankful to Allah for providing me strength and ability to study
and reach this stage.
I heartily thank and appreciate my supervisor Dr. Akram Humoodi for his great advice,
support, guidance and monitoring my project.
I would like to express my thanks to the dean of science department Dr.Khan Mohammed
and all the member of the University for their Great Efforts in petroleum engineering
department.
I offer my loves and regards to my family and friends for their support.
Lastly, I am grateful to my university members and collages who share with me my studying
journey.
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page VI

Abstract
The directional drilling is one of the developed types of the drilling process and had
many applications and benefits for production hydrocarbon oil and gas. Drilling directional
wells needed the use of specific types of equipment that’s different from the normal drilling
process due to the difficulty in controlling the direction of drilling and requirements of certain
BHAs. The BHA is significant for drilling directional in order to direct the drilling bit in the
desired direction. This study will focus on analyzes the design of the BHA, their components
and working principle. The BHA mainly consists of drill bit, drill collars, stabilizer, HWDP,
reamer, subs, jars, mud motor and each of these components have their own function and
should be proper designed in order to success the drilling operation. This study will discuss
the problems and the failure facing during directional drilling and the main loads imposed on
drilling string such as collapse, tension and vibration which may cause the failure of the BHA
and the drilling string.
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page VII

Table of Contents
Abstract ................................................................................................................................................VII
Table of Figures................................................................................................................................... IX
List of Tables........................................................................................................................................ XI
Nomenclature: .................................................................................................................................... XII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2: The statement of the problems: ............................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER: 2 LITERATURE REVIEWS ...................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................ 5
3.1. Directional drilling: .................................................................................................................... 5
3.2. Directional drilling techniques:.............................................................................................. 11
3.3. BHA for directional drilling: .................................................................................................... 15
3.4. The directional drilling problems and failures: ................................................................... 22
Chapter 4 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 5 Data collection and discussion ...................................................................................... 35
5.1. Result and discussion ................................................................................................................. 52
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................... 59
Observation of this study .................................................................................................................. 58
Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 59
References .......................................................................................................................................... 60
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page VIII

Table of Figures
Figure 3. 1 :Directional well applications ............................................................................................... 5
Figure 3. 2:Directional well .................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3. 3: sidetracking ......................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3. 4: the salt dome ...................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 3. 5: Type1, type 2 and type 3 directional well profiles ............................................................ 10
Figure 3. 6: jetting and nudging techniques ........................................................................................ 11
Figure 3. 7: whipstock ........................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3. 8: BHA types .......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3. 9: drill bit types ..................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 3. 10: the drill collar . ................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 3. 11: standers HWDP and spiral HWDP ................................................................................... 18
Figure 3. 12: the stabilizers types ........................................................................................................ 19
Figure 3. 13: the roller reamers . .......................................................................................................... 20
Figure 3. 14: the different types of jars ............................................................................................... 21
Figure 3. 15: the keyseat ..................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3. 16: the unconsolidated formation ........................................................................................ 24
Figure 3. 17: the drilling in overpressure formation ........................................................................... 25
Figure 3. 18: the differential sticking ................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3. 19: poorly cleaning the wellbore .......................................................................................... 26
Figure 3. 20: the relation between annular velocity and well inclination ........................................... 28
Figure 3. 21: the Newtonian model of drilling fluid . ............................................................................ 30
Figure 3. 22: the Bingham plastic mode for drilling fluid ..................................................................... 31
Figure 3. 23: the power law model ..................................................................................................... 31
Figure 4. 1: the map of Mangala field, Rajasthan block ....................................................................... 34
Figure 5. 1: the casing design for the well. .......................................................................................... 35

Figure 5. 2: the geological description of the Mangala field formation ............................................... 37
Figure 5. 3: the 2D directional well plan ............................................................................................... 38
Figure 5. 4: the BHAs for Mangala 2B field . ......................................................................................... 46
Figure 5. 5: the BHAs components....................................................................................................... 51
Figure 5. 6: the PDC bits. ...................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 5. 7: the power drive tool. ......................................................................................................... 53
Figure 5. 8: the difference in rate of penetration (ROP) with using Power drive and motor.. ............. 54
Figure 5. 9: the saver sub ...................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 5. 10: the ARC-6 tool. ................................................................................................................. 55
Figure 5. 11: the cross over sub ............................................................................................................ 56
Figure 5. 12: the drill collar. .................................................................................................................. 56
Figure 5. 13: the HWDP ........................................................................................................................ 57
Figure 5. 14 the drilling jars .................................................................................................................. 57
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page IX

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page X
List of Tables
Table 3. 1 : the hole section and drill collar diameter .......................................................................... 16

Table 3. 2: the HWDP diameters and weight ...................................................................................... 18
Table 5. 1: the casing of the Mangala oil field: .................................................................................... 35

Table 5. 2: the 2-B well profile data: .................................................................................................... 38
Table 5. 3: Directional survey data for 2-B well: ................................................................................... 39
Table 5. 4: the 2-B well formation data: .............................................................................................. 43
Table 5. 5: the geothermal Temperature Profile of 2-B well: ............................................................... 43
Table 5. 6: the description of BHA in Mangala field 2B: ...................................................................... 44
Table 5. 7: the Mud properties of 2-B well. .......................................................................................... 44
Table 5. 8: the cuttings properties of the 2-B well: .............................................................................. 45
Table 5. 9:the hole cleaning data:......................................................................................................... 45
Table 5. 10:the hydraulic program of 2-B Mangala field: ..................................................................... 47
Table 5. 11: the Collapse Calculation of 2-B well:................................................................................. 48
Table 5. 12: the tension calculation: ..................................................................................................... 49
Table 5. 13: the dog leg calculation: ..................................................................................................... 50
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page XI

Nomenclature:
ADN-azimuthal density neutron
ARC-array resistivity compensator
BHA-Borehole assembly
CL-course length
2D-two dimensions
HWDP-heavy weight drill pipe
KOP-kick off point
RSS-rotary steerable system
ROP-rate of penetration
PDM- positive displacement motor
PD-power drive
TVD-true vertical depth
MD-measured depth
MWD-measurement while drilling
LWD-logging while drilling
XO-cross over sub
WOB-weight on bit
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page XII

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The directional well is referring to the well that’s drilled in inclined angles or horizontal
direction in order to reach the hydrocarbon reservoir and produce more hydrocarbons by
increasing the horizontal length of the wells. The principle of drilling directional well started
since 1920 to increase the boundaries of reservoirs (Mantle, K.2014). Currently the most
hydrocarbon production oils and natural gas are from directional wells that are drilled
offshore, onshore and in sensitive environments (Mitchell,R&Miska,S. 2011).
The directional drilling required unique BHA design and in order to drill directional well, BHA
will be connected above the bits directly in order to provide the tendency to deflect the bit to
the drilling direction. The determination of the drilling tendency of the BHA depended on bit
side force, bit tilts, hydraulics and formation dip (Azar,J& Samuel,R.2007).
The directional drilling used for different purposes such as drilling inaccessible
hydrocarbon target due to physical or economical restrictions to reach the pay zone, drilling
many wells from the same vertical well sites to reduce the cost of the operations,
sidetracking for finishing or geological restorations, drilling relief wells and for drilling
horizontal wells (Nguyen,J.1996).
The BHA includes simple components such as drill bits, collars and drill pipes in addition to
stabilizers, reamer, jars, shock subs and heavyweights drill pipes. Currently the most used
BHA called stick assembly which consists of bit and drill collars (Bourgoyne et al.1986).
There are many functions of using BHA such as applying weight on drilling bit, increase the
strength to drill, reducing the problems generated from instability of the bit such as vibration,
providing stiffness to reduce directional control problems (Htet,M.(n.d)).
1.2: The statement of the problems:

The main target of this project is to analyses the design of the suitable BHAs of
directional drilling because poorly design of BHA may cause unsuccessful of drilling
operations.
AbeerJasim Muhammed Page 1

CHAPTER: 2
LITERATURE REVIEWS
Previously petroleum engineering concern about drilling the vertical wells which
reach the pay zones while recently the aim to drill directional wells in such way to reach the
pay zones that’s not locating directly below the vertical drilled well.
Millheim,K(1978) discussed that in earlier times some difficulties face the drilling
engineers in case of drilling directional wells and for this purpose the difficulty of directional
drilling was the inability to evaluate the behavior of BHAs. In order to solve these problems
many computer programs used to evaluate the 3D displacement of BHAs and the forces act
on the BHAs.
Gust,D(1983) showed that the directional drilling maximize the hydrocarbon

production from 475m3/day to 4000m3/day from Esso Norman wells C-28x in Canada.
Inglise, T (1987) argued that in order to drill directional wells specific tools and
methods are developed which are different from the normal tools used in vertical wells and
in 1895 unique tools and equipment used to drill deviated wells and firstly application of
drilling directional well was in 1930s in Hunting beach in California. After that in1970 the
behavior of BHAs studies by analysis the affect forces on the drilling bit.
Short,J(1993) suggested the drilling problems with directional drilling increased so

the selection of tools should be carefully analysis and for this purpose the needs for
appropriate design and techniques for drilling directional well. The first tool used for
directional drilling was whip stock. During the developments of directional wells the
applications of using directional wells increase and firstly in 1930s the directional drilling was
used to kill blowouts by injections of fluids through drilled directional well in Texas. Later in
California Wilmington field which’s another example of directional drilling application which
was multiple drilled well and the horizontal drilling was applicable in most areas such as
Canada, Indonesia, France, Africa, Northern and mostly in USA.
Nguyen,J.(1996) showed that the BHAs are consist of number of assemblies such as
rotary assembly, holding assemblies, dropping assembles, motor assemblies.
Stronach,G.(2001) suggested that in order to successes the drilling operation

process suitable BHAs should chosen and in order to have successful drilling operation in

deep well in the Anadarko basin should choose BHAs which fit for special purpose of drilling
operations.
Azar,J.&Samuel (2007) stated that in order to drill inaccessible pay zone the
directional methods should be applied which’s requires a unique BHA to drill trajectory and
provide weight on the drill pipe.
Sarmiento,Z.&Thorhousson,S.(2011) showed that previously directional drilling

mostly used for drilling relief wells in order to kill the blowouts of wells and side tracking for
freeing the stuck tools while currently directional drilling used in order to drill inaccessible
formations, faults interaction, multiple wellbores drilling from signal rig and horizontal drilling.
Mitchell,R.&Miska,S.(2011) which’s demonstrated that the directional drilling should be

economical designed with most profit cost for the components of BHA could be simple as
that consist of drill pipe and drill collars or complex that consist of more than one drill collars
and HWDP and regular drill pipe. In order to design BHAs and the most important parameter
that should take in consideration are the following:
 The stiffness bending, the desire weight of each part of BHA.

 The place of each part in BHA and their position from drill bit.
 Hole diameter, inclination, curvature.
 Types of formation and types of drill bit.
 The rotational velocity of the drilling bit and weight on bit.
Abdou (2014) explained the applications of directional wells and the directional drilling
process was developed due to the following reasons:
a) Sidetracking
b) Multiple target drilling
c) Drill inaccessible pay zones
d) Minimizing the offshore platform
e) Horizontal drilling
f) Production from thin pay zones
g) Re-drilling previous drilled well
h) Avoiding drilling through salt domes
i) Avoiding coning of gas and water
j) Drilling through intersecting fractures
Okoronkwo,A. &Carigali,P. (2014)stated that in order to drill directional wells different

types of BHA such as rotary BHA, Steerable motor BHA and rotary steerable system(RSS)
Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page 3

and the selection of each type depend on sizes of hole. The main parts of BHAs are drill bit,
drill collars, stabilizers, heavy weight drill pipe and sub parts such as drilling jars,
measurement while drilling (MWD) and logging while drilling tools (LWD) and mud motor.
The BHA may fails due to instability of the borehole that’s resulted from tectonic stresses
and down hole vibration due to drilling.
Okoronkwo,A&Carigali,P,(2014) stated that the main function of drill collars and

HWDP are adding weight on drill bit to drill effectively the pay zone and the drilling jars used
to remove the sucking pipe situation. The MWD and LWD are used for measuring the down
hole and getting data about the formation while drilling.
Larsen,K.L.(2014)observed that while drilling some failures occur in BHAs due to

different reasons such as the vibration of drill string which cause minimizing the rate of
penetration of drilling mud and minimizing the performance of drilling processes. The
problem of BHA such as vibration causes instability of the wellbore, damage of down hole
BHA components and maximizing the cost of drilling processes.
Mantle,K.(2014) claimed that by 1930 in the Huntington beach in the USA the
directional well drilled in onshore to reach a target of oil sand reservoir in offshore. In 1953
the first multiple well drilled in Bashkiria field, Russia. In 2013 the largest well drilled which
was 1234m in Sakhalin Island, Russia by using directional drilling from the Odoptu offshore.
The development of directional drilling is obtained by using the mud motor which able the
drill bit to drill in the desire direction. The benefits of using RSS system are better cleaning
the wellbore easily and accurately drilling directional wells.
Willams et al (n.d) argued that rotary assembly was successful in the directional
drilling of hard formation. In the well number 2 (EE2) in the Mexico rotary assembly were
used to extract energy with depth 15,300ft and temperature 320ᵒC in granite formation.

CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3.1. Directional drilling:
The directional drilling is the method of drilling trajectory well for productions from
hydrocarbon zones oil and gas. Today the directional well is developed and applicable in
many areas of the worlds.
The applications of drilling directional wells (Cheatham,C,(n.d)):
1. Reducing the cost of offshore field by drilling several wells from the same platforms.
2. In the crowed cites allows building the rig platform far away from the locations of the
bottom hole target.
3. For fishing jobs for drilling sidetracking wells.
4. For casing recompletion or collapsed allow drilling sidetracking wells.
5. Blowout killing by drilling relief wells.
6. Drilling in horizontal direction to allow maximizing the reservoir and the wellbore
contact.
Multiple wells inaccessible locations
Sidetrack for fishing relief wells
Figure 3. 1: Directional well applications (Abdou, 2014)

The disadvantages of directional drilling (Inglise, T.1987):
1. More time and money need to drill directional wells than vertical well since drilling in
deviated process.
2. Difficulty in determination of true vertical depth of well.
3. The deviation of well path caused more wearing of drilling pipe and drill string than
vertical wells.
In order to drill the hydrocarbon target should plan the profile of directional drilling from
surface till the desired target of hydrocarbon and should take in consideration the following
points(Dutta et al (2015):
 KOP: which’s the point below surface in which the deviation of the wellbore start.
 MD: is the well actual depth that’s measured with drilling string.
 CL: is the measured distance between the survey stations.
 TVD: is the vertical distance from plane point in surface to the wellbore point and
mostly the MD is larger than TVD.
 Course deviation (departure): is indicating the well horizontal distance that’s
achieved.
 Drift direction (azimuth): show the direction of the well from the north in degree.
 Build up angle: is the measured angle per length unit.
 Closure (horizontal drift) indicates the horizontal directional distance with any holes
point.

Figure 3. 2: Directional well (Inglise, T.1987)
The sidetracking is one of the pervious applications of directional drilling. In the case of
facing obstructions, sucking of drilling pipe or lifting drilling string parts in the well in some
cases the fishing job was too complex to drill so the driller will go to drill side tracking of the
previous drilled well which’s better than leaving the well. Sufficient quantity of cement plug is
putting on the obstruction in order to drill side path safety from the obstructions and the
drilling processes will continuous. The side tracking is applicable in case of re-drill or re-
complication of the existed well (Inglise, T.1987).

Figure 3. 3: sidetracking (Inglise, T.1987)
The directional drilling is applicable in cases of facing geological problems such as salt
domes while drilling vertical well and to reach the hydrocarbon target should drilling through
the salt domes, however drilling salt dome cause problems such as loses of circulation,
corrosion and enlarged the formation to avoid these problems driller will drill in the deviation
direction to avoid drilling through the salt dome (Inglise, T.1987).
Figure 3. 4: salt dome (Inglise, T.1987)

The process of drilling horizontal wells is one of the important applications of directional
drilling and these types of drilling will continues developed due to their benefits in drilling in
certain formations such as(Nguyen, J (1996)):
1. Fractured formation: in the case of existing vertical fractures in the formation the
horizontal drilling is the best chose to produce sufficient amount of oil and gas.
2. Thin beds reservoir: the horizontal drilling is preferred in case the thicknesses of the
bed were between 15-20 meter and with existing of gas caps and water aquifer.
3. Tight formation reservoir: in the case of exist of tight formation and after fractured by
hydraulic fracturing the best chose of drilling will be horizontal drilling.
The horizontal drilling is main types of directional drilling kinds and have many advantages
and disadvantages such as (Cheatham,C,(n.d)).
The advantages of horizontal drilling:
1. Maximizing the production rate in the formation with low permeability.

2. Minimizing coning problems of water and gas.
3. Maximizing the recovery of hydrocarbon.
4. Increasing the speed of payout.
5. Increasing the area of intersection with fractures in the wellbore.
The disadvantages of horizontal drilling:
1. Increasing the cost of drilling.

2. Facing difficulties during evaluation of formations and completion.
In order to drill directional well should suitable designing the directional well profile take in
consideration the following points( Mitchell,R&Miska,S. (2011) ).
The directional well profiles design base on two main parts such as:
 The path for connecting the hydrocarbon target and surface location.
 The hydrocarbon location and the drilling rig design.
The following points should be considered in designing the path of wells such as:
1. Size of casing and the depth of setting

2. Perforating and stability of the wellbore
3. Transportation of cutting

Types of direction well profile in 2D trajectory were (Abdou, 2014):
Type 1 that’s called slant well consisting of vertical, buildup and tangent section and
this is applicable in drilling deep wells with lateral displacement
I. Type 2 called S-shaped pattern consisting of vertical, buildup, tangent, drop of and
bottom vertical sections and applicable for drilling multiple hydrocarbon target zones.
II. Type 3 or continuous build trajectory consist of vertical and build up sections and this
type is applicable in drilling sidetracking and salt dome.
Figure 3. 5: Type1, type 2 and type 3 directional well profiles (Abdou, 2014)

3.2. Directional drilling techniques:
The techniques apply in order to drill directional wells were (Mantle, K.2014):
 Jetting: The jetting assemblies use while drilling soft formation. There are two types
of jetting either one large nozzle locate in cones of roller cone bits or single large
nozzle with two smaller nozzles. The larger nozzle will provide higher side and by
rotating the bit the well path will drill.
The jetting deflection tool had some advantages and disadvantages such as (Inglise,
T.1987):
The advantages of the jet:
a) The used of jet allow to drill the full size hole.
b) Starting the deflection of the drilling path without needs to pulling out the hole.
The disadvantages of the jet:
a) Less applicable in the soft formation since may cause erosion of the
formation.
b) In the case of not totally controlling the jet may led to several dog legs.
c) In the case of the pumping capacity of mud led to stilling the rock fragments
in the borehole.
 Nudge: This technique used when numbers of the wellbore are interconnect to each
other in case of hazard the path of the well deflected from vertical till the hazard
solved then return back to the normal drilled path.
Figure 3. 6: Jetting and nudging techniques (Short, J.1993)

 Kicking off: the process of diverting the path of one trajectory to another.
 Sidetracking: The process of drilling side track from the path of existing wellbore. In
order to prevent well collapse, avoid instable zone, or in case previous well junks not
retrieved junks from the wellbore. This process also used in case of vertical well
drilling the horizontally drilling process used to increase the reservoir contact.
 Whipstock operations: whipstock is a steel tool with wedge shape and alters the path
of well mechanically. Whipstock deflect the drill bit with slightly angle from original
path and whipstock is applicable in both open hole and casing hole.
The types of the whipstock using in directional drilling divided into the following
(Inglise, T.1987):
A. Removable whipstock: These are used to begin the deflection in the open
hole and to crooking vertical well direction. The removable whipstock
connected to the drilling string and run to the well and set in the well and
cause the drilling bit to drill trajectory and after finish the deflection of the well
path the whipstock remove from the well.
B. Circulating whipstock: this whipstack used in cases of setting the drill cutting
in the wellbore and there will be difficult to set the whipstack in this case the
circulating whipstock used because had a passageway to drilling mud to
remove these cutting fragments.
C. Permanent whipstock: this used for fishing and the sidetracking in the casing
wellbore and this whipstack will run with a mill in order to cut a window in the
casing and then replaced by pilot bit to ream the hole.
Beside the advantages of whipstack to deviating the well path had some
disadvantages such as (Inglise, T.1987):
a) Reamed out the initial drilled section of wells and need to change the BHA.
b) Change the desired drilling direction of the bit in cases of the whipstock
rotates while drilling.
c) Dropping in the inclination while drilling with the drill bit across the whipstock.
d) Opening the windrow in casing by mill and may be too small need extra
section of mill in case of cutting large length of casing.

Figure 3. 7: Whipstock(Inglise,T.1987)
 Geosteering: The process used to increase the obtained data about formation while
drilling by using of MWD and LWD and obtaining data about the formation result in
more control of the direction of drilling and deviating angle.
The types of BHAs used for deviating the well direction (Cheatham,C.(n.d))::
A. Rotary BHAs which’s the power to rotating the bit provided by rotary table.
B. BHA that’s the power to rotating the bit provide by down hole motor
Rotary assembly Motor assembly
Figure 3. 8: BHA types ( Short,J.1993)

The down hole motor usually get hydraulic power from drilling mud and according to the
power sources divide into:
 A mud turbine which’s the mud motor will be connected with the BHAs by bent in the
motor housing or with short sub. This mud motor helps deviating of the bit to drill
directionally and the rotor and stator inside the mud pump cause the drill bit to rotate.
The used of mud motor to deviate the directional well called sliding since only the bit
rotate not the entire BHA.
The advantages of using the mud motor (Inglise, T.1987):
a) Drilling full gauge hole.

b) Providing side force for bending the drilling bit and reduces the dog legs
risks.
c) The ability to build or drop inclination and control the bit to deviate to the
right or left side of the wellbore.
The mud motor had some disadvantages such as (Cheatham,C.(n.d)):

a) Reducing the life of the drilling bit.
b) The power provided by mud motor is low.
c) Not able to continuously monitor the trajectory of the wellbore.
 A rotary assembly which’s made the entire drill string rotates by rotary table send this
rotates the drilling bit.
The rotary assemblies consist of the following (Nguyen, J.1996):
I. Buildup assemblies: the buildup of the suitable BHAs for drilling process which
usually consist of drilling bit, near bit stabilizer and nonmagnetic and drill collars. The
gradient of buildup assemblies affected by weight on bit, speed of rotation and the
distance of near bit stabilizers blades.
II. Stabilized assemblies: these assemblies provide the straight of BHA and the
stabilizer located at the end part of the drill collar.
III. Drop off assemblies: these consist of the pendulum assemblies which’s provide the
vertically for vertical drilling however in directional drilling provide the ability to turn in
the right direction.

Types of inclination angles of directional wells(Mantle, K.2014):
1. Building angle: in order to drill building angle fulcrum BHAs assemblies used which
use three stabilizer one of them above the drilling bits and the other one 15-27m up
the first one and the last one 9m up the second one. These BHAs apply positive side
force on the bit.
2. Dropping angle: this inclination angle obtained by using pendulum assemblies
which‘s the stabilizer located 9-27m above the bit. This stabilizer provides the
negative side force on the bit.
3. Holding angle: the BHAs with 3-5 stabilizers with 9m distance between them and
there will be no net side forces on the drill bits.
3.3. BHA for directional drilling:

The design of BHA components is had some similarities and differences from vertical well to
direction well due to the need of special components of BHA in directional well. The main
components of BHA in the direction well are drill bit, drill collars, stabilizers, HWDP,
stabilizers and the bent sub.
 The drilling bit: The first component of BHA is the drilling bits which used for drilling
and cutting the rock formations. There are different types of drilling bits and the
selection of the types depends on the desire types of formation to drill (Fayaz et al,
2014). The drilling bit should be selected to drilling soft and hard formation at the
same time as well in dipping angles and as the drilling bit drill the rock bed deflect
from their previous path. The bit drilling in parallel direction of the bed if the bed had
dip angle more than 60ᵒ and drilling in right angle if the bed dipping angle is less than
45ᵒ. The geological information is necessary in order to know the dipping angle, the
faults and the hardness of the formation. The deviation of drilling bit will be also
affected by the drilling variable such as WOB, RPM and the hydraulic force of drilling
mud (Inglise, T.1987).
There are main two types of the drilling bits which are the roller cone bit and the drag drill bit.
The roller cone bit is consists of three cones and legs that connect to each other by pin. The
roller cone bit divided into milled tooth bit that three cone and tooth made of the same
materials and one piece and mainly use in drilling soft formation while the other types which
is inserts drill bit or called tungsten carbide insert their tooth and insert to the bit body and
can be made of different material than bit core and this mostly used in drilling hard
formation. The drag drill bit which also called fixed cutter bits which consist of three types

such as polycrystalline diamond compact bit, thermally stable polycrystalline bit and
diamond bit and today mostly diamond bit use due to high resistance and efficiency in
drilling all formation types (Azar,J& Sammuel,R.2007).
Milled tooth bit Insert bit PDC bit
Figure 3. 9: drill bit types (Dutta et al. 2015)
 The drill collar: is the most important part of BHA which adds weight on the bit and
this increase the strength for bit to drill (Fayaz et al, 2014).The drill collars put weight
on the drilling pipe in order to put them under tension to avoid buckling and the
drilling collars will bend due to the compression and the amount of bending the drill
collars depend on the diameter of drill collars and the materials which made them.
There are relationship between the length and size of drill collar and the borehole diameter
as shown in below table.
Table 3. 1 : The hole section and drill collar diameter (Rabia, H. (n.d))

There are three types of drill collars such as square drill collars, spiral drill collars and slick
drill collars. The square drill collar use to centralize during the drilling process and provide
resistance for bending drill collar and minimizing the vibration create during drilling (Fayaz et
al, 2014). The spiral drill collar use to minimizing the differential sticking that occur during
drilling and the spiral drill collar minimize the weight of collar by 4-7% by minimizing contact
areas that’s directly proportional to force that cause differential sticking by 50%. The slick
drill collar which’s the total length had same outer diameter and these drill collars profile
divide into two parts which’s slip recess and lifting parts which’s an elevator recess (Rabia,
H. (n.d)). Drill collars depend on their sizes and diameter divided into large and medium drill
collars. The large drill collars give stiffness to the drill bit while the medium one provides
weight for BHA and minimize the stress between the drilling pipe and large drill collars
(Fayaz et al, 2014).
Slick drill collar Spiral drill collar
Figure 3. 10: Drill collar types (Rabia, H.(n.d)).
 HWDP this components use to add weight to the drill bit and HWDP have the same
outer diameter of normal drilling pipe but the inner diameter is less than normal pipe
their wall thickness is more than the normal drilling pipe(Rabia, H.(n.d)).

The main useful of HWDP in the trajectory drilling were (Inglise, T.1987):
a) Minimizing the torques on the drilling string.

b) Minimizing the differential sticking risk.
c) Minimizing the tool joint failures
In directional drilling may be 20 or more HWDP used for BHAs. The below table showed the
HWDP with various OD, ID and their weight.
Table 3. 2: HWDP diameters and weight (Fayaz et al, 2014):
Figure 3. 11: Standers HWDP and spiral HWDP (Rabia, H. (n.d))

 The stabilizers are the placed above the bit which provide centralization to the BHA
in the well and avoid differential sticking (Rabia, H. (n.d)). The stabilizers had blades
on their surface and the blades mainly were straight or spiral blades which’s open
360 degree beside the borehole. There were different types of stabilizers such as
(Inglise, T.1987):
a) Welded blades: when the blades of steel were welded on the stabilizer’s body and
the drilling fluid move through the blades cause the blades to create hole
enlargement in the soft formation types.
b) Integral blades: these were the expensive kind of the blades because these blades
were made from the single type of metal mostly tungsten carbon which resist to wear
in abrasive formations.
c) Sleeve stabilizers: these kinds of stabilizers able to replace their sleeve when the
sleeves wear or need to change their sizes.
d) Non rotating stabilizers: These kinds of stabilizers were used in order to centralize
the drill collars and the sleeve of these stabilizes not rotate while the rotation of
rubber sleeve will cause the drill string to rotate. This stabilizer were the most
resistant to wear so there are more applicable in hard formations.
Straight blade Standard Three blade spiral Full Pac Non rotating stabilizer
Figure 3. 12: Stabilizers types (Rabia, H. (n.d))

The stabilizers according to their position in BHA can divided into types:
a) Near bit stabilizers: when the stabilizers located directly above the drilling bit.
b) String stabilizers: when the stabilizers locate in any position in BHAs.
 The roller reamer is mostly used in drilling hard rocks, drill wall of hole and keeping
the borehole in the right dimensions during drilling process and roller reamer can be
used in state of the stabilizers to centralize the BHAs and roller reamer consist of
three to six off cutter set(Inglise, T.1987)..
Three point six point combination Button Chert Soft formation
Stabilizer
Figure 3. 13: Roller reamers (Rabia, H. (n.d)).
Drilling jars which’s provide the supplying power in order to upward and downward blowing
for pipe sucking and jars consist of mandrel that’s among the sleeve. Basically jars divide
into mechanical and hydraulic and other sub types (Rabia, H. (n.d)).
a) Mechanical jars: which’s led the jars to trip due to present load and the mechanical
jars had sensitive to the load not the time.
b) Hydraulic jars: These’s used the hydraulic power of drilling fluid for controlling fire
actions of jars till applying suitable load to the string and this based on both time
and load.
c) Oil jars which are giving upwards blowing in order to freeing stuck pipes.

d) Accelerators which’s collect energy upper the drill collars to maximize the oil jars
efficiency.
e) Pumper jars: provide downward blowing for fishing and freeing downward overshot
and free traveling for assisting the fish.
Oil jar Accelerator Bumper jar
Figure 3. 14: Different types of jars (Rabia, H. (n.d))
 The Junk sub this part of BHA is used to collect the junk of metal which create due to
broken pieces of bit teeth parts and the junks create while drilling. The junk sub
function is important in the cause that the junks is not removed from the wellbore will
cause problems during operation (Fayaz et al, 2014).
 The shock sub is used to reduce the vibration that created in the drilling bit while
drilling the rocks and this lets to longer life of bits and shock sub comprise of three
parts which’s grooved female housing, matching splinted male housing and the
collection of entrapped spring component. The rule of splinted and spring to lubricate
in oil that’s save the seals between mandrel and housing (Rabia, H. (n.d)).
 The mud motor is the part of BHA which provides power to the bit to rotate and this
power generated by converting the hydraulic power from the drilling mud to
mechanical power to rotate the drilling bit (Fayaz et al, 2014).MWD this tool consist
of sensors, power and transmitters that’s provided real time measuring for azimuth
and inclination of well. Crossover which’s a sub used in order to connect the drill
string parameters with variable size and types.PDM is located near the drilling bit and
provide rotation to the drilling bit without rotation of all drilling string (Pal et al, 2011).

The factors affect the efficiency of BHA and capacity of directional drilling (Mantle,K(2014):
1. Stiffness of BHA
2. Location of stabilizer
3. Speed of rotation
4. Weight on bit
5. Diameter of the hole
6. Angle of hole
7. Formation types
The following parameter should be considered in term of designing the drill string (Pal et al,
2011):
 The collapse design: this design is concerned about measuring the maximum
collapse pressure of drill pipe when hydrostatic pressure from the drilling fluid that
work on the outside of the pipes. This is important in case of selecting the drill pipe
and 1.125 was usually used as design factor.
 The tension design used to determine the load and buoyancy force. This will include
tensile force, load of shock and force of bending and usually 1.6 used as the design
factor without shock loading and 1.3 with shock design.
 Dog leg severity used to calculate the rate of change in the direction of the borehole
and usually measured in degrees per 100ft of length.
3.4. The directional drilling problems and failures:

While drilling directional drilling the problems occurred were more than vertical
drilling and by increasing the deflection angle will maximize the drilling problems
and usually most of directional drilling problems occurred when the inclination
angle is more than 60 degree.
The common problems faces during directional drilling were (Inglise, T.1987):
1. Deflection in the drilling direction of the bit: the change in drilling bit drilling
directions may be due to the following factors:
a) Changing in the bed boundaries
b) Large amount of WOB
c) Unsuitable chose of BHA
2. Intersection: the intersections affect between the wells occurred while
drilling multi-well from the same platform and the process of drilling well

from the kick off the exit well should be studying well in order to avoid the
damage of the existed well and the intersection will cause collision in the
following cases:
a) During the damage of the casing string of the previous drilled well
will cause risks.
b) During the damage of the drill string tube which cause escaping of
the oil and gas from them and may led to blow out and pollution of
the environments.
3. Dog leg: the rapid change of the well path due to the change of hole angle
or direction of drilling.
4. Maximizing the drill string and casing wears: during the bend of the drill pipe
will face bending stress and there will be compression of the on the wall of
the pipe and tension force opposite the pipe wall. As the drill pipe rotated
these affects will be reversed and cause fatigues of the drill pipe and
reduction in the life of operation process.
5. Keyseat: during the process of rotating the drill string the drilling string will
be under tension due to drill collar weight and these tensions cause
connections between drilling pipe and the wall of the well and with time
these connection causes to enlarge in the wall diameter this called keyseat.
While rising up of the drill string causes stuck of the drilling pipes.
Figure 3. 15: Keyseat (Alder et al.(1999))
6. Instability of the wellbore: the instability of the formation during the drilling
process cause accumulation of the rock fragments around the drilling string

and led to sucking the drill collars or drill bit. The instability of wellbore will
be due to :
a) Drilling in shale formations which are containing clay and cause
swelling and slaving of the formation or Soft formations erosion due
to turbulent fluid flow in the annuals.
Figure 3. 16: Unconsolidated formation (Alder et al. (1999))
b) Formation with high amount of fractions such as limestone while

drilling can easily break apart and cause accumulation of cutting bed
and cause stuck of the BHAs and also drilling in overpressure
formation cause dropping apart the rock particles and cause
problems during drilling.

Figure 3. 17: Overpressure formation (Alder et al. (1999))
7. Differential sticking: during the filtration of the drilling fluid in the wall of the
formation and forming mud cake and in case of exiting of high permeable
zone high thickness mud cake form and let to sucking of the drill collars
against the thick mud cake.
Figure 3. 18: Differential sticking (Alder et al. (1999))

The differential sticking can be reduced by:
a) Decreasing the differential pressure by reducing the hydraulic
pressure of drilling fluid.
b) Using spiral drill collars to minimize the contacting area between
the mud cake and the drill collars.
c) Applying the lubricants or oil base drilling mud for minimizing the
fractional coefficient.
8. Poorly cleaning the cutting: one of the most important function of drilling
fluid is to remove the cutting from the wellbore to the surface and in case
the cutting accumulate in the wellbore will result many problems such as
(Kelin et at(2013):
A. Mechanical pipe sticking: in the directional drilling process the rock
cutting will accumulate in the lower angle of the well and if the
cuttings not remove will cause pack off the cutting around the BHAs
and drilling pipe stuck.
B. Earlier bit wearing
C. Slow drilling rate
D. Fracturing the formation
E. Increase the torque and drag on drilling string
F. Difficulties in cementing and logging process
G. Difficulties in casing landing
Figure 3. 19: Poorly cleaning the wellbore (Alder et al. (1999))

There are extra problems during drilling horizontal wells such as (Inglise, T.1987):
1. Extra WOB: the horizontal drilling techniques need more WOB in order to force the bit
to drill directionally and these extra WOB will maximize the frictional.
2. Well path control: horizontal drilling need frequently to surveying data about the well
path and surveying wire line tools will face some difficulties in horizontal paths such as:
a) Need more time for running and retrieving the wire line devices.
b) Facing difficulties in running the tools in the high deviated well path.
3. Cleaning the wellbore: the increasing the deflection of the wells will cause difficulties in
cleaning the wellbore effectively since some of the cutting will fall down into the lower
part of the hole and may led to sucking pipes problems.
4. Logging problems: in the horizontal wells running wire line logging tools will be difficult
by the force of their own weight so need forcing the logging tools by the drilling string to
certain depth and amount of pressure will apply in order to freeing the logging tools
from the drilling string in case of can’t freeing by gravity force only and these applied
pressure will damage of the logging tools.
5. Completions problems: during the completion process while cleaning the well by the
drilling fluid before the cementing process some of the solids addictive of the drilling
fluid such as barite set in the lower parts of the well and the cement slug will bypass
these sections and these will cause poorly cementing process and may led to future
problems due to the exit of connection of reservoir fluid with the annuals.
The capacity of cutting transportation depends on the following factors (Ranjbar, R.2010):
 Inclination angle of the well: as the inclination angle of the hole increase the cutting
will tend to form cutting bed which wills complex the cutting transportation process.

Figure 3. 20: Relation between annular velocity and well inclination (Ranjbar, R.2010)
 The diameter of drill pipe: as the drill pipe diameter increase more amount of drilling
mud will flow and these increase the velocity of the flow.
 The rate of penetration: as the penetration rate increase drilling operation speed and
this will cause more accumulation of cutting bed and required more power for
pumping the drilling fluid and removing the cutting fragments.
 Eccentricity of the drill pipe: in deviated hole the drill pipe will be inclined to the lower
side of the borehole due to gravity effect and this will led to decreasing the fluid
velocity and ineffective transportation of cutting.
 Characteristic of drilled rock fragment:
a) Cutting density as the density of cutting is small the easier of the drilling mud
to transporting the cutting.
b) The cutting size: as the cutting size is larger the cleaning process will be
more difficult because required higher velocity of fluid so need more powerful
pumping.
c) Cutting shape: as the cutting shape is more irregular will required more
torque by drilling mud to remove.
 Characteristic of drilling fluid :

a) As the drilling mud density increase better cleaning of the hole obtain
however high drilling fluid density reduce the flow rate
b) The plastic velocity and yield stress as increase required higher flow rate in
order to remove the cutting.

 The annuals size effect: as the annuals size of the hole increase more cutting volume
will enter the annuals and increase the required amount of flow rate.
 The flow rate of drilling mud: as the flow rate reduces more cutting bed will form in
the lower angle of deviated well.
 Slip velocity of cutting: which’s describe the rate of falling velocity of the cutting
 The flowing regime is important factor in controlling the process of cutting
transportation and the flow regime mainly divided into three
categories(Jimaa.G.2013):
A. Laminar flow: These fluids flow characterizes by high viscosity, low velocity
and this type of flow prefer in the annuals since will not cause erosion of the
wall of the well and not cause extremely pressure drop.
B. Turbulent flow: these fluids flow with high velocity and had low viscosity and
these types of flow prefer to be in drilling string and the bottom of hole in
order to obtain better cleaning especially in high angle holes.
C. Transition flow: these types of flow is between the laminar and transition flow
regime and these fluid had the combination characteristics of the two above
types flow regime and both the viscosity and inertial force supervision the
characteristic of the these fluid such as the viscously force master the laminar
flow while inertial force master the turbulent flow.
The Reynolds number used to assess the types of flow regime which’s the
dimensionless number describes the ratio of inertial and viscous force of the
fluid.
I. If the Re < 2000 the flow regime is laminar.
II. If the Re > 4000 the flow regime is turbulent.
III. If the 2000< Re <4000 the flow is transition.
The following equation use in order to calculate the Reynolds number:
 In the drilling string :

𝜌𝑉𝑑
Re= 𝜇
 In the annulus :
𝜌𝑉(𝑑ℎ−𝑑𝑒)
Re= 𝜇
V: average flow velocity

𝜌: Fluid density
𝑑ℎ: Hole diameter
𝑑𝑒: External diameter
µ: Vistosity of fluid

 Types of drilling fluid is another important parameter in hole cleaning efficiency and
base on the relationship between the shear stress and shear rate the fluid will divide
on two main types at the same temperature and pressure value(Jimaa,G.2013):
I. Newtonian fluid: These fluids had directly proportional relationship between shear
rate and shear stress and the slope of the straight line will indicate the value of fluid
viscosity.
Figure 3. 21: Newtonian model of drilling fluid (Jimaa, G.2013).
II. Non-Newtonian fluid: the relationship between the shear rate and shear stress for
this kind of fluid is not constant and the slope will not represent the viscosity of the
fluid. In this kind of the fluid the term apparent viscosity will be used due to the
thixotropic property that’s required a certain value of shear stress (true yield point) to
begin the flow.
There are different model to describe the fluid types such as:
 Bingham plastic model that’s represent linear relationship between the shear
stress and shear rate. The interest of the line shows the yield stress.

Figure 3. 22: Bingham plastic mode for drilling fluid ( Jimaa,G. 2013)
𝜏 = 𝜇𝑝𝛾 + 𝜏𝑌
𝜇𝑝: Plastic viscosity
𝜏: Shear stress
𝛾: shear rate
𝜏𝑌: yield point
 Power law model: This model represents the flow of shear thinning fluids.
Figure 3. 23: Power law model (Jimaa, G.2013).

𝜏 = 𝐾𝛾 𝑛
𝜏: Shear stress
𝐾: Consistence index
𝛾: shear rate
𝑛: Flow behavior index
𝜃𝑅600
𝑛 = 3.32𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝜃𝑅300
𝑅600
𝑘 = 510
511𝑛
The unit of k is Ibf/100ft2

While n is dimensionless
 Herschel- Buckley model: this describes the drilling fluid with specific value of
yield stress [17].
𝜏 = 𝜏0 + 𝐾𝛾 𝑛
𝜏 ∗2 − 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛∗𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜏0 =
2𝑋𝜏 ∗ − 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
The 𝜏 ∗ will calculate by interpolation of 𝛾 ∗

𝛾 ∗ = √𝛾min 𝑋 𝛾𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝛾 ∗ =72.25sec-1
The most failure in BHAs equipments are due to failure in drill pipe such as (Wakefield et al
(2010)):
 Tension overland
 Fatigue
 Corrosion
 Poor handling

The directional drilling will be improved by (Cheatham, C, (n.d)):
1. Using PDC (Polycrystalline diamond compact) drilling bit.

2. Better design of the motor.
3. Using MWD tools to monitor the trajectory of the wellbore.
4. Using the steerable subs in order to continuing drilling after deflection of wellbore
achieved. However steerable sub increase the cost of BHAs design.
The benefits of using MWD in directional drilling were (Inglise, T.1987):

1. Saving time for during surveying about the formation.
2. Controlling the tool face orientation.
3. Reducing the state time for locating the drilling string and these minimize the pipe
sucking.
4. Better controlling of the well path.
5. Minimizing the dog led severe.

Chapter 4
Methodology
This project focus on Mangala oil field that’s located in the Barmer basin in the west
of Indian in the state of Rajasthan. The field name was RJ-ON-09-1 with 3111km2 area. The
field was operating by Royal Dutch shell under production sharing contract with India
government in 1992. The Mangala oil field counted as the largest oil field in India due to
extraction of 3.7 billion barrels of oil by the year 2004. The formation of this field was
Fatehgrah sandstone of Paleocene age and the rocks properties was porosity of 33%-17%
and permeability of 200mD- 5Darcy. The upper section of the formation is barmer hill which
a cap rock had fractures and contains gas and the lower section is aquifer. The quintiles of
initial oil in place were about 3.6 billion barrels with recovery factor 30% and the API of oil
was 25o-30o.
The drilling pattern in most of Mangala field was trajectory with high angle of inclination. The
top parts of Fatehgrah formation drilled up to 2000m with 500-1000m deep for the bottom
Fatehgrah formation.
Figure 4. 1: Map of Mangala field, Rajasthan block (Cairn, 2009).

Chapter 5
Data collection and analysis
Table 5. 1: Casing design of Mangala oil field:
Section Grade OD(in) Nominal weight(Ib/ft) Reached depth(m)

Surface casing J-55 13 3/8 54.5 30
Intermediate N-80 9 5/8 40 358.5
Production casing P-110 7 32 1471
Figure 5. 1: Casing design for the well.

Age Formation Lithology Description
Loose gravel
Pleistocene
To Gujarat
Recent Alluvium
195m
Alternation of sand
gravel and clay with thin
intercalations of
limestone and siltstone
Budhanpur
520m
Shale
Sand
Pliocence
647m
Miocene Upper
Antrol
Sands with minor gravel
Middle
Dhima
875m
Alternation of sands
and clays with gravel
Lower
Alternation of sands
Deodar and clay with rare
subordinate siltstone
and clay stone
Oligo

Upper Wav 1367m
Limestone with clay

stone and silt at place
coal
Middle Upper Tharad

Shale with siltstone and
coal band’s
Eocene
2167m
Lower Tharad
Clay stone, siltstone
and sandstone
Lower
Siltstone and sandstone

Shale and claystone
3096m
Paleocene Balutri
3202m
Figure 5. 2: Geological description of the Mangala field formation

Table 5. 2: 2-B well profile data:
Depth(m) TVD(m) Horizontal (m) inclination
52 52 0 0.5
108 108 2 3.3
164 163 8 9.4
220 219 20 14.1
356 345 68 27.8
452 427 118 34.7
568 520 187 38.6
674 604 252 37.3
889 776 381 36.4
1022 886 455 31.5
1138 990 506 19.9
1385 1222 590 20
Figure 5. 3: 2D directional well plan

Table 5. 3: Directional survey data for 2-B well:
MD(m) TVD(m) Devlation(deg) Azimuth(deg) Dogleg sev.(deg/30m)
0 0 0 291 0
6 6 0 291 0
38.8 38.76 0.33 302.72 0.302
62.5 62.5 0.45 301.96 0.262
70.9 70.78 1.21 239.12 1.281
89.8 89.74 2.09 232.31 1.415
103.4 108.37 3.27 235.45 1.912
125.5 126.41 4.69 236.63 2.369
145 144.81 6.96 239.43 3.532
163.6 163.29 9.42 237.32 4.121
181.6 180.99 11.63 290.54 3.91
201.1 200 13.29 292.04 2.606
220.6 218.81 14.06 292.48 1.204
239.6 237.32 15.55 293.15 2.349
269.3 256.21 17.32 292.84 2.7
278.7 274.6 19.88 291.97 3.98
293 292.64 21.79 291.54 2.978
317.2 310.33 23.55 291.06 2.769
336.6 327.9 26.53 291.35 3.107
365.9 345.25 27.76 239.59 3.488
376 362.77 30.16 290.11 3.614
394.7 378.87 31.57 290.33 2.266

413.9 395.14 32.23 290.31 1.035
433 411.21 33.63 291.01 2.209
452.5 427.33 34.68 290.53 1.69
471.7 442.96 36.41 292.01 2.996
491.1 458.45 37.96 292.95 2.404
510.3 473.64 37.32 292.9 -0.846
529.6 489.07 36.11 292.63 -1.902
549.2 504.78 37.63 291.62 2.501
567.8 519.4 38.6 290.35 1.744
585.2 533.77 38.6 290.49 0.366
605.6 549.25 38.11 290.3 -0.766
624.9 564.12 38.5 290.14 0.637
637.8 574.27 37.96 290.05 -1.492
674.9 603.67 37.34 239.35 -0.546
695.1 619.77 37.38 239.9 0.415
714.3 634.98 37.38 239.23 0.314
733.6 650.35 37.4 290.39 1.092
762.9 665.66 37.38 291.45 -1.003
772 680.86 37.48 291.45 0.157
791.6 696.36 37.44 291.16 -0.287
810.8 711.59 37.51 291.11 0.119
830.3 727.12 37.13 292.05 -1.052
849.3 742.4 36.38 292.96 -1.453
868.8 758.04 36.38 293.94 0.897

888.1 773.6 36.43 294.59 0.604
907.4 789.13 36.12 293.16 -1.403
926.6 804.68 36.94 291.33 -1.656
945.5 820.05 36.63 289.32 -1.525
965.1 836.01 36.29 289.64 -1.17
984.1 851.57 34.23 289.31 -1.686
1003.2 867.51 33.07 289.62 -1.948
1022.4 883.74 31.52 290.63 -2.563
1042 900.66 29.91 291.23 -2.514
1060.9 917.12 27.98 291.86 -3.098
1081.3 935.34 26.64 292.27 -3.448
1100.5 952.79 23.09 291.73 -4.008
1119.7 970.59 21.41 291.51 -2.624
1138.9 938.51 19.86 291.31 -2.431
1158.3 1006.74 19.97 290.26 0.579
1177.6 1024.8 19.87 289.85 -0.366
1196.6 1042.8 19.95 289.69 0.281
1216.3 1061.27 19.82 289.49 -0.224
1235.4 1079.25 19.93 290.66 0.648
1254.8 1097.5 20.23 292.43 1.046
1274.1 1115.57 20.33 292.02 0.271
1293.2 1133.55 20.29 290.93 -0.595
1312.2 1151.34 20.32 289.77 0.633
1331.6 1169.66 20.39 288.66 0.123

1350.9 1187.6 20.35 289.94 -0.164
1362.1 1198.15 20.29 290.29 -0.361
1392 1216.8 20 292 -0.991

Table 5. 4: 2-B well formation data:
MD(m) Fractures(Ib/gal) Pore(bm/gal)
659.5 14.77 9.33
1382 15.09 9.97
Table 5. 5: Geothermal Temperature Profile of 2-B well:
MD(m) TVD(m) Temperature(degC) Gradient(degC/km)
0 0 27 0
658.5 590.7 50 3.9
908 709.4 58 4.4

Table#5.6: BHAs in Mangala field 2B:
Cumulative Pressure
Element Length(m) ID(in) OD(in) length(m) drop (psi)
8 1/2'' bit 0 2.25 5.75 0 709.8
8 1/2'' bit sub 0.3 2.25 5.75 0.3 1.4
PD 4.11 4.2 6.75 4.41 54
lower saver sub 0.37 3.88 6.88 9.72 0.1
ARC-6 5.49 2.81 6.75 15.21 25
Saver sub/X-over 0.56 3.88 6.88 15.58 0.2
telescope MWD 7.53 5.11 6.75 23.1 189.1
X-over 0.56 3.88 6.88 23.66 0.2
ADN-6 5.7 2.25 6.75 29.36 30.1
X-over 0.56 3.88 6.88 30.48 0.2
4 X 6.5'' collar 37 2.81 6.5 67.48 59.8
7 X 5'' HWDP 66.5 3 5 134.54 78.3
Jar 9.81 2.81 6.5 144.35 15.9
8 X 5'' HWDP 76 3 5 220.35 89.5

5'' 19.50 drill pipe 1250.65 4.28 4.93 1471 321.2
Table 5. 6: Mud properties of 2-B well.
Type Synthetic oil based mud (SOBM)
Mud weight 10.00ppg
API PV 19.0cp
API YP 16.0 Ibf/100ft2
Model yield power law
H-B K 93.4 eq. cp
H-B n 0.794

H-P YS 9.7 Ibf/100ft2
P-T Off
Fann 3 9.8 Ibf/100ft2
Fann 6 10.3 Ibf/100ft2
Fann 100 19.9 Ibf/100ft2
Fann 200 27.9 Ibf/100ft2
Fann 300 35.0 Ibf/100ft2
Fann 600 54.0 Ibf/100ft2
Table 5. 7: Cuttings properties of the 2-B well:
cutting diameter 0.07
cutting density 2.60g/cm3
cuttings concentration 1.48% by vol.
cutting weight 37 psi
bit ECD increase 0.17 Ibm/gal
Table 5. 8: Hole cleaning data:
Critical rate 450.7 gal/min
annular flow 550.0 gal/min
critical MD 665.0 m

Hole inclination 36.7 deg
Riser Boost flow 0 gal/min
Figure 5. 4: BHAs for Mangala 2B field.

Table 5. 9: Hydraulic program of 2-B Mangala field:
CUM. Press.
BHA Annulus String Length Length Flow Reynolds Drop.(p
elements OD in OD in (m) (m) regime number si)
PDC bit 8.5 5.75 0.3 0.3 Laminar 1808 0
675 X5
AD
PD(power
drive) 8.5 6.75 4.11 4.41 Laminar 2586.2 1
lower
saver sub 8.5 6.88 0.37 9.72 Transition 2714.3 0
ARC-6 8.5 6.75 5.49 15.21 Laminar 2586.2 2
Saver sub 8.5 6.93 0.37 15.58 Transition 2774.7 0
Telescope
MWD 8.5 6.75 7.53 23.1 Laminar 2586.2 2
Saver sub 8.5 6.88 0.56 23.66 Transition 2714.3 0
ADN-6 8.5 6.75 5.7 29.36 Laminar 2586.2 2
Saver
sub/X-
over 8.5 6.88 0.56 29.92 Transition 2714.3 0
X-over 8.5 6.88 0.56 30.48 Transition 2714.3 0
4 X 6.5''
collar 8.5 6.5 37 67.48 Laminar 2363 8
X-over 8.5 6.88 0.56 68.04 Transition 2714.3 0
7 X 5'' 8.5 5 66.5 134.54 Laminar 1569.7 6

HWDP
Jar 8.5 6.5 9.81 144.35 Laminar 2363 2
8 X 5''
HWDP 8.5 5 76 220.35 Laminar 1569.7 7
5'' Drill
pipe G 8.5 4.93 585.65 806 Laminar 1546.2 56
Table 5. 10: Collapse Calculation of 2-B well:
input parameter
fluid depth in drill pipe 3426ft
total depth 3592ft
fluid density in drill pipe 10ppg
fluid density outside drill
pipe 10ppg
collapse resistance 8765psi
Output data
collapse pressure 1779.64psi
maximum collapse pressure 1865.87psi
design factor 1.04

Table 5. 11: Tension calculation:
input parameters
weight of drill pipe 19.5ppf
length of drill collars 25 1/3ft
weight of drill collars 95ppf
buoyancy factor 6/7
yield strength 83650psi
dogleg severity 9.98/100ft
drill pipe outside diameter 5 inches
coefficient of friction 0.25
length of slips 13.5 inches
output parameters
maximum allowable load 7524psi
margin of over pull 6978.11psi
design factor 13.78
shock loading 29250psi
Bending 61302.15psi
later load on slip factors 3.44
friction factors 0.24
slip crushing 63699.28psi

Table 5. 12: Dog leg calculation:
input parameters
outside diameter of the drill pipe 5 inches
inside diameter of the drill pipe 4 2/7 inches
maximum tension load 545 8/9 psi
maximum permissible bending stress 11000psi
young's modulus of elasticity 30000000
half distance between tool joint 5 3/4 inches
output parameters
moment of inertia 14 1/4 inches
k factor 0.016 Ibm/ft
maximum dogleg severity 10 /100ft

Figure 5. 5: BHAs components.

5.1. Result and discussion
1. The used drill bit in this design is the PDC bit with outer diameter of 5.75 in order to
drill 8.5in diameter hole since PDC drill bit has higher ROP and longer life for drill bit
due to resistance to wear and reduce the time of drilling. The formation consists of
loose consolidate in the upper part while soft formation in the lower parts of the
formation and this make the PDC bit most suitable for drilling the formation.
Figure 5. 6: PDC bits.
2. The power drive tool (PD) used in the BHAs of the 2-B well in order to provide
necessary power for rotation the drill bit because this tool provide steering for the bit
direction to control the deflection angle of the well also PD contain gamma ray
sensor which provide information about the formation and azimuth angle of the well
with combination with MWD tools. In case the mud motor used in state of the PD will
only control the bit directional according to a set of angles. The mud motor was used
for drilling due to present of poor consolidate formation with the hard formation.

Figure 5. 7: Power drive tool.
Another important factor for using the PD is the improvement in the rate of penetration and
capacity of the drill bit to drill that’s led reduction in drilling time and cost. As from the below
figure demonstrate the huge difference between the ROP with using mud motor and the PD.
The type of the power drive was PD675x5AD where:
PD: power drive
675: indicate the motor size suitable according to the drill bit size
X5: indicate power drive type
AD: air drilling that’s type of power stator that can be using for different flow rate of the
drilling mud.

ROP
Figure 5. 8: Difference in rate of penetration (ROP) with using Power drive and motor..
3. The next component is the saver sub used to provide connection between two
sections of the BHAs and protect the end part of the BHAs tool from wear for
example in case of wearing this section can easily change in state of changing the
entire tools. In this section used to provide connection between the power drive and
the ARC-6.
Figure 5. 9: saver sub
4. Array resistivity compensator (ARC-6) which’s consists of five receiver and two
transmitter with 6 in space between the receivers. This tool will send electromagnetic
signal to the formation in order to measure the resistivity of the formation and
evaluate the formation. In these BHAs the ARC-6 which’s a LWD tool used with
combination with the mud motor which locate above ARC-6 and that give the ability
to the ARC-6 to store the real time data in down hole memory gauges or to store the
measured data in the MWD tool that located above the ARC-6 then sent to the
surface in state of using wire line logging tool. The using of the ARC-6 tool in the
BHAs of the directional drilling allow easier control for the drill bit direction due to
providing real time data about the angle of the well.

Figure 5. 10: ARC-6 tool.
5. After the ARC-6 another saver sub used to provide connection between the ARC-6
and the MWD tool.
6. The telescope MWD tool used in order to evaluate the well formation by measuring
the formation properties such as porosity, density, resistivity and gamma ray.
Another purpose used for MWD tool is survey measurement in order to obtain data
about the azimuth angle and inclination of the well to steer the bit direction. Addition
function of using MWD is to obtain data about drilling process such as tool face,
weight on bit, torque at bit vibration and stuck pipe.
7. Another saver sub used to connect the MWD with AND-6. After that azimuthal
density neutron (ADN-6) tool connected to the BHAs which‘s another tool of LWD to
evaluate the formation during drilling by measuring the bulk density of the formation
and detect the capacity of the pay zone based on measuring the neutron porosity
another important function of using AND-6 in directional well to obtain information
about hole size, shape and well stability.
8. The other part of the BHAs is the crossover sub (XO) which used in order to connect
to different threats of the tools. In this part the XO connect the ADN-6 and the drill
collars.

Figure 5. 11: Cross over sub
9. The other component of the BHAs is the drill collar and in this design four spiral drill
collar used in order to provide more weight on bit and to avoid differential sticking by
reducing the contact area between the BHAs and the wall of the well.
Figure 5. 12: Drill collar.
10. The crossover sub used to connect the drill collar with HWDP. Then Seven HWPD
with outer diameter of 5in used in the BHAs to provide more weight on the bit and to
put the BHA in tension to avoid differential sticking and torque.

Figure 5. 13: HWDP
11. After the HWDP the drilling jars with outer diameter 6.5in connect to the BHAs to
provide necessary impact load to freeing the stuck tools. Above the drilling jars
another 8 HWDP with outer diameter 5 in used to provide necessary weight to the
jars to impact load on the stuck tools.
Figure 5. 14: Drilling jars
The final component of the BHAs is the drill pipe and in this BHAs is five steel drill pipe of
type G used since the steel drill pipe are more strength and also have more resistant for
corrosion and the type G drill pipe have high minimum yield which’s 105.000 Ib/in2 to provide
suitable strength for the drill pipe since the well is directional and there are more weight on
the drill pipe.

Analysis the result:
Fortunately, the BHAs design for Mangala 2-B field success and there weren’t any
observable problems during drilling process and the BHAs able to drill desirable
depth and these success processes due to the following factor:
 Using suitable bit to drill the formation and also the result in obtain high ROP
that reduce the drill time and the cost.
 Using suitable power driveX5 tool that provide power for rotating the drill bit
and the power drive rotate only the drill bit which reduce the possibility of
BHAs failures in case of rotating the entire BHAs.
 Using the combination of real time well data obtained from ARC-6, ADN-6
and MWD tools allow continues controlling of the drill bit steering direction,
drill angle of the well.
 Providing suitable weight on bit by accurately calculation of drill collar and
HWDP numbers to keep the BHAs in tension and avoid bucking.
 Using synthetic oil base mud which better cooling and lubricate the drill bit in
the directional drilling process and with suitable flow rate avoided the
accumulation of cutting bed.
 Appropriate calculation of collapse, tension and dogleg allow suitable stress
design for the BHAs.
Observation of this study

The BHAs equipments such as drill pipe, drill collar and HWDP materials and length
should be suitable to resistance the failure caused by high amount of pressure that act on
the pipe surface and also BHAs should be compatible with the formation that drilled to
avoid corrosion and wear of the BHAs. The drilling fluid properties should be improve in
order to avoid accumulation of cutting in the bottom of the well and these achieved by
using high velocity drilling mud with optimum speed for rotating drill pipe. However in
case of unconsolidated formation better to use low velocity drilling mud to avoid erosion
of the formation and the transportation of improved by using turbulent flow with low
viscosity. The preferable drilling fluid in directional drilling is water base mud due to low
percentage of solid particles.

Conclusion
In the summary, the directional drilling method becomes important drilling method due to:
1. The different application such as sidetracking, multiple target drilling, horizontal
drilling, inaccessible pay zone drilling, relief wells, avoiding drilling through salt
formation and drilling fractures formation.
2. Different methods developed for deviating the well directional such as jetting,
whipstock and rotary steerable system.
3. The main cause for successful the directional drilling process is the design of the
BHAs consist of drill bit, drill collar, HWDP, stabilizer, roller reamer, drilling jars, junk
sub, shock sub, mud motor and MWD equipments.
4. The selection of suitable drilling mud is another parameter for success the drilling
operation because inappropriate chose of drilling mud will cause poorly cleaning of
the wellbore which’s led many costly drilling problems such as deflection of the
drilling direction, intersection, dog leg, wear of the casing and drilling string, keyseat,
instability of the wellbore, differential and mechanical sticking and failure in the BHAs
like fatigue and corrosion.
Recommendations
In the light of importance of directional drilling process it is highly recommended that
the researchers should focus on the developing the directional drilling techniques with
minimum cost and drilling problems in order to obtain maximum production rate and
benefits from valuable underground hydrocarbon. It might be advice also to improve the
drilling mud properties to obtain maximum cleaning efficiency.

References
 Atotaibi et al (2014) Bottom hole assembly management system, SPE. Saudi Arabia
vol 21-24, April 2014.
 Abdo(2014)directional drilling, Drilling, Mud Docs & Jobs

Fromhttp://www.drillingdoc.com/directional-drilling/.[Accessed 3rd December].
 Alder et al(1999) managing drilling risk, oil field review.Schlumberger ,USA.
 Azar, J.& Samuel, R. (2007) Drilling engineering .BHA design for directional drilling.
University of Tusla, Tusla.
 Bourgoyne et al.(1986) Applied drilling engineering. At the 1991 Society of petroleum
engineers,USA.
 Cheatham,C.(n.d) Wellbore trajectory Sperry-sun drilling services.Texas,USA.
 Choudhary,D (2011) Types of directional well profile, Directional drilling technology.
From: http://directionaldrilling.blogspot.com/2011/07/types-of-directional-well-
profile.html.[Accessed 12th December 2015].
 Carin( 2009) Rajasthan site visit.
From:https://www.cairnindia.com/sites/default/files/investor-presentation-
pdf/AnalystsRajasthanSiteVisitFeb09_0.pdf. [Accessed 12th May 2016].
 Dutta et al (2015). Oil well rig and directional drilling technology: A field investigation.
International conference on emerging trends in science technology engineering and
managements.
 Fayaz et al (2014) Bottom hole assembly and mud motor for directional drilling.
Biosciences biotechnology research Asia, vol.11, p.201-206.
 Jimaa,G.(2013) cutting transport models and parametric studies in vertical and

directional wells. University of Stavanger
 Htet,M.(n.d) bottom hole assembly components and performance,MPRL.
 Hughes,B.(1995)drilling engineering workbook.vol.4015,p.713-625.
 Inglis,S.(1987) Petroleum engineering development studies .Volume 2 directional

drilling, USA.
 Kelin et al (2013) Review and analysis of cuttings transport in complex structural well.
College of petroleum engineering.Pp.9-17.
 Larsen,K.L.(2014) Tools and techniques to minimize shock and vibration to the
bottom hole assembly, faculty of science and technology.

 Mantle,K.(2014) The art of controlling wellbore trajectory. Defining directional
drilling.From:http://www.slb.com/resources/oilfield_review/~/media/Files/resources/oilf
ield_review/ors13/win13/defining_dir_drill.ashx. [Accessed13thDecember 2015].
 Mitchell,R.&Miska,S. (2011)Fundamentals of drilling engineering directional well.
P.449-583, Society of petroleum, USA.
 Millheim ,K.(1978) evaluating and planning directional wells utilizing post analysis
techniques and a three dimensional bottom hole assembly program, European
petroleum conference and exhibition, SPE, London, vol.24-27,1978.
 Nguyen,J.(1996) Drilling rotatory assemblies in deviated wells(BHA),France.
 Okoronkwo, A &Carigail, P. (2014) Tackling drilling challenges through engineered
BHA and optimized drilling parameters: A case study from Niger delta, SPE.
 Pal et al (2011) BHA design analysis and its failure in directional wells. University of
petroleum and energy studies Dehradum.
 Piroozian et al (2012) impact of drilling fluid viscosity, velocity and hole inclination on
cutting transport in horizontal highly deviated wells. Production engineering.vol.2,
p.144-156.
 Rabia, H. (2002) Directional drilling, well engineering & construction.
 Ranjbar,R.(2010) cutting transport in inclined and horizontal wellbore. University of
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BOREHOLE ASSEMBLY DESIGN ANALYSIS USED FOR DIRECTIONAL DRILLING

Research · November 2018

Determination of Petrophysical Properties by Wire-line logging View project

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ID. NO: 1100323

Department of Natural Resources Engineering

Abeer Jasim Muhammed

Dr. Akram Hamoodi

AbeerJasim Muhammed Page I

Abeer Jasim Muhammed

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page II

Abeer Jasim Muhammed

Place: University of Kurdistan-Hewler

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page III

Dr.Akram Humoodi Al-Hiti

Place: University of Kurdistan-Hewler

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page IV

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page V

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page VI

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page VII

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page VIII

Figure 4. 1: the map of Mangala field, Rajasthan block ....................................................................... 34

Figure 5. 1: the casing design for the well. .......................................................................................... 35

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page IX

Table 3. 1 : the hole section and drill collar diameter .......................................................................... 16

Table 5. 1: the casing of the Mangala oil field: .................................................................................... 35

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page XI

ARC-array resistivity compensator

HWDP-heavy weight drill pipe

KOP-kick off point

RSS-rotary steerable system

PDM- positive displacement motor

TVD-true vertical depth

MWD-measurement while drilling

LWD-logging while drilling

XO-cross over sub

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page XII

1.2: The statement of the problems:

AbeerJasim Muhammed Page 1

Gust,D(1983) showed that the directional drilling maximize the hydrocarbon

Short,J(1993) suggested the drilling problems with directional drilling increased so

Stronach,G.(2001) suggested that in order to successes the drilling operation

AbeerJasim Muhammed Page 2

Sarmiento,Z.&Thorhousson,S.(2011) showed that previously directional drilling

Mitchell,R.&Miska,S.(2011) which’s demonstrated that the directional drilling should be

 The stiffness bending, the desire weight of each part of BHA.

Okoronkwo,A. &Carigali,P. (2014)stated that in order to drill directional wells different

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page 3

Okoronkwo,A&Carigali,P,(2014) stated that the main function of drill collars and

Larsen,K.L.(2014)observed that while drilling some failures occur in BHAs due to

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page 4

The applications of drilling directional wells (Cheatham,C,(n.d)):

Multiple wells inaccessible locations

Sidetrack for fishing relief wells

Figure 3. 1: Directional well applications (Abdou, 2014)

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page 5

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page 6

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Figure 3. 4: salt dome (Inglise, T.1987)

Abeer Jasim Muhammed Page 8

The advantages of horizontal drilling:

1. Maximizing the production rate in the formation with low permeability.