COLLAGE OF SOCIAL SCINCE AND HUMANITY

FACULITY OF BUSSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
COURSE: EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT ONE

SUBMITED BY ZELALEM TESHOME

ID 2497/12 section 4
SUBMITED TO INS.
SUBMITED DATE march 2021
BHU NEGEELE CAMPUS
1.Chatbot
Chatbots represent a potential shift in how people interact with data and services online. While there is
currently a surge of interest in chatbot design and development, we lack knowledge about why people
use chatbots. Chatbots are machine agents that serve as natural language user interfaces for data and
service providers. Currently, chatbots are typically designed and developed for mobile messaging
applications. The current interest in chatbots is spurred by recent developments in artificial intelligence
(AI) and machine learning. Major Internet companies such as Google, Facebook, and Microsoft see
chatbots as the next popular technology; Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella said, “Chatbots are the new
apps”. In Spring, 2016, Facebook and Microsoft provided resources for creating chatbots to be
integrated into their respective messaging platforms, Messenger and Skype. One year later, more than
30,000 chatbots have been launched on Facebook Messenger. Other messaging platforms have also
seen a substantial increase in chatbots, including Slack, Kik, and Viber. Chatbots are seen as a means for
direct user or customer engagement through text messaging for customer service or marketing
purposes, bypassing the need for special-purpose apps or webpages. However, it is not simple to
transition from established user interfaces, such as web pages and apps, to chatbots as a common
means of interacting with data and services. For example, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how
customers react to the substitution of human customer service personnel with chatbots or how the
presence of chatbots in online social networks affects multi-party conversations and the spread of
information. Since the initial optimism regarding the launch of chatbots by Microsoft and Facebook, a
number of commentators have noted that users’ adoption of available chatbots is less substantial than
hoped. This could be explained by the fact that most available chatbots fail to fill users’ needs due to
unclear purposes, nonsensical responses, or insufficient usability. Designing a new interactive
technology such as a chatbot requires in-depth knowledge of users’ motivations for using the
technology, which allows the designer to overcome challenges regarding the adoption of the
technology. More general knowledge is also needed to understand human–chatbot relationships. To our
knowledge, no studies to date have investigated users’ motivations for interacting with chatbots

Why do people use chatbots?

The study contributes new knowledge regarding individuals’ motivations for using chatbots based on
an online questionnaire completed by chatbot users. The questionnaire includes an open question
regarding the participants’ main motivations for using chatbots. The findings obtained using this
approach can inform future designs intended to improve human–chatbot interactions.
2, Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality

A new wave of virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) has started. Benefiting from considerable media
hype, the entertainment industry tries to embrace the mass market, with new applications and games
based in a virtual environment. These new technological developments might emphasize a virtual reality
trend that has been the subject of research in the medical field over many decades. This article aims to
review the technologies that are available today and their application to the medical field and in
particular to urology. The review presents an overview of significant developments that have occurred in
medicine and in the discipline of urology using either AR or VR. Considering both the achievements and
also the remaining challenges, it aims to identify trends towards possible future developments.

Recent years have experienced the introduction of a wave of VR devices into the mass consumer
market, offering image quality and performance that could not be matched before. Low-cost-entry
devices on offer in the consumer market are mainly dominated by 2 players, but other manufacturers
have announced their intention to enter the competition. One of the pioneers of the new wave of VR is
Facebook-owned Oculus, an HMD with tracking and space sensors. The other player is VIVE
manufactured by HTC (New Taipei City, Taiwan). The device is similar to Oculus, but contains an
additional video capture device for AR applications. The HMD also provides tracking and external laser-
based trackers that are available to determine the user’s position in space. The common principle of VR
is the complete immersion of the user in a computer-generated environment. Each device requires a
powerful computer with a modern graphics processing unit to provide fluent stereoscopic images with
low latency and a high refresh rate.

Augmented reality

Among the technologies focusing on AR, 2 types of devices are presently predominant: Glasses: The first
type of AR devices is based on glasses. These glasses allow the user to see their physical environment
with their own eyes by blending it with a layer of additional graphics generated by a computer. The
overlaying images can be either mono scopic or stereoscopic. Stereoscopic overlays have the advantage
that they can be positioned in 3D space in front of the viewer. Google Glass and Epson Smart Glasses are
prototypes of this technology. They are constructed from lightweight glass wired to a portable
computer, which the user can wear in their pocket. The recently available Hololens from Microsoft
combines an external computer with a headset combined with glasses and also integrates additional
cameras and sensors. This device is powered with high-performance batteries and presently allows
unconnected operation for approximately three hours. Additionally, as software manufacturer,
Microsoft delivers a software development kit (SDK), giving access to lower level algorithms and libraries
that perform elementary AR functions such as environment space recognition or collision detection, that
facilitate placement of additional virtual objects above or in front of rather than inside real-world
objects.

3, Blockchain and the Blockchain frenzy is real

In the information technology world, at least once in a few years a new technology emerges that seems
to be an answer to all problems and the beginning of a new golden era. Since 2016, this technology has
been blockchain, although the first version was already created in 2008 and the basic idea was incepted
by Haber and Stornetta already in 1991. The name is selfexplanatory, because blockchain consists of
blocks, which are added one after another, just as in a famous game “Snake”. From the functional point
of view, it is a decentralised database without central authority, which uses TCP/IP protocol for
communicating between its P2P network members, or, in other words, it is a system that performs
accurate and irreversible data transfer in a decentralised P2P network. It is presumed that the first
practical solution with the use of blockchain is crypto currency Bit coin. Its value has been grown more
than 60 000 times since it has appeared, and it is one of the main reasons for blockchain current
popularity. Unfortunately, it is also a somewhat negative factor, because very often blockchain is
confused with Bitcoin, and most studies are focused only on Bitcoin’s blockchain, although there can be
countless variations and technical nuances. For example, it has been found out that the proportion of
scientific papers about Bitcoin to the papers about other blockchain application possibilities is around
4:1. Overwhelming majority of research is focusing on revealing and improving limitations of blockchain
from privacy and security perspectives, not exploring its possible applications out of value recording
scope. Currently blockchain is considered a breakthrough invention, which could change many everyday
activities and business processes in different application domains, for example, to record election votes,
ensure transparency in accounting, track property rights of luxury items, intellectual property rights, etc.
However, as it usually happens with new technologies, there is a lot of hype around blockchain;
therefore, expectations may exceed the reality. All the buzz and hype has also created a large number of
trend-followers, who are trying to present blockchain as a solution to all problems. Nevertheless, there
are several technical challenges, such as scalability, integrity of network participants, distribution of
computational power, reaching of consensus, preserving confidentiality of users and safety of the used
encryption algorithms.
Blockchain is a data structure with the following key elements

• Data redundancy (each node has a copy of the blockchain

• Check of transaction requirements before validation

• recording of transactions in sequentially ordered blocks, whose creation is ruled by a consensus

algorithm;

• Transactions based on public-key cryptography and a transaction scripting language. Some authors
would also add to such a list consensus mechanisms, which are meant to provide incentives

Main Features of Blockchain

As the name suggests, blockchain is a chain of blocks. Usually each block contains transactions and hash
pointer, which serves as a link to the next block. In such a way, it is impossible to delete any block or
insert a new one in the middle of a chain, because then hashes will not match. Blocks are created by
network participants, who are processing transactions by running blockchain’s client software. Such a
participant is called a “node”. To attach the compiled block of transactions to blockchain, a node must
resolve a hash function of the block that satisfies certain mathematical conditions, although rules for
block attaching can differ and depend on a respective consensus algorithm, which is used in a particular
blockchain.

4, Ephemeral Application

From a practical perspective, the application, development and even deployment of any application that
should be executed in an ephemeral environment will need to take into account. Therefore, the
application to ephemeral environments of traditional techniques and methods, as bio-inspired
computation, will generate some interesting challenges and opportunities that can be analyzed.

The main goal in Eph-Cis thus making an effective use of highly-volatile resources whose computational
power (which can be collectively enormous) would be otherwise wasted or under-exploited. Think for
example of the pervasive abundance of networked handheld devices, tablets and, lately, wearables –not
to mention more classical devices such as desktop computers– whose computational capabilities are
often not fully exploited. Hence, the concept of Eph-Cpartially overlaps with ubiquitous computing,
volunteer computing and distributed computing. Due to these research fields deal with the concept of
ephemerality are explained in next section, but exhibits its own distinctive features, mainly in terms of
the extreme dynamism of the underlying resources, and the ephemerality-aware nature of the
computation which autonomously adapt to the ever-changing computational landscape. These concepts
not trying to fit to theinherentvolatilityofthelatterbuteventryingtouseitforitsownadvantage

5, Artificial Intelligence (AI)

What is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence is the development of computer systems that are
able to perform tasks that would require human intelligence.

AI is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made
thinking power."

It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer
programs. Those intelligent machines can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make
decisions.

AI deals with the area of developing computing systems that are capable of performing tasks that
humans are very good at, for example recognizing objects, recognizing and making sense of speech, and
decision making in a constrained environment.

AI needed for the following:

 To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the capability to learn,
demonstrate, explain and advice its users.
 Helping machines, find solutions to complex problems like humans do and applying them as
algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

Following are the main goals of AI:

 Replicate human intelligence

 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
 Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
Examples of these tasks are visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation
between languages.