On various equations concerning “types of potentials that can be made to

depend on only two coordinates”: new possible mathematical connections with

some topics of String Theory, Supersymmetry Breaking and Ramanujan
modular equations.

Michele Nardelli1, Antonio Nardelli2

Abstract

In this research thesis, we analyze various equations concerning “types of potentials

that can be made to depend on only two coordinates”. We describe new possible
mathematical connections with some topics of String Theory, Supersymmetry
Breaking and Ramanujan modular equations.

1
M.Nardelli studied at Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II,
Largo S. Marcellino, 10 - 80138 Napoli, Dipartimento di Matematica ed Applicazioni “R. Caccioppoli” -
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” – Polo delle Scienze e delle Tecnologie Monte S. Angelo, Via
Cintia (Fuorigrotta), 80126 Napoli, Italy
2
A. Nardelli studies at the Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II - Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici –
Sezione Filosofia - scholar of Theoretical Philosophy
1
https://todayinsci.com/R/Ramanujan_Srinivasa/RamanujanSrinivasa-PictureLarge.htm

Srinivasa Ramanujan
(December 22, 1887 – April 26, 1920)

https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullio_Levi-Civita

Tullio Levi-Civita
(29 March 1873 – 29 December 1941)

2
We want to highlight that the development of the various equations was carried
out according an our possible logical and original interpretation

From:

Tipi di potenziali che si possono far dipendere da due sole coordinate – Tullio
Levi-Civita - “Mem. Acc. Torino” s. II, t. XLIX (1899) – pg 105-152

We have that:

From:

3
For 𝜚1 = 4:

((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-1/4*4^2)^3)

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

-4.574074074074…..

-1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-1/4*4^2)^3)))^5

Input:

4
Result:

Decimal approximation:

736.58265……

Property:

Alternative representation:

Series representations:

5
-1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-1/4*4^2)^3)))^5-8-1/2

Input:

Result:

Decimal approximation:

728.0826505…. ≈ 728 = 93 -1 (Ramanujan taxicab number)

Property:

Alternate forms:

6
Alternative representation:

Series representations:

7
[1/(2*euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-
1/4*4^2)^3)))^6]^1/15

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

𝜋2
1.640966237…. ≈ ζ(2) = = 1.644934 …
6

Property:

All 15th roots of 227081481823729/(49589822592 e):

8
Alternative representation:

Series representations:

9
Integral representation:

((([1/(2*euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-

1/4*4^2)^3)))^6]^1/15-1)))^1/32

Input:

10
Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

0.986196821682…. result very near to the value of the following Rogers-Ramanujan

continued fraction:

and to the Omega mesons ( ) Regge

slope value (0.988) connected to the dilaton scalar field 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 = 𝝓

𝐴1∗∗ above the two low-lying pseudo-scalars. (bound states of gluons, or ‟glueballs‟)

(Glueball Regge trajectories - Harvey Byron Meyer, Lincoln College -Thesis

submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford Trinity
Term, 2004)

Note that

11
= 0.9863870313564812915…

Property:

Alternate forms:

All 32nd roots of 247^(2/5)/(3 2^(7/15) 3^(1/5) e^(1/15)) - 1:

12
Alternative representation:

Series representations:

13
Integral representation:

1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-1/4*4^2)^3)))^6 + (((-

1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-1/4*4^2)^3)))^5-8-1/2-
2^(1/3))))

Input:

Result:

Decimal approximation:

4096.0063348….. ≈ 4096 = 642

Property:

14
Alternate forms:

Alternative representation:

15
Series representations:

16
sqrt(((1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-1/4*4^2)^3)))^6 +
(((-1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-1/4*4^2)^3)))^5-8-
1/2-2^(1/3)))))))

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

64.00004949075…… ≈ 64

Property:

Alternate forms:

17
All 2nd roots of -17/2 - 2^(1/3) + 276726826028107/(24794911296 e):

Series representations:

18
27sqrt(((1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-
1/4*4^2)^3)))^6 + (((-1/(euler number) ((((15/2-19/4*4^2+7/4*4^4-1/16*4^6))/((1-
1/4*4^2)^3)))^5-8-1/2-2^(1/3)))))))+1

Input:

19
Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

1729.00133625…..

This result is very near to the mass of candidate glueball f0(1710) scalar meson.
Furthermore, 1728 occurs in the algebraic formula for the j-invariant of an elliptic
curve. The number 1728 is one less than the Hardy–Ramanujan number 1729
(taxicab number)

Property:

Alternate forms:

20
Series representations:

21
Now, we have that:

Page 468:

For 𝜚1 = 4 ; 𝜚2 = 8 ; m = 16

(16^2 cos(8)) / (4^2(16^2+sin^2(8)))^1.5

Input:

22
Result:

-0.000565115…

Alternative representations:

Series representations:

23
Integral representations:

-1/((((16^2 cos(8)) / (4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^1.5))))

Input:

24
Result:

1769.550428…..

Alternative representations:

Series representations:

25
Integral representations:

-1/((((16^2 cos(8)) / (4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^1.5)))) -47+7-1/2

Input:

Result:

26
1729.05…

This result is very near to the mass of candidate glueball f0(1710) scalar meson.
Furthermore, 1728 occurs in the algebraic formula for the j-invariant of an elliptic
curve. The number 1728 is one less than the Hardy–Ramanujan number 1729
(taxicab number)

Alternative representations:

Series representations:

27
And:

((-1/((((16^2 cos(8)) / (4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^1.5)))) -47+7-1/2))^1/15

Input:

Result:

𝜋2
1.64381842498….. ≈ ζ(2) = = 1.644934 …
6

((((-1/((((16^2 cos(8)) / (4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^1.5)))) -47+7-1/2))^1/15-1))^1/32

28
Input:

Result:

0.9863337…. result very near to the value of the following Rogers-Ramanujan

continued fraction:

and to the Omega mesons ( ) Regge

slope value (0.988) connected to the dilaton scalar field 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 = 𝝓

𝐴1∗∗ above the two low-lying pseudo-scalars. (bound states of gluons, or ‟glueballs‟)

(Glueball Regge trajectories - Harvey Byron Meyer, Lincoln College -Thesis

submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford Trinity
Term, 2004)

Note that

29
= 0.9863870313564812915…

From:

For 𝜚1 = 4 ; 𝜚2 = 8 ; m = 16

((4*16^2 – (1+5*16^2) * sin^2(8))) / ((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^2))

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

-0.00005439114674…

Property:

30
Alternate forms:

Expanded forms:

Alternative representations:

31
Series representations:

-1/((((4*16^2 – (1+5*16^2) * sin^2(8))) / ((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^2))))

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

32
18385.345038526…

Property:

Alternate forms:

Expanded forms:

Alternative representations:

33
Series representations:

-1/11/(((((((4*16^2 – (1+5*16^2) * sin^2(8))) 1/

((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^2)))))))+47+11

Input:

34
Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

1729.3950035…

This result is very near to the mass of candidate glueball f0(1710) scalar meson.
Furthermore, 1728 occurs in the algebraic formula for the j-invariant of an elliptic
curve. The number 1728 is one less than the Hardy–Ramanujan number 1729
(taxicab number)

Property:

Alternate forms:

35
Expanded forms:

Alternative representations:

36
Series representations:

From:

37
For 𝜚1 = 4 ; 𝜚2 = 8 ; m = 16

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

10.389839555…

Alternate forms:

38
Alternative representations:

Series representations:

39
(2*11*1)/(((((4*16^2 cos(8) (sqrt(16^2+sin^2(8))))) / ((4*16^2-(1+5*16^2)
sin^2(8)))+3)))

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

𝜋2
1.64303686…. ≈ ζ(2) = = 1.644934 …
6

Alternate forms:

40
Alternative representations:

Series representations:

41
[(((2*11*1)/(((((4*16^2 cos(8) (sqrt(16^2+sin^2(8))))) / ((4*16^2-(1+5*16^2)
sin^2(8)))+3)))))-1]^1/32

Input:

Exact result:

42
Decimal approximation:

0.9862962252…. result very near to the value of the following Rogers-Ramanujan

continued fraction:

and to the Omega mesons ( ) Regge

slope value (0.988) connected to the dilaton scalar field 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 = 𝝓

𝐴1∗∗ above the two low-lying pseudo-scalars. (bound states of gluons, or ‟glueballs‟)

(Glueball Regge trajectories - Harvey Byron Meyer, Lincoln College -Thesis

submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford Trinity
Term, 2004)

Note that

= 0.9863870313564812915…

43
Alternate forms:

All 32nd roots of 22/(3 + (1024 sqrt(256 + sin^2(8)) cos(8))/(1024 - 1281

sin^2(8))) - 1:

44
Alternative representations:

45
Series representations:

From:
46
For 𝜚1 = 4 ; 𝜚2 = 8 ; m = 16

((4*16^2-(1+5*16^2)*sin^(8))) / ((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8)))) [(sin^2(8)) /

((16^2+sin^2(8))*8+4^2*16)]

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

-5.9180237478…*10-6

Property:

47
Alternate forms:

Expanded forms:

Alternative representations:

48
Series representations:

49
-1/(((((4*16^2-(1+5*16^2)*sin^2(8))) / ((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8)))) [(sin^2(8)) /
((16^2+sin^2(8))*8+4^2*16)])))

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

168975.32734117…

Property:

Alternate forms:

50
Expanded forms:

Alternative representations:

51
Series representations:

Dividing the two expressions

and:

52
we obtain:

((-1/(((((4*16^2-(1+5*16^2)*sin^2(8))) *1/ ((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8)))) [(sin^2(8)) *1/

((16^2+sin^2(8))*8+4^2*16)]))))) *1/ (((-1/((((4*16^2 – (1+5*16^2) * sin^2(8))) *1/
((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^2)))))))

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

9.190761826…. result quite near to the SBH black hole entropy 9.3664

Property:

53
Alternate forms:

Expanded form:

Alternative representations:

54
Series representations:

55
From:

we obtain:

1+1/[(csc^2(8) (256 + 8 (256 + sin^2(8))))/(256 + sin^2(8))]^1/5

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

𝜋2
1.64169654…. ≈ ζ(2) = = 1.644934 …
6

56
Alternate forms:

Alternative representations:

57
Series representations:

58
(((1/[(csc^2(8) (256 + 8 (256 + sin^2(8))))/(256 + sin^2(8))]^1/5)))^1/32

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

0.986231916…. result very near to the value of the following Rogers-Ramanujan

continued fraction:

and to the Omega mesons ( ) Regge

slope value (0.988) connected to the dilaton scalar field 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 = 𝝓

𝐴1∗∗ above the two low-lying pseudo-scalars. (bound states of gluons, or ‟glueballs‟)

(Glueball Regge trajectories - Harvey Byron Meyer, Lincoln College -Thesis

submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford Trinity
Term, 2004)
59
Note that

= 0.9863870313564812915…

Alternate forms:

All 32nd roots of ((256 + sin^2(8))/(256 + 8 (256 +

sin^2(8))))^(1/5)/(csc^(2/5)(8)):

60
Alternative representations:

61
Series representations:

62
Integral representation:

From the two previous expressions, after some calculations, we obtain also:

((-1/(((((4*16^2-(1+5*16^2)*sin^2(8)))/((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8)))) [(sin^2(8)) /
((16^2+sin^2(8))*8+4^2*16)]))))) + (((-1/((((4*16^2 –(1+5*16^2)
sin^2(8)))/((4*4^2(16^2+sin^2(8))^2)))))))+128*74+64-13

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

196883.672379…

196884/196883 is a fundamental number of the following j-invariant

63
(In mathematics, Felix Klein's j-invariant or j function, regarded as a function of
a complex variable τ, is a modular function of weight zero for SL(2, Z) defined on
the upper half plane of complex numbers. Several remarkable properties of j have to
do with its q expansion (Fourier series expansion), written as a Laurent series in
terms of q = e2πiτ (the square of the nome), which begins:

Note that j has a simple pole at the cusp, so its q-expansion has no terms below q−1.
All the Fourier coefficients are integers, which results in several almost integers,
notably Ramanujan's constant:

The asymptotic formula for the coefficient of qn is given by

as can be proved by the Hardy–Littlewood circle method)

Property:

Alternate forms:

64
Expanded forms:

Alternative representations:

65
Series representations:

66
67
From which:

(233+8)/(((ln((9523-(64 (256+sin^2(8))^2)/(1024-1281 sin^2(8))-(64 (256+sin^2(8))

(256+8 (256+sin^2(8))) csc^2(8))/(1024-1281 sin^2(8)))))))^2-Pi/1024

Input:

Decimal approximation:

1.6186800948…. result that is a very good approximation to the value of the golden
ratio 1.618033988749...

Alternate forms:

68
Alternative representations:

69
Series representations:

70
Mathematical connections with some sectors of String Theory

The Einstein’s field equation and the theory of string.

The Einstein‟s field equation which includes the cosmological constant is:

1
R  g R  g  8GT
2 (8)

where R is the Ricci tensor, R its trace,  the cosmological constant, g the
metric tensor of the space geometry, G the Newton‟s gravitational constant and T
the tensor representing the properties of energy, matter and momentum.

The left hand-side of (8) represents the gravitational field and, consequently, the
warped space-time, while the right hand-side represents the matter, i.e. the sources of
the gravitational field.

In string theory the gravity is related to the gravitons which are bosons, whereas the
matter is related to fermions. It follows that the left and right hand of (8) may be
respectively related to the action of bosonic and of superstrings.

From (4) that describes the parallelism between the Palumbo‟s model and the theory
of string, we may thus write:

 g  gTrGG  f    g    

 R 1 1 
  d 26 x g 
 16G 8 2 

 1 ~ 2 102
 2 

1

2102 

d x  Ge
10 2
R  4     2 H3  2 Tr F2 
0  g10  (9)

71
 The sign minus in the above equation comes from the inversion of any relationship,
like the newtonian one, when one examines it outside the range of its validity.

Let us analyze p. e. the orbits of the gravitational equation F = G x m1 x m2/ r2 , for m1

= m2 = m: i.e. F = G m2/r2.

for r2 > G m2 F(r) => 0, the orbits are attracted by zero,

for r2 = G m2 F(r) = 1 are constant and equal to 1,

for r2 < G m2 F(r) => the orbits are attracted by infinite.

The point r2 = k m2 is a critical point since a small variation of r implies that the orbits
may tend to zero or to infinite.

Moreover, from F =G x m2/r2, for ΔF and Δr extremely small, such as inside a black
hole or a proton, or, in the case of (9) that represents the perturbation of the quantum
dominium of strings, ΔF/F = 2Δm/m - 2Δr/r, and assuming Δm = 0 one obtains:

ΔF/F = - 2Δr/r (10)

where the sign minus indicates that F decreases when r increases, implying that 0 < ΔF/F
< 1. Let us examine this relationship outside the above range and indicate F 1 at the
distance r, and F2 at the distance r + Δr .

- ΔF/F > 1 => ΔF > F => (F1 – F2) > F1 => F2 < 0 indicating that F becomes repulsive
at the distance r + Δr.
- ΔF/F < 0, since F > 0, => ΔF < 0 => (F1 – F2) < 0 => F1 < F2 indicating that F
decreases when r increases, in other words that the attraction increases with the
distance between two masses.
The same holds for Δr, whose analysis indicates that when Δr > r, F becomes repulsive
and increases with the distance between the two masses.

The sign minus that appears in (4) is thus consistent with the (i) observed repulsive
forces between quark inside a proton and the corresponding strings, (ii) repulsive force
of strings inside a black hole, and (iii) relationship (9) which relates the repulsive actions
of bosonic and supersymmetric strings in their extremely narrow dominium.
72
Now, we note that the number 8, and thence the numbers 64  82 and 32  22  8 , are
connected with the “modes” that correspond to the physical vibrations of a
superstring by the following Ramanujan function:

  costxw' x 2 w'

 0 coshx
e dx 142
4antilog t 2   t 2w'
 e 4 w' itw' 
 w'
1 
8 . (11)
3   10  11 2   10  7 2  
log   
 


  4   4 

Furthermore, with regard the number 24 (12 = 24 / 2 and 32 = 24 + 8) they are

related to the “modes” that correspond to the physical vibrations of the bosonic
strings by the following Ramanujan function:

  costxw' x 2 w'

 0 coshx
e dx 142
4antilog t 2   t 2w'
 e 4 w' itw' 
 w'

24   . (12)
  10  11 2   10  7 2  
log   
 


  4   4 

Palumbo (2001) ha proposed a simple model of the birth and of the evolution of the
Universe. Palumbo and Nardelli (2005) have compared this model with the theory of
the strings, and translated it in terms of the latter obtaining:
73
   d 26x g   g g TrGG  f    g   
R 1   1
 16G 8 2 

1/ 2 2  1 ~ 2 102
  2 


1
2 
d 10
x G e  R  4   
  H3  2 Tr F2  , (13)
0 210  2 g10 

A general relationship that links bosonic and fermionic strings acting in all natural
systems.

It is well-known that the series of Fibonacci‟s numbers exhibits a fractal character,

where the forms repeat their similarity starting from the reduction factor 1/  =
5 1
0,618033 = (Peitgen et al. 1986). Such a factor appears also in the famous
2
fractal Ramanujan identity (Hardy 1927):

5 1 5
0,618033  1/    R(q)  , (14)
2 3  5  1 q f 5 (t) dt 
1 exp 0 
4/ 5 
 5 f (t ) t 
1/ 5
2

 
 
3 5 ,
and   2  R(q)  (15)
20  3  5  1 q f (t ) dt  
5
 1 exp 0 
4/ 5  
  5 f (t ) t  
1/ 5
2

74
 5 1
where  .
2

Furthermore, we remember that  arises also from the following identities

(Ramanujan‟s paper: “Modular equations and approximations to π” Quarterly Journal
of Mathematics, 45 (1914), 350-372.):


12
log
 
 2  5 3  13 
,
 (16)
130  2 

and

24   10 11 2   10  7 2  
 log     . (17)
142     
 4   4 

From (17), we have that

 142
24  . (18)
  10  11 2   10  7 2  
log    
    
 4   4 

75
But  is equal also to

  costxw' x2w'
 0 coshx
e dx 4
π = antilog t 2  2 (19)
 t w'
e 4 w' itw' 
 w'


Thence:

  costxw' x 2 w' 

 
4antilog cosh x
e dx 142
  t 2w'
0
t 2

 e 4 w' itw' 
 w'

24   . (20)
  10  11 2   10  7 2  
log   
 


  4   4 

Furthermore, we have the following equation:

 
  10  11 2   10  7 2    
 Rq  
24       2  3 5
log    
142   4   4  20  3 5  1 f  t  dt  
5
exp 0
q
  1 

 2  5 f  t  t
1/ 5 4 / 5  


76
 (21)

from which we can to obtain both 24 and  .

The introduction of (14) and (15) in (13) provides:






 g gTrGG  f   
 R 1 1
  d x g 
26

 16G   8
 
 3 5 
 2   R(q)  
 20  3  5  1 q f (t) dt  
5
1 exp 0 



 2 
 5 f t t   
1/ 5 4 / 5  

 
 
 g    = 0 2  2 
1   R 3 5 
R(q) 
2 11 20  3 5  1 f (t ) dt  
5
exp 0
q
 1 
4/ 5  
  5 f (t ) t  
1/ 5
2
1/ 2

 d10x G e2 R  4    2 H3 
1 ~ 2

112

Tr
 
3 5 
2   R(q)  2Rg102
20  3 5  1 f (t) dt  
5
exp 0
q
 1 
4/ 5  
 2  5 f ( t 1/ 5
) t 
F  ,
2
2
(22)

77
which is the translation of (13) in the terms of the Theory of the Numbers,
specifically the possible connection between the Ramanujan identity and the
relationship concerning the Palumbo-Nardelli model.

In the work of Ramanujan, [i.e. the modular functions,] the number 24 (8 x 3) appears
repeatedly. This is an example of what mathematicians call magic numbers, which
continually appear where we least expect them, for reasons that no one understands.
Ramanujan„s function also appears in string theory. Modular functions are used in the
mathematical analysis of Riemann surfaces. Riemann surface theory is relevant to
describing the behavior of strings as they move through space-time. When strings
move they maintain a kind of symmetry called "conformal invariance". Conformal
invariance (including "scale invariance") is related to the fact that points on the
surface of a string's world sheet need not be evaluated in a particular order. As long
as all points on the surface are taken into account in any consistent way, the physics
should not change. Equations of how strings must behave when moving involve the
Ramanujan function. When a string moves in space-time by splitting and
recombining a large number of mathematical identities must be satisfied. These are
the identities of Ramanujan's modular function. The KSV loop diagrams of
interacting strings can be described using modular functions. The "Ramanujan
function" (an elliptic modular function that satisfies the need for "conformal
symmetry") has 24 "modes" that correspond to the physical vibrations of a bosonic
string. When the Ramanujan function is generalized, 24 is replaced by 8 (8 + 2 = 10)
for fermionic strings.

78
From:

Modular equations and approximations to 𝝅 - Srinivasa Ramanujan

Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, XLV, 1914, 350 – 372

We have that:

79
From:

An Update on Brane Supersymmetry Breaking

J. Mourad and A. Sagnotti - arXiv:1711.11494v1 [hep-th] 30 Nov 2017

From the following vacuum equations:

we have obtained, from the results almost equals of the equations, putting

instead of

a new possible mathematical connection between the two exponentials. Thence, also
the values concerning p, C, βE and 𝜙 correspond to the exponents of e (i.e. of exp).
Thence we obtain for p = 5 and βE = 1/2:

𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 4096𝑒 −𝜋 18

Therefore, with respect to the exponentials of the vacuum equations, the Ramanujan‟s
exponential has a coefficient of 4096 which is equal to 642, while -6C+𝜙 is equal to -
𝜋 18. From this it follows that it is possible to establish mathematically, the dilaton
value.

80
For

exp((-Pi*sqrt(18)) we obtain:

Input:

Exact result:

Decimal approximation:

1.6272016… * 10-6

Property:

Series representations:

Now, we have the following calculations:

𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 4096𝑒 −𝜋 18

𝑒 −𝜋 18
= 1.6272016… * 10^-6

81
from which:
1
𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 1.6272016… * 10^-6
4096

0.000244140625 𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 𝑒 −𝜋 18
= 1.6272016… * 10^-6

Now:
ln 𝑒 −𝜋 18
= −13.328648814475 = −𝜋 18

And:

(1.6272016* 10^-6) *1/ (0.000244140625)

Input interpretation:

Result:

0.006665017...

Thence:

0.000244140625 𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 𝑒 −𝜋 18

Dividing both sides by 0.000244140625, we obtain:

0.000244140625 1
𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 𝑒 −𝜋 18
0.000244140625 0.000244140625

𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 0.0066650177536

82
((((exp((-Pi*sqrt(18)))))))*1/0.000244140625

Input interpretation:

Result:

0.00666501785…

Series representations:

Now:

𝑒 −6𝐶+𝜙 = 0.0066650177536

= 0.00666501785…

From:

ln(0.00666501784619)

83
Input interpretation:

Result:

-5.010882647757…

Alternative representations:

Series representations:

Integral representation:

84
In conclusion:

−6𝐶 + 𝜙 = −5.010882647757 …

and for C = 1, we obtain:

𝜙 = −5.010882647757 + 6 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 = 𝝓

Note that the values of ns (spectral index) 0.965, of the average of the Omega mesons
Regge slope 0.987428571 and of the dilaton 0.989117352243, are also connected to
the following two Rogers-Ramanujan continued fractions:

(http://www.bitman.name/math/article/102/109/)

The mean between the two results of the above Rogers-Ramanujan continued
fractions is 0.97798855285, value very near to the ψ Regge slope 0.979:

85
Also performing the 512th root of the inverse value of the Pion meson rest mass
139.57, we obtain:

((1/(139.57)))^1/512

Input interpretation:

Result:

0.99040073.... result very near to the dilaton value 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟑 = 𝝓 and to

the value of the following Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction:

86
From

AdS Vacua from Dilaton Tadpoles and Form Fluxes - J. Mourad and A. Sagnotti
- arXiv:1612.08566v2 [hep-th] 22 Feb 2017 - March 27, 2018

We have:

For

ξ=1

we obtain:

(2*e^(0.989117352243/2)) / (1+sqrt(((1-1/3*16/(Pi)^2*e^(2*0.989117352243)))))

Input interpretation:

Result:

Polar coordinates:

1.65919106525….. result very near to the 14th root of the following Ramanujan‟s
3
class invariant 𝑄 = 𝐺505 /𝐺101/5 = 1164.2696 i.e. 1.65578...
87
Series representations:

From

we obtain:

e^(4*0.989117352243) / (((1+sqrt(1-1/3*16/(Pi)^2*e^(2*0.989117352243)))))^7
[42(1+sqrt(1-
1/3*16/(Pi)^2*e^(2*0.989117352243)))+5*16/(Pi)^2*e^(2*0.989117352243)]

88
Input interpretation:

Result:

Polar coordinates:

54.76072411…..

Series representations:

89
From which:

e^(4*0.989117352243) / (((1+sqrt(1-1/3*16/(Pi)^2*e^(2*0.989117352243)))))^7
[42(1+sqrt(1-
1/3*16/(Pi)^2*e^(2*0.989117352243)))+5*16/(Pi)^2*e^(2*0.989117352243)]*1/34

90
Input interpretation:

Result:

Polar coordinates:

1.610609533…. result that is a good approximation to the value of the golden ratio
1.618033988749...

Series representations:

91
Now, we have:

92
For:

ξ=1

𝜙 = 0.989117352243

From

we obtain:

((2*e^(-0.989117352243/2))) /
((((1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))))))

Input interpretation:

Result:

0.382082347529….
93
Series representations:

From which:

1+1/(((4((2*e^(-0.989117352243/2))) /
((((1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243)))))))))))

Input interpretation:

94
Result:

1.6543092….. We note that, the result 1.6543092... is very near to the 14th root of the
3
following Ramanujan‟s class invariant 𝑄 = 𝐺505 /𝐺101/5 = 1164.2696 i.e.
1.65578...

Indeed:

3
14
113+5 505 105+5 505
+ = 1,65578 …
8 8

Series representations:

95
And from

we obtain:

e^(-4*0.989117352243) / [1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243)))]^7 *
[42(1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243)))-
13*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243)]

96
Input interpretation:

Result:

-0.034547055658…

Series representations:

97
From which:

47 *1/(((-1/(((((e^(-4*0.989117352243) /
[1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))]^7 *
[42(1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))-
13*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))]))))))))
98
Input interpretation:

Result:

1.6237116159…. result that is an approximation to the value of the golden ratio

1.618033988749...

99
Series representations:

100
And again:

32((((e^(-4*0.989117352243) /
[1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))]^7 *
[42(1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))-
13*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))]))))

Input interpretation:

101
Result:

-1.1055057810….

We note that the result -1.1055057810…. is very near to the value of Cosmological
Constant, less 10-52 , thence 1.1056, with minus sign

Series representations:

102
103
And:

-[32((((e^(-4*0.989117352243) /
[1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))]^7 *
[42(1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))-
13*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))]))))]^5

Input interpretation:

Result:

1.651220569…. result very near to the 14th root of the following Ramanujan‟s class
3
invariant 𝑄 = 𝐺505 /𝐺101/5 = 1164.2696 i.e. 1.65578...

104
Series representations:

105
106
We obtain also:

-[32((((e^(-4*0.989117352243) /
[1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))]^7 *
[42(1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))-
13*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))]))))]^1/2

Input interpretation:

Result:

Polar coordinates:

1.05143035007

107
Series representations:

108
1 / -[32((((e^(-4*0.989117352243) /
[1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))]^7 *
[42(1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))-
13*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))]))))]^1/2

Input interpretation:

109
Result:

Polar coordinates:

0.95108534763

We know that the primordial fluctuations are consistent with Gaussian purely
adiabatic scalar perturbations characterized by a power spectrum with a spectral
index ns = 0.965 ± 0.004, consistent with the predictions of slow-roll, single-field,
inflation.

Thence 0.95108534763 is a result very near to the spectral index ns , to the mesonic
Regge slope, to the inflaton value at the end of the inflation 0.9402 and to the value
of the following Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction:

110
Series representations:

111
112
From the previous expression

= -0.034547055658…

we have also:

113
1+1/(((4((2*e^(-0.989117352243/2))) /
((((1+sqrt(((1+1/3*(4Pi^2)/25*e^(2*0.989117352243))))))))))) + (-0.034547055658)

Input interpretation:

Result:

1.61976215705….. result that is a very good approximation to the value of the golden
ratio 1.618033988749...

Series representations:

114
From

Properties of Nilpotent Supergravity

E. Dudas, S. Ferrara, A. Kehagias and A. Sagnotti - arXiv:1507.07842v2 [hep-th] 14
Sep 2015

We have that:

We analyzing the following equation:

115
We have:

(M^2)/3*[1-(b/euler number * k/sqrt6) * (φ- sqrt6/k) * exp(-(k/sqrt6)(φ- sqrt6/k))]^2

i.e.

V = (M^2)/3*[1-(b/euler number * k/sqrt6) * (φ- sqrt6/k) * exp(-(k/sqrt6)(φ-

sqrt6/k))]^2

For k = 2 and φ = 0.9991104684, that is the value of the scalar field that is equal to
the value of the following Rogers-Ramanujan continued fraction:

we obtain:

V = (M^2)/3*[1-(b/euler number * 2/sqrt6) * (0.9991104684- sqrt6/2) * exp(-

(2/sqrt6)(0.9991104684- sqrt6/2))]^2

Input interpretation:

Result:

116
Solutions:

Alternate forms:

Expanded form:

Alternate form assuming b, M, and V are positive:

Alternate form assuming b, M, and V are real:

Derivative:

117
Implicit derivatives:

Global minimum:

118
Global minima:

From:

we obtain

(225.913 (-0.054323 M^2 + 6.58545×10^-10 sqrt(M^4)))/M^2

Input interpretation:

Result:

119
Plots:

Alternate form assuming M is real:

-12.2723 result very near to the black hole entropy value 12.1904 = ln(196884)

Alternate forms:

120
Expanded form:

Property as a function:
Parity

Series expansion at M = 0:

Series expansion at M = ∞:

Derivative:

Indefinite integral:

121
Global maximum:

Global minimum:

Limit:

Definite integral after subtraction of diverging parts:

From b that is equal to

122
from:

Result:

we obtain:

1/3 (0.0814845 ((225.913 (-0.054323 M^2 + 6.58545×10^-10 sqrt(M^4)))/M^2 ) +

1)^2 M^2

Input interpretation:

Result:

Plots: (possible mathematical connection with an open string)

M = -0.5; M = 0.2

123
(possible mathematical connection with an open string)

M=2; M=3

Root:

Property as a function:
Parity

Series expansion at M = 0:

Series expansion at M = ∞:

124
Definite integral after subtraction of diverging parts:

For M = - 0.5 , we obtain:

1/3 (0.0814845 ((225.913 (-0.054323 (-0.5)^2 + 6.58545×10^-10 sqrt((-0.5)^4)))/(-

0.5)^2 ) + 1)^2 * (-0.5^2)

Input interpretation:

Result:

-4.38851344947*10-16

125
For M = 0.2:

1/3 (0.0814845 ((225.913 (-0.054323 0.2^2 + 6.58545×10^-10 sqrt(0.2^4)))/0.2^2 ) +

1)^2 0.2^2

Input interpretation:

Result:

7.021621519159*10-17

For M = 3:

1/3 (0.0814845 ((225.913 (-0.054323 3^2 + 6.58545×10^-10 sqrt(3^4)))/3^2 ) + 1)^2

3^2
126
Input interpretation:

Result:

1.57986484181*10-14

For M = 2:

1/3 (0.0814845 ((225.913 (-0.054323 2^2 + 6.58545×10^-10 sqrt(2^4)))/2^2 ) + 1)^2

2^2

Input interpretation:

Result:

7.021621519*10-15

127
From the four results

7.021621519*10^-15 ; 1.57986484181*10^-14 ; 7.021621519159*10^-17 ;

-4.38851344947*10^-16

we obtain, after some calculations:

sqrt[1/(2Pi)(7.021621519*10^-15 + 1.57986484181*10^-14 +7.021621519*10^-17 -

4.38851344947*10^-16)]

Input interpretation:

Result:

5.9776991059*10-8 result very near to the Planck's electric flow 5.975498 × 10−8 that
is equal to the following formula:

We note that:

1/55*(([(((1/[(7.021621519*10^-15 + 1.57986484181*10^-14 +7.021621519*10^-17

-4.38851344947*10^-16)])))^1/7]-((log^(5/8)(2))/(2 2^(1/8) 3^(1/4) e log^(3/2)(3)))))

128
Input interpretation:

Result:

1.6181818182… result that is a very good approximation to the value of the golden
ratio 1.618033988749...

From the Planck units:

Planck Length

5.729475 * 10-35 Lorentz-Heaviside value

Planck‟s Electric field strength

1.820306 * 1061 V*m Lorentz-Heaviside value

129
Planck‟s Electric flux

5.975498*10-8 V*m Lorentz-Heaviside value

Planck‟s Electric potential

1.042940*1027 V Lorentz-Heaviside value

Relationship between Planck’s Electric Flux and Planck’s Electric Potential

EP * lP = (1.820306 * 1061) * 5.729475 * 10-35

Input interpretation:

Result:

Scientific notation:

1.042939771935*1027 ≈ 1.042940*1027
130
Or:

EP * lP2 / lP = (5.975498*10-8)*1/(5.729475 * 10-35)

Input interpretation:

Result:

1.042939885417*1027 ≈ 1.042940*1027

Observations

We note that various results highlighted in blue belong to the following range:

“Golden” Range

Furthermore for all the results very near to 1728 or 1729, adding 64, one obtain
values about equal to 1792 or 1793. These are values almost equal to the Planck
multipole spectrum frequency 1792.35

131
Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Professor Augusto Sagnotti theoretical physicist at Scuola

Normale Superiore (Pisa – Italy) for his very useful explanations and his availability

132
References

Tipi di potenziali che si possono far dipendere da due sole coordinate – Tullio
Levi-Civita - “Mem. Acc. Torino” s. II, t. XLIX (1899) – pg 105-152

Modular equations and approximations to 𝝅 - Srinivasa Ramanujan

Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, XLV, 1914, 350 – 372

An Update on Brane Supersymmetry Breaking

J. Mourad and A. Sagnotti - arXiv:1711.11494v1 [hep-th] 30 Nov 2017

AdS Vacua from Dilaton Tadpoles and Form Fluxes - J. Mourad and A. Sagnotti
- arXiv:1612.08566v2 [hep-th] 22 Feb 2017 - March 27, 2018

Properties of Nilpotent Supergravity

E. Dudas, S. Ferrara, A. Kehagias and A. Sagnotti - arXiv:1507.07842v2 [hep-th] 14
Sep 2015

133