Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a
Orthopedic Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
b
Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
c
Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine – Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
d
Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
INTRODUCTION
ABSTRACT
T
Background: he anterolateral ligament (ALL) was first described in
The anterolateral ligament (ALL) is a true well-defined ligament in 1879 by Paul Segond, a French surgeon, as a fibrous
the knee first described in 1879 by Segond. After the work of band.1 In the past the status of the ALL as a true
Claes et al., several studies were conducted about biomechanics ligament has been questioned, but it was recognized as a true
and its role in stability of the knee. The anatomical existence of ligament in adults in 20122,3 by the description of its origin and
the ALL has been studied by and various radiographic diagnostic insertion. In addition, some studies used different radiographic
modalities and in cadavers. It originates from lateral femoral modalities to describe the anatomy of the ALL. Recent articles
epicondyle and is inserted between Gerdy’s tubercle and the
have reported the function and biomechanics of the ALL and its
fibular head. There has been controversy about the existence of
ALL in pediatric patients. The aim of this work was to confirm the
role in knee stabilization and pivot shifting phenomena in
presence of ALL in pediatric patients by using MRI. comparison to other knee stabilization structures.2–5
The ALL is a well-defined ligament. It originates from the
Materials and Methods: lateral femoral epicondyle, distal and anterior to the lateral
We reviewed the knee MRI scans of 100 pediatric patients collateral ligament. It crosses the joint line in an oblique
(ages between one and 12 yr) who had no knee injury or manner, with firm attachments to the lateral meniscus
congenital deformity and had been evaluated by an expert and inserts between Gerdy’s tubercle and the tip of the
radiologist. fibular head.1,6 The ligament stabilizes and limits internal
rotation of the knee joint; therefore, it affects the pivot shift
Results:
mechanism.7–10
The ALL was detected in 90% of the pediatric patients with the
use of MRI. In literature, few studies report the ALL in pediatric patients,
and most of those were cadaver studies. Although some of
Conclusions: those studies succeeded in locating the ligament and describ-
The main finding of this study was that ALL can be seen in ing its anatomy,11,12 others denied it.9,13 One study that
pediatric patients using MRI. Despite numerous studies, addi- located it showed a 100% result of the ALL in 20 specimens
tional research is needed to further define the role of the ALL in studied,11 and another found it in 64% of specimens studied.12
knee function. In this study, we aim to confirm the presence of ALL using
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Key Words
MATERIALS AND METHODS
knee, anterolateral ligament, ALL, MRI, pediatric Ethical Review and Study Design
This radiographic study has been carried out in accordance
with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association
(Declaration of Helsinki). Patients provided a signed in-
Financial Disclosures: The authors report no conflicts of formed consent for the procedures. This study was approved
interest. by the Unit of Biomedical Ethics Research Committee of our
Correspondence to Hesham N. Mustafa, MD, Department of Anatomy, institution with an approval number of 587-18.
Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80205, Jeddah
21589, Saudi Arabia
Tel: +966 566 764 762; fax: +966 126 400000 (20123); Patient Selection
e-mail: hesham977@hotmail.com. A radiology consultant reviewed 100 pediatric patients who
1941-7551 Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. had an MRI of the knee without intravenous contrast. The
RESULTS
The ALL was detected in 90 of 100 patients (90%). The
ligament was visible using the MRI axial view from the
femoral attachment (Figure 1) through the joint line
(Figure 2) all the way to the tibial attachment (Figure 3)
and in the coronal view indicated by arrows (Figure 4). The
anterior part of the ligament at the femoral attachment and
tibial attachment was a hypointense structure, which was
approximately midway between Gerdy’s tubercle and the tip
of the fibular head. The femoral attachment had significant
variation; however, it was seen approximately 10-mm distal
to the femoral epiphyseal line.
DISCUSSION
The ALL of the knee is a capsular structure that runs from the
lateral femoral epicondyle to the lateral tibial plateau.14 This
structure was initially described by Segond15 in 1879 as a
pearly fibrous thickening of the lateral knee capsule that
emerged from the iliotibial band (ITB). In recent years,
studies have been conducted to understand the anatomical
structure and biomechanical role of the anterolateral aspect
of the knee in adults.16,17 Several terms and structures related
to the ALL include the anterolateral capsule, capsulo-osseous
layer of the ITB, midthird lateral capsular ligament, anterior
band of the lateral collateral ligament, and anterior oblique
band.16,17 The term “anterolateral ligament” was coined by
Vieria et al.18 in 2012, and it appears to have become the
FIGURE 1. Femoral attachment (arrow). common term used in recent literature.17
CONCLUSIONS
The main finding of this study is that anterolateral ligaments
FIGURE 4. Coronal proton density with saturation image (TR = 3180, TE =
(ALL) can be seen in pediatric patients using MRI. Despite
33) in a 12-year old male patient showing the normal appearance of the numerous studies, additional research is needed to further
anterolateral ligament (arrows). define the role of the ALL in knee function.