CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

Law enforcement has come to value facets of its position as central to its crime-fighting

capability over the last few decades, including legitimacy, procedural justice, quality of life

issues, and community partnerships. Despite the fact that evolving law enforcement techniques

have increased crime prevention, many agencies continue to aim to increase citizen

satisfaction by balancing crime control and community-oriented approaches. Frank Merenda et.

Al (2020). Community policing models presented these objectives and increased community

satisfaction, ultimately being recognized as having characteristics that could contribute to more

effective crime prevention. Weisburd (2018). COP encourages bi-directional collaboration by

using a variety of strategies through which law enforcement collaborates with neighborhoods to

resolve crime and non-criminal problems in any given community. It also calls for departments

to change their mindsets in order to enable officers to collaborate with the community on

strategy creation. Reisig et. Al (2017).

The authority to enforce regional regulations, administer public order and order, and

protect the people are among the authorities of the regional government in the administration of

government affairs. In terms of government authority, the police are generally the government's

component in maintaining social order, often by the use of force. David Scott Nickel (2018).

And of this authority, regional development will proceed without hindrances, or in other words,

the compliance of regional regulations and the establishment of public order and peace are two

of the efforts to achieve regional stability. Ridwan et. Al (2021) The present day society Law

enforcement agencies depend heavily on public trust to preserve their credibility in this

"modern" era of policing, and they must convince the public to seek their permission to be
governed. Citizen satisfaction with police becomes important in this context of police-

community relations. Increased public trust is one of the key goals of the recent shift in policing

from conventional to community-oriented. A good relationship between police and civilians is

needed to transition from a bureaucratically isolated force to a service-oriented organization.

Muran Ozkan, Ph.D (2016)

Despite the fact that crime rates have been decreasing for several years and the field's

awareness that community-oriented philosophies can help in crime control, there is still a lack

of trust in police. Citizens' dissatisfaction with police encounters or services given to a

community can hinder citizen-police collaboration; controversial police use of force incidents

and retaliatory attacks on officers can exacerbate those tense relationships. Collaboration

between citizens and police officers, on the other hand, is a necessary component of

community-oriented policing performance. Przeszlowski & Crichlow (2018). These perceived

flaws, as well as the need to increase public satisfaction with police in order to promote citizen-

police cooperation, are recognized by police executives and academics. Communities that are

satisfied with the police in terms of service quality, efficiency, and respect for community needs

regard officers as more legitimate and are more likely to collaborate with them to control crime

and solve other problems in a community-oriented sense. Lytle & Bolger (2017). Demographic

factors such as race, age, and level of education, as well as residents' perceptions of

neighborhood social and physical disorder, as well as their fear of crime, have all been found to

influence community-police relations. In a community-policing sense, citizens' perceptions of

police fairness can contribute to increased satisfaction and cooperation; hence, an increasing

focus on procedural justice within the COP system. Frank Merenda et. Al (2020)

In Thailand, attitudes toward crime suppression and prevention were found to have the

greatest association with public trust in and attitudes toward police. The demographic,

contextual, communication, and police performance categories were examined in this report. It
was discovered that older females with less qualifications and a lower income had a higher

degree of trust in the police. They also found that people who have never been a victim of

crime and do not fear crime have a higher level of trust in the police. They also discovered that

citizen-initiated interaction with cops resulted in increased confidence. Finally, they discovered

that there was a strong correlation between successful crime prevention and crime suppression

and police trust. Police confidence cannot be based solely on a single variable, such as

demographics, and officers must be well-rounded performers in order to retain public trust in

their services. Sahapattana, and Cobkit (2016). In the United States, among other governance

criteria, citizen satisfaction and trust in law enforcement agencies has become one of the core

tenets of government systems. Increased use of governance practices in government has had

far-reaching consequences in law enforcement. The community is seen as the owner of law

enforcement services rather than a purchaser of law enforcement services, and the focus is

placed on the community owners' public safety needs, desires, and values. Kaustinen (2016).

As a result, public expectations of police effectiveness and efficiency are linked to public

satisfaction with police services. In other words, the more satisfied the public is with police

services, the more successful they consider them to be in dealing with crime, how reasonably

they handle people, how efficiently they react to community complaints, and that they see the

matter through to a satisfactory conclusion. David Scott Nickel (2018).