12 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions

11. (d) 81 (1 / log 5 3 )  27 log 9 36  3 4 / log 7 9 3 log 2  log 3

b  log 36 24 
1 2(log 2  log 3)
3 . log 3 36
 3 4 log 3 5  3 2  3 4 log 9 7 2(log 2  log 3)
4 3/2 4 /2 c  log 48 36 
 3 log 3 5  3 log 3 36  3 log 3 7 4 log 2  log 3
 5 4  36 3 / 2  7 2  890 . 2 log 2  log 3
 abc 
4 log 2  log 3
 16 7 25 5 81 3 
12. (c) Given expression = log  . .   log 2 . 
 15 7 24 5 80 3 
  6 log 2  2 log 3 3 log 2  log 3
1  abc   2.  2bc
1 4 log 2  log 3 4 log 2  log 3
13. (d) ab  log 4 5 . log 5 6  log 4 6  log 2 6
2 .
1 21. (b) a x  b  x log a  log b
ab  (1  log 2 3)  2 ab  1  log 2 3
2 log b
 x   log a b
1 log a
 log 3 2  .
Similarly y  log b c, z  log c a
2 ab  1
14. (b,c) log k x . log 5 k  log x 5  log 5 x  log x 5 
1 xyz  log a b. log b c. log c a  1 .
 log x 5   (log x 5 )2  1 
log x 5 22. (c) y  3 12  2 8 
log x 5  1 log 10 y  12 log 10 3  8 log 10 2
1  12  0 . 47712  8  0 . 30103
 x  1  5  x  5, .
5  5 . 72544  2 . 40824  8 . 13368
15. (c) log 5 a. log a x  2   Number of digits in y = 8 + 1 = 9.

log 5 x  2  x  5 2  25 . 23. (a) 

n 1
log 2 n (a)

n
 log a 2n n

= n log 2  log 2. n

n 1
a a
n

n 1
n 1 n 1
16. (c) a 2  4 b 2  12 ab 
n(n  1) n(n  1)
a 2  4 b 2  4 ab  16 ab  (a  2b )  16 ab = log a 2 .  log a 2 .
2
2 2
 2 log(a  2b)  log 16  log a  log b
24. (c) log 7 log 5 ( x 2  5  x )  0  log 7 1
1
 log(a  2b )  [log a  log b  4 log 2] 
2
log 5 ( x 2  5  x )1 / 2  1  log 5 5
17. (c) A  log 2 log 2 log 4 256 + 2 log 2 1 / 2 2
 ( x 2  5  x )1 / 2  5
1
4
 log 2 log 2 log 4 4  2  log 2 2  (x 2  x  5)  25  x 2  x  20  0
(1 / 2)
 log 2 log 2 4  4  log 2 log 2 2 2  4  ( x  4 )( x  5 )  0  x  4 ,  5 
 log 2 2  4  1  4  5 . x 4.
18. (d) 1 1
25. (b) log 4 18  log 2 (3 2. 2)  (2 log 2 3  log 2 2)
2 2 2 2
log 1000 x 2  log 10 3 x 2  2 log 10 3 x  log 10 x  y
3 3 1
.
 log 2 3  , which is irrational.
2
19. (b) x  log a bc   0 .1 
2 log 20  
1  x  log a a  log a bc  log a abc 26. (a) log 20 (0 . 1  0 . 01 ......)  1   1  0 .1 
(0 . 05 )  
 20 
 (1  x )1  log abc a
 2 log 20 (1 / 9 ) 2

(1  x ) 1
 (1  y ) 1
 (1  z ) 1
 log abc a  log abc b  log abc c  20  20 2 log 20 9  20 log 20 9  9 2  81 .
27. (a)
 log abc abc  1 . [log b a. log c a  log a a]  [log a b. log c b  log b b ]
log 12 2 log 2  log 3
20. (c) a  log 24 12   [log a c log b c  log c c]  0
log 24 3 log 2  log 3
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 13

3 3 3 1  [3 (log 3 x ) 2  4 log 3 x  5 ] log 3 x  2  0

 [(lna)  (lnb) (lnc ]) 30
l n a. l n b. l n c  3 t 3  4 t 2  5 t  2  0 , [ t  log 3 x ]

 3 t 3  3 t 2  7 t 2  7 t  2t  2  0
1 3 3 3
[(ln a)  (ln b )  (ln c)  3 ln a. ln b. ln c]  0  (3 t 2  7 t  2)(t  1)  0 
ln a. ln b. ln c
(3 t  1)(t  2)(t  1)  0

(ln a)3  (ln b )3  (ln c)3  3 ln a. ln b. ln c  0 1 1
 t  1,  2,   log 3 x  1,  2, 
3 3
 ln a  ln b  ln c  0
1 1
 ln(abc ) = ln 1, [a 3  b 3  c 3  3 abc  0  x  3 1 , 3 2 ,3 1 / 3 ;  x  3, , 3
9 3
 a  b  c  0] ,  abc  1 . Thus, there is one +ve integral value, one irrational value,
28. (c) two positive rational values.
log 27 3 log 3 2 a log 2 32. (a)
a   log 3 
log 12 log 3  2 log 2 3a x  log 5 1000  3 log 5 10  3  3 log 5 2  3  log 5 8
log 16 4 log 2 y  log 7 2058  log 7 (7 3 . 6 )  3  log 7 6
log 6 16  
log 6 log 2  log 3
As log 5 8  log 5 5 i.e., log 5 8  1 .  x 4
4 log 2 4 (3  a) 3a And log 7 6  log 7 7 i.e., log 7 6  1
   4.
log 2 
2a log 2 3  a  2a 3a .  y4;  x y.
3a 1 1
33. (a)  x
log x log y log z log 3  log 4 
29. (a,b,c,d)    k (say )
b c ca ab  log  3  log  4  x  log  12  x

 2  12   3
log x  k (b  c), log y  k (c  a), log z  k (a  b )
 x  e k (b  c ) , y  e k (c  a) , z  e k (a b )
 12   2 ;  log  12  log   2
i.e., log  12  2 ;  x will be 2.
 xyz  e k (b  c ) k (c  a) k (a  b )  e 0  1
1
34. (a) 0 1
a
x y z b c
e k (b  c )a  k (c  a)b  k (a b )c
e 0
 1  xyz 2

2
 c 2 ) k (c 2  a 2 ) k (a 2 b 2 )
x b  c y c  a z a b  e k (b  e0  1
. Y
30. (b) Let log 16 x  y  y 2  y  log 16 k  0
This quadratic equation will have exactly one solution if its
discriminant vanishes. log 1 / 2
sin x  0 , x  [0, 4  ]4 
 (1) 2
 4 . 1 . log 16 k  0  1  log 16 k 4
0  sin x  1 X
2

 k  16  k  4  k  2 .
4 2 
 Integral multiple of will be
But log 16 k is not defined k 0, k 2. 4
 3 9 11
 Number of real values of k 1 . ,, ,
4 4 4 4
3 5 1
31. (a,b,c) (log 3 x )2  log 3 x  = . Number of required values = 4.
x4 3  32 4

There is a possibility of a solution x  3 35. (b) log 1 / 2 ( x 2  6 x  12 )  2 …..(i)

For this value, LHS = 2
For log to be defined, x  6 x  12  0
3 2 5
. 1 1    2 1
.  (x  3)2  3  0 , which is true x R .
4 4
3    RHS 34 32 2
1
 x  3 is a solution, which is a ve integer. From (i), x 2  6 x  12   
2
3 5 1
 x 2  6 x  12  4  x 2  6 x  8  0
2
Next,  (log 3 x )  log 3 x   log 3 x 
4 4 2
 14 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
 (x  2)(x  4 )  0  2  x  4 ;   log 2 log 3 .... log 97 97
96 .
..
21

x  [2, 4 ] . 1
 log 2 log 3 3 2
 x  5  ( 2) 2
log 2 ( x 1) 2 log ( x 1)
36. (b) 2  x 5  log 2 2' log 3 3  log 2 2  1 .
 (x  1)  x  5  x  3 x  4  0
2 2

 (x  4 )(x  1)  0  x  4 or x  1 Indices and Surds

But for log 2 ( x  1) to be defined, x  1  0 i.e.,
l 2  lm  m 2 m 2  nm  n 2 n 2  nl  l 2
x 1  xl   xm   xn 
1. (a)      
 xm   xn   xl 
 x  4  x  (4 , ) .      
37. (c) log 0 .04 (x  1)  log 0.2 (x  1) …..(i) = ( x l m )(l
2
 lm  m 2 )
( x m n )m
2
 nm  n 2

For log to be defined x  1  0  x  1 2

 nl  l 2
( x n l )n
From (i), log (0 .2 )2 (x  1)  log 0 . 2 ( x  1) 3
= xl m 3 3
n 3 3
l 3 =
.x m .x n
1
 log 0.2 (x  1)  log 0.1 (x  1)  xl
3 3 3
m  m n  n l 3 3 3
 x 0 =1
2
x 2y
x  1  ( x  1) 2. (d) 2 2  2 3 z i.e ., x  2 y  3 z  k (say).

 x  1 (1  x  1)  0  1 x 1  0 k3
Then xyz   288 , So k  12
 x 1 1  x  2,  x  [2, ) . 6
x2  x  12 , y  6 , z  4 . Therefore,
38. (a) log 0 .2 1 …..(i)
x 1 1 1 11
  
x2 2x 4y 8 z 96
For log to be defined, 0  x 0 or
x 3. (a)
x  2 2 . 3 n  1  7 . 3 n 1 2 . 3 n 1. 3 2  7 . 3 n 1 3 n 1 [18  7 ]
1 n
 n 1 3 n 1
 n 1 1
x2 1 3 . 3  2 .3 3 [27  2]
Now from (i), log 0 .2  log 0 .2 0 .2 3 n  2  2 
x 3
x2 .
  0 .2 …..(ii)
x 2
x 2
3
22 x
2
x 2
2
2 x 2

Case (i) x  0 4. (c)          .

3 2 3 3
From (ii), x  2  0 .2 x
 0 . 8 x  2 Clearly x  2  2 x  2  x  4
3 4 6
5 – 0 – –2 5. (a) 9, 11 , 17
 x .
2  L.C.M. of 3, 4, 6 is 12
Case (ii) x  2  3 9  9 1 / 3  (9 4 )1 / 12  (6561 )1 / 12 ,
From (ii), x  2  0 .2 x  0 . 8 x  2 
5
4
11  (11 ) / 4 (11 3 )1 / 12  (1331 )1 / 12 ,
x 
2 6
17  (17 )1 / 6  (17 2 )1 / 2  (289 )1 / 12
 5
 x  (0, )    ,   ;
2
 Hence, 3
9 is the greatest number.

6. (c) Given fraction
 5
x    ,    (0, ) . 15
 2 
10  20  40  5  80
39. (b) We have xyz  log b a  log c b  log a c
15
log e a log e b log e c 
   1. 10  2 5  2 10  5  4 5
log e b log e c log e a
15 5 10  5
..
21
  .
40. (b) log 2 . log 3 ..... log 99 98 .
3 10  3 5 10  5 10  5
log100 100 99
[log 100 100  1]  10  5  5 ( 2  1)
1
.2
..
98
 log 2 log 3 .... log 99 99

2 1 7. (d) Let x  a 1/3

, y  a 1 / 3 then a  x 3 , a 1  y 3
..
97 .
 log 2 log 3 .... log 98 98 x 3  y 3  ( x  y )(x 2  xy  y 2 )
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 15

So, rationlising factor is ( x 2  xy  y 2 ) . Put the value  ax  b y  c z  abc  k (say )

of x and y. Thus the required rationlising factor is 1
a 2 / 3  a 2 / 3  1 .  a  k1 / x   log k a ; 
x
8. (c) Let 3 5  x  y 1
3 5 x y2 xy . Obviously x  y  3 x  log k a  log k b  log k c  log k abc  log abc abc

and 4 xy  5 . So ( x  y )2  9  5  4 or .

(x  y )  2 18. (d) 2 m (n 1) 2 n  n  2 (m 1)n  2 m

5 1  mn  m  3n  mn  2m  n  m  2n .
After solving x  ,y  .
2 2 19. (b) x y  y x  ( x y )1 / x  y
x /y
5 1 5 1 x 
x /y
 x 
x /y  1 y 
Hence, 3 5    . Now,     y/x   x x 
2 2 2 y  x   
 
9. (a) (17  12 2)
= x ( x / y ) 1  x ( x / y )  k  k  1 .
2 2
 [3  (2 2 )  2 . 3 . 2 2 ]  3  2 2 1
 1 1 
x


1/3 1

20. (a, d) x x . x  (x . x 1 / 3 ) x  x 3 
x 3
x
 
 4 (17  12 2 )  (3  2 2 )  2 1 .  
4
10. (d) Given
.....(i)
( x  1)  ( x  1)  (4 x  1)
 xx
4 /3

 x 4 /3  x
= xx
4 /3 x
 x 3  x 4 /3 
4
3
x

Squaring both sides, we get,  2 ( x 2  1)  2 x  1 4 3

4 1 4 4 64
 x3   x1/3  ;  x    
5 3 3  3  27
Squaring again, we get, x  , which does not satisfy
4 Also x  1 is an obvious solution.
eq. (i). Hence, there is no solution of the given equation.
21. (b) a x  b y  (ab ) xy
11. (c) m log a n log a n m m .
a a n  x ln a  y ln b  xy ln(ab)  k (say)
m n mn mn n
k k
12. (c) (a )  a a  am  mn  m n ln a 
, ln b 
1 x y
 .
n  m n 1  m  n n 1 k k
ln(a b )   ln a  ln b  
13. (d) xy xy
3 / 2 5 2 4 3 2 17
k k k
1  3 .  . . 4 3
 
( x 5 )1 / 3 (16 x 3 )2 / 3  x 4 / 9  x3 3 9 2 23 2 3 x3 x y xy
4 
1 1 1 xy 1
. 
x y
 
xy

xy

xy
; 
14. (b)
a 1 / x  b 1 / y  c 1 / z  k (say )  a  k x , b  k y , c  k z x y 1.
2
b  ac  (k )  k .k y 2 x z
 22. (c) x  2 1 / 3  2 1 / 3
k 2y  k x  z  x  z  2y .  x 3  2  2 1  3.2 1 / 3 .2 1 / 3 (2 1 / 3  2 1 / 3 )
3
15. (d) a x .b y .c z  bc .ca.ab  a 2 b 2 c 2  x 3  2  1  3x 3
 x  3x 
2 2
 a x  2b y  2 c z  2  1  a 0 b 0 c 0
 3
2x  6 x  3 .
 x y z 2
23. (a,b) xx x
 (x x ) x  x x
3/2
 (x 3 / 2 ) x 
 xyz  2 3  8  x  y  z  2 .
3/2

16. (a) a x .a y .a z  ( x  y  z ) y  z  x
xx  x (3 / 2 ) x
3 3 9
 xyz a
 a x  y  z  (x  y  z ) x  y  z  x 3/2  x  x1/2   x
2 2 4
x y y  x  y , similarly
Now, a  (x  y  z )  a Also x  1 is an obvious solution.
yz 24. (b,c) 5 x 1  5 (0 . 2) x  2  26 
a 1
x 2
 xyz . 5 x 1  5 .    26
3 5
17. (a) a x 1  bc  a x  abc
 16 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
 5 x 1  5 3  x  26  1
6  35  y , then 6 35 
5 x 1
 25 . 5 ( x 1)  26  0 y
 5 2( x 1)  26 . 5 ( x 1)  25  0  Given expression =
 5 2( x 1)  5 x 1  25 . 5 x 1  25  0 1
x 3/2  3/2
 5 x 1 (5 x 1  1)  25 (5 x 1  1)  0 x 3/2 x3 1  y 
 . 
1 y3 1  x 
 (5 x 1  25 )(5 x 1  1)  0  y3/2  3/2
(5 x  1  5 2 ) (5 x  1  5 0 )  0 y
 5 x 1  5 2 or 5 x 1  5 0  x  3, 1 . (4  15 )3  1  6  35 
3/2

 .
25. (a, c, d) (6  35 )3  1  4  15 
7 7 . (2 1 / 4  1)

21 / 2  21 / 4  1 (2 1 / 4  1) [(2 1 / 4 ) 2  2 1 / 4 . 1  1 2 ] 6
3
(4  15  1) {(4  15 )2  (4  15 )  1} 35 
=  
(6  35  1) {(6  35 )2  (6  35 )  1}  4  15 
1/4
7 . (2  1)
3/4
 A  B . 2 1 / 4  C. 2 1 / 2  D.2 3 / 4
2 1 3/2
5 15 15  1}  6 
{31  8 15  4  35 
  . .
5 35 {71  12 35  6  35  1}  4  15 
7 . 2 1 / 4  7  ( A  D) 2 3 / 4  (2 B  A)  (2 C  B).2 1 / 4
3/2
5  3 28  7 15  6  35 
 (2 D  C )2 1 / 2  
5  7 78  13 35  4  15 

(2 B  A  7 )  ( A  D)2 3 / 4  (2 C  B  7 )2 1 / 4  (2 D  C )2 1 / 2 0 5  3 7
..
6  35
 5  7 13 4  15
2 B  A  7  A  D  2C  B  7  2 D  C  0
 A  D  1, B  3, C  2 . 7 3  5 ( 5  7 )2 2
 . . .
 13 5  7 2 ( 3  5 )2
26. (c) 4 . 9 x 1  3 . (2 2 x  1 )
2 x 1 7 3  5 5  7 7
2
2 x  2 1  . .  .
3 2 2
13 5  7 3  5 13
2
2 x 3 2 x 3  2 x 3 
  2 2  3 2  1
3 2 x 3  2 2 


 29. (b) y  xy  1
x
3
 2x  3  0 ,  x  .  3 x 2  4 xy  3 y 2  3 ( x  y ) (x  y  4 )
2
27. (b) 9 x  2 x (1 / 2 )  2 x (3 / 2)  3 2 x 1
1 1  5  2 5  2   5  2 5  2 
1 2x x x  2  3 .   4
 3 2x  .3  2 .2 2  2 2  5  2 5  2   5  2 5  2 

3
1 1
x x  2
 4 . 3 2 x 1  3 . 2  3 [( 5  2 )2  ( 5  2 )2 ]
3 2 x 2  2
2 2
 [( 5  2 )2  ( 5  2 )2 ]
x 1 (5  2) (5  2)
3 9
 x     2 1 / 2
3 2 x 2  2 2
2 1 56 1
 . 4 10 . 2 (5  2)  4  10  4  (56 10 
1 3 3 3
 ( x  1) log 9 / 2 9 / 2   log 9 / 2 2 .
2
30. (c)
1
 x 1   log 9 / 2 2 12 12 [(3  2 2 )  5 ]
2 
3 5 2 2 [(3  2 2 )  5 ][(3  2 2 )  5 ]
 x  1  log 9 / 2 2  log 9 / 2 9 / 2  log 9 / 2 2
12 (3  2 2  5) 12 (3  2 2  5)
 x  log 9 / 2 (9 / 2 2 ) ;   2

(3  2 2 )  5 17  12 2  5
x  log 9 / 2 (9 / 8).
(3  2 2  5) ( 5  2 2  3) ( 2  1)
1  
28. (b) Let 4  15  x , then 4  15  1 2 ( 2  1) ( 2  1)
x
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 17

 51 / 4 11  1  2 11  5 1 / 4 ( 11  1)
10  4  3 2  5  2 2  3
  1  5  10  2 40. (d) Let x  (9 3  11 2 )1 / 3
2 1
.  x 3  9 3  11 2

5/2  73 5 5  14  6 5 6 3 3 3 9 2 2 2
31. (a) 
7/2  16  5 7 7  32  10 7 3 3 2 2 6 3 9 2
 3 3  2 2  3(2 3  3 2 )
5  (3  5) 3
=  , which is rational. 3 3 2 2 3 2. 3( 2  3)
7  (5  7 ) 5
 
2 2 3  2 3   ( 3 )3  ( 2 )3  3 . 2 . 2 ( 3  2)  ( 3  2 )3
32. (b) 2  

(2  3 )  (2  3) So, x 3  ( 3 
2 3  2 3 2 )3
x  3  2 .
42 3  4 2 3 ( 3  1)  ( 3  1)
  1 41. (b) x x2 1 a x2 1 a  x
2 3 2 3
.  x 2  1  (a  x ) 2  x 2  2ax  a 2
4 4 (1  2  3) 1  a2 a2  1 1  1
33. (a)  2  x   a   .
1 2 3 (1  2)  3  2a 2a 2 a
4 (1  2  3) 6( 3  2) 42. (b) x  7  3 , xy  4
 
32 2 3 32
4 4 4( 7  3 )
 2 (1  2  3)  2  2  6 .  y    7  3
x 7  3 73
3 2 4 3 6
34. (d)   x 4  y 4  ( x 2  y 2 )2  2 x 2 y 2
6  3 6  2 3  2

 [( x  y )2  2 xy ]2  2(xy )2  [(2 7 )2  8 ]2  2 . 4 2  36
3 2( 6  3) 4 3( 6  2) 6( 3  2)
   .
63 62 32
43. (d) x 3 5
 2( 6  3) 3( 6  2) 6( 3  2) = 1 1
x  3 5  . 62 5  ( 5  1)
0. 2 2
35. (b) (2 3  7 ) (2 3  7 )  12  7  5 (a rational)
14  6 5
 Rationalising factor = 2 3  7 3x  2  9  3 5  2  7  3 5 
2
36. (b)
(3  5 )2
12  68  48 2  12  6 2  (4 2 ) 2  2 .6 .4 2 = ; 
2
= 12  (6  4 2) 2 =
3  5
12  6  4 2  6 4 2 3x  2 
2
= 2 2  ( 2 )2  2 . 2 2 2 2 .
5 5  5 1
37. (d) 2  3x  2   5 
2  2 
 
50  48  5 2  4 3  2 [5  2 . 2. 3]
= 2( 3  2) ; 2
  2  3x  2  5. x ; 
x 1
50  48  2 1 / 4 ( 3  2) .  .
2  3x  2 5
38. (b) 62 5 42 3
(3  5 )  2 3   44. (d) a  b  21  20  18  17
2 2
= ( 21  18 )  ( 20  17 )
1 1 5 3 ( 21  18 )( 21  18 ) 20  17
 [(1  5 )  (1  3 )]  ( 5  3)   = 
2 2 2 2 21  18 20  17
.
 1 1 
39. (c) 12 5 2 55  5 (12  2 11 ) = 3  
 21  18 20  17 
 18 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
3 [ 20  17  21  18 ] 
=
( 21  18 ) ( 20  17 ) (3 x  1)  ( Ax  B) ( x  2)  C( x 2  x  1)
Comparing the coefficient of like terms, we get
3 [( 20  21 )  ( 17  18 ) ]
= A  C  0 , 2 A  B  C  3 , 2 B  C  1 
( 21  18 ) ( 20  17 )
A  1 , B  0 , C  1
 3 [( 21  20 )  ( 18  17 )
= 0,  
3x  1

x

1
.
( 21  18 ) ( 20  17 ) 2
(1  x  x ) (2  x ) x 2
 x 1 x2
ab.
45. (b)  (x  1) 2 A Bx  C
x  10  x 2 6 x  10  6  x 2 5. (a)
3
  2
 x x x x 1
x  10  36  x  2  12 x2
  4  x  2  x  6  ( x  1) 2  A( x 2  1)  (Bx  C ) x
2 x2
This value satisfies the given equation.  x  6 .  A  B 1, C  2 , A 1  B  0
6  2 3  2 2  2 6 1 Therefore,
46. (a)
52 6  A  1  
sin 1    sin 1    30 o
 .
 C   2 6
(1  2 3)1 3  2
= = 1.
( 3  2) 3  2 x 1 1 x 1 
6. (a)    2 y
2
( x  1)(x  1)2
4  ( x  1) x  1 
Partial fractions


1. (b) 2 x  3  a( x  3)  b( x  1) x 1 1 x 1  Ax  B
   2  2
Put x  1 ;
2
( x  1)( x  1)2
4  ( x  1) x  1  ( x  1)2
1 
2(1)  3  a(1  3)  1  4 a  a  2
4 4 x  (x  1)2  ( x  1)(x  1)( x 2  1)  4 ( Ax  B)( x  1)

Now put x  3 ; 2(3)  3  b(3  1)  9  4 b 1

 4A  2  0 , 4B  4A  4  A ,
9 2
 b
4 1
B
1 9 2
Therefore, a  b   2.
4 4 Ax  B 1 (1  x )
y 2 2

2 (x 2  1) 2
3x  a A 10 ( x  1)
2. (a, d)  
x  3 x  2 ( x  2) (x  1)
2
4 11
 (3 x  a)  A( x  1)  10 ( x  2) 5x  6
7. (a)
 3  3
(2  x ) (1  x ) 2  x 1  x
 3  A  10 , a   A  20
(On equating coefficients of x and constant term) Rewriting the denominators for expressions, we get
 A = 13, a = 7. =
3. (c) We have, 4 11
1
3x  4 A B C 3 3 2 x 11
      1    (1  x )1
(x  1) (x  1) ( x  1) (x  1) ( x  1)2
2
 x  1 x 3  2 3
2 1  
 3 x  4  A( x  1)2 + B( x  1) ( x  1)  C ( x  1)  2
7 =
Putting x  1 , we get 7 = A(2) 2  A  .
4 2  x x2 x3 xn 
1     ......  (1)n n  ...... 
3x  1 Ax  B C 3  2 4 8 2 
4. (c)  
2
(1  x  x ) (2  x ) x 2
 x 1 x2
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 19
11  A  10 , B  7
 [1  x  x 2  .......  x n  .....]
3  ( A, B)  (10 , 7 ) .
The coefficient of x n in the given expression is f (x ) 6 f (x ) 3
14. (a)  1 ( x )  ,   2 (x ) 
2 1 11 x 1 x 1 x  2 x 2
(1)n n  .
f (x ) 15
3 2 3 and   3 (x ) 
x2 x2
8. (c) Putting x  1 , remainder = 7
9. (b) f (x ) Q( x )
1  A 0 (x  1)(x  2)....( x  n)  A1 x (x  2)(x  3)...( x  n()x  1) ( x  2) ( x  2)   ( x )  ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  2)

We have to find Q(x ) , which will be a second degree

...  Ar x (x  1)(x  2)....( x  r  1)(x  r  1)(x  r  2) polynomial. When Q(x ) is divided by ( x  1) , we
.......( x  n) should get the same remainder as being obtained by
dividing f (x ) by ( x  1) i.e., 6. Similarly when
Putting x  r , Q(x ) is divided by ( x  2) , remainder should be 3
and when f (x ) is divided by x  2, the remainder
1  Ar (r) (r  1) (r  2), .....( 1).1 . 2 ....( r  n) should be 15.

 1  Ar .(1)r r!.(n  r) ! ;   Q(1)  6

Q(2)  3 , Q(2)  15
r
(1) Let Q( x )  x 2  x   ,       6
Ar  .
r !(n  r) ! …..(i)
10. (c) 4  2     3 .....(ii);
x 1 A B C 4  2     15 …..(iii)
  
( x  1)(x  2)(x  3) x 1 x  2 x 3    2,   3,   1 ; 
2
Q( x )  2 x  3x  1 .

15. (c)2) 1  cos x  sin  (1  cos x )  2 cos x
x  1  A ( x  2) (x  3)  B( x  1) ( x  3)  C( x  1) (x 

Putting x  1, A  1 ;  1  sin  ,  1  2  sin   .
2

x  2 gives
16. (d) x 2  k [a 2 (x 2  b 2 )  b 2 (x 2  a 2 )]
 x 2  k [(a 2  b 2 )x 2 ]  1  k (a 2  b 2 )
B  3 , 1
For x  3, C  2
k .
a  b2
2

1 3 2 17. (c) 9 = A( x  2) 2  B( x  1) ( x  2)  C ( x  1)
 Given expression =   .
For x  1, 9  9 A  A  1
x 1 x  2 x  3
For x  2, 9  3 C  C  3
11. (a,c)
Equating coefficient of
ax 2  bx  c  3( x  2)(2 x  3)  2( x  1)(2 x  3) x 2 , 0  A  B  B   A  1
5 (x  1)(x  2) 
A  B  C  1  (1)  (3)  1  1  3  5 .
 a  6  4  5  5 , b  21  2  5  18 ,
18. (b,c) ax  b  (3 x  4 )  3 
c  18  6  10  22 . a  3, b  4  3  1 .

12. (d) e x  2  3(2 e x  3)  B(e x  1) x 2  13 x  15 A B C

19. (a)   
(2 x  3)(x  3) 2
2 x  3 x  3 ( x  3)2
 1  6  B , 2  9  B  B  7 .

13. (b) 3 x  4  A( x  1)  B( x  2) x  13 x  15  A( x  3 ) 2  B(2 x  3) ( x  3 )  C (2 x  3)
2

3
 3  A  B, 4   A  2B For x  3, C  5 and for x  
2
; A  1
 20 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
Equating coefficient of x 2 
1 A x 2  1  A( x 2  1)  B(2 x  1) ( x  1)  C( x  1) (2 x  1
1  A  2B  B  1
2 For x  1, 2  2 C  C  1
1 1 5 1
 Given expression = x  3  2 x  3  . For x  1 , 2  6 B  B 
( x  3) 2 3
20. (c) 1 5 3 5
3 x 3  8 x 2  10 A B C D For x  ,  A A
    2 4 4 3
(x  1) 4 x  1 ( x  1) 2 ( x  1) 3 ( x  1) 4
 Given expression =
 5 1 1 1 1
3 x 3  8 x 2  10  A( x  1) 3  B( x  1) 2  C( x  1)  D   
3 (2 x  1) 3 x  1 x  1
Equating coefficients of different powers of x, 3A
24. (b) ax  1  x (2  x )  (1  x  x 2 )  3 x  1
8  3 A  B  B  1
0 = 3 A  2 B  C  C  7  a3.
10   A  B  C  D  D  5 25. (a) A( x 2  1)  (Bx  C )x  1
 Given expression
For x  0, A  1 and for x  i ,  B  Ci  1
3 1 7 5
=    .  B  1, C  0 
x  1 (x  1) 2 (x  1) 3 (x  1) 4
( A, B, C )  (1,  1, 0 ) .
21. (b) A(x 2  1)  x (Bx  C )  (x  1)2 26. (d)
For x  i,  B  Ci  2i  B  0 , C  2 2x 2x 2x
4
2
 2 2 2
 2
Equating coefficient of x 2 , x  x  1 (x  1)  x (x  x  1) (x 2  x  1)
A  B 1 A 1B 10 1; 1 1
  2 .
 A  1, B  0, C  2 . 2
x  x 1 x  x 1
22. (d) 2 x  A( x 2  x  1)  (Bx  C ) ( x  1) 27. (b) 3 x 2  5  a (x 2  1)  b

2  a  3, a  b  5  b  2 ; 
For x 1 , 2  3A  A  (a, b )  (3, 2) .
3
For 28. (d)
x   , 2  A(1     2 )  B  2  (C  B)   C A(x  d )  B( x  c)  C( x  c)(x  d )  (x  a)

 (x  b)
2  A. 0  B  2  (C  B)   C
Equating coefficient of x 2 , C  1 .
 1  3i  1  3i
 , 2  29. (d)
2 2
x2  5 x2  5 A B
    C
x 2  3 x  2 ( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2
 1 3   1 3 
1  3 i  B   i   (C  B)    i  C 
 2 2   2 2 
    2
x  5  A( x  2)  B( x  1)  C( x  1)(x  2)


 B C B  i 3 C  1, A  B  3 C  0,  2 A  B  2 C  5
1  3i       C  (C  2 B)
 2 2 2  2  A  4 , B  1, C  1
4 1
  1   3 C, 3  3
(C  2 B)  Given expression = 1  
2 2 x 1 x  2
2 C2 2 30. (a)
C  ,B   6 x 4  5 x 3  x 2  5 x  2 x 2 (6 x 2  5 x  1)  (5 x  2)
3 2 3 
 AC B  ABC. 6x 2  5x  1 (6 x 2  5 x  1)
=
x2 1 A B C
23. (b)    2 5x  2 (2 x  1)  (3 x  1)
(2 x  1) (x 2  1) (2 x  1) x  1 x 1 x   x2 
(2 x  1) (3 x  1) (2 x  1) (3 x  1)
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 21
1 1 1 1
2
= x   . 1. (c) y  log 17 25  2 log 17 5 ;   log 5 17
2x  1 3x  1 y 2
31. (a,d) sin 2 x  1  A(sin x  1)  B(2 sin x  3) 1 1 1 1
 log 5 3  log 5 9 . Clearly,  ;x  y
x 2 y x
 C(sin x  1)(2 sin x  3) 2. (a)
1 1
 1  2C  C  log 0.3 ( x  1)  log (0.3 )2 (x  1)  log 0.3 (x  1)
2 2
0  A  2 B  5 C, 1   A  3 B  3 C . 1
 log 0.3 ( x  1)  0
13 1 2
 A , B  2 , C  , ABC5
2 2 or log 0 . 3 ( x  1)  0  log 1 or ( x  1)  1 or
. x2
32. (b)
1
As base is less than 1, therefore the inequality is reversed,
3x

3x  x
(1  x ) 1  1  
3
 x now x > 2  x lies in (2, ) .
( x  2) ( x  1) 2  2 2 3. (b) log x : log y : log z  y  z : z  x : x  y
log x log y log z
 x x
2 3      k (say)
x yz zx x y
(1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ..) 1         ... 
 2 2 2  
 
Coefficient of log x  k (y  z ), log y  k (z  x ), log z  k ( x  y )

x 4

3 1 1 1
 1 .1  1 .  1 .  1 .   log x  log y  log z  0  log(xyz )  0 
2  2 4 8 xyz  1 .
3  1 1 1  15 x log x  y log y  z log z
  1  2  4  8   16 . = x .k .(y  z )  y .k .( z  x )  z .k ( x  y )  0
2  
 log(x x .y y .z z )  log 1
x2 1 Ax  B C
33. (d)  2 
 x xyyzz  1 .
2
( x  4 ) ( x  2) x 4 x 2
 x 2  1  ( Ax  B) ( x  2)  C( x 2  4 )  log 2 (x  5 )  6  x  x  5  2 6  x
4. (d) 
1  AC
x  5  64 .2  x
2 A  B  0 , 1  2 B  4 C
Let y  x  5 , y  64 . 2  x will intersect at one
3 3 5
 A  ,B  ,C  point.
8 4 8 Number of solutions = 1.
3 3 5 1 1
2 x 5. (b) 20 1 / 3  3  20 1 / 2   log 20 3 
 x 1
 82 4  8
3 2
2
(x  4 ) (x  2) x 4 x 2 1 1
 log 20 3   3 , 2  .
 
1 1
1 3 3  x 2  5 1  x 1
  x    1   1   6. (a,b,d)  log 0 .1 x  2
4 8 4  4  8 (2)  2 2
1
 2 3   log 0 .1 x  log 0 .1 (0 . 1)1 / 2  log 0.1 x
 1  x   x   2  2
2 2
13 3   x   .... 
  x    4   4  
4 8 4 4     1
   (0 .1)1 / 2  x  x 
 2  10

5  1  x   x   ..... 
16  2 2  log 0 .1 x  2  log 0.1 x  log 0 .1 (0 . 1)2
 
1 1 1
3 1

3
0 
5 1
5
x  (0 . 1)2  x  ,  100
x .
5
Coefficient of x = .   100 10
32 4 2 16 16  2 
1 1
3 5 1 1 Hence, x max  , x min.  .
= 9  9  8  . 10 100
2 2 2 256
7. (a, b) 4 ( x 2  2) ( x 2  2)
 9 .2 8  0
Critical Thinking Questions 
2
( x 2  2) 

2
 9 . 2( x
2
 2)
8  0
 
 22 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions
2
Put 2( x 2  2)  y . Then y 2  9 y  8  0 , which 1
= [(2  3 ) 3 / 2  (2  3 )3 / 2  2 (2 3 )]
gives y  8 , y  1 . 3
2
2 2 =
when y  8  2x 8 2x 2
 23 
1  1 3/2 1 
x2  2  3  3 / 2 (4  2 3 )  3 / 2 (4  2 3 ) 3 / 2  2 6 
 x 2  1  x  1,1 .
3 2 2 

when y  1  2 x  2  1  2 x  2  2 o
2 2 1  1 
=  {( 3  1] 3  ( 3  1) 3 }  2 6 
3  2 2 
 x 2  2  0  x 2  2 , which is not possible.
8. (b) Let 10  24  40  60  ( a  b  c )2 1  1 
=  {2 . 3 3  6 . 3 }  2 6 
3 2 2 
 a  b  c  2 ab  2 bc  2 ca 1
= (3 6  2 6 )  2 .
a, b, c  0 . Then a  b  c  10 , 3
ab  6 , bc  10 , ca  15 13. (c) Put the repeated factor
a b c  900  abc = 30 ( 30 ) .
2 2 2 ( x  1)  y  x  y  1
So, a  3, b  2, c  5 
Therefore, x2 (1  y )2 1  2y  y 2
(10  24  40  60 )  ( 3  5  2)
 
( x  1)3 ( x  2) y 3 (y  1) y 3 (1  y )
1 x b c Dividing the numerator,
9. (a)  a b ac
  b c c a a b (1  2 y  y 2 ) by (1  y ) till y 3 appears as
1 x x x x x
factor,
1
= b c c a  x b c we get
x x  x ab 1  2y  y 2 4y 3
 (1  3 y  4 y 2 ) 
1 1  y 1  y
= (x b  c  x c  a  x a b )  1 .
x b c
x c a
 x ab 1 3 4 4
Given expression =  2  
1 3 4 y3 y y 1  y
10. (a)  
11  2 30 7  2 10 2 2 3 1 3 4 4
=    .
= (x  1) 3
( x  1) 2
(x  1) (x  2)
11  2 30 3 (7  2 10 ) 2 2 3 14. (a)
 
1 9 1
x 2
 5x  6 x 3  6 x 2  10 x  2 x 1
= 11  2 30  7  2 10  2 2  3 x 3  5x 2  6x
  
= ( 6  5)  ( 5  2)  8 4 3 x 2  4 x  2
x 2  5 x  6
= ( 6  2)  ( 6  2)  0 .   
11. (b)  x 4
134  6292  [11 2  ( 13 ) 2 ]  2 . 11 . 13  (11  13 ) 2  f (x )  x  1 .
 134  62 92  11  13 . 15. (a)

2 3
x 4  24 x 2  28 A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 A3 x  B3
12. (a)
1
y 
1
 2 3   2  2
x 2 3 4 3 (x 2  1)3 x2 1 (x  1)2 (x  1)3
4 2 2 2
x y  x  24 x  28  ( A1 x  B1 ) ( x  1)
 2  x

2  y
=

 ( A 2 x  B 2 ) ( x 2  1)  ( A 3 x  B 3 )
x( 2  x ) y( 2  y )
  A 3  0, B 3  5
2x 2y Putting x  i, 5  A 3 i  B 3
 Equating different powers of x,
0  A1 , B1  1, 2 A1  A 2  0  A 2  0
x( x  2 ) y ( y  2 ) x( x  2) y( y  2)
   2 B1  B 2  24  B 2  22 .
x 2 2y 3 3
1
= [x x  y y  2 (y  x )]
3
 Logarithms, Indices and Surds, Partial Fractions 23
 Partial fraction =
1 22 5
  .
x2 1 (x 2  1) 2 (x 2  1) 3
16. (d)
1 x
log e (1  x )  x  log e (1  x )  log e e x  log e
ex

1 x x2
 ln  0, as 1  x  1  x   .... 
x2 x3 2!
1 x    ...
2! 3!
 log e (1  x )  x , for x 0 .
x 1
 log(1  x )  1   log(1  x )
1x 1 x
 1 
= 1  log(1  x )  0 , for x  0
 1  x 
x
  log(1  x ) ,  (b) is true
1 x
x2 x3
e x  (1  x )  1  x    .....  (1  x )
2! 3!
x2 x3
=   .....  0 , for x  0
2! 3!
 ex  1  x , for x  0 ;  (c) is true
2
x
e x  (1  x )  1  x   ......  1  x
2!
x2 x3
= 2x    .......  0 , for
2! 3!
x 0
 ex  1  x , for x  0
Thus, e  (1  x ), for x  0 is not true.
x