Reportforbondedunbondedprestressedslabs ASU2020

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BONDED AND UNBONDED POST- TENSIONING TECHNOLOGIES Post-

Tensioning Systems In Building Construction Supervised By
Technical Report · February 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.27638.14401
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Supervised By
Associate Prof. OSAMA ELNESR
NESR
BY
IBRAHIM ARABI
AHMED SAMIR
AHMED MOHAMED
MOHAMED MOSTAFA
BONDED AND UNBONDED POST- EHAB MOSTAFA
TECHNICAL REPORT
TENSIONING TECHNOLOGIES
Post-Tensioning Systems In Building Construction
AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
BONDED AND UNBONDED POST-TENSIONING

TECHNOLOGIES
A THESIS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
Concrete project in the Bachelor of Engineering
Submitted By:
Ibrahim Arabi Ahmed Samir
Ehab Mostafa Ahmed Mohamed
Mohamed Mostafa
Supervised By
Associate Prof. OSAMA EL NESR
Associate Professor of RC Structures Faculty of Engineering Ain Shams , Egypt
2020
i
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Engineering
Evaluation committee: Signature
Associate Prof. OSAMA ELNESR ___________________

Associate Prof. of RC Structures
Dr. TAREK EL-HASHIMY

DR . of RC Structures
Prof . Dr. ___________________

Prof. of RC Structures
Prof. Dr ___________________
Prof. of RC Structures
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, we would like to express all our thanks to GOD for his great help in completing
this report.
Also, we would like to express our sincere thanks to our supervisor Dr. Osama Mohamed Saad
Ahmed ELNESR for his guidance throughout the development of this report.
i
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to cover the purpose of why we, as designers, turn to using prestressed
steel for reinforcement instead of reinforcing with steel bars.
Firstly, we tell the reader how the prestressing process was developed and how it reached
Egypt; then we discuss in details the design process, manually and then using computer
programs. Secondly, we explain in details and illustrations how the construction process is
done and what machines nowadays are used.
Finally, we introduce three case studies that we find intriguing to a designer that summarize
the idea of what was introduced in the whole study.
i
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................... i
Abstract ......................................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ii
List of Figures ..............................................................................................................x
List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xx
Definitions and Notations ............................................................................................a
Chapter I Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter II State of the Art ................................................................................... 4
2.1 General ............................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Exp. 1 ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 Tendons ........................................................................................................... 4
2.2.2 Desigen ............................................................................................................ 4
2.2.3 Test set up........................................................................................................ 5
2.3 Exp. 2 ..................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.1 Test spcimens .............................................................................................. 7
2.3.2 Test set up .................................................................................................... 7
2.3.3 Expirmental results ...................................................................................... 8
2.3.4 failure modes ............................................................................................... 9
2.4 Exp 3 .................................................................................................................... 10
2.4.1 Test set up...................................................................................................... 12
2.4.2 Expirmental resultes ...................................................................................... 12
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ii
Table of Contents
2.5 Exp. 4 ................................................................................................................... 15
2.5.1 Test spcimens ................................................................................................ 17
2.5.2 mesurement ................................................................................................... 17
2.5.3 Test set up and loading process ..................................................................... 18
2.5.4 failure mode................................................................................................... 19
2.5.5 Test discussion .............................................................................................. 20
Chapter III Code and standers requirments ................................................ 22
3-Member desigen ................................................................................................ 22
3.1 One way systems.................................................................................................. 22
3.1.1 Minimum bonded reinforcement ............................................................... 22
3.1.2 Tendon spacing .......................................................................................... 23
3.1.3 Minimum shear reinforcement .................................................................. 23
3.1.4 Prestressed shrinkage and tempreture reinforcement ................................ 23
3.2 Two way systems ................................................................................................. 25
3.2.1 analysis ...................................................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Limits for reinforcement ............................................................................ 25
3.2.3 minimum bonded reinforcement ............................................................... 26
3.2.4 Tendon and bonded reinforcement distribution and spacing..................... 26
3.2.4 Recommended detail of reinforement for banded tendons distribution .... 27
3.3 Anchorage zones .................................................................................................. 28
3.3.1 Anchorage zone reinforcement .................................................................. 28
3.4 Desigen consederation ......................................................................................... 30
3.4.1 Tendon stress at factored load ................................................................... 30
3.4.2 Prestress lossses ......................................................................................... 31
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ii
Table of Contents
3.5 Avarage prestress ................................................................................................ 32
3.5.1 Minimum avarage prestress ....................................................................... 32
3.5.2 Maximum avarage prestress ...................................................................... 32
3.6 continous members .............................................................................................. 32
3.6.1 One way members ..................................................................................... 32
3.6.2 Two way members..................................................................................... 33
3.7 Fire resistance ...................................................................................................... 33
3.7.1 Minimum dimensions for various fire resistive classification ..................... 34
3.7.1.1 Slabs........................................................................................................ 34
3.7.1.2 Beams ..................................................................................................... 35
3.7.1.3 Anchorage device protection .................................................................. 35
3.8 Materials .............................................................................................................. 36
3.8.1.1 Prestressing reinforcement ..................................................................... 36
3.8.1.2 anchorage device .................................................................................... 36
3.8.2 Testes for tendons and anchorage device fittings……………………………...36

3.8.2.1 Static testes ............................................................................................. 36
3.8.2.2 fatigue testes ........................................................................................... 36
3.8.3 couplers ...................................................................................................... 36
3.9 protecrion materials ............................................................................................. 37
3.9.1 Post tensioning coating .............................................................................. 37
3.9.2 Sheathing ................................................................................................... 37
3.9.3 Protection of anchorage zones ................................................................... 37
3.10 Concrete cover ................................................................................................... 37
3.11 CSA-A23.3-04 Desigen of concrete structures .................................................. 38
3.12 ECP-203-2007-2018 .......................................................................................... 41
3.13 IBC 2009 ............................................................................................................ 50
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ii
Table of Contents
Chapter IV Construction.................................................................................... 52
4.1 Construction scope........................................................................................ 52
4.2 steps of construction ............................................................................................ 53
4.2.1 Receive materials on site ........................................................................... 53
4.2.2Cutting and processing stage ...................................................................... 53
4.2.3 Safety requirements for cutting ................................................................. 53
4.2.4 Roof planning process ............................................................................... 54
4.2.5 Roof execution process .............................................................................. 55
4.3 Roof modeling ..................................................................................................... 56
4.4 Tensile stage......................................................................................................... 57
4.5 Injection process ................................................................................................. 58
4.6 Forms of Prestressing Steel ................................................................................. 59
4.7 Difference between bonded and unbonded in construction ................................. 59
4.7.1 Bonded post-tensioned concrete ................................................................ 59
4.7.2 Unbonded post-tensioned concrete ............................................................ 60
Reference ............................................................................................................... 61
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ii
List of Figures
LIST OF FIGURES
List of Figures
Figure 1 Cross section and dimensions of 7-wires unbonded tendon ...................... 1
Figure 2 bonded system tendons detail for beams and slabs ................................... 2
Figure 3 Test set up of ETAB model for exp.1 ........................................................ 5
Figure 4 Simple beam for exp.2 ............................................................................... 5
Figure 5 Reinforcement details for fully and partial prestressed beams .................. 6
Figure 6 Application of the prestressing force ......................................................... 6
Figure 7 Groauting process ...................................................................................... 6
Figure 8 Test set up for exp.2 ................................................................................... 7
Figure 9 Deflection measurement (LVDT) .............................................................. 8
Figure 10 Failure modes of tested specimens .......................................................... 9
Figure 11 Details of experimental specimens exp.3............................................... 11
Figure 12 Test set up of exp.3 ................................................................................ 12
Figure 13 Crack propagation of tested specimens ................................................. 14
Figure 14 Load deflection respnse of tested specimens ......................................... 14
Figure 15 Details of experimental specimens exp.4............................................... 16
Figure 16 Test measurement for exp.4 .................................................................. 17
Figure 17 pressure sensores instruments ................................................................ 18
Figure 18 Test set up and loading process ............................................................. 18
Figure 19 Failure modes of frame beams ............................................................... 19
Figure 20 Defenetion of yield and ultimate displacement ..................................... 20
Figure 21 Details for use unbonded tendons as shrinkage and
tempreture reinforcement in one way beam and slab construction ...................... 24
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x
List of Figures
Figure 22 Banded tension ditrebution(kosut.et.al.1985) ........................................ 28
Figure 23 Plan view at slab edge showing added shrinkage and
tempreture reinforcement ..................................................................................... 28
Figure 24 Local and general zones ......................................................................... 30
Figure 25 Anchorage zone reinforcement for single strand tendon
anchorage in slab .................................................................................................... 30
Figure 26 Idealized stress-strain curve for prestressing steel ................................. 41
Figure 27 Minimum thickness of concrete cover and the distance
between wires and strandes ................................................................................... 45
between cable ducts ................................................................................................ 45
between cable ducts ............................................................................................... 46
Figure 30 Tendons installation ............................................................................... 52
Figure 31 Mark the path of strands ........................................................................ 54
Figure 32 opening and clicking of tendon place .................................................... 54
Figure 33 cable pass according to the desien drawings and pointing location....... 56
Figure 34 live end of tendon .................................................................................. 58
Figure 35 forms of prestressing steel ..................................................................... 60
Figure 36 external tendons for simple and continous beam ................................... 60
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x
List of Tables
LIST OF TABLES
List of Tables
Table 2.3.1.1 Experimental program for beams .......................................................... 7
Table 2.3.3.1 Experimental results .............................................................................. 8
Table 2.4.1 Specimens details .................................................................................... 11
Table 2.4.2.1 Experimental results ........................................................................... 13
Table 2.4.2.2 Cracking results ................................................................................... 13
Table 2.5.1.1 Details of specimens ........................................................................... 17
Table 2.6 comparetive of experiments results ........................................................... 21
Table 3.4.2.1 Approximate prestress losses ............................................................... 32
Table 3.7.1.1.a Suggested thickness requirements for concrete slabs for
fire endurance…………………………… …………………………………………34
Table 3.7.1.1.b Suggested minimum cover for slabs prestressed .............................. 34
Table 3.7.1.2 Suggested cover thickness for beams prestressed................................ 35
Table 18.1 Minimum area of bonded reinforcement ................................................. 38
Table 17 Concrete cover ............................................................................................ 39
Table 10-3 Allowble stresses in prestressing steel .................................................... 41
Table 10-2 Allowble stresses in concrete .................................................................. 42
Table 10-6 Minimum thickness of concrete cover .................................................... 44
Table 2-14-b Minimum concrete dimensions for fire resistance
for prestressed concrete.............................................................................................. 45
Table 10-7 Minimum concrete cover for cables with curved ducts ........................... 47
Table 10-8 Minimum spacing between the ducts axes in the plan of
the curved ducts ......................................................................................................... 48
Table 10-9 Minimum inside dimensions and minimum allowable
thickness for ducts...................................................................................................... 49
Table 721.2.2.1 Minimum slab thickness .................................................................. 50
Table 721.2.3(2) Cover thickness for prestressed concret for roof slabs................... 50
Table 720.1(1) Avarage tendon cover ....................................................................... 51
Table 3-14 conclusion ................................................................................................ 51
xx
Notations and Definitions
NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

* Definitions
Anchorage--- In post-tensioning, a device used to anchor the prestressing steel to the
concrete member.
Bonded tendons--- Tendons that are bonded to the concrete through grouting or other approved
means, and therefore are not free to move RELATIVE to the concrete.
Coating--- Material used to protect against corrosion and lubricate the prestressing steel.
Coupler— Device for connecting reinforcing bars or pre-stressing steel end to end.
Duct—Hole formed in the concrete for the insertion of prestressing steel that is to be post-
tensioned.
Prestressing steel— High-strength steel used to prestress concrete, commonly seven-wire
strands, single wires, bars, rods, or groups of wires or strands
Sheath---An enclosure in which the prestressing steel is placed to prevent bonding during
concrete placement and, in the case of tendons that are to remain unbonded, to protect the
corrosion-inhibiting coating on the prestressing steel.
Tendon—The complete assembly used to impart pre-stressing forces to the concrete,
consisting of anchorages and prestressing steel with sheathing when required.
Unbonded tendons—Tendons in which the prestressing steel is permanently free to move
(between anchors) relative to the concrete to which they are applying prestressing forces.
Wedge set—The relative movement of the wedges into the anchor cavity during the transfer
of the prestressing force to the anchorage, resulting in some loss of prestressing force.
Wedges—Pieces of tapered metal with teeth that bite into the prestressing steel (strand) during
transfer of the prestressing force. The teeth are beveled at the front end to ensure gradual
development of the tendon force over the length of the wedge. Two-piece wedges are normally
used for monostrand tendons
Strand—High-strength steel wires twisted around a center wire. For unbonded tendons, seven-
wire strand conforming to ASTM A 416 is used almost exclusively.
Live end—See stressing end.
Live-end anchorage—The anchorage at the end of a tendon that is used to stress the
prestressing steel(strand).
Monostrand—A single strand.
Stressing end—The end of the tendon at which the prestressing force is applied.
Stressing equipment—Consists normally of a jack, pump, hoses, and a pressure gauge
Wobble friction—The friction caused by the unintended horizontal deviation of the tendon.
a
* Notations
Fps = stress in prestressing reinforcement at nominal flexural strength, psi (MPa)
Fps = stress in post-tensioned tendons at nominal strength at high temperatures, psi (MPa)
Fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing reinforcement, psi (MPa)
Fpu = tensile strength of tendons at high temperatures, psi(MPa)
Fse = effective stress in prestressing reinforcement, after allowance for all prestress losses, psi
(MPa)
fy = specified yield stress of reinforcement, psi (MPa)
h = slab thickness, in. (mm)
L = span length of beam or one-way slab; clear projection of cantilever, in. (mm)
l = length of tendon, in. (mm)
M = total applied static moment (unfactored), lb-in. (kN-m)
+
M tq = retained midspan moment, lb-in. (kN-m)
M1− = retained negative moment capacity at Column 1, lb-in.(N-m)
M2− = retained negative moment capacity at Column 2, lb-in. (N-m)

Nc = resultant tensile force acting on the portion of the concrete cross section that is subjected
to tensile stresses due to the combined effects of service loads and effective prestress, lb (N)
P = average force in the prestressing reinforcement, lb(N)
VP = vertical component of effective prestress forces crossing the critical section
c = stress corresponding to nominal two-way shear strength provided by concrete, psi (MPa)
cw = nominal shear stress provided by concrete where diagonal cracking results from high
principal tensile stress in web, lb (N)
w = uniformly distributed load, plf (kN/m)
s = constant used to calculate Vc in slabs, lb (MPa)

L = tendon elongation, in. (mm)
 = strength reduction factor
 = modification factor to reflect the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete
p = ratio of Aps to bdP
bo = perimeter of critical section for two-way shear in slabs, in. (mm)
bw = effective flange width for normal forces at posttension anchor, in. (mm)
dp = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressing reinforcement, in.
(mm)
b
Es = modulus of elasticity of prestressing reinforcement, psi (MPa)

fci` = strength of concrete at time of initial prestress, psi(MPa)
fcp = permissible concrete compressive stress, psi (MPa)
fpc = compressive stress in concrete, after allowance for all prestress losses, at centroid of cross
section resisting externally applied loads or at junction of web and fiange where the centroid
lies within the flange, psi (MPa); in a composite member, he is the resultant compressive stress
at centroid of composite section, or at junction of web and flange where the centroid lies within
the flange, due to both prestress and moments resisted by precast member acting alone, psi
(MPa)
Ab = net bearing plate area. in.2 (mm2)
Ab' = maximum area of the portion of the concrete anchorage surface that is geometrically
similar to and concentric with the area of the anchorage, in.2 (mm2) Ac' cross-sectional area
of the slab, perpendicular to the slab edge, between the center of the exterior span and the slab
edge, in.2 (mm2)
Acf = larger of gross cross-sectional areas of the slabbeam strips of the two orthogonal
equivalent frames intersecting at the column, in.2 (mm2)
Aps = area of prestressed longitudinal tension reinforcement, in.2 (mm2)
As.min= minimum bonded reinforcement in negative moment areas of two-way systems
b = width of compression face of member, in. (mm)
bf = total flange width
bn = effective overhang flange width for normal forces, in. (mm)
c
Chapter I Introduction
__________________________________________________________________________________
1- INTRODUCTION
1.1-Scope
The post-tensioning systems commonly used in building and bridge Construction are grouped
into two principal categories. These are the unbonded and the bonded systems.
The distinguishing characteristic of an unbonded tendon is that, by design, it does not form a
bond along is length with the concrete Unbonded tendons are generally made of single strand
high strength Steel, covered with a corrosion inhibiting coating and encased in a plastic
sheathing (Figure1). The force in the stressed tendon is transferred to the concrete primarily by
the anchors provided at its ends. Variations in force along the tendon is effected by the friction
between the strand and the tendon profile in the concrete member. Since the force in an
unbonded tendon transferred primarily by the anchors at its ends, the long-term integrity of
anchors throughout the Service lite of an unbonded Tendon become crucial
the function of the plastic sheathing is, (i) to act as a bond breaker, (ii) to provide protection
against damage by mechanical handling, and (iii) to form a barrier against intrusion of moisture
and chemicals. The strand coating, commonly referred to as grease, (i) reduces friction between
the strand and the plastic sheathing, and (ii) provides The added protection against corrosion .
Unbonded tendons are typically employed as mono-strands, with each tendon having its
dedicated end anchors. Also, tendons are stressed individually. Recently however, unbonded
tendons consisting of groups of two, or more strands, each wrapped individually, but encased
in a tough group sheathing have been introduced into the market in Europe and overseas. Mono-
strand unbonded tendons have been in use in the United States since the late 1950s. Their
application has been primarily in building construction. A short history of development of
unbonded tendons is given in [Aalami 1990b]. In some literature, the unbonded tendons are
referred to as debonded tendons.
Figure 1- Cross section and dimensions of 7-wires unbonded tendon
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1
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The characteristic feature of a bonded tendon is that, by design, the tendon forms a continuous
bond along its length with the concrete sur rounding it. The bond is achieved through a
cementitious matrix which surrounds the strands, commonly referred to as grout. It acts with
the duct which is encased in the concrete member to complete the bond path between the
prestressing strands and the concrete member. After stressing of a tendon, the grout is injected
into the void of the tendon duct which houses the prestressing strands (Figure 2)
Figure 2- bonded system tendons detail for beams and slabs

When the grout hardens, through its bond to the strand, it locks the movement of the strand
within the duct to that of the concrete surrounding it. Hence, the force in a bonded strand
becomes a function of the deformation of the concrete surrounding it. Figure 2 shows two
examples from the many variations of bonded tendons. The flat duct tendon shown is for use
in thin members, such as slabs. It houses up to either 4 or S strands placed side by side. The
strands generally Share a common anchor piece each end, but are stressed and locked off
individually. Corrugated, or smooth metal ducts. as well as corrugated plastic ducts are the
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
__________________________________________________________________________________
materials of choice. Use of the flat plastic corrugated duct is more common in the US. whereas
elsewhere. flat metal ducts are more widely used. The larger round ducts are for application in
beams and deep members. the strands in these are stressed and locked off simultaneously using
a specially designed multistrand stressing jack .
In this system, the function of the grout is; (i) to provide a continuous bond between the strand
and the duct, (ii) to increase protection against corrosion by acting as a physical barrier to
moisture penetration, and (iii) through its alkalinity, provide an environment non-conductive
for corrosion. The function of the duct is: (i) to maintain avoided path for the strands in the
concrete member during construction, (ii) to transfer the bond between the grout within the
duct and the concrete surrounding, and (iii) to act as additional protection against penetration
of moisture and chemicals into the interior of the duct. The principal function of the anchor
assemblies at the ends is to hold the forces generated in the tendon at stressing, until the grout
is introduced, hardened and cured. Bonded tendons are generally multi-strands. Tendons of up
to 50 strands in one duct are not uncommon Traditionally, the principal application of bonded
tendons has been in bridge construction
In recent years, there has been a growing tendency in the use of external tendons in new bridge
construction, as well as in the retrofit of buildings. Many designers and investigators regard
external tendons as a form of unbonded tendon construction. While admitting their likeness
This Technical Note does not address their application. The focus of this Technical Note is on
tendons which are used in building construction, and which are contained within the body of
the structural member they pre-stress.
In its infancy and throughout later development, due to lack of Knowledge, absence or
inadequacy of relevant specifications and Codes, and possibly short sightedness or aggressive
entrepreneur ship, unbonded post-tensioning systems, which today are viewed as systems with
inherent flaws in their durability performance, were used. These problems are now well
recognized and have been effectively addressed. Today, through a full understanding of the
structural behavior, availability of strong analytical tools, matured specifications and codes
(PTI 1993, ACI 1992, 1989), refined construction techniques (PTI 1994), improved materials
and hardware, owners and engineers can fully realise the advantages of prestressing in their
building projects. This Technical Note examines the features and performance of the unbonded
and the bonded systems as they are available today. It provides a comparative review of the
merits the two Systems.
Let it be clear at the outset both systems if designed detailed and Constructed according to
Current specifications and good practice will provide durable structures meeting code intended
serviceability and strength requirements. Or, If need be, both systems are capable to reach
beyond the minimums stipulated in codes and produce a user-defined level of performance, in
particular With respect to durability. The merits of each, and the selection of a system depends
on the technology. the skilled labor and hardware readily available to the supplier, as well as
the economies of Construction in the local market . None is blessed to be categorically superior
to the other. The following review concludes with a numerical design example, giving the
material quantities which are needed for a frame of a typical parking structure
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3
Chapter II State of The Art
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2- STAT OF THE ART

2.1-Gneral
During the past century, the use of prestressing has increased tremendously. most important
techniques of prestressing is post-tensioning. In post tensioning two different method bonded
and unbonded technic. Due to those technic used in tendons/strands, thus overcome the more
flexible and fast construction compare to RCC. Bonded and unbonded system in stress,
strength, deflection, bending moment and load balancing condition with solve by theoretical
and software. System present in graphical and designing data. Both methods applying and
solve base on case-study, during that time many scientific experiments have been done in
universities and labs, we will show you some of them.
2.2- Exp "1"

Nishant M. Dobariya "Department of Civil Engineering , Parul University, Vadodara"
Ankit Agrawa "Department of Civil Engineering, Parul University, Vadodara"
-They use
• Rectangular beam with 10-20m span.
• Extra reinforcement in both system.
• Deflection, Bending Moment, Top-Bottom stress, Shear force,
• Manual calculation base on IS-1343:1980,ACI-318 code including all parameter.
2.2.1-Tendons:
Unbonded tendons typically consist of single (mono) strands or threaded bars that remain
unbonded to the surrounding concrete . The strands in unbonded mono-strand systems are
coated with specially formulated grease with an outer layer of seamless plastic extruded in
one continuous operation to provide protection against corrosion, For bonded systems the
pre-stressing steel is encased in a corrugated metal or plastic duct. After the tendon is stressed,
cementitious grout is injected into the duct to bond it to the surrounding concrete. In addition,
the grout creates an alkaline environment which provides corrosion protection for the pre-
stressing steel.
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4
__________________________________________________________________________________
2.2.2-Design:
The complete analysis and design done in structural analysis tool ADAPT-PT- BUILDER
and also ETABS 2016 Design of Post-Tensioning and RCC Structural Systems, also data
give bending moment, shear force, deflection, mid top stress, mid bottom stress. Size of beam
consider 600mmx750mm,this size and must prefer for both system. Also apply dead load, self
weight live load consider 5kN/m2 ,with standard, column size 500mmx500mm, All losses are
included by span,In beam up to 7 tendon use, Analysis result give total service load
(D.L+L.L+PT)and sustained load(D.L+0.3L.L+P.T) combination.
2.2.3-Test set-up : as shown at Figure 3
D.L+L.L+PT
Figure ( 3 ) Test set up of ETAB model for exp.1
2.3- Exp "2" :

-They use
• Nine beams prestressed and non-prestressed with dimension (340*160*4400)mm
• as shown in Figure .4. The beams were simply supported with a clear span of 4000-
mm
• The flexural non-prestressed steel and steel stirrups were made of deformed high
tensile steel with yield stress of 470 MPa and ultimate strength of 610 MPa.
• The top longitudinal reinforcement of the specimens was two 10-mm diameter bars
with a ratio of 0.29%.
• The stirrups were 10-mm diameter bars every 200 and 100-mm at mid-span and
beam ends
• The concrete cover of the stirrups was 25-mm.
• The average dry-cured 28-day compressive strengths of the selected mixes were
43, 72 and 97 MPa.
Figure ( 4 ) Simple beam for exp.2
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5
__________________________________________________________________________________
The main reinforcement of the specimens changed according to the pre stressing index (Ip),
which was defined as the ratio of the yield strength of the pre stressing reinforcement to the
sum of the yield strength of the pre stressing and non-pre stressing reinforcement, as given by
the following equation [9]:
Eq ( 9 )
The prestressing steel strand diameter 15.24-mm had a profile similar to the bending moment
induced from the concentrated loads, as shown in Figs. 5a and 5b
Fig. 5a Reinforcement details of fully prestressed beams.
Fig. 5b Reinforcement details of partially prestressed beams
Figure ( 6 ) Application of the prestressing force Figure ( 7 ) Groauting process

bonded strands were grouted under pressure using grout with 36 MPa compressive strength, as
shown in Figure ( 6 ) and Figure ( 7 )
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6
__________________________________________________________________________________
2.3.1-Test specimens
The variables considered in this study, were concrete compressive strength (43, 72 and 97
MPa), bonded and unbonded tendons and pre stressing index (0%, 70% and 100%), as given
in Table 2.3.1.1 The details of the tested specimens are as follows:
Table 2.3.1.1 (Experimental program for beams)
2.3.2-Test set-up
The beams were subjected to a cyclic loading up to failure using a hydraulic machine of 300
kN capacity. The load was measured using a load cell of 1000 kN capacity . Two concentrated
loads at 1000 mm from mid span were applied on the beam using a stroke control system. The
longitudinal and transverse strains of the specimens were measured by two different methods;
linear variable differential transducers, (LVDT), and electric strain gauges. The strains of non-
pre stressed steel reinforcement were measured in the longitudinal direction. Deflection was
measured at the mid-span and under the concentrated loads. Figure. 8 shows location of the
different instrumentations.
Figure ( 8 ) Test set up for exp.2
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7
__________________________________________________________________________________
2.3.3-Experimental Results:
Table 2.3.3.1 summarizes the experimental results: the cracking load P cr at the mid span and
the corresponding vertical deflection Dcr, the maximum load P max and the corresponding
vertical deflection D, the yielding load and the corresponding vertical deflection Dy and the
vertical deflection at failure Du. The table also shows the initial stiffness, which represented
by the slope of load deflection curve before cracking, post cracking stiffness, which represented
by the slope of load deflection curve after cracking up to yielding of reinforcement and the
modes of failure for the tested beams as shown at figure ( 9 )
Figure ( 9 ) Deflection measurement (LVDT)

Table 2.3.3.1( Experimental results)
** According to the pervious observations the non-pre stressed steel improves serviceability of the
beams, because it decreases the crack width and distributes it along the beam length. In addition, the
small crack width produces lower stress concentration at the location of cracks. These results are
complying with those given in the literature for the pre stressed beams with different pre stressing
indices.
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2.3.4-Failure Modes :
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9
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2.4- Exp "3":

They use:
• Ten full scale specimens with overall dimensions of (200x300x3300) mm which
were divided into four groups :
-The first group consists of two fully reinforced concrete specimens
-The second and the third groups, each consists of three partially prestressed
concrete specimens with bonded and un-bonded strands, respectively
-The fourth group consists of two fully prestressed specimens with bonded
strands
• Concrete mix of target value of (40) MPa was adopted
• Deformed steel bars with yield stress of (570) MPa and ultimate strength of (650)
MPa was used for flexural non-prestressed and stirrups.
• Low-relaxation seven-wire steel strands, with (12.7) mm diameter, (Grade 270),
has been used in all prestressed specimens.
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Figure ( 11 ) Details of experimental specimens
2.4.1 table specimens details
Note: UN = under - reinforced; MAX = maximum reinforced (𝜌 = 0.75 𝜌𝑏 ); U = unbonded;

B = bonded; TC=tension - controlled; TR=transition - controlled; CC = compression -
controlled; 𝜔𝑝 , 𝜔 and 𝜔′ = the reinforcement index for tensile prestressing, tensile non-
prestressed and compression non-prestressed reinforcement, respectively.
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2.4.1-Test Set-up :
All specimens were loaded in four-point bending using two symmetrical monotonic
concentrated static loads applied at one-third of the span length as shown in Fig. 12.
Specimens were subjected to a monotonically increasing load up to failure using a load
control test. All measurements, such as beam deflections, strains in steel strands, strains
in steel bars and strains in concrete were recorded twice, immediately after the application
of the load and after (10) minutes later.
Deflection was measured at midspan using dial gage of (0.01) mm accuracy. Electrical
strain gauges were used to measure the strains in prestressing steel, non-prestressing steel
and concrete. Cracks were monitored along the span of the beams. Maximum crack width,
number of cracks and average crack spacing were measured sequentially during loading.
Figure ( 12 ) -Test set-up
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2.4.2-Experimental results :
• Cracking behavior :
Flexural cracks in all specimens were initiated at the location of pure moment zone
perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the specimen and extended up to the
location of the tensile nonprestressed reinforcement. Table 2.4.2 illustrates
experimental and theoretical cracking load as well as experimental and theoretical
deflection at this loading stage as shown at Figure 13 .
Table 2.4.2.1( Experimental results )
From Table 2.4.2.1, it was observed that the presence of prestressing steel has good
contribution to delay the cracking appearance and increase the cracking load.
Crack width, number of cracks and average crack spacing at failure were measured
and recorded throughout the test as shown in Table 2.4.2.2.
Table-2.4.2.2-(Cracking results)
• Load-Deflection response :
The load deflection curves for the tested specimens are shown in Fig.14. It can be
seen that for specimens of (FR) and (PP) groups with tension-controlled and
transition-controlled concrete sections, three distinctive points could be observed.
These points are characterized cracking, yielding and ultimate loads.
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Figure 13 Crack propagation of tested specimens
Figure 14: Load-deflection response of tested specimens.

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• Moment capacity and strain in prestressing reinforcement :
The strain in prestressing strands has been measured using two electrical strain gauges
per each strand which were fixed at midspan section. Accordingly, the stress was
determined by using the actual stress-strain curve of the strand. This stress was
compared with the stress determined according to the mentioned below empirical
equations, which adopted by the ACI-318-2011.
I - For bonded strands:
II - For unbonded strands:
** The magnitude of ultimate load capacity was varied depending on the value of the
reinforcement index. Almost experimental ultimate load results were greater than the
theoretical values. The reason of this can be interpreted that the calculated stress in
prestressing steel, according to equations (4) or (5), was smaller than the experimental
values. In general, comparison of these results indicates good agreement between the
experimental and theoretical results for all the specimens except the compression-
controlled specimens.
2.5-Exp "4":
They use :
• Two prestressed SRC (PSRC) frame beam specimens, which were denoted as UPSRC
(unbonded) and BPSRC (bonded).
• The span between two column centerlines is 8200mm and the clear height of column is
1610 mm.
• The width and the depth of frame beam section were respectively 210mm and 490 mm
.
• The column section were 300mm and 430 mm .
• The two specimens were cast with C40 concrete
• The prestress strength ratio (λ = Ap fpy /(Ap fpy + As fy + Asf fsy )) of the specimens
was about 0.5.
• The average measured effective stress of the tendons at two ends was about 1312 MPa
in UPSRC and 1100 MPa in BPSRC .
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Figure ( 15 ) Details of experimental specimens exp.4
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2.5.1-Test specimens : as shown at table 2.5.1
2.5.2-Measurement :
The strains of longitudinal rebar and steel flange were measured, as shown in
Fig. 16(a). The concrete strain at top and bottom of the frame beams were also
measured, as shown in Fig. 16(b). In addition, displacement transducers were
arranged to measure the vertical deflection of the frame beams (Fig. 16(b)). Fig. 17
shows the pressure sensors and acquisition instruments at two ends of the frame
beam to measure the forces in tendons.
(b)
Figure (16) Test measurement for exp.4
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Figure 17 pressure sensores instruments
2.5.3- Test Setup and Loading process :

The frame beam was tested under third point loading. Two hydraulic actuators were used, of
which one is 1000 kN and another is 500 kN. One end of the actuator was connected to the
reaction frame and the other end was connected with a steel slab. The steel slabs at top and
bottom of the frame beam were linked together with four screws, clamping the beam, as the
Fig. 18 shows.
Figure 18 -Test set up and loading process
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2.5.4-Failure mode :
The failure of both frame beams was dominated by flexure effects and three plastic hinges
were developed at beam ends and mid-span. During displacement control stage, as the
displacement increased, longitudinal rebar and steel flange at beam ends and mid-span
yielded in turns firstly. Then, the compression cover concrete crushed and the spall of
concrete was serious. Finally, the compression rebar at midspan and beam ends buckled.
In addition, local concrete split destruction happened at the top of beam-column joint. It
could be resulted from the local compress action caused by tendons, which may cause
initial longitudinal cracks or defects in concrete. The cracks developed during the loading
period and resulted in the split destruction when load and deformation increased. Fig. 19
showed the failure mode of UPSRC and BPSRC frame beams.
Figure 19- the failure mode of UPSRC and BPSRC frame beams.
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2.5.5-Test discussion :
Ductility: A widely accepted indicator used to evaluate the ductility of structure is called
ductilitycoefficient, μ, which is expressed by μ = Δu/Δy (1)
where Δu is ultimate displacement, Δy is yield displacement, as shown in Fig. 20.
The values of μ of UPSRC and BPSRC were listed in Table 4. The ductility coefficients
of UPSRC and BPSRC were 2.91 and 2.84, implying that the prestress tendon form
(unbonded/bonded) seemed to exhibit little influence on the ductility of PSRC frame beam
Figure 20 -definition of yield and ultimate displacement

Degradation of carrying capacity and stiffness Carrying capacity degradation coefficient, γ, is
commonly used to reflect the effect of cumulative damage on the structure’s mechanical
performance. The coefficient, γ, is expressed by: γ = 100% × (P1−P2)/P1 (2)
where P1, P2 are respectively the maximum loads of first and second cycle in the same levels
of displacement. The maximum downward γ of BPSRC and UPSRC were 14.8% and13.5%
As deformation increased, the stiffness of BPSRC became higher than UPSRC
Deformation and crack restoring capacity:

• Both specimens were unloaded after the service load, it could be found that the cracks
on the beams all closed. Additionally, unloading when the downward load was about equal to
0.6 PM, most cracks on the beams closed and only a few could be seen but were less than
0.02mm (the precision of crack measurement is 0.02 mm), implying the bonded or unbonded
tendons could well control the cracks and improve the durability of general SRC members.
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Table-2.6 -Comparative of Experiments Results
Title EXP ( 1 ) EXP ( 2 ) EXP ( 3 ) EXP ( 4 )
bonded is More Bonded is more bonded is More bonded is More

Deflection than unbonded than unbonded than unbonded than unbonded
( by 2 - 10 %) by (199 %) ( by 2 - 5 %) (3.8 - 1.8 mm)
bonded is More unbonded is
Ductility -------------------- than unbonded -------------------- More than
(by 265% ) bonded
bonded is More
bonded is More
Stiffness -------------------- than unbonded --------------------
than unbonded
(by 13% )
bonded is More
bonded is More
than unbonded
Depth -------------------- than unbonded ---------------------
(by 3 – 20%)
(by 5 – 3%)
bonded is More bonded is More
Shear than unbonded -------------------- than unbonded ---------------------
( by .5 - 2 %) ( by 1 - 2 %)
bonded More bonded More
Moment than unbonded -------------------- than unbonded ---------------------
(by 1 – 3%) (by 2 – 3%)
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Chapter III CODES AND STANDERDS REQUIREMENTS
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3-MEMBER DESIGN
3.1—One-Way Systems
One-way slabs are addressed in ACI 318-14 Chapter 7. The chapter organization provides
design limits, required strength, required design strength, reinforcement limits, and reinforcing
detailing. Prestressed members are grouped into three design categories: uncracked (U),
transition (T), and cracked (C). Each category is defined according to the maximum calculated
flexural tensile stress under service load conditions. For C members, there is no upper limit on
calculated flexural tensile stresses under service loads, and any combination of stressed and
unstressed reinforcement is permitted. Serviceability requirements related to C and T members
are given in ACI 318
3.1.1 Minimum Bonded Reinforcement—The minimum bonded reinforcement required

in ACI 318-14, 7.6.2, is considered adequate to limit crack widths due to dead load and live
load by providing adequate crack distribution (Bums et al. 1978; Yamazaki et al. 1969; Burns
and Pierce 1967). This amount of reinforcement also provides an independent load-carrying
system in the event of a catastrophic failure of the tendons or abnormal loading in one span of
a continuous one-way post-tensioned element with unbonded tendons. For this reason, ACI
318-14, 7.7.4.2, requires that bonded reinforcement used as part of the design moment strength
be detailed in accordance with the provisions of ACI 318-14, 7.7.3. Such bonded reinforcement
provides an independent load path in one-way systems. All prestressed concrete slabs (Classes
U, T, and C) in ACI 318-11 were exempt from the reinforcement spacing limits in ACI 318-
11, 7.6.5 (deformed flexural reinforcement spacing to be less than 3h and 18 in. [610 mm]).
However, this requirement was changed in 7.7.2 of ACI 318-14 for Class C prestressed
concrete slabs to make it similar to non-prestressed. Based on field experience with the
performance of Class U and Class T unbonded post-tensioned slabs, the maximum spacing of
the deformed reinforcement should be limited to six times the slab thickness or 36 in. (910
mm), whichever is less. Extension requirements for reinforcement that is not part of the
moment strength are given in ACI 318-14, 7.7.4.4.
— In one-way slabs- the use of service load design tensile stresses in the range of 9 to
12 .75 to1 usually results in bonded reinforcement strength
requirements reasonably similar to those required by ACI 31 8-14, 7.6.2.3. Tests of slabs
with this level of design tensile stress in conjunction with the bonded reinforcement
requirements of ACI 31 8-14, 7.6.2.3, indicate that such slabs have performed satisfactorily
(Burns et al. 1978). Prestressed concrete members categorized as Class C in ACI 318 have no
upper limit on flexural tensile stresses, and the use of any combination of prestressed and non-
prestressed reinforcement is permitted. The use of lower design tensile stresses, however, is
preferable from the durability stand- point for applications in aggressive environments, such as
parking structure decks in severe climates (Walker 1980).
One-way post-tensioned beams and slabs with unbonded tendons are waived from the 1.2Mcr
requirement of ACI 318-14,7.6.2.1, because the undesirable behavior due to sudden transfer of
tensile force from concrete to prestressing reinforcement at first cracking in lightly reinforced
sections does not occur in members with unbonded tendons
22
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3.1.2 Tendon spacing— The minimum bonded reinforcement requirements for one-way
slabs under ACI 318-14, 7.6.2.3, typically result in the use of No.4 (No.13) bars at 21 in. (500
mm) centers for both positive and negative moments for a 4-1/2 in. (115 mm) thick slab. For
an 8 in. (200 mm) thick one-way slab, No.4 (No.13) bars are required at approximately 12 in.
(300 mm) centers , larger bars can be used at somewhat wider spacing. In consideration of
this amount and spacing of bonded reinforcement,
a maximum tendon spacing of eight times the slab thickness but not more than 5 ft (1.5 m)
is recommended for one-way slabs with normal live loads and uniformly distributed loads
(refer also to 3.3.5). Tendon spacing may need to be adjusted for slabs with concentrated loads,
based on the size, configuration and magnitude of the load concentration. ACI 318 contains
no requirement for maximum tendon spacing or minimum axial compressive stress in one-way
prestressed slabs. It is common practice to use an average minimum effective axial
precompression stress of 125 psi (0.86 MPa) at every cross section tributary to the tendon,
which can be further reduced to 100 psi (0.69 MPa) for short spans with little or no tension
stresses. In certain cases, such as external tendon retrofits, tendon spacing greater than eight
times the slab thickness or 5ft (1.5 m) may be applicable. In such cases, these limits may be
exceeded, provided it can be shown by analysis that the slab system can adequately carry the
design loads.
3.1.3 Minimum shear reinforcement —A minimum amount of stirrup reinforcement is

necessary in all post-tensioned joists, waffle slabs, and T-beams to provide a means of
supporting tendons in the tendon design profile. When tendons are not adequately supported
by stirrups, local deviations of the tendons from the smooth parabolic curvature assumed in
design may result during placement of the concrete. When the tendons in such cases are
stressed, the deviations from the intended curvature tend to straighten out, and this process may
impose large tensile stresses in webs of post-tensioned beams, joists, or waffle slabs.
Severe cracking has been observed in several instances where no stirrups were provided.
Unintended curvature of the tendons may be avoided by securely tying tendons to stirrups that
are rigidly held in place by other elements of the reinforcing cage. For bundles of two to four
mono-strand tendons, ties to a minimum of No. 3 (No. 10 mm diameter) stirrups at 2 ft 6 in.
(760 mm) centers are suggested, and for bundles of five or more mono-strand tendons, ties to
a mini-mum of No. 4 stirrups (No. 15) at 3 ft 6 in. (1070 mm) centers are recommended. This
amount and spacing of stirrups is recommended even when the magnitude of the shear stress
is such that no stirrups are required under the provisions of Section 11.5.5 of ACI 318. In most
cases, closer stirrup spacings will be required to satisfy the shear reinforcement requirements
of ACI 318.
3.1.4-Prestressed Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement-ACI 318-14, 24.4.4, is

the result of an extensive revision in ACI 318-11 . The gross concrete area is now defined as
the total beam web area, including the slab thickness and the area of the slab tributary to the
beam. Beam tendons may be included in providing the required 100 psi (0.7 MPa) minimum
average compression stress on this gross concrete area. The spacing of shrinkage and
temperature tendons should not exceed 6 ft (1.8 m), measured between adjacent tendons,
between faces of beams, or between walls and the closest tendon. When tendon spacing exceeds
4.5 ft (1.4 m), non-prestressed reinforcement, parallel to the tendons, is added at the slab edge
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in accordance with ACI 318-14, 7.7.6. At least one tendon is required in the slab between the
faces of adjacent beams or walls.
Tendons used for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement should be positioned parallel to the
beams and vertically as close as practicable to the center of the slab. Where shrinkage and
temperature tendons support or conflict with the principal slab tendons, variation from the slab
centroid is permissible, but the resultant eccentricity of the total shrinkage and temperature
tendons within the slab should not extend outside the kern limits of the slab cross section.
Figure 21 illustrates details for the use of unbonded tendons as shrinkage and temperature
reinforcement in one-way beam and slab construction.
Figure 21 -Details for use of unbonded tendons as shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
in one-way beam and slab construction. ( Note:1in.= 25.4 mm ).
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3.2—Two-way systems
Two-way slabs are addressed in ACI 318-14 Chapter 8.The chapter organization provides
design limits, design strength, required resistance, reinforcement limits, and reinforcing
detailing.
3.2.1-Analysis-Slab systems prestressed in more than one direction for flexure should be
analyzed in accordance with the provisions of equivalent frame or by more precise methods,
including finite element techniques or classical elastic theory. The equivalent frame method of
analysis has been shown by tests of large structural models to satisfactorily predict factored
moments and shears in prestressed slab systems (Post-Tensioning Institute 1977; Burns and
Hemakom 1977; Scordelis et al. 1959; Cleland et al. 1979). The referenced research also shows
that the yield-line theory accurately predicts the flexural strength of two-way post-tensioned
slabs. Analysis using prismatic sections or other approximations of stiffness, which differ
substantially from the equivalent frame method, may provide erroneous and unsafe results.
Moment redistribution for prestressed slabs is covered in ACI 31 8-14, 6.6.5. ACI 31 8-14,
8.11.6.5, does not apply to two-way prestressed slabs. ACI 318-14, 8.11.6.6, is excluded
because the distribution of moments between column strips and middle strips is based on
tests of reinforced concrete slabs and the concept of column strips and middle strips is virtually
never used in prestressed slabs, almost all of which use a banded tendon distribution (Fig. 3.3.I).
Further, simplified methods of analysis using average coefficients do not apply to prestressed
concrete slab systems. All other provisions of ACI 318-14, 8.11, specifically including the
arrangement of live loads specified in ACI 318-14, 6.4.3, are applicable for the analysis of
post-tensioned slabs. ACI 318 requires that two-way prestressed slab systems be designed as
Class U, with a maximum permissible concrete flexural tensile stress of under service loads.
The lateral load stiffness should be assessed considering the effects of slab cracking (ACI 318-
14, 8.11; Kang and Wallace 2008b; Han et al. 2006). For lateral load analysis, the cracked
section bending stiffness should be used and the torsional stiffness taken as 1/10 of the
torsional member when using the equivalent frame method of analysis and where there is the
potential for extensive cracking; where slabs have highly irregular shapes; where there are long
pour lengths between construction, expansion joints, or both; or where slabs have unfavorable
locations of walls. The cracked section bending stiffness should always be used for the
computation of drift under seismic loads. Strength under lateral loads should be evaluated using
the load factor combinations given in ACI 318-14, 5.3, in conjunction with the provisions of
ACI 318-14, 8.4.1.Evaluation of strength requirements under lateral loads may disclose the
need for reinforcement to resist moment reversals (Han et al.2006). Such reinforcement should
be located within a distance of 1.5h outside opposite faces of the column, where h is the slab
thickness.
3.2.2 Limits for Reinforcement— Two-way post-tensioned slabs with unbonded tendons
are waived from the 1.2Mcr. requirement of ACI 318-14, 8.6.2.2, because the undesirable
behavior due to the sudden transfer of tensile force from concrete to prestressing reinforcement
at first cracking in lightly reinforced slabs does not occur in members with unbonded tendons.
Only at load levels beyond the factored design load is the additional cracking extensive
enough to cause an abrupt change in the load-deflection pattern. Tests have also shown
that it is not possible to rupture, or even yield, unbonded post-tensioning tendons in two-
way slabs before a punching shear failure (Post-Tensioning Institute 1977; Bums and
Hemakom 1977; Hemakom 1975; Kosut et al. 1985; Scordelis et al. 1959; Gerber and Burns
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25
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1971; Smith and Burns 1974; Kosut 1977). The use of unbonded tendons in combination with
the minimum bonded reinforcement requirements of ACI 318-14, 8.6.2.3 and 8.7.5, has been
shown to ensure post-cracking ductility and that a brittle failure mode will not develop at first
cracking
3.2.3 Minimum Bonded Reinforcement—Minimum bonded reinforcement in negative

moment areas of two-way systems is governed by Eq. (18-8) of ACI 318
This amount of bonded reinforcement is required within a slab width between lines that are
1.5h outside opposite faces of the column support. Tests on square panel specimens have
shown a steel area of 0.00075 Ac to be adequate to assure sufficient punching shear strength,
where Ac is the tributary cross-sectional area of the slab between panel centerlines
perpendicular to the bonded reinforcement.4-6,34-36 This value was expressed in the code as
0.00075hl, where l is the span in the direction of the reinforcement, to generalize the expression
for rectangular panels, placing more bars in the direction of the longer span. The use of hl as
opposed to Ac is appropriate to determine bonded reinforcement requirements at the interior
columns and reinforcement perpendicular to the slab edge at exterior columns. Tests4-6,34-36
show that it is appropriate to provide bonded reinforcement parallel to the slab edge at exterior
columns on the basis of 0.00075 Ac where Ac is the tributary cross-sectional area of the slab
perpendicular to the direction of the bonded reinforcement between the center of the exterior
span and the slab edge. At exterior columns of flat plates with square panels and no projection
of the slab beyond the exterior column face, the bonded reinforcement parallel to the slab edge
should be 50 percent of the bonded reinforcement perpendicular to the slab edge. Bonded
reinforcement in positive moment areas of two-way flat plates is required where the computed
tensile stress in the concrete at service load exceeds MPa)
The amount of positive moment bonded reinforcement, when required, is specified by Eq.
(18-7) of ACI 318 (18-7)
where the specified yield strength of non-prestressed reinforcement fy shall not exceed 60,000
psi (400 MPa), and Nc is the tensile force in concrete due to unfactored dead load plus live load
D + L. Details of placement for the reinforcement provided in this section are included in
Section 3.3.5. Slab reinforcement spacing requirements specified in Section 7.6.5 of ACI 318
are not applicable to bonded reinforcement in unbonded post-tensioned slabs.
3.2.4 Tendon and Bonded Reinforcement Distribution and Spacing -For uniform
loading, ACI 31 8-14, 8.7.2.3, specifies that the maximum spacing of single tendons or groups
of tendons in one direction shall not exceed eight times the slab thickness, with a maximum
spacing of 8h or 5 ft (1.5 m). In addition, tendons are spaced to provide a minimum average
prestress of 125 psi (0.9 MPa) on the local slab section tributary to the tendon or tendon group,
the section being one-half of the spacing on either side of the center of the tendon or tendon
group. The spacing of individual single-strand tendons is usually governed by the minimum
average prestress requirements. For groups of two or more tendons, the 8h criterion usually
controls maximum tendon spacing. Tendon spacing may need to be adjusted to accommodate
concentrated loads. Horizontal curvature of bundled single-strand tendons should be avoided.
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If this is not possible, additional transverse reinforcement, such as hairpins, and other
accessories may be required at points of horizontal curvature to maintain the horizontal plane
of tendon bundles during stressing. Bundles should be limited to a maximum of four tendons
where significant horizontal curvature is required. Transverse reinforcement may also be
required to control horizontal splitting cracking that can occur due to in-plane forces from
horizontally-curved banded tendons, particularly those curved to avoid openings.
3.2.4.1-Recommended Details of Reinforcement for Banded Tendon Distribution-
The predominant and recommended method of placing tendons in two-way slab systems is the
banded distribution illustrated in ( Figure. 22 ) The use of a banded tendon distribution greatly
simplifies the process of placing tendons, and therefore provides a significant reduction in field
labor cost. The number of tendons required in the design strip-that is, the center-to-center of
adjacent panels-may be banded close to the column line in one direction and distributed in the
other direction. At least two tendons are required by ACI 318-14,8.7.5.6, to be through the
region bounded by the longitudinal reinforcement of the columns in each direction. For lift-
slab construction, the same general details of tendon distribution apply and provisions should
be made for tendons to pass through or over the lifting heads. Even though no tendons are
provided in one direction between bands, the maximum spacing of tendons normal to bands
ensures one-way reinforcement for this part of the slab. Except for small triangular sections
adjacent to the slab edge and closure strips, the area between bands is also prestressed in both
directions. For widely spaced tendons, consideration should be given to placing reinforcement
similar to ACI 318 (Figure 23) in these triangular regions Recommended details for non-
prestressed reinforcement are.
a) Minimum bonded slab reinforcement As,min at columns is As,min =0.00075 Acf ; given in
Table 8.6.2.3 of ACI 31 8-14, where Acf is the larger of cross-sectional areas of the slab-beam
strips of the two orthogonal equivalent frames intersecting at the column (refer to 3.3.3). At
least four No.5 (No.16) bars should be provided in each direction in negative moment areas at
columns. The minimum area of bonded reinforcement parallel to the slab edge at exterior
columns should be based on0.00075Ac', where Ac' is the cross- sectional area of the slab,
perpendicular to the slab edge, between the center of the exterior span and the slab edge.
b) Bonded reinforcement should be placed within a slab width between lines that are 1.5h outside
opposite faces of columns (ACI 31 8-14, 8.7.5.6.3). Maximum spacing of these bars is 12 in.
(300 mm).
c) The minimum length for negative moment bars is one- sixth the clear span on each side of
support. Refer to Item (f) for development considerations.
d) Where service load positive moment produces stress exceeding
minimum bonded reinforcement is given by Eq. (3.3.5.1) of this document or ACI 318-14
Table 8.6.2.3b As,min = Nj0.5/y (3.3.5.1) as discussed in 3.3.3
e) The minimum reinforcement for pos1t1ve moment, when required, should have a length at
least one-third the clear span, with the bars centered in the positive moment area. Refer to Item
(f) for development considerations.
f) Where bonded reinforcement is required along with unbonded tendons to satisfy strength
requirements, in addition to minimum As,min this reinforcement is to be developed in
conformance with ACI 318-14 Chapter 25.
g) Some licensed design professionals provide a continuous bottom mat of non-prestressed
reinforcement in two-way slabs regardless of the bottom tensile stress to mitigate cracking.
This reinforcement can be used to satisfy serviceability and strength requirements and for
tendon supports in one direction
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Figure 22 Banded tension distribution (Kosut et al. 1985).
Figure 23 Plan view at slab edge showing added shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
(ACI318-14, Fig. R 7. 7. 6. 3.2)
3.3-ANCHORAGE ZONES
3.3.1-Anchorage Zone Reinforcement -Anchorage zone reinforcement should be
designed in accordance with ACI 31 8-14, 25 .9. This section considers the anchorage zone to
be divided into two zones, as seen in Figure 24.
a) The local zone is the rectangular prism, or equivalent rectangular prism for circular or
oval anchorages, of concrete immediately surrounding the anchorage device and any
associated confining reinforcement.
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b) The general zone in post-tensioned members is the portion of the member through
which the concentrated prestress force is transferred to the concrete and distributed
more uniformly across the section. For intermediate anchorage devices, the anchorage
zone includes the disturbed regions ahead of and behind the anchorage devices. The
general zone includes the local zone
For the local zone, bearing plates are defined as either basic or special anchorage devices. Basic
anchorage devices are typically large, stiff, bearing plates that develop bearing stresses less
than 0.4fc` and can function adequately with no confining reinforcement. The requirements for
basic devices are specified in 5.10.9.7.2 of AASHTO (2014). Special anchorage devices are
typically smaller bearing plates with more complex geometries, multiple bearing planes,
integral wedge plates, and stiffening ribs, which develop high bearing stresses and require
confining reinforcement to function properly. Special devices are required to pass acceptance
tests outlined in 10.3.2 of AASHTO (20 15). For single-strand anchors, ACI 318 allows
anchorage devices that meet the bearing strength requirements of ACI-423.7. Anchorage
dimensions should be such that average bearing stresses on concrete should not exceed
permissible concrete compressive stress at transfer,
given as (4. l a)
and at service (4. lb)
where fcP is permissible concrete compressive stress; fci` is strength of concrete at time of
initial prestress; fc' is specified concrete compressive strength , Ab' is maximum area of the
portion of the concrete anchorage surface that is geometrically similar to and concentric with
the area of the anchorage; and Ab is net bearing plate area. The average bearing stress P/Ab
in the concrete is calculated by dividing the force of the prestressing steel by the net bearing
area between concrete and bearing plate or other structural element of the anchorage that has
the function of transferring force into the concrete. Tests have shown that to function
properly at this stress level, with an acceptable factor of safety against failure, backup bars
are required as described in ACI 31 8-14, (Sanders et a!. 1987; Falconer and Wilson 1988).
An acceptable detail is illustrated in Figure 24 The two No.4 (No.13) horizontal bars are
usually adequate for single- strand anchors. For more complex general zones, ACI 318 allows
the following methods for analysis and design:
a) Equilibrium-based plasticity models; for example, strut-and-tie models
b) Linear stress analysis including finite element analysis or equivalent
Simplified equations where applicable For design, ACI 31 8-14, 25.9.2.1, stipulates a load
factor of 1.2 be used on the maximum tendon jacking force. The strength reduction factor
for post-tensioning anchorage zones for normal weight concrete is 0.85 (ACI 318-14
Table 21.2. 1). Additional guidance for anchorage zone design can be found in Sanders
et al. (1987), Breen et al. (1994), and Post-Tensioning Institute (2000a). Anchorage zone
reinforcement can be spirals, stirrups, orthogonal reinforcement, headed shear stud
reinforcement, or combinations of these. Groups of anchorages should be restrained with
reinforcement in a direction perpendicular to tendons and extending through the entire
group of anchorages. All orthogonal reinforcement should be mechanically anchored
around reinforcement running parallel to the tendons. Spirals, stirrups, or orthogonal
reinforcement should be fully developed. The clear distance between bars or pitch of
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spirals used as anchorage zone reinforcement should be not less than the maximum size of
the aggregate plus 1/2 in. ( 13 mm) or 1-1 /2 in. (40 mm).
Figure 24-Local and general zones

(AC1318-14, R25.9.1.1 a.)
Figure 25-Anchorage zone reinforcement for groups of 112 in. (13 mm) diameter
2 70k (1860 MPa) single-strand tendon anchorages in slabs (ACI 318-14, R25. 9. 4.4. 6).
(Note: 1 in. = 25. 4 mm.)
3.4-Design Considerations
3.4.1—Tendon Stress at factored load
Equation (6.3a) or Table 20.3.2.4. 1 of ACI 318-14 was developed primarily from test results
of beams and is limited to members with span-depth ratios of 35or less (Mattock et al. 1971 )
Where;
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fps is the stress in prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength; fse is the effective stress in
prestressed reinforcement after allowance for all prestress losses; pp is the ratio of prestressed
reinforcement Aps/bdp; and fpy is the specified yield strength of prestressing reinforcement,
psi (MPa). In all cases fps should not exceed fpy.
Tests have shown that Eq. (6.3a) overestimates the amount of stress increase in unbonded
tendons in one-way slabs, two-way flat plates, and flat slabs with higher span-depth ratios
(Mojtahedi and Gamble 1978). For members with span-depth ratios greater than 35,fps is
calculated using Eq. (6.3b) or ACI 31 8-14 Table 20.3.2.4. 1 for design stress in unbonded
tendons
ACI 318 eliminated the requirement that the tendon stress after transfer be less than 0.82fpy
for less than 0.74fpu Whereas this condition could theoretically exist in the interior of a beam
away from anchor locations, it was not observed to result in any field performance issues.
3.4.2—Prestress losses
Prestress losses, considering the factors noted in Section 18.6 of ACI 318, should be
calculated by the design engineer and stated on the design drawings. Articles have been
published that make it possible to calculate reasonably accurate values for the various
code-defined sources of loss without excessive effort.45 For typical applications, the
values of pre-stress loss given in Table 3.4.2.1 may be used in lieu of more de-tailed
loss calculations. The loss values in Table 3.4.2.1 are based on use of normal weight
concrete and on average values of concrete strength, prestress level, and exposure
conditions.
Prestress losses may vary significantly above or below the values in Table 3.1 in cases
where the concrete is stressed at low strengths, where concrete is highly prestressed, or
in very dry or very wet exposure conditions. The loss values in Table 3.1 do not include
losses due to friction or anchor seating losses. Design calculations should consider
friction losses in accordance with Section 18.6.2 of ACI 318. Some portion of the
friction loss can usually be offset by use of temporary initial tendon stresses in excess
of 0.70 fpu . Special consideration should be given to friction losses whenever tendons
in excess of 100 ft (30 m) long are stressed from only one end.
For calculation of friction losses for greased unbonded strand tendons in plastic sheathing using
the formulas in Section 18.6.2 of ACI 318, the friction factor , usually ranging from 0.05 to
0.25, and the wobble factor K, usually ranging from )5 to 15 x 10-4/ft (15 to 50 x 10-4/m) may
be used for design calculations. It may be necessary to obtain more precise values for the
friction-factor and wobble-factor coefficients to calculate tendon elongations during stressing
to conform with the 7-percent tolerance specified in Section 18.18.1 of ACI 318 for comparing
tendon force as measured by gage pressure and tendon elongation.
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Table 3.4.2.1—Approximate prestress loss values10 (Post-Tensioning Institute 1990)
3.5—Average Prestress
3.5.1-Minimum Average prestress—The average prestress is defined as the total
prestress force (after losses) divided by the total area of concrete. There has been much
satisfactory experience in recent years in one-way slabs and flat plates with an average
prestress of about 125 psi (0.9 MPa). Lower values have also been used successfully for
short span applications. These short span applications can be characterized as having flexural
stresses substantially below 6 f c psi (0.5 f c MPa), minimal volume-change effects, and
vertical element stiffness such that restraint to shortening is minimized. It should be noted
that the125 psi (0.9 MPa) minimum average compressive stress for two-way slabs in ACI
318-14, 8.6.2. 1, was based on punching shear criteria (Bums and Hemakom 1977) and not
flexural behavior. ACI 3 1 8- 1 4, 8.6.2.1 , clarified that the 125 psi (0.9 MPa) minimum
prestress must apply at all slab sections along the tendon group.
3.5.2-Maximum Average Prestress—A high value of aver-age prestress may induce

excessive shortening due to elastic deformation and creep. A maximum average prestress of
500 psi (3.5 MPa) is considered appropriate for solid slabs if shortening will not cause
problems. Detailing, as discussed in Section 3.7, to assure that restraint to immediate and long-
term shortening does not interfere with the imposition of the calculated average prestress in the
concrete, is of increasing importance as the average prestress is increased toward the maximum
value.
3.6 - Continuous Members

3.6.1-One-way members-For slabs or beams continuous over two or more spans with one-
way prestressing only, a loading condition or fire exposure that causes failure of all the tendons
in one span will lead to a loss of prestress and much of the load-carrying capacity in the other
spans. Consideration should be given to the consequence of such a catastrophic failure in any
specific span to the overall stability of the structural system. ACI 318 has responded to this
concern and to other considerations, such as crack width limitation, in ACI 318-14, 9.6.2. This
section specifies minimum bonded reinforcement equal to 0.40 percent of the area of that part
of the cross section between the flexural tension face and the center of gravity of the gross
section. Grade 60 (Grade 420) reinforcement should be used for this purpose. This amount of
bonded reinforcement is approximately equal to the minimum flexural reinforcement
requirement for non-prestressed slabs (ACI 31 8-14,7.6.1 ).
One-way slabs can also incorporate unbonded partial length tendons, lapped tendons, or
tendons with intermediate anchorages that would serve to limit the extent of the loss of load-
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carrying capacity. Reinforcement required by ACI 318-14, 7 .6.2, is not required to satisfy
Chapter 25 of ACI 318-14; the top and bottom reinforcement is not even required to overlap.
In ACI 31 8-14,7.7.4.4, positive moment bars need only be L/3 in length, centered in the span,
and negative moment bars need only extend one-sixth the clear span on each side of the
support. Restraint-to-shortening cracking has been observed in the space between the ends
of the top and bottom bars detailed in accordance with ACI 31 8-14, 7.7.4.4. Some licensed
design professionals extend at least one-third of the bottom reinforcement in single-span slabs
or one-fourth of the reinforcement in continuous span slabs to the full span length as an
added element for structural integrity. In accordance with ACI 318-14, 7.7.4.2 or 7.7.4.3,
bonded reinforcement required for strength in both beams and slabs is required to be detailed
in accordance with the provisions of ACI 31 8-14 Chapter 25, with sufficient development
length for the positive and negative moment bars, to ensure that the bonded reinforcement will
function as an independent load-carrying system
3.6.2-Two-way Members-In the case of two-way slabs of the usual proportions,

catastrophic loading beyond design capacity in one bay is generally not as critical to other
spans as in one-way systems. For two-way slabs, the load-carrying capacity of the tendons in
each direction should be considered. Tests (Post-Tensioning Institute 1977; Ritz et al. 1975
;Burns and Hemakom 1977; Hemakom 1975) have demonstrated that two-way flexural
behavior of slabs with significant loss of prestress force still has adequate strength.This
favorable behavior is recognized in (ACI 318 and the International Building Code Council 20
15), and some local building codes by a reduction of the amount of bonded reinforcement
required in comparison with one-way systems. Additional information regarding crack control
in continuous post-tensioned slabs is presented in ( Aalami and Barth (1989).
3.7 - Fire resistance -Fire resistance ratings can be determined in accordance with the heat
transmission and dimensional provisions of PCI MNL-124-11,6.9.1, or by the rational design
procedures for determining fire endurance discussed in PCI MNL-124-11, 6.9.2. Additional
references are found in Post- Tensioning Institute (2000b), ACI 216.1,and ASTM E119. ASTM
E 119 includes a guide for classifying construction as restrained or unrestrained. A restrained
member may develop considerable axial forces due to the lateral stiffness of the supporting
elements. This allows the member to arch and may improve its ability to support load.
Similarly, rotational end restraint may assist load-carrying capacity. If the supporting
members are too flexible and cannot restrain the expansion of the member, or are incapable
of resisting the axial forces caused by the expansion of the member, the member should be
treated as unrestrained
3.7.1-Minimum Dimensions for various fire Resistive Classifications

3.7.1.1-Slabs-To meet minimum heat-transmission requirements-that is, a temperature rise
of 250°F (140°C) of the unexposed surface-the thickness requirements for concrete slabs
should be the same whether the concrete is plain, reinforced, or prestressed.
Table 3.7.1.1a gives the slab thickness recommended for this purpose. The required thickness
for post-tensioning tendons in unrestrained slabs is determined by the elapsed time during a
fire test until the tendons reach a critical temperature. For cold-drawn prestressing steel, that
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temperature is 800°F (430°C). restrained slabs, there are no steel temperature limitations, but
the heat transmission end-point temperature limitation (250°F [140°C]) is the same as for
unrestrained slabs. Fire tests of axially restrained slabs indicate that slabs with unbonded post-
tensioned reinforcement behave approximately the same during a fire as reinforced concrete
slabs of the same dimensions. Accordingly, the required cover for post-tensioning tendons in
axially restrained slabs could be essentially the same as the cover specified by the International
Building Code (International Code Council 2015) for mild reinforcement in slabs. Applying
these criteria to post- tensioned slabs, the suggested slab thickness is provided in Table
3.7.1.1a and cover is as recommended in Table 3.7.l .l b (ACI 2 1 6.1; Bailey and Ellobody
2009).
Table 3.7.1.1a-Suggested thickness requirements for concrete slabs for fire endurance (From
ACI216.1-14 Table 4.2)
Table 3.7.1.1b-Suggested minimum cover for slabs prestressed with post-tensioned

reinforcement (Post-Tensioning Institute 2006)
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Table 3.7.1.2-Suggested cover thickness for beams prestressed with post-tensioned

reinforcement (Post-Tensioning Institute 2006)
3.7.1.2 Beams-Minimum dimensions for beams with post-tensioned reinforcement for

various fire endurances are functions of the types of steel, concrete, beam width, and cover.
For restrained beams spaced more than 4 ft (1.2 m) on center, the temperature of 800°F
(430°C) for cold-drawn prestressing reinforcement should not be exceeded to achieve a fire
endurance classification of 1 hour or less. For classifications longer than 1 hour, this
temperature should not be exceeded for the first half of the classification period or 1 hour,
whichever is longer. The recommended cover in Table 3.7.1.2 is based on these criteria. For
post-tensioned beams or joists less than 8 in. (200 mm) wide using strand tendons, ACI 216.1
can be used. Beams or joists that are narrower than 8 in. (200 mm) with post-tensioned high-
strength alloy steel bars should have the same cover as reinforced concrete joists of the same
size and fire endurance.
3.7.1.3 Anchorage Device protection-The cover to the prestressing reinforcement at the

anchorage should be at least 1/4 in. (6 mm) greater than that required in Tables 3.7.l.lb and
Table3.7.1.2. Minimum cover to the reinforcement bearing plate or anchor casting should be
at least 1 in. (25 mm) in beams and 3/4 in. (20 mm) in slabs.
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3.8-Materials
3.8.1-Tendons
ACI 423 .7 specifies the testing protocols for tendons and anchorages. Key elements of the
specification are summarized in the following sections.
3.8.1.1-Prestressing Reinforcement-Prestressing reinforcement for unbonded post-

tensioning tendons should meet the requirements of ACI 31 8-14, 20.3 .The total elongation
under ultimate load of the tendon and anchorage assembly should not be less than 2 percent
measured in a minimum gauge length of 3 ft (915 mm) between two points at least 3 in. (75
mm) from each anchorage. Bondy (2008) points out that the 2 percent strain is overly
conservative and is often not possible to achieve at the minimum required tendon strength of
0.95fpu (7.1.2).
3.8.1.2-Anchorage Devices-ACI 423.7 and ACI 318-14, 25.8. 1, require the anchorage
devices for unbonded tendons to develop 95 percent of the specified strength fpu The actual
breaking strength of a length of prestressing reinforcement is an unknown quantity, known
after the fact, only for the sample tested. For a discussion of actual-versus-specified strength in
this context, refer to Bondy (2008). In either case, this is much higher than the maximum
permissible design stress for unbonded tendons fps. discussed in section 3.4
3.8.2-Tests of Tendons and Anchorage Device fittings

3.8.2.1-Static Tests-The test assembly should consist of standard production-quality
components, and the tendons should be at least 3.5 ft (1 .1 m) long between anchorages. The
test assembly should be tested in a manner to allow accurate determination of the yield stress,
tensile strength, and percent elongation of the complete tendon. The specimen used for the
static test need not be one that has been subjected to fatigue loading.
3.8.2.2-Fatigue Tests-A fatigue test should be performed on tendon specimens with

standard production quality components and with a minimum length of 3 ft (900 mm) between
anchorages. The tendon should withstand without failure 500,000 cycles from 60 to 66 percent
of its minimum specified tensile strength, and 50 cycles from 40 to 80 percent of its minimum
specified tensile strength. Each cycle involves the change from the lower stress level to the
upper stress level and back to the lower. The specimen used for the fatigue test need not be one
that has been subjected to static testing. The specimen used for the second fatigue test (50
cycles) need not be the same used for the first fatigue test (500,000 cycles).
3.8.3-Couplers-Unbonded tendons should be coupled only at locations specifically

indicated or approved by the licensed design professional. Couplers should not be used at points
where tendon radius of curvature is less than 480 strand diameters. All couplers should develop
at least 95 percent of the specified tensile strength of the prestressing reinforcement. The
couplers should not reduce the elongation at rupture below the requirements of the tendon itself.
Couplers should meet the fatigue test recommendations in 7 .1.3 .2. When used, couplers,
components, or both, should be enclosed in housings long enough to permit the necessary
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movement of the tendon. All coupler components should be completely encapsulated before
final encasement in concrete. Anchorages and couplers in aggressive environments should be
encapsulated.
3.9-Protection Materials
3.9.1-Post-tensioning Coating-Unbonded single-strand tendons should use a corrosion-
inhibiting coating in conformance with ACI 423 .7.
3.9.2-Sheathing-Sheathing for unbonded single-strand tendons should conform to the

requirements of ACI 423.7.
3.9.3-Protection of Anchorage Zones- The anchorages of unbonded tendons should be

protected adequately from corrosion and fire. Except in special cases, anchorages should
preferably be encased in concrete complying with ACI 301 . Where concrete or grout
encasement cannot be used, the tendon anchorage should be completely coated with a
corrosion-resistant elastomeric coating equivalent to that applied to the tendons. A suitable
enclosure should be placed where necessary to prevent the penetration of moisture or the
deterioration or removal of this coating. The anchorage encasement should provide fire
resistance at least equal to that required for the structure
.
3.10-Concrete cover
Specification of concrete cover for unbonded tendons should consider the placement tolerances
specified in ACI 31 8-14, 26.6.2.1 a, and the exposure conditions. The use of high-quality
concrete, adequate cover, good construction practices, and a limit on the amount of water-
soluble chloride ions in the concrete (ACI 318-14,19.3) are all necessary to ensure long-term
durability, particularly in aggressive environments. At the minimum, the use of at least the
additional cover specified in ACI 31 8-14, 20.6.1, and consideration of a somewhat higher
average prestress level, is recommended for applications exposed to deicing chemicals or for
locations in the immediate vicinity of coastal regions. What is considered as the immediate
vicinity is left to the judgment of the licensed design professional. Some guidance is given in
ACI 362. 1R. Extra cover cannot be a substitute for good quality concrete. At angled slab edges,
minimum concrete covers should be maintained to all parts of the anchorage. Angled pocket
formers or angled block-outs should be such so that the anchors and anchorage cavity areas
have adequate cover for protection against of corrosion and fire.
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3.11-CSA A23.3-04 Design of concrete structures

3.11-General Notes : Unbonded tendons are more susceptible to corrosion than bonded
tendons. The durability of structures with unbonded prestressing tendons is a function of the
environment, occupancy type, and quality of work during construction. Ingress of moisture or
chlorides, sulphides, nitrates, carbonates, or other industrial, food processing, or agricultural
chemicals can cause corrosion or even failure of the tendons. Water, including rainwater, can
enter the sheath during tendon shipping, storage, or construction, and in some cases after
occupancy of the structure, if adequate protection is not provided. Materials and quality of
work should meet the requirements specified in CSA A23.1.
18.8 Minimum bonded reinforcement

18.8.1 The minimum requirements for bonded reinforcement in beams and slabs shall be as
specified in Table 18.1.
18.8.2 The bonded reinforcement required by Table 18.1 shall be uniformly distributed within
the precompressed tensile zone as close to the extreme tensile fibre as the cover will permit.
Table 18.1 Minimum area of bonded reinforcement(See Clauses 18.8.1, 18.8.2, and 18.9.2.)
18.12.5 Minimum bonded non-prestressed reinforcement

In negative moment areas at column supports, the bonded reinforcement, As , shall be
distributed within a one equal to the column width plus 1.5 times the slab thickness beyond
each side of the column. At least four bars or wires shall be provided in each direction. The
spacing of the bonded reinforcement shall not exceed 300 mm.
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6.6.6 -Concrete cover

The specified cover for steel reinforcement, tendon sheaths, and ducts in prestressed and
reinforced concrete shall be not less than the larger of the values in Table 17.
Note: See Clause 6.6.8 for tolerances of concrete cover and Clauses 6.8.2.4 and 6.8.2.13 for
additional cover requirements for prestressing elements.
Table 17- Concrete cover (See Clauses 4.3.2.2.1 and 6.6.6.2.3 [of CSA A23.1].)
*This refers only to concrete that will be continually dry within the conditioned space, i.e.,
members entirely within the vapour barrier of the building envelope.
†The cover for a bundle of bars shall be the same as that for a single bar with an equivalent
area.
‡The specified cover from screeded surfaces shall be at least 1.5 times the nominal maximum
aggregate size to reduce
interference between aggregate and reinforcement where variations in bar placement result in
a cover smaller than specified.
Notes:
(1) Greater cover or protective coatings may be required for exposure to industrial chemicals,
food processing, and other corrosive materials. See PCA IS001.08T.
(2) For information on the additional protective measures and requirements for parking
structures, see CAN/CSA-S413.
(3) For information on the additional protective measures and requirements for bridges, see
CAN/CSA-S6.
6.6.6.3 -Cover for fire resistance

Where a structural concrete member is required to have a fire-resistant rating, the minimum
cover for reinforcement shall be specified by the owner
Note: Information can be found in the NRCC National Building Code of Canada, Annex D.
6.6.8- Tolerances for location of reinforcement

Unless otherwise specified by the owner, reinforcement, prestressing steel, and post-tensioning
ducts shall be placed within the following tolerances:
(a) concrete cover: ±12 mm (but the concrete cover shall in no case be reduced by more than
1/3 of the specified cover);
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(b) where the depth of a flexural member, the thickness of a wall, or the smallest dimension of
a column is
(i) 200 mm or less: ±8 mm;
(ii) larger than 200 mm but less than 600 mm: ±12 mm; and
(iii) 600 mm or larger: ±20 mm;
(c) lateral spacing of bars: ±30 mm;
(d) longitudinal location of bends and ends of bars: ±50 mm; and
(e) longitudinal location of bends and ends of bars at discontinuous ends of
members:±20 mm.
Note: Where reinforcement is added to help provide a more rigid reinforcing mat or cage, as
for instance in prefabricated reinforcing cages, such additional reinforcement is not subject to
the tolerances of this Clause, except for the minimum cover requirements.
18.5 -Loss of prestress

To determine the effective prestress, fpe , allowance for the following sources of loss of
prestress shall be considered:
(a) anchorage seating loss; (d) creep of concrete;
(b) elastic shortening of concrete; (e) shrinkage of concrete; and relaxation of
(c) friction loss due to intended and tendon stress
unintended curvature in post-tensioning
tendons;
18.12.6 -Spacing of tendons

18.12.6.1 The spacing of tendons or groups of tendons in one direction shall not exceed eight
times the slab thickness or 1500 mm unless adequate additional bonded reinforcement is
provided so that the slab has the strength to span between tendons
18.6.2 In lieu of a more accurate determination of fpr based on strain compatibility, the
following approximate values of fpr may be used:
(a) for members with bonded tendons, provided that c /dp is not greater than 0.5 and fpe is not
less than0.6fpy
where kp = 2(1.04 – fpy /fpu ) and c shall be determined assuming a stress of fpr in the tendons;
Note: Further information can be found in the Cement Association of Canada’s Concrete
design handbook
(b) for members with unbonded tendons:
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3.12- ECP-203 -2007 - 2018

10-3-1-3 Stress strain relationship for prestressing steel shall be
according to the idealized curve shown in figure (26).
Fig. (26) Idealized stress-strain curve for prestressing steel
10-3-1-4 Relationship between ultimate stress (fpu) and yield stress in tension (fpy) for
prestressing steel shall be taken based on steel type and according to the following
relationships:
fpy / fpu = 0.80 for deformed bars (10-1)
fpy / fpu = 0.85 for normal relaxation stress – relieved strands, wires and smooth bars (10-2 )
fpy / fpu = 0.90 for low relaxation stress-relieved strands and wires (10-3)
10-3-2-1-3 Allowable stresses in concrete for sections subjected to flexure

and axial compression are as in table (10-2).
10-3-2-2 Allowable stress in prestressing steel

Allowable stresses in prestressing steel shall be taken according to Table(10-3)
Table (10-3) Allowable Stresses in prestressing steel
* shall not exceed recommended design values by manufacturer of cables

or anchorages.
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Table (10-2) Allowable stresses in concrete ( N /mm2 Item Cases)
10-3-3-Requirements of ultimate limit state

10-3-3-1-5 Stress in prestressing steel fps can be calculated using the following approximate
equations:
10-3-3-1-5-a As an alternative to the method stated in section (10-3-3-1-2,3), stress in
prestressing steel fps shall be calculated on condition that stress in prestressing steel after
considering all losses(fpe) shall not be less than half ultimate stress of prestressing steel
(fpu 0.5).
1 - For sections with bonded prestressing tendons that contains both
compression and tension steel reinforcement
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Where: ηp = coefficient depending on steel type and shall be taken as follows:

0.68 for ( fpy /fpu not less than 0.8)
10-3-3-1-5-b For prestressed members with unbonded prestressing tendons where the span
to effective depth ratio shall not exceed 35, stress in pre stressing steel at ultimate limit moment
of the section Mu shall be calculated from the following equation (10-8)
fps Shall not exceed fpy or ( fpe +420) whichever is less; stress is in N/mm2
10-3-3-1-5-c For prestressed members with unbonded prestressing tendons where span to
effective depth ratio is greater than 35, stress in prestressing steel at ultimate limit moment
shall be calculated from the following equation ( 10-9)
fps Shall not exceed fpy or ( fpe +200) whichever is less; stress is in N/mm2
10-3-3-1-7 Minimum bonded non-prestressed reinforced ratio in members

with unbonded prestressing steel. Bonded non-prestressed steel shall be provided in structural
members with unbonded prestressing steel as specified in (10-3-3-1-7a ) and (10-3-3-1-7 b).
10-3-3-1-7a Bonded non-prestressed reinforcement ratio in members with unbonded

prestressing steel shall not be less than. As = 0.004A (10-11a)
10-3-3-1-7-b For two-way slabs and flat slabs with constant depth, the minimum bounded
non-prestressed steel is as follows:
1 -In positive moment area, minimum bonded non-prestressed steel in section shall satisfy the
following equation
2 - In negative moment area at columns, bonded steel reinforcement shall

be provided not less than: As = 0.00075tsL (10-11c)
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10-3-4-Prestress losses
10-3-4-1-1 Loss of prestress affects the behavior of prestress
members under service loads. The loss of prestress is divided into two
groups.
a. Immediate loss of prestress due to: b. Time dependant losses due to:
1. Anchorage slip at transfer 1. Shrinkage of concrete
2. Elastic shortening of concrete 2. Creep of concrete
3. Friction 3.Relaxation of prestressing steel stress.
10-4-3-6-Slab reinforcement details
• For distributed and normal live loads, the distance between tendons or tendon groups in one
direction shall not exceed six times slab thickness or 1.5 m or the larger dimension of duct (for
non circular ducts)
• Tendons are located such that minimum average stress of prestressing forces in one tendon
after all prestress loss shall be higher than 0.9 N/mm2 for slab section attributed to one tendon
or group of tendons
• Number of tendons in shear section over column shall not be less than two in each direction
10-5- Detailing of prestressing systems

10-5-3- Concrete tendon cover Concrete tendon cover is generally determined according
to requirements of durability, fire resistance, and design according to chapters two and four and
Egyptian code for fire Protection
10-5-3-1-Bonded tendons
10-5-3-1-2- Concrete cover for rust protection- The concrete cover for rust protection
shall be determined based on: the environmental conditions specified in table (4-11), and mix
design and constituents as shown in table (10-6). Recommendations concerning concrete
materials and mixtures detailed in chapter two of this code shall be applied on data of table
(10-6) and requirements of prestressed concrete in section (10-2). The cement content in the
mix shall not be less than 350 kg per cubic meter of concrete in addition to satisfying
requirements of table (2-13).
Table ( 10-6) Minimum Thickness of Concrete Cover
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44
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10-5-3-1-3-Concrete cover for fire protection

Recommendations of Tables (2-14-a), and (2-14-b) of chapter two for the protection of
structures against fire and those of the Egyptian Code for Fire Protection of Structures shall be
implemented. Values given in Table (10-7) shall be considered as minimum.
Table (2-14-b) Minimum concrete dimensions in (mm) for fire resistance of pre-stressed
concrete
10-5-3-2-Concrete cover of straight ducts (non curved)
Concrete cover measured from external of ducts shall not be less than 50 mm or concrete cover
specified in section (10-5-3-1) and tables (10-6) and (2- 14-b) plus diameter of stirrup, or those
shown in figures (27) and (28), whichever is greater and with due consideration to use concrete
cover made of dense concrete. As for curved cables the requirements of section (10-5-5) shall
be observed.
Figure. 27 Minimum thickness of concrete Figure. 28 Minimum thickness of concrete

cover and the distances between wires and cover and the distances between cable
strands for prestressing systems, Distances ducts for post-tensioning systems
a, b and c shall not be less than those ( Separate Cables)
specified by the cable suppliers.
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45
__________________________________________________________________________________
Figure. ( 29) Minimum concrete cover and the distances between cable ducts for post-
tensioning systems ( Bundled Cables)
10-5-5-2-Concrete cover To avoid the breakage of the concrete cover perpendicular to the
plane of curvature of the cables and in their plane, the cover thickness shall be chosen according
to Table (10-7). In this case, the movement of the ducts that may result in radial forces
perpendicular to the visible concrete surface shall be prevented using stirrups fixed inside the
structural element.
10-5-5-3-Spacing between ducts

a. The spacing between the ducts in the cable curvature plane shall not be less than the spacing
shown in Table (10-8) or the spacing specified according to section (10-5-4-3), whichever is
greater.
b. The spacing between the ducts perpendicular to the cable curvature plane shall not be less
than the spacing specified according to section (10-5-4-3).
10-5-7-1-Duct Sizes
The inside duct diameter shall exceed that of the cable diameter by at least 6- mm when using
a single cable inside the duct. The area of the duct void shall not be less than twice the cross-
sectional area of a group of cables inside the duct (preferably 2.5 times). Table (10-9) shows
the minimum allowable inner dimensions and thickness for the ducts. For the ducts used in
post-tensioning cables, a minimum straight distance of 50 cm shall exist before the curvature
starts inside the duct.
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46
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Table (10-7) Minimum concrete cover for cables with curved ducts measured from the side of
curvature center
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47
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Table (10-8) Minimum Spacing Between The Ducts Axes In The Plane Of The Curved Ducts
_________________________________________________________________________________
48
__________________________________________________________________________________
Table (10-9) Minimum inside dimensions and minimum allowable thickness for ducts*
_________________________________________________________________________________
49
__________________________________________________________________________________
3.13-IBC-2009
721.2.2-Concrete floor and roof slabs. Reinforced and prestressed floors and roofs shall
comply with Section721.2.2.1.
721.2.2.1- Reinforced and prestressed floors and roofs. The minimum thicknesses of
reinforced and prestressed concrete floor or roof slabs for fire-resistance ratings of 1 hour to 4
hours are shown in Table 721.2.2. 1.
TABLE 721.2.2.1 Minimum Slab Thickness (inches)
For SI:1inch = 25.4 mm.
721.2.3.1-Slab cover. The minimum thickness of concrete cover to the positive moment
reinforcement shall comply with Table 721.2.3(2) for prestressed concrete. The table is
applicable for solid or hollow-core one-way or two-way slabs with flat undersurfaces. This
table is applicable to slabs that are either cast in place or precast. For precast prestressed
concrete not covered elsewhere, the procedures contained in PCI MNL 124 shall be acceptable.
TABLE 721.2.3(2) Cover Thickness For Prestressed Cconcrete Floor Or Roof Slabs (inches)
720.1.5-Bonded prestressed concrete tendons. For members having a single tendon or

more than one tendon installed with equal concrete cover measured from the nearest surface,
the cover shall not be less than that set forth in Table 720.1(1). For members having multiple
tendons installed with variable concrete cover, the average tendon cover shall not be less than
that set forth in Table 720.1(1), provided:
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50
__________________________________________________________________________________
Table 720.1(1), concrete cover measured from the nearest surface
Table 3 – 14 - Conclusion
Parameters Bonded P-T System Unbonded P-T System
Eccentricity Less available due to duct size and minimum passage More due to its compact
required for grouting top as pass through arrangement
Friction More due to the friction between corrugations of duct Grease reduces friction between
Losses and cable while stressing cable and smooth sheathing
Load Lesse due to less “e” and more Friction More due to more “e” and less
Balancing Friction
Serviceabilit Less control on; More control on;
y Aspects 1.TensileStresses 1.TensileStresses
2.Long-termDeflection 2.Long-termDeflection
Additional Less Little More

Rebar 1. If bond strength is achieved in actual case. 1.Toenhanceductilityaspects.
requirements 2.P-t cable can be considered as a bonded steel to 2.MainlyrequiredforLimit-state of
maintain minimum requirements as per IS Code Collapse condition
Strength Strain compatibility applies to get the moment resisting 1.Strain compatibility doesn’t
Aspects capacity. P-T cable reaches to yielding which is critical apply. PT cable does not reach to
for ductility as it yield at less strain level than rebars yielding. It remains under elastic
condition.
2.Additionalre-bartakescareof
ductility, strength & redundancy
after considering P-T cables.
_________________________________________________________________________________
51
Chapter IV Construction
_________________________________________________________________________________
4- CONSTRUCTION
4.1-Construction Scope
• In slab-on-ground construction, unbonded tendons are typically prefabricated at a plant
and delivered to the construction site, ready to install
• The tendons are laid out in the forms in accordance with installation drawings that as
shown in Figure (30).
• After the concrete is placed and has reached its required strength, usually between 3000
and 3500 psi (“pounds per square inch”), the tendons are stressed and anchored.
• The tendons, like rubber bands, want to return to their original length but are prevented
from doing so by the anchorages
• The fact the tendons are kept in a permanently stressed (elongated) state causes a
compressive force to act on the concrete.
• The compression that results from the post-tensioning counteracts the tensile forces
created by subsequent applied loading (cars, people, the weight of the beam itself when
the shoring is removed).
• This significantly increases the load-carrying capacity of the concrete.
• Since post-tensioned concrete is cast in place at the job site, there is almost no limit to
the shapes that can be formed.
➢ Limitations of Prestressing
The limitations of prestressed concrete are few and really depend only upon the imagination of
the designer and the terms of his brief. The only real limitation where prestressing is a possible
solution may be the cost of providing moulds for runs of limited quantity of small numbers of
non-standard units.
Figure (30) Tendons installation
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52
_________________________________________________________________________________
4.2 Steps of construction :

4.2.1 Receive Materials on site:
* This phase begins by preparing the site to receive the materials and is done by:
1- Prepare an area for receiving coil, anchor, and ducting boxes. The area is clean and away
from any water. The boundaries of this area are 10 * 10 m2
2- Preparation of a warehouse for storing machinery and materials for execution Store space
4*5 m2
3-The materials used in the site and the machines are determined according to the drawings
and design tables .
4- Materials shall be ordered according to the form prepared .
5- Coordinate with the procurement engineer and determine the date of receipt of materials.
6- The labor and equipment required to download the materials in the places designated for
this purpose.
7- materials are downloaded, making sure of the safety of the material and the number and
all the papers.
8- Distortion is done in the designated areas.
9- Cover materials exposed to air and external conditions
4.2.2 Cutting and processing stage :

1-The cutting area is made close to the crane and the building. The cutting area is a rectangular
area, which is about 2 m long and longer An existing group and the cutting area of ordinary
concrete thickness ranging between 7 cm: 10 cm or on the asphalt ground and is brushed
underneath Plastic cover as long as the cables are placed on the veins of the wood so as not to
prolong any wetness or dust.
2-The work of cutting model, which is as shown in the figure contains the lengths to be cut and
the number and description, whether it was a hand or pulled - Dead
3- In case the tension is increased we increase - 40 cm in this area on the lengths in the design
tables
4- Equipping the equipment, tools and electrical connections used for this is a phrase as
following:
-tape for measurement
-Spray to make signs
-Grinder or chopping rocket
-Bowl / frame to put coil inside
5- A crane, forklift or loader is also equipped to carry the coil and put into the container / frame
4.2.3 Safety Requirements for cutting:

1-The working area is selected and placed around the warning bar.
2- Remove the outer wrapping paper from the coil .
3 - Coil is carried by crane or any equipment, making sure to tighten the straps and belts that
carry the coil and that the stomach is ready to carry more of the weight of the existing coil.
4- Ensure that the bowl is installed properly and properly and tighten the screws for fixing and
fastening .
5 - Coil is placed vertically and properly inside the pot assigned to him and prevents the opening
of the coil only after ensuring the success of the installation process as preferred - During the
_________________________________________________________________________________
53
_________________________________________________________________________________
process of loading the coil inside the container, people should stay away from those who are
experienced.
6- Seal the bowl on the coil and tighten the provisions and make sure that.
7- The coil is loosened and the crown on which the weight and number of the coil is written is
retained.
8- Ensure that the cutting area is clean.
9- We begin the process of cutting by preparing the electrical connections necessary to operate
the cutting rocket according to the required voltage.
10- In the case of a sample request for the test preferably get rid of the first 5 m and take the
sample after that and the sample is within 1.5 meters and is encapsulated And maintain with
the writing of all its data from the number and weight.
11- The cutting process begins according to the table shown where we increase 40 cm more
than the length in the design tables in the case of live Screwing them.
12- Is made onion form of the dead hand, which is not tensile .
13- The onion is made by means of a special machine, where the cable is placed inside the
frame and the grip is held according to the cable size - 13 or 15 mm It is driven by a hydraulic
jack and thus is obtained by this shape.
14- Cable cutting process need from 5 to 6 people) 1 for cable pulling, 2 for size, 1 for cutting
and 2 for onion
15-.Cables are coiled in order to facilitate their transfer.
16- Cables should be covered and placed on wooden veins so as to keep them from dust and
dust that affect negatively in the coefficients Friction.
4.2.4 Roof planning process :

* This stage starts after the completion of the ceiling joinery works
• Tools used in this process
• Meters for measurement
• thread
• Spray for make signs
• Marker Pen
❖ Through this process is to identify the places of denial on the wooden side and
identify the locations of groups and mark their paths through the spray as shown in
Figure (31). The heights of the chairs are written according to the design drawings.
Tighten the strings to ensure the integrity of the line to be taught and the accuracy of
the work you need . This process is for 4 individuals (surveyor by contractor to ensure
accuracy and 3 workers preferably carpenters).
Figure (31) Mark the path of strands Figure (32) opening and clicking of tendon place
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54
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4.2.5 Roof Execution process :

1- Anchor Installation
➢ Tools used in it :
1-Electrical connections for the operation of a saw to make holes inside the wooden
side, which were marked in the previous step to locate the anchor
2- Anchor Wood Drill Bits
3- Jigsaw as shown in pictures
4- Meters for measurement
❖ This process begins by wrapping the foam piece dedicated to the anchor with
adhesive tape and then installing the foam piece coated with the anchor on the
wooden side of Through the fastening keys and in the places that have been identified
for them after opening and clicking as shown in Figure (32). Check the location of
the anchor according to his presence in the design drawings It shall be installed in a
level with tightness and there is no objection to increasing it with a suitable chair if
necessary. anchor is a power transmission unit and its types:
- Flat FTU (Anchor ...)
- Multi FTU (muli strand Anchor…)At each denial and at each dead side is put
(Bursting beam
2- Piping installation (Duct)

- Pipe length 6 is not connected by a link called (coupler).
- The size of the flat duct is (20 * 90); (20 * 70); (50 * 20)
- These pipes shall be placed on the planned paths.
➢ This process requires four individuals:
- Two for installation and distribution
- One For fixing and connecting pipes with cable
- One to review the levels at intersections
- Pipe of iron factory rolled in order to increase its cohesion with concrete
3 -The process of pushing cables inside the pipes :

- This process starts by moving the groups to the ceiling. Each group is put in place according
to the design of the groups. When placing the group and before pushing it inside the pipe is
paid from the dead side of the pipe and therefore placed onion parallel to the denial and wing
live It is first pushed from the dead side of the pipe and is pushed until the neighborhood comes
out of the anchor and a length of 40 cm outside the anchor . In the case of two aspects is done
Screwing them. The payment is within the anchor until it reaches the other side and be outside
of both parties 40 cm for each side separately .
4 - The process of finishing and laying chairs .

First : This stage begins by preparing the sizes of the chairs through the profile panel and then
painted with epoxy material and all in a blacksmith workshop. Or request ready according to
the sizes and quantities in the executive drawings during the work of the roof are moved chairs
and placed on the ceiling according to their places In the drawings and according to the marks
specified in the ceiling that apply with the schemes. The chairs are fixed by special pins
Provisions for connecting with pipes with a wire g-strap are made of iron 6 mm or 8 mm
preferably smooth if any
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55
_________________________________________________________________________________
Second : All the links between the pipes and some of them or pipes and anchor are blocked by
duct tape and is also at the area of Where the cables appear last one and a quarter meters pipes
are blocked using adhesive. Roll on each cable at the end of the pipe (denzo tape) or fill The
end of the duct (hand pipe) in terms of dead end silicon
Thirdly : PVC pipes are placed as inputs and injections. Pipe diameter 10 mm. One is placed
at the anchor and the other At the end of the pipe taking into account the good packaging around
with adhesive or silicon. The distance between these pipes, which are placed in a vertical
position does not increase About 15 m .
Fourth : After placing all these accessories, make sure that the cable paths do not have any
deviations and according to the design drawings and point locations High and low oil as shown
in Figure (33).
Fifth : Make sure the iron of the cables conform to the design drawings.
Sixth : Ensure that the number of cables in accordance with the plans. The distances between
them are according to the drawings and thus the ceiling is adopted for casting.
This process requires 9 individuals :
-Distribute the chairs
-one For mounting with stapler
-two to connect it to the pipe containing cables
-two to put the sticker
-two To place the injection pipes...
Figure (33) cable pass according to the desien drawings and pointing location
_________________________________________________________________________________
56
_________________________________________________________________________________
4.3 -Roof Molding

This is done after receiving the ceiling and make sure of all the above mentioned points and
must take into account the presence of one of the specialists during the casting to avoid any
Problems occur during the casting and also take into account the shaking of concrete well
places anchor and places onion (dead zone) and need this stage There are 2 workers.
4.4- Tensile stage

It is considered one of the most important stages and begins this stage after the completion of
the casting process :
- The extra cables are cut in length and the length of the anchor is 35 to 40 cm so that the jack
can catch the cable
- The foam is cleaned well
- Installation of bearings and edge and take into account in the installation of bearings in the
center and internal cables on the inner openings.
-The cables are on the ends in the openings and the widgets are placed properly as shown in
figure (34).
-It is restored to the store and after being placed it is hammered through an iron pipe equipped
for this purpose.
- Be sure to install everyone and properly after testing concrete cubes and make sure of success
where up to 25 MPa is required In the final tensile process, this process needs 3 to 4 days after
casting.
- Consider the presence of perimeter bulge protruding the ceiling so as to safety during the
tensile process 1m or 1.2 m.
-The contractor shall take into account the work during the ceiling. The tensile process can only
be started once safety factors have been confirmed: at least 1.
-Safety and all these equipment are done before the start of tension and immediately after the
casting phase.
- Before starting to tighten any group must be marked on the cables to calculate the elongation
change afterwards.
- Cable tension is strongly = 75% of the cutting strength of cables.
- The tension of the middle cable is started and the tension is direction from inside to outside.
- Readings are taken for each group and written in the approved company model.
- Readings are sent to the design office of the company for review and study and give
recommendations, including re-tightening cables strongly Greater and no more than 80% of
the power of cable cutting.
- Do not cut the farthest cables obtained approval from the design office of the company.
-Tools and equipment we need in the tensile stages :
- Open pipe 1 inch diameter.
- Crane to carry machinery for the roof or crane.
-Marker pen for marking cables.
-Electric generator gives volt - 380 or 220 volts depending on the type of machine used.
-Electrical and Fish connections - 3 phase or 1 phase Tension and fittings need to.
-Number - 1 to cut the cable in excess of 40 cm outside the anchor.
-Number - 3 for the installation of bearings and wedge and cleaning foam.
- 4 workers on one machine in the tensile process
_________________________________________________________________________________
57
_________________________________________________________________________________
figure (34) live end of tendon
4.5- Injection process:

This process starts after obtaining the approval of the company's design office on the tensile
results
-The cables are then cut with 2 cm left on the wedge and the cavity is cleaned and the cavity is
filled with a non shrinkable mortar.
-In case there is a tension box in one of the groups, the concrete shall be poured from the same
grade of casting to the roof or a non-retractable mortar.
-Water and air blowing shall be carried out by the compressor to ensure that there is no blockage
in the pipes containing the cables.
-Air is blown to dry and expel water .
-Newly produced cement materials, water and additives are deformed if necessary. Water
content of cement from - 0.4 to 0.45
-Machine connections are prepared according to the needs of the machine Preparing paths for
the machine.
-Preparation of drawings and special tables that show the tracks and the completion of the
injected tracks .
-The injection process is started using either an electric injection machine or a pneumatic
injection machine.
-After placing the water and ice to obtain a low temperature the cement and water are mixed
according to the proportions mentioned in the code and specifications are : Injection by placing
the hose on the one hand and the injection material coming out of the second hand Fill the pipes
_________________________________________________________________________________
58
_________________________________________________________________________________
with injection material, including vertical pipes, due to the shrinkage of the mortar after a
period and it is advisable to use additives that reduce Shrinkage of cement mortar
-After completion of the kit the marking of the spray is marked as carried out and the marking
of the painting is carried out.
-In case of blockage of any path is made a light hole in the middle of the distance between the
open and closed part and so on until it is determined by - Use constant air pressure during the
light hole operation until it does not reach the cables
-After the completion of the injection process must be cleaned places of descent mortar and
collect the excess and cut cables in the process of tightening and assembled in boxes .
-As a scrap and cut vertical pipes and protruding for safety and safety.
-Upon the completion of the injection process, the work of the slabs after the tensile will be
completed on site .
4.6-Forms of Prestressing Steel: As shown in figure (35)

Wires : Prestressing wire is a single unit made of steel.
Strands : Two, three or seven wires are wound to form a prestressing strand
Tendon : A group of strands or wires are wound to form a prestressing tendon.
Cable : A group of tendons form a prestressing cable.
Bars : A tendon can be made up of a single steel bar. The diameter of a bar is much larger than
that of a wire.
4.7-Difference between bonded and unbonded in construction

4.7.1 Bonded post-tensioned concrete
- Bonded post-tensioned concrete is the descriptive term for a method of applying compression
after pouring concrete and the curing process (in situ).
- The concrete is cast around a plastic, steel or aluminum curved duct, to follow the area where
otherwise tension would occur in the concrete element.
- A set of tendons are fished through the duct and the concrete is poured. Once the concrete has
hardened, the tendons are tensioned by hydraulic jacks.
- When the tendons have stretched sufficiently, according to the design specifications they are
wedged in position and maintain tension after the jacks are removed, transferring pressure to
the concrete.
-The duct is then grouted to protect the tendons from corrosion. This method is commonly used
to create monolithic slabs for house construction in locations where expansive soils create
problems for the typical perimeter foundation.
- All stresses from seasonal expansion and contraction of the underlying soil are taken into the
entire tensioned slab, which supports the building without significant flexure. Post-stressing is
also used in the construction of various bridges.
- The advantages of this system over unbonded post-tensioning
-Large reduction in traditional reinforcement requirements as tendons cannot distress in
accidents.
- Tendons can be easily 'weaved' allowing a more efficient design approach.
-Higher ultimate strength due to bond generated between the strand and concrete.
No long term issues with maintaining the integrity of the anchor/dead end.
_________________________________________________________________________________
59
_________________________________________________________________________________
4.7.2 Unbonded post-tensioned concrete :

- Unbonded post-tensioned concrete differs from bonded post-tensioning by providing each
individual cable permanent freedom of movement relative to the concrete.
- To achieve this, each individual tendon is coated with a grease (generally lithium based) and
covered by a plastic sheathing formed in an extrusion process.
- The transfer of tension to the concrete is achieved by the steel cable acting against steel
anchors in the perimeter of the slab.
-The main disadvantage over bonded posttensioning is the fact that a cable can destress itself
and burst out of the slab if damaged (such as during repair on the slab).
4.5 External Prestressing
-This refers to the case where prestressing tendons are placed outside the concrete section and
the prestressing force is transferred to a structural member through end anchorages or deviators.
Advantages of external prestressing include the possibility of monitoring and replacing
tendons, ease in concreting and hence better concrete quality and the use of narrower webs.
External prestressing is being Increasingly used in the construction of new bridges and is a
primary method for the strengthening and Rehabilitation of existing structures.
-At NUS, a three-year project on the application of external prestressing in structural
strengthening has been completed, and this has resulted in design charts being developed for
such applications. Works were also carried out on the use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)
reinforcement as external tendons in both simply supported and continuous beams As shown
in figure (36).
Figure (36) forms of prestressing steel
Figure (35) external tendons for simple and continous beam
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60
Reference
________________________________________________________________________________________
Reference
Chap.I - Aalami, B.O. 1994b. Unbonded and Bonded Post-Tensioning Systems in Building
Construction, PTI Technical Notes Issue 5. Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, AZ.
Exp 1 - Behavior of bonded and unbounded prestressed normal and high strength concrete
beams: accepted 21 June 2012
Exp 2 - Experimental and numerical studies on seismic behavior of bonded and unbonded
prestressed steel reinforced concrete frame beam: accepted 7 April 2018
Exp 3 - Cracking and deformability of bonded and unbonded prestressed concrete beams under
monotonic static loading :13 November 2017
Exp 4 - International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research Development Volume 4,
Issue 4, April -2017- Comparative Study Of Bonded & Unbonded Post-Tensioning For Long
Span Beam In Building
Chap.III - ACI Committee 318. 2008. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
and Commentary, ACI318-08. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 465 pp
Chap.III - ACI 423.3R-17 Recommendations for Concrete Members Prestressed with Single-
Strand Unbonded Tendons Reported by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 423
Chap.III - CSA A23.3-04 Design of concrete structures
Chap.III - ECP-203 -2007 - 2018
Chap.III - IBC-2009
Presentation on prezi
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BONDED AND UNBONDED POST- TENSIONING TECHNOLOGIES Post-

Technical Report · February 2020

bonded and unbonded post-tensioning technololgies View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

BONDED AND UNBONDED POST-TENSIONING

Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in

Evaluation committee: Signature

Associate Prof. OSAMA ELNESR ___________________

Dr. TAREK EL-HASHIMY

Prof . Dr. ___________________

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................ ii

List of Figures ..............................................................................................................x

List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xx

Definitions and Notations ............................................................................................a

Chapter I Introduction ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter II State of the Art ................................................................................... 4

2.1 General ............................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Exp. 1 ..................................................................................................................... 4

2.2.1 Tendons ........................................................................................................... 4

2.2.2 Desigen ............................................................................................................ 4

2.2.3 Test set up........................................................................................................ 5

2.3 Exp. 2 ..................................................................................................................... 5

2.3.1 Test spcimens .............................................................................................. 7

2.3.2 Test set up .................................................................................................... 7

2.3.3 Expirmental results ...................................................................................... 8

2.3.4 failure modes ............................................................................................... 9

2.4 Exp 3 .................................................................................................................... 10

2.4.1 Test set up...................................................................................................... 12

2.4.2 Expirmental resultes ...................................................................................... 12

2.5 Exp. 4 ................................................................................................................... 15

2.5.1 Test spcimens ................................................................................................ 17

2.5.2 mesurement ................................................................................................... 17

2.5.3 Test set up and loading process ..................................................................... 18

2.5.4 failure mode................................................................................................... 19

2.5.5 Test discussion .............................................................................................. 20

Chapter III Code and standers requirments ................................................ 22

3-Member desigen ................................................................................................ 22

3.1 One way systems.................................................................................................. 22

3.1.1 Minimum bonded reinforcement ............................................................... 22

3.1.2 Tendon spacing .......................................................................................... 23

3.1.3 Minimum shear reinforcement .................................................................. 23

3.1.4 Prestressed shrinkage and tempreture reinforcement ................................ 23

3.2 Two way systems ................................................................................................. 25

3.2.1 analysis ...................................................................................................... 25

3.2.2 Limits for reinforcement ............................................................................ 25

3.2.3 minimum bonded reinforcement ............................................................... 26

3.2.4 Tendon and bonded reinforcement distribution and spacing..................... 26

3.2.4 Recommended detail of reinforement for banded tendons distribution .... 27

3.3 Anchorage zones .................................................................................................. 28

3.3.1 Anchorage zone reinforcement .................................................................. 28

3.4 Desigen consederation ......................................................................................... 30

3.4.1 Tendon stress at factored load ................................................................... 30

3.4.2 Prestress lossses ......................................................................................... 31

3.5 Avarage prestress ................................................................................................ 32

3.5.1 Minimum avarage prestress ....................................................................... 32

3.5.2 Maximum avarage prestress ...................................................................... 32

3.6 continous members .............................................................................................. 32

3.6.1 One way members ..................................................................................... 32

3.6.2 Two way members..................................................................................... 33

3.7 Fire resistance ...................................................................................................... 33

3.7.1 Minimum dimensions for various fire resistive classification ..................... 34