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Candy Man ……… Level II
Learning Objectives
After completing this case study, the reader should be able to:
Recognize the signs, symptoms, and risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).
Identify the comorbidities in type 2 DM associated with insulin resistance (metabolic syndrome).
Compare the pharmacotherapeutic options in the management of type 2 DM including mechanism of action, contraindications, and side effects.
Describe the role of selfmonitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and identify factors to enhance patient adherence.
Develop a patientspecific pharmacotherapeutic plan for the treatment and monitoring of type 2 DM.
Patient Presentation
Chief Complaint
“My vision has been blurred lately and it seems to be getting worse.”
HPI
Alfonso Giuliani is a 68yearold man who presents to his family physician’s office complaining of periodic blurred vision for the past month. He further
complains of fatigue and lack of energy that prohibits him from working in his garden.
PMH
HTN × 18 years
Dyslipidemia × 8 years
Gouty arthritis × 16 years with complicated course of uric acid urolithiasis
Hypothyroidism × 15 years
Obesity × 25 years
FH
Diabetes present in mother. Immigrated to the United States with his mother and sister after their father died suddenly for unknown reasons at age 45.
One younger sibling died of breast cancer at age 48.
SH
Retired candy salesman, married × 46 years with three children. No tobacco use. Drinks one to two glasses of homemade wine with meals. He reports
compliance with his medications.
Meds
Lisinopril 20 mg po once daily
Allopurinol 300 mg po once daily
Levothyroxine 0.088 mg po once daily
All
NKDA
ROS
Occasional polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, weakness, and blurred vision. Denies chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, dizziness or lightheadedness on
standing, tingling or numbness in extremities, leg cramps, peripheral edema, changes in bowel movements, GI bloating or pain, nausea or vomiting,
urinary incontinence, or presence of skin lesions.
Physical Examination
Gen
The patient is a centrally obese, Caucasian man who appears to be restless and in mild distress.
VS
BP 124/76 mm Hg without orthostasis, P 80 bpm, RR 18, T 37.2°C; Wt 77 kg, Ht 66″; BMI 27.4 kg/m2
Skin
Dry with poor skin turgor; no ulcers or rash
HEENT
PERRLA; EOMI; TMs intact; no hemorrhages or exudates on funduscopic examination; mucous membranes normal; nose and throat clear w/o exudates
or lesions
Neck/LN
Supple; without lymphadenopathy, thyromegaly, or JVD
CV
RRR; normal S1 and S2; no S3, S4, rubs, murmurs, or bruits
Lungs
CTA
Abd
Soft, NT, central obesity; normal BS; no organomegaly or distention
GU/Rect
Normal external male genitalia
Ext
Normal ROM and sensation; peripheral pulses 2+ throughout; no lesions, ulcers, or edema
Neuro
A & O × 3, CN II–XII intact; DTRs 2+ throughout; feet with normal vibratory and pinprick sensation (5.07/10 g monofilament)
Labs
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UA
(–) Ketones, (–) protein, (–) microalbuminuria
Assessment
1. Elevated random glucose and A1C, diagnostic for type 2 DM, new onset
2. Dyslipidemia requiring treatment
3. Hypertension apparently well controlled
4. Obesity
5. Gouty arthritis; patient claims not to have had an acute attack in over 3 years; will obtain a uric acid level to evaluate
6. Hypothyroidism; will obtain a thyroid panel to evaluate
Clinical Course
The patient returned to clinic 3 days later for lab work, which revealed: TSH 1.8 mIU/L, free T 4 1.2 ng/dL, UA 1.2 mg/dL, and FBG 157 mg/dL.
Clinical Pearl
Approximately 24 million Ame