Signals and Systems Lecture Week No.03 Complex exponential & sinusoidal signal DT sinusoidal signal Unit impulse and unit step signals Engr. Muhammad Waseem Zeeshan AshrafiComplex-exponential and sinusoidal Signals: ‘The CT complex exponential signal is of the form, x(t) =Ce* Where “C° and “a” are, in general complex numbers. Depending upon the values of these parameters, the complex exponential can exhibit several different characteristics (A) Real-exponential signal: If “C” and “a” are real, x(t) is called real-exponential signal There are two types of behaviors: (@) Growing exponential: If “a” is positive, then, as “1” increases, x(1) grows exponentially xf) 9 Real-exponential is the form that is used in describing many different physical processes, including chain reactions in atomic explosions and complex chemical reactions.(b) Decaying exponential: If “a” is negative, then, real exponential is a decaying function, as, oO t Decaying exponential is a signal that is also used to describe a wide variety of phenomena, including the process of radioactive decay and the responses of RC circuits and damped mechanical systems. Also, we note that for a = 0, x(t) is constant. (B) General complex-exponential signal: Let us express “C” in polar form and “a” in rectangular form, ie. Consider, when both “a” and “C” are complex, C=|Cl-e a=rtjoHence. x(t)= Ce“ =| ¢]-e% ef tie =| ¢]-e7. eilwrro) Using Euler's identity, x(t)=Ce% =|Cl-e"-cos(wt+@) + 7 |Cl-e"+sin(wt +6) Thus, for r= 0. the real and imaginary parts of a complex exponential are sinusoidal. For r>0 they correspond to sinusoidal signals multiplied by a growing exponential, Growing sinusoidal signal x(t) = Ce cos (wot + 0),r > 0 decaying sinusoid x(t) = Cot cos (apt + 0), <0.+ The dashed lines in the figures correspond to the functions +{C|e' which is the maznimde of the complex exponential. + Thus, the dashed curves act as an envelope for the oscillatory curve in the figure in that the peaks of the oscillations just reach these curves, and in this way the envelope provides us with a convenient way to visualize the general trend in the amplitude of the oscillations. + Simisoidal signals multiplied by decaying exponentials are commonly referred to as cennped sinusoids + Examples of damped sinusoids arise in the response of RLC circuits and in mechanical systems containing both damping and restoring forces, such as automotive suspension systems. + These kinds of systems have mechanisms that dissipate energy (resistors, damping forces such as friction) with oscillations that decay in time. Similarly for discrete-time, the complex exponentialis,DT Exponential signal 1 O 1 Re(x[n)) Im@xfn) n ly n(© Periodic-exponential signal: Consider, when “a” is purely imaginary, i.e.: a= ja x(Q) =C- et Using Eular'r identity; [e/® ‘os +jsin @] x(t) =C - [cos(wt) + j sin(wt)] = Ccoswt + j Csinwt And, we know, these two funetions are periodic, with period ‘T = = sec, Simusoidal and complex exponential signals are also used to describe the characteristics of many physical processes-in particular, physical systems in which energy is conserved. For example, the natural response of an LC circuit is sinusoidal, as is the simple harmonic motion of a mechanical system consisting of a mass connected by a spring toa stationary support. The acoustic pressure variations corresponding to a single musical tone are also sinusoidal.Periodicity property of complex exponentials 7 2k CP: x(t) = ellis periodic with period T, if 9) =~ 0 Where ©, is in rad/sec and kis an integer Impossible to have ‘Same time period for different frequencies Q, (=2aF,) and Ty are uniquely related Whereas, 2k DI: x{n] = e/eMis periodic with period N, if 9 == where wo is in rad per sample and k is an integer. © (-2af) and Nare NOT uniquely related; there can be N different values of wp (and f,) for same NCT Sinusoid Consider the signal a(t) = sin(27Fyt) F, = frequency in Hz t = time inSec Graphically, os] A question for you: x(t)* 05) | 4 O02 OOF O05 OOF ON O12 O14 O18 O18 Oz Q=2nF a inl Range of Q) and Fy: Mathematically Practically = to 00 0 to ‘What is the frequency of x(t)?Similarly, Xa(t) = Acos(27Ft +6), -co or lanfl>x —>lfl > Is identical to a sequence obtained from a sinusoidal signal with frequency lol 7 an alias of corresponding sinusoid with frequency |a| < m. 4%), as unique Thus we regard frequencies in the range 1 % (or |f| > %, as aliases.You must notice the difference between Discrete-Time Please Notice This = Sinusoids and Continuous-Time Sinusoids, where the latter e result in distinct signals for w or f in the entire range of a 0 and m. Fundamental frequency wo Fundamental frequency” wo/m Fundamental period Fundamental period” s @ = 0: undefined @ = 0: undefined oo #0: a # 0:m(22) “Assumes that m and N do not have any factors in common. Reading Assignment: Read the following article of your text book, 1.3.3 Periodicity Properties of Discrete-Time Complex Exponentials Page No. 25Unit step & Unit impulse signals Engr. Muhammad Waseem Zeeshan Ashrafi(1) Unit-Step function: u(t) ACT unit step signal denoted by u(t) can be expressed as, u(t) = 5 eee ~ lo +<0. 1 Similarly, for DT, [7] {0 n<0 y un “U n>0 re The unit-step is generally used in two fashions: (1) To specify domain of a signal. eg: x(t) = 5.e7*"u(t) Itis ee! foes t>0 * t<0 (2) Another application may be that, a rectangular pulse can be expressed in terms of Unit-Step signals.Example: Express x(t) in terms of unit-step signals. Unit-step signal Answer: x(t) = 2u(t) + 2u(t-3) + (-4)u(t-s) or x(t) = 2u(t) + 2u(t-3) — 4u(t-5)Unit-step signal Example: Sketch x(t) = u(t) —u(t-2) Solution: u(t) __r—. and u(t-2) Now, subtracting u(t-2) from u(t), uft)-u(t-2) =x(t) The result will be:Example: Express x[n] in terms of unit-step signals. Unit-step signal Js ae oe co x{n] = (1) ufn+7] + (2) ufn+2] + (1) ufn-3] + (-2) uft-7] on x(n] = - ufn+7] +2 u{n+2] + ufn-3] -2 v[n-7]Unit-step signal Example: Sketch x[n] = u[n+S] — 2u[n] + u[n-7] xn](2) Uni Itis the most important communication signal. Also known as “Dirac Delta” or simply “Delta”. -Impulse: Consider a rectangular pulse as shown, xt) a= 1/b, so that a Area= (b) (1/b}=1 a e | Reduce “b”, but es area must < hi > remain 1. fb30 ad— Under these conditions, pulse x(t) becomes impulse - So, Impulse is a pulse lt) whose width is tending to zero, and amplitude tends to ==, But Area is 1Notation: x(t) (ie Time-shifted impulse: 5(t-a) Unit-mpulse: t=0 P t#0 8(tta) ot otProperties of Delta function: Unit-Impulse: Property 1: J é(t)dt =1 Property 2: x(t) - 5(t) = x(0) > x(t)+d(t- ty) = tt) x(t) : Ss / - D . t Strength of delta: to Consider the expressions: k. &(t) ork. d(t-t,) They show the strength of the impulse. Tt may be smaller or larger than 1.Unit impulse in DT: The unit-impulsein discrete-time in denoted by 6[n], an defined as, = 8[n] n=0 1, d[n] = 6 n#0 | n Relationships between unit step and unit impulse functions: (1) 6[n] = un] -ufn-1] The DT unit-impulseis the first difference of DT unit steps. Y atl The DT unit-step is the running-sum of DT unit-impulses. (2) ulm] (8) 6 = uw CT unit-impulse is the first derivative of CT unit-Step function. (4) u(t) = { 8(t— 1dr a CT unit-step is the running integral of CT unit-impulses function.