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Chapter
8
Exponential and Logarithmic Series
n
Exponential Series Tn 1 General term in the expansion of e x x and
n!
Definition (The number e)
1
n coefficient of x n in e x .
1 n!
The limiting value of 1 when n tends to infinity is
n The above series known as exponential series and e x is called
denoted by e. exponential function. Exponential function is also denoted by exp. i.e.,
i.e., exp A e A ; exp x e x .
x
n
1
e lim 1 1
1
1
1
1
......... Replacing x by , we obtain
n n 1! 2! 3! 4 ! 2
x x x3 xn
= 2.71 (Nearly) e x 1 ........ (1)n ........
1! 2! 3! n!
Properties of e Tn 1 General term in the expansion of
(1) e lies between 2.7 and 2.8. i.e., 2.7 < e < 2.8 (since xn (1)n
1 1 e x (1)n and coefficient of x n in e x .
n 1 for n 2 ). n! n!
n! 2
(2) The value of e correct to 10 places of decimals is Exponential function ax, where a > 0
2.7182818284. xx log e a
(3) e is an irrational (incommensurable) number. a x e log e a e
(4) e is the base of natural logarithm (Napier logarithm) i.e.,
ax e x ....(i), where log e a
ln x log e x and log 10 e is known as Napierian constant.
We have,
log 10 e 0 . 43429448 , ln x 2 . 303 log 10 x . 2 3 r
x x x x
ex 1 ........ ........
1! 2! 3! r!
1
Replacing x by x in this series,
since ln x log10 x . log e 10 and log e 10 2 . 30258509
log e
10 x 2 x 2 3 x 3 rxr
e x 1 ..... .....
Expansion of exponential series 1! 2! 3! r!
Hence from (i),
For x R ,
log e a (log e a)2 2 (log e a)r x r
x x2 x3 xr ax 1 x x ..... .....
ex 1 ...... ...... 1! 2! r!
1! 2! 3! r!
xn Some standard results from exponential series
or e x n!
.
n 0
2 Exponential and Logarithmic Series
1 1 1 (1) (i) log e (1 x ) log e (1 x ) log e (1 x 2 )
(1) n! (n 1)! (n k )! e
n 0 n 0 n 0
x
2
x4
2 ........ , (1 x 1)
1 1 1 1
(2) n! 1! 2! 3! .......... e 1 2 4
n 1
(ii)
1 1 1 1 x3 x5
(3) n!
2! 3! 4 !
......... e 2 log e (1 x ) log e (1 x ) 2 x
3
5
........
n2
1 1 1 1
(4) (n 1)! 1! 2! 3! ......... e 1 or log e
1 x
2x
x3
x5
........
n 0
1 x 3 5
1 1 1 1
(5) (n 2)!
2! 3! 4 !
......... e 2 (2) The series expansion of log e (1 x ) may fail to be valid,
n 0 if |x| is not less than 1. It can be proved that the logarithmic series is
valid for x =1. Putting x=1 in the logarithmic series.
1 1 1 1
(6) (n 1)!
2! 3! 4 !
......... e 2 We get,
n 1
1 1 1 1 1
log e 2 1 ....
(7) 2 3 4 5 6
e e x
x
x2 x4 x6
x 2n 1 1 1
1 ....... ....
2 2! 4! 6! n 0 (2n)!
1 .2 3 .4 5 .6
(8) (3) When x 1 , the logarithmic series does not have a
sum. This is in conformity with the fact that log(1 – 1) is not a finite
e x e x x3 x5
x 2 n 1
2
x
3!
5!
....... (2n 1)! quantity.
n 0
Difference between the exponential and logarithmic
(9)
series
(ax ) (ax )2 (ax )3 (ax )n
e ax 1 ...... ......
1! 2! 3! n! x x2 x3
(1) In the exponential series ex 1
1! 2! 3!
Tn 1 General term in the expansion of
n n
.......... all the terms carry positive signs whereas in the
ax (ax ) ax a
e and coefficient of x n in e . logarithmic series log e (1 x )
n! n!
x2 x3 x4
x ........ the terms are alternatively
Logarithmic Series 2 3 4
positive and negative.
Definition (2) In the exponential series the denominator of the terms
involve factorial of natural numbers. But in the logarithmic series the
An expansion for log e (1 x ) as a series of powers of x
terms do not contain factorials.
which is valid only, when | x | 1 .
(3) The exponential series is valid for all the values of x. The
Expansion of logarithmic series logarithmic series is valid, when |x|< 1.
x2 x3 x4
log e (1 x ) x ........
2 3 4
Replacing x by x in the logarithmic series, we get
x2 x3 x4
(2n)! 1 2! 4 ! 6! .........
log e (1 x ) x ........ 1 1 1 1
2 3 4
n 0
x2 x3 x4
or log e (1 x ) x ........ e e 1
1
2 3 4
2
(2n 2)! .
n 1
Some Important results from logarithmic series
Exponential and Logarithmic Series 3
1 1 1 1 e e 1
(2n 1)! 1! 3! 5! .........
n 1
2
1
(2n 1)! .
n 0
n n
n! e n!
n 0 n 1
n2 n2
n!
n0
2e n!
n 1
n3 n3
n!
n0
5e n!
n 1
n4 n4
n!
n 0
15 e n!
n 1