 Explain what is chemistry.

 Differentiate the different branches of

chemistry

 Discuss the importance of chemistry

Chemistry

= is the field of study concerned

with the characteristics, composition
and transformation of matter.
➢ Practical Arts ( - to 600 B.C.)

- Production of metal from ores, manufacture of pottery,

brewing, baking and preparation of dyes and of drugs are
ancient arts.
- Archaeological evidence proves that inhabitants of ancient
Egypt and Mesopotamia were skilled in these crafts, but how
and when the crafts first developed are not known.
- These arts, which are chemical processes, become highly
developed during this period. The development, however, was
empirical, that is based on the practical experience alone
without reference to underlying chemical principle.
➢ Greek Theory ( 600 BC to 300 BC

- The philosophical aspect of chemistry began in

classical Greece about 600 B.C. The foundation
of Greek science was the search for principles
through which an understanding of nature
could be obtained.
- Two theories of the Greeks became very
important in the centuries that followed:
➢ Greek Theory ( 600 BC to 300 BC

a. A concept that all substances found on earth

are composed of four elements ( earth, air, fire
and water) in various proportions originated
with Greek philosophers of this period.
b. A theory that matter consists of separate and
distinct units called atoms was proposed by
Leucippus and extended by Democritus in the
fifth century B.C.
➢ Alchemy (300 B.C. to 1650 AD)

- Philosophical tradition of ancient Greece and the

craft tradition of ancient Egypt met in Alexandria,
Egypt (the city founded by Alexander the Great)
and alchemy was the result of the union.
- The early alchemists used Egyptian techniques for
the handling of materials to investigate theories
concerned with the nature of matter.
- The philosophical content of alchemy incorporated
elements of astrology and mysticism into the
theories of the earlier Greeks.
➢ Alchemy (300 B.C. to 1650 AD)

- A dominant interest of the alchemists was the

transmutation base metals such as iron and lead
into the noble metal gold. They believed that a
metal could be changed by changing its qualities
and that changes occurs in nature – that metals
strive for the perfection represented by gold.
Furthermore, the alchemists believe that changes
could be brought about by means of a very small
amount of a powerful transmuting agent, called
philosopher’s stone.
➢ Alchemy (300 B.C. to 1650 AD)

- In the 7th century A.D., the Arabs conquered the

centers of Hellenistic civilization including Egypt in
640 A.D. and alchemy was passed into their
hands.
- Arabs called the philosopher’s stone aliksir (which
was later corrupted into elixir). Arab alchemist
believed that this substance could not only ennoble
metals by transmuting them into gold but could
also ennoble life by curing all diseases.
➢ Alchemy (300 B.C. to 1650 AD)

- In the 12th and 13th centuries, alchemy was

gradually introduced into Europe, by translation of
Arabic works into Latin. On the whole, however,
European alchemist added little that was new to
alchemical theory.
- Alchemy lasted until the 17th century. Gradually,
the theories and attitudes of the alchemists began
to be questioned.
➢ Phlogiston (1650 to 1790)

- Throughout most of the 18th century, the

phlogiston theory dominated chemistry.
- This theory, which was later shown to be
erroneous, was principally the work of Georg
Ernst Stahl.
- Phlogiston (a “fire principle”) was assumed to be
a constituent of any substance that could
undergo combustion.
➢ Phlogiston (1650 to 1790)

- Upon combustion, a substance was thought to

lose its phlogiston and be reduced to simpler
form. Air was believed to function in a
combustion by carrying off the phlogiston as it
was released.
- The phlogiston theory interpreted calcination in a
similar way. The formation of metal oxide (called
a calx) by heating a metal in air is called
calcination.
➢ Phlogiston (1650 to 1790)

- One difficulty inherent in the phlogiston theory

was never adequately explained. When wood
burns, it supposedly losses phlogiston and the
resulting ashes weigh less than the original piece
of wood. On the other hand, in calcination, the
loss of phlogiston is accompanied by an increase
in weight, since calx weighs more than the
original metal.
- The importance of weighing and measuring was
not realized during that time.
➢ Modern Chemistry ( 1790 - )

- The work of Antoine Lavoisier in the late 18th

century is generally regarded as the beginning of
Modern Chemistry. He was able to overthrow the
phlogiston theory and revolutionize chemistry. He
relied on the results of quantitative
experimentation ( he uses chemical balance
extensively) to arrive at his explanation of a
number of chemical phenomena.
➢ Modern Chemistry ( 1790 - )

- The Law of Conservation of Mass (formulated by

Lavoisier) states that there is no detectable change in
mass during the course of a chemical reaction.
- The role of gases plays in chemical reactions proved to
be a stumbling block to the development of chemical
theory. When the law of conservation of mass is applied
to combustion or calcination, the masses of gases used
or produced in these reactions must ne taken into
account. Lavoisier drew upon the results of other
scientists’ work with gases to explain these reactions.
➢ Modern Chemistry ( 1790 - )

- In interpreting chemical phenomena, Lavoisier used

the modern definitions of element and compound.
The phlogiston theory regarded a metal as a
compound composed of a calx and phlogiston.
Lavoisier showed that a metal is an element and
that the corresponding calx is a compound
composed of the metal and of oxygen coming from
air.
➢ Modern Chemistry ( 1790 - )

- In his book, Traite Elementaire de Chimie (Elementary

Treatise on Chemistry) published in 1789, Lavoisier
used essentially modern terminology. The present-day
language of chemistry is based in the system of
nomenclature that Lavoisier helped to devise.
- The achievements of scientists since the 1700s are
described throughout this book. More has been learned
about chemistry in the two centuries following Lavoisier
than in the twenty centuries preceeding him.
 CHEMISTRY

Inorganic Organic Analytical

Chemistry Chemistry chemistry

Physical
Chemistry Biochemistry
 is the study of all elements and compounds
other than organic compounds
 the study of inorganic compounds or
compounds which do not contain a C-H
bond.
 approximately 100,000 inorganic compound.
 The study of carbon and its compounds
except CO, CO2, bicarbonates and cyanides .
 Carbon has a unique properties that allow it
to make complex chemicals, including those
of living organisms. An entire field of
chemistry is devoted to substances with this
element.
 Over 2 million organic compounds
 the study of the identification of the
composition, both qualitative and
quantitative, of substances.
Division of Analytical Chemistry

1. Qualitative Analysis – seeks to

determine “What is present?”

2. Quantitative Analysis – seeks to

determine “How much is present?”
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
- the nature of the constituents of a given
material are determined by the qualitative
analysis

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
- the proportion by which the constituents
are present are determined by the methods of
quantitative analysis
 The study of the theoritical aspects of the
structure and changes of matter such as how
and why bonds form or energy takes place.
BRANCHES OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

 1. KINETICS – study of chemical range; is

concerned with reaction rates and the
mechanism by which reaction occur.

 2. THERMODYNAMICS – study of the energy

relationship accompanying chemical and
physical change
 Reaction rates – is the speed by which
reaction takes place

 Mechanism – the path or step by which a

reaction takes place.
 THERMODYNAMICS
a. Will it go?
b. How far will it go?

CHEMICAL RXN

KINETICS
a. How fast the rxn go?
b. What route does it
take?
 The study of the biologically important
elements and compounds.
 Ex. Carbohydrates, amino acids, protiens,
lipid-fats & oil, nucleic acid and enzymes.

RNA
Nucleic acid
DNA
 It is one pillar of the natural sciences
necessary for detailed studies in the physical
sciences or engineering.

 All sciences involve matter and the

interactions between types of matter.
 It’s the foundation upon which all other sciences
are based: embraces all other sciences.
 Chemistry interacts and supports all other
sciences: its scope from theoretical sciences such
a theoretical physics, to life sciences such as
biology.
 There are no hard border lines between sciences,
and chemistry connects them all.
 In essence, chemistry is the founding block on
which all other sciences build, and it’s the
application tool that allows us to manipulate
atoms to form chemicals that we want.
 Take a good look at the thing around you.
What do you see?

 Think about your personal and school things?

 What have you eaten this breakfast?

 These and more are products of Chemistry

 Industry depends on chemistry
 Many professions and occupation needs some
knowledge of chemistry
 The application of theories in chemistry
produces new and better materials
 Everyday experiences at home and
community are all explained by chemistry
Stoker, H. Stephen (2016). General Chemistry. Andover:
Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

Zumdahl, Steven S. (2015). Introductory Chemistry: A

Foundation. USA: Cengage Learning Asia Ptd Ltd., USA

Mortimer, Charles E. (1986). Chemistry . California:

Wadsworth, Inc.