Unidad 1 - Paso 2 - Knowing about Solar Energy Technologies

Por SONIA LORENA RANGEL

37441633

Presentado a ANDRES MAURICIO MUNAR

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD

Ingeniería Ambiental Energía Solar Térmica y Fotovoltaica
23 de septiembre de 2020
 1. Review of the current state of energy consumption, by sector and
type of fuel.

Colombia's energy consumption is established through the energy balance and the
characterization of the sectors for the activities with the greatest participation in
energy demand.
The energy balance and intensity are representations of energy efficiency from an
economic point of view, since they relate the primary and secondary energy matrix
with productivity from sources to final use in different sectors.
The primary energies are those that do not require any chemical or mechanical
transformation for their use; such as Coal, Oil, Gas, Water, Biofuel and FNCER and
the main secondary energy sources are those derived from oil and electricity. The
energy balance of a country can be defined as “the accounting representation of the
way in which the energy of a country is produced, imported, transformed and used
in the course of a period, which is generally one year.
The domestic supply of primary energy had a high portion that was transformed into
oil derivatives and electricity, in addition to other inputs and outputs of imports,
exports and storage. The net internal consumption that was supplied, after these
exchange and transformation processes was 29,655 kTEP / year, where the
transport sector represents 39.8% of the total consumption, which is made up of the
road, rail, river, maritime and aerial. This sector consumes mainly fossil fuels, with a
significant share of petroleum-derived fuels and a low share (0.06%) of electricity
consumption. The air transport subsector demands practically all the kerosene and
Jet A1 of the sector (10%), it can be deduced that the high participation of the road
transport subsector in consumption (88%) is supplied mainly with gasoline and
ACPM. Public transport and cargo vehicles, due to their technology, consume
practically all the ACPM, while private use vehicles consume motor gasoline, the
vast majority.
The industrial sector consumed 26.39% of the country's energy, ranking second after
the transport sector, with greater diversity in energy sources, the importance of
thermal use associated with energy consumption led by coal is highlighted (
29.09%), natural gas (25.05%), bagasse (17.09%) and Electricity taken from the
electricity grid or under self-generation and cogeneration systems. (13.40%).

In the residential sector, energy consumption is basically due to refrigeration (24%),

lighting (11%) and cooking, the latter being the one that occupies the highest
percentage (46%), in relation to all the factors identified (air conditioning , water
heating, lighting, among others)
 2. Review of the current state of the use of renewable energies in
Colombia.

Due to the study of clean energies, important advances have been made in products
derived from them. The National Energy Plan 2006-2025 projects a favorable outlook
both in consumption and in the production capacity of new technologies, such as the
case of the transport sector with vehicles powered by “Fuel Cells” that would
increase the efficiency of the fuel cells. combustion in two and up to three times
more. And it is proposed to encourage a program aimed at the production of biofuels,
by increasing products such as alcohol from raw materials other than conventional
ones, among which are: corn, cassava, sorghum, beet or any other type of sugar
biomass (UPME, 2007). The biofuel horizon focuses on the production from palm oil
until it replaces 5% of the demand for ACPM (UPME 2007). It is worth clarifying that,
in Colombia, the production and use of agrofuels is promoted despite the great
debate between the use of renewable energy and food security, by allocating many
of the food crops for energy production, the impacts environmental conditions of
monocultures and conflicts over possession and use of land.

Solar Energy:
Some of the studies that are carried out by IDEAM, which in conjunction with the
Mining and Energy Planning Unit (UPME) have developed a reference document in
the country since 2004 that contains 13 specific maps on "Solar Energy". known as
"Atlas of Solar Radiation of Colombia" This instrument allows to identify the strategic
zones for the development of this type of energy (Guajira and Orinoquia), to achieve
the successful implementation of technologies such as photovoltaic or thermal
systems, technologies that achieve air conditioning of buildings and even as a direct
source for biomass production.

Hydraulic Energy:
The National Energy Plan 2006-2025 contemplates that hydraulic energy is the most
developed in Colombia, representing an average of 75% of electricity generation.
The above, despite the effects that this type of energy causes on the environment,
such as displacement of biodiversity generated by the flooding of large areas of land,
where many of the species are forced to move or eventually to their extinction.
Wind power:
According to Barba et al. (2009), in the "Atlas of Wind and Wind Energy in Colombia"
the spatial distribution of the surface wind is presented through a collection of maps
that show the annual and monthly average of the winds, some important statistics
such as the standard deviation and the range for each month and specifically in the
case of wind energy the monthly and annual density that allows identifying not only
areas of the country but also favorable times of the year for the development of this
type of energy. There are 16 places in Colombia suitable for the development and
implementation of technologies in favor of this type of energy, three of these places
are: Galerazamba in the Department of Bolívar, Gachaneca in Boyacá and the island
of San Andrés in the Colombian Caribbean Sea " . Faced with this same issue, the
2006-2025 National Energy Plan highlights the Jepirachi project, as an innovative
project in the country, with an installed capacity of 19.5 MW, and whose energy
generation is considered clean because it does not produce secondary effects and
at the same time it helps reduce greenhouse gases without involving combustion of
any kind.

Biomass energy:
Another Atlas that is important to mention is the "Atlas of the Energy Potential of
Residual Biomass in Colombia", in this document developed by UPME, IDEAM, -
COLCIENCIAS-, and the Universidad Industrial de Santander -UIS-, the offer is
valued biomass energy contained in some representative species of the agricultural,
livestock and urban organic waste sectors, through maps that show the amount of
residual biomass produced in our country, the cultivated areas, the livestock
population, and the volume of urban organic solid waste ( UPME et al., 2009). The
previous document shows important results, among which it is worth highlighting:
that 44.77% of the Colombian continental surface is used for agricultural activities,
in addition there is a great variety of aquatic habitats with an infinity of biodiversity
that help in the production of biomass, including algae considered as a possible input
for the production of biodiesel. Consequently, there is a record that in Colombia the
livestock sector has 76% of the total area destined to agricultural activities, this figure
is made up of 40% of bovine activities, 40% of poultry activities, 10% of pig activities
and the the remaining 10% corresponds mainly to goat, sheep, fish and equine
activities. All the previous data translate into huge amounts of manure, and this in
turn is one of the main inputs for obtaining energy from residual biomass (UPME et
al., 2009).
 3. Investigate measures to increase the contribution of renewable
energies.

Renewable energies are clean, inexhaustible and increasingly competitive sources

of energy, they differ from fossil fuels in their diversity, abundance and potential for
use in any part of the planet, but above all in that they do not produce greenhouse
gases (causes of change climate), it does not produce polluting emissions. Also, in
that its initial costs are very high, but in maintenance and duration they end up being
lower than the costs of fossil fuels that are increasing over time.
Measures to increase the contribution of renewable energies could be:

Accessibility and price: The levels and stability of the price of resources play a
very important role, if not the most important of all. In this regard, fossil fuels can
offer a whole range of prices that in turn depends so much on market variables.
Although they have historically been established as the first option worldwide for the
generation of electricity, the behavior of prices has been more or less volatile
depending on the appearance of new technological advances both in their
exploration and exploitation, international agreements, wars or relevant political
events. The prices of renewable energies started out being very high, but in the last
decade they have decreased considerably, and today these technologies are more
accessible. These technological developments should be seen as a long-term
investment.

Reliability: The reliability of supply, there are several time horizons that would have
to be considered when wanting to compare electricity generation technologies with
fossil fuels or with VRE. It is important to note that the concerns that the higher levels
of penetration of variable renewable energies in the electricity grid may make it more
vulnerable on the scale of hours or minutes to power outages or similar extreme
events are in most cases unjustified and it does not correspond to any of the
experiences that have been had in the systems of countries with a high percentage
of variable energy. In fact, in practice it has been observed that even at greater
penetration of variable renewables, the stability of the systems and the probability of
outflows and unavailability remains constant and is lower than in systems based
almost exclusively on fossil or nuclear plants. Although it is not possible to establish
a causal relationship between a higher percentage of variable renewables and grid
stability, at least with these operational observations, the argument made above
about a negative impact of wind or solar plants on the stability of electrical networks
is weakened.
 4. Cuestionario:

a. Which are the main benefits of renewable energy cited by Johanson

et al. (1993)

Saving energy, generating new jobs and reducing environmental pollution.

b. Explain the term “solar drying”. Cite some advantages from the solar
dryers.

It is drying by means of an air stream, where solar radiation is used as a source of

energy, it is one of the oldest treatments. It is known as dehydration and is used as
a technique for the preservation of materials since the microorganisms that cause
the decomposition of organic matter cannot grow and develop in the absence of
water.
Advantage
Technically simple process, known and implemented. very low cost of
implementation and maintenance does not require specialized labor, does not use
fuel and avoids transport and subsequent storage problems.

c. Why the amorphous silicon is also known as a thin-film PV technology? Cite

some advantages from the amorphous silicon.

Amorphous silicon (a-SI) is an allotropic, non-crystalline form of silicon and the

thinnest film technology developed to date.
The main advantage of amorphous silicon is that it is one of the most environmentally
friendly photovoltaic technologies, since it does not use toxic heavy metals such as
cadmium or lead, it is an abundant material, it requires a low processing
temperature, amorphous silicon it also absorbs a wide range of the light spectrum,
including infrared and even some ultraviolet, and works very well in weak light.
 d. Cite some benefits of monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon solar cells.

Monocrystalline silicon: it is used in cold climates with a tendency to storms or fog,

since this type of solar panels tend to absorb radiation better and withstand less
overheating.
More efficient, they take up less space.
Multicrystalline Silicon: it is used in hot climates, as it absorbs heat at a higher speed
and is less affected by overheating, low costs.
e. Cite some advantages from the organic solar cell (OSC) or plastic.

They can adapt to any surface, because they are flexible, they are less fragile, which
facilitates their maintenance, they are ecological because they are biodegradable
and their residues do not suppose as much impact as silicon cells, they are more
sensitive to diffuse and indirect light, so that it is possible to obtain more hours of
use at the end of the year, the raw materials and the manufacturing process are
much cheaper. They can even be obtained by printer.

f. Cite some solar energy projects in your country/state.solar cell

Celsia solar Yumbo solar farm, Its construction, which has 35,000 photovoltaic
modules installed and 9 inverters that transform continuous energy into alternative
energy, marked a milestone in the history of electricity in the country: it was built
where Termoyumbo used to work -based on coal - to make way for renewable
energy. This project, developed by Epsa, a Celsia subsidiary, has an installed
capacity of 9.8 MW and will generate about 16.5 GWh of energy per year, equivalent
to the consumption of 8 thousand homes.

The Oceano Verde country house project uses solar energy in Jamundí to
generate energy savings, based on Resolution 0549 on sustainable housing in
Colombia. This sustainable construction project of 400 homes, immersed in a natural
environment, was built on an area of 650,000m2, in an ideal area to take advantage
of the sun. The implementation of photovoltaic energy in these country houses
achieves: 8 kWp of installed capacity, 0.25 GWh to be generated in 25 years and
102 tons of CO2 ceased to emit - equivalent to planting 226 trees.
 Bibliografía

Kalogirou, Soteris A. (2014). Solar Energy Engineering: Processes and Systems.

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