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    6 views35 pages

    Week01 EL220 WZ

    Uploaded by

    Sami Ahmed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 35
    Why this course? This course deals with the fundamental principles of signals and systems theory. Aim of this course is to equip the students with the concepts and techniques of performing time-domain and frequency-domain analysis of signals and systems, laying the foundation for courses like “Communication Systems’, ‘Linear Control Systems” and ‘Digital Signal Processing’. Course Objectives: The course objectives are to: a) Equip the students with a thorough understanding of the types and fundamental principles of signals and systems. b) Develop students’ mathematical and analytical skills required to analyze continuous-time (CT) signals and systems in both time- and frequency-domains. ©) Introduce students to analysis of discrete-time (D1) signals and systems Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs): By the end of this course, student should be able to demonstrate the following: 1. Perform CT/ DT Signal Transformations like time-shifting, time-reversal, signal compression; solve CT’/ DI Convolution and Correlation. 2. Perform modeling of CT / DT Linear Time Invariant (LTD systems using impulse response function and differential difference equation. 3. Analyze the transformation of a CT signal through CL-LII system using frequency domain methods; apply filtering 4. Calculatez-Transform and inverse z-Transform for DT functions. Text Books: 1. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky and S. H. Nawab, "Signals and Systems" (Latest Edition), 2. M. J. Roberts, "Fundamentals of Signals and Systems", McGraw-Hill, 2007 3. P, Lathi, "Linear Systems and Signals", 2nd Edition, Oxford, 2004 Introduction and scope of the course and objectives Applications + Communications— AM, FM, FSK, PSK, communication channels. + Radio-astronomy, geophysics. + Physical systems modeling and control, Seismology, Mechanics, Chemical process control, Aerospace, Motor control, Thermodynamics, Fluid dynamics. * Optics and acoustics. + Biomedical engineering. + Electronics, circuit design. + Neural networks, adaptive systems, + Computer vision, graphics, image and speech processing. + Time series analysis, economic forecasting, stock trends. Tentative Lecture Breakup Lecture No. Week No Topics 01-to-09 01-03 Tnvodicion, Signal Gasafeations, Conimnous-time (CE) Disxele-tme (DT) /Analog 7 Digital Signals; Sional Enersy, Power; Simal transformations, time-shifting, time-reversa, sigral compression, expansion, CT/ DT exponential siguls; CT/ DT simsoids, Singularity fictions, DT! CT unt impotse and step sequence fanctions 10-to- 24 CE DT systems, Diiventiat EDaibrence eqn modal: System properties memory Inverbility, Causality; Tine Invasiance, BIBO Staiity, Linearity, LTT systems, Impulse ‘response, DT Coavoltion Sum; soltion methods, CT Coavohtion Tategal; ITI system propatis, Impuse Response vi-a-viz causality, stability, DT / CT Comelaion, Cross d Auto- Correlation, calulation, properties 25-to-35 09-12 Frequency domain smabsi of CT/ DI sale and systens: Higea facto ad vali of LTT systems; CT Fourier Series (FS), Analysis and Smthesis, Freq spectra of periodic impulse & pulse tains, Convergence of FS, Drichlet conditions, Gbb's phenomenon, FS & LTI systems, (CT Fourier Teansform (CTT), its Sake wth Laplace Teansform and CTFS, Calcuistion of CTRT and inverse CTT, Foutier Propzties, System's fiequency response, DT Fourier ‘Transform (DTET) and Series (DTFS) 36-to-39 12-13 (CTte DT conversion, Sampling, Sanplag Theorem, Alasag 40-to- 44 14-15 eiew dv Traniorm, is ink wih Fowie, Laplace. plane and splnc. Calcdation f= Transform, ROC properies: Imerse Transform: Application for DT sigals and systems alysis 45 -to-47 15-16 ‘aslog | CT Fikes; Types of ier response (P/HP/ BP /BStop), Meal vs practical Stes, Bondwisth, Fist and Seccnd order systems | tes, Bode plot; antve, passe fiter cite, Types of FreqResponse- Butterworth, Chebychew, Bip 48 Review Definition and classification of signals Grom sis Definition and classification of signals Signal: “A function representing a detectable physical quantity or variable by means of which information or message can be transmitted is known as signal.” OR A signal is an abstraction of any measureable quantity. Examples of signals: Electrical signals Voltages and currents in a circuit Acoustic signals “Acoustic pressure (sound) over time Mechanical signals Velocity of a car over time Video signals ~intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over time Classification of Signals: Definition and classification of signals (1) Continuous /Discrete time Signals: Continuous-Time Sign: A signal is a continuous signal, if the independentvariable ‘t’ is continuous over total interval. A continuous signal may be denoted by x(t). y(t). m(t), w(t), w,(D). ete , Use Small brackets () for CT signals ! aU eon) x Shey x = 5 Sin) Vo di Definition and classification of signals (1) Continuous /Discrete time Signals: Continuous-Time Signal. + Examples: Signals in cars and circuits, e.g. velocity, voltage, current, pressure, temperature ete. + Signals described by differential equations, e-g., dy/dt = ay(t) + bi) + Signal itself could have jumps (discontinuities) in magnitude Discontinuity Voltage — Teme y-7) =+4 y(-3) =Undef ined yG2)=+1 y(+4) =? Lin x0 = 4 Lig x0 =—o Definition and classification of signals Discrete-Time Signal. A signal is a discrete signal if the independentvariable ‘n’ is unconnected over total interval. A discrete signal is denoted by x[n] or {X,}. where n is an integer. 1 » fit 0123456789 SPST Tee: Examples of DT signals: x(n] Le ov Daily closing index of stock market Daily number of accidents on a highway Temperature of a patient after each hour Average height of students in each section of 4" semester in UIT Etc. Definition and classification of signals + To distinguish between continuous-time and discrete-time signals, we will use the symbol ¢ to denote the continuous-time independent variable and to denote the discrete time independent variable. * In addition, for continuous-time signals we will enclose the independent variable in parentheses (_), whereas for discrete-time signals we will use brackets [ ] to enclose the independent variable. * We will also have frequent occasions when it will be useful to represent signals graphically, x 2 Graphical representations of (a) continuous-time and (b) discrete-time signals. Classification of Signals: Definition and classification of signals (2) Analog /Digotal Signals: Analog Signals: Ifa signal x(t) can take-on any value in continuous interval (a,b) where ‘a’ may be —c infinity and b may be +0. Then, signal is called analogsignal. Analog Ampinide Time Definition and classification of signals Digital Signal: If a signal can take on only a finite number of different values, then signal is called digital signal 2) f HH ALP UL UL Digital signal t Classification of Signals: Definition and classification of signals (3) Periodic/ Non-Periodic Signals: Periodic Signal Periodic signals repeat with some finite time-period “T”. We can define a periodic function through the following mathematical expression, where t can be any number and T is a positive constant: f@=ft+D + The fundamental period of our function, f (t), is the smallest value of T that the still allows equation to be true. Definition and classification of signals Non-Periodic Signals: Non-periodic signals do not repeat themselves after any finite period, or non- periodic signals have infinite time period ng) Amplitude Definition and classification of signals Classification of Signals: (4) Even/ Odd Signals: Even Signals: Even signals are identical aboutvertical axis. Mathematically: f(t) = f(-+t) x= cont Definition and classification of signals Odd Signals: Odd signals contain following characteristic: Si) =-feo fo More Examples uw > Zz ow OZ £0) a Classification of Signals: (5) Real valued/ Complex valued Signals: Fora given value of the independent variables, the values of a signal can be either real or complex. Real —Valued signals: A real signal takes its values in the set of real number, i x(t)ER x[n] ER Complex —Valued signal. Acomplex signal takes it's values in the set of complex numbers, ie., x() EC x[nJec Real valued and complex valued signals Complex signals are usually used in communications to model signal that convey amplitude and phase information. Like complex numbers, complex signal can be represented by two real signals. These two real signals can be either the real and imaginary parts or the absolute value (or modulus or magnitude) and phase x(t) = x,(t) + jx,(t)= A+ ei? Where, x,(t) = Real part of x(t) x(t) = imaginary part of x(t) A= Absolute value = yx,(t)? + x;(¢)? 6 = phase = tant (3) (6) Energy/ Power signals: A signal is referred to as energy signal if and only if the total energy of the signal satisfies the condition, 0 Problem Categorize each of the following signals as an energy signal or a power signal, and find the energy or time-averaged power of the signal: t Osts1 (a) x(t) =42-4 15852 0, otherwise nm O Iya? B= > par = (1)? + (1)? +0)? +2)? +()? +(- 1)? +(-2)? +0)? 141404441414441 joules Q2: Find energy / power of the signal z{n] zn] Naa, 3 3 2 2 segs | 1 | x | 1 ooo Tetlte tlt... 422% 0128 4569 Ans. As y(n] is a periodic signal, it may be a power signal. wot We have: P Here: N=4 watts 1 p= 7h] Mathematical and graphical representation of signals Q3: Sketch the signal f(t) Solution: ce W tate te ee ee Teta tg tt ze) P 7 | IF 7 Q4: Write the expression of x(t) x(t) Answer: 1 O0

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