Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Lấy Mẫu, Xử Lý Sơ Bộ Và Bảo Quản Mẫu Phân Tích - Luận Văn, Đồ Án, Đề Tài Tốt Nghiệp

    Uploaded by

    tu
    12 views41 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    12 views41 pages

    Lấy Mẫu, Xử Lý Sơ Bộ Và Bảo Quản Mẫu Phân Tích - Luận Văn, Đồ Án, Đề Tài Tốt Nghiệp

    Uploaded by

    tu

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 41
    Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich 1. Mau phan tich Trong tit ca cde logi phrong phép phan tich phong phii nhur thé , dit phan tich ha hhoe dom gin hay ede phwong phip phin tich edng eu hign dai, dé xie dinh duge ham ugng cia cic chat , nguyén t6 hay ion,... thi rat hiém , hiu nhu khong ¢6 phurong phip nio phan tich nao ¢é thé do dac , xée dinh truc tiép chinh xdc duge cae chat , khi né dang tn tai trong mau ban dau nguyén khai o hién trvng thye té .Digu dé c6 nghia - Cae phuong phép phan tich chinh xée thudng phai thye hién trong phong thi nghigm mdi c6 da diéu kign can thiét . - Vige do dae xéc dinh cae chat true tiép ngoai hign trumg la khéng chinh xéc , khong di diéu kign , khdng thich hgp ,hay rit khd dai dién cho déi tong nghién eétu trong, phgm vi quan sit = Déi twong nghién citu lai cd khdp moi noi , trén mat dat . trong long dat , dudi nude trong khdng khi, trong nha, ngoai déng ....Nén khéng thé dem cde mdy méc chinh xde di khap mgi noi ma do dae duge . én ciru lai da dang , phong phi va rét phitc tap mudn hinh van trang , khong déng nhit. = Dé chinh 1a ly do thye té bat bude ching ta phai ly mau phan tich cia déi tung can nghién ciru dé xir ly va xdc dinh cde chi tiéu mong mudn tai phong thi nghiém c6 di kign cin thidt Miu phin tich la mot liegng mau nhdt dink ( tinh theo khdi irgng hay thé tich ) t6i thiéu can thiét dege ly dé phan tich xéc dinh cée chi tiéu mong mudn cia doi tugng cn nghién cicu quan sdt, né duge lay tir cdc déi tugng cin nghién citu va phai dgi dign dugc diing doi urong dé. 2, Lay mau phiin tich. 2.1LMuc dich va yéu céu eita vige téy mau phiin tich. 2.1.1 Mue dich va yéu cau cia lay mau phan tich Muc dich cia viée lay mau phan tich 1a chon mét thé tich nho ( hay khéi lrgng nho ) phit hop va vita dii cia déi trong can nghién cir phan tich dé 1am phan tich ngay tai hign tring , hay déng géi van chuyén vé phong thi nghiém dé xir ly va xée dinh ( hay dinh tugng ) cde chat ching ta mong muén nhug Iai dim bio gir nguyén ding think c yéu eau sau + Dam bao thu hign ding va di vé QA/QC + Dai dién dang cho di tugng cn nghién citu hay phan tich. + Dap img ding yéu céu phan tich hay nghién ettu xen xét + Lay mau khéng kim mit hay nhiém ban thém cht phan tich yao mau. GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee ién : Nguyén Thanh Binh Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich + Phai phit hyp theo phuong php chon dé phan tich. khdi lrgng dit dé phan tich , khong qua nho va diing theo yéu edu. + Mau phai 6 Iy lich va , cde diéu kign r6 rang. 2.1.2 Cae diéu kign can ciia cong vige lay mau Ching ta biét ring , myc tigu ctia vige Kay miu 1a chon mot phan thé tich hay khdi Iugng mau cua déi tugng voi hrong dit cho can thiét dé nghién citu ( hay phan tich ) dé van chuyén vé phong thi nghiém dé xa dinh céc chi tiéu cin thiét ma van bao dam thé hign diing cae thanh phan thye té cua mau d6 . Do dé vige lay mu cn tun thu nhimg didu kign nhat dinh, + Theo timg miu phan tich nhdt dinh. + Theo mét quy trinh chi tiéu nhat dinh d6i + Theo nguyén té hay chat phan tich +Dung cu ly miu phai theo ding quy eéch chuéin vi phai dim bio QA/QC. + Nguoi léy mau phai e6 tay nghé , phai durge hun luyén dé thye hign . 16i tig logi va 43 duge chap nhan . ch ghi chép va c6 hd so r6 rang Chi Khi thao man eae diéu kign va y€u cu trén thi két qu phén tich méi n6i Len thinh phan (him Ivgng )eta chat trong mu phan tich . Con néu khOng théa min eée dig kign d6_ thi dit phuong phép phan tich ¢6 chinh xée di nita cung khéng néi lén due ding ndng d6 ( ham lugng cita chat ). 2.2. Trang bj va dung cu ldy mau phan tich . 2.2.1. You clu chung vé dung cy Hy miu Cae dung cy phye vy cho ly mau , chira mau va bao quan mau phan tich phi min ede yéu clu sau : + Bu dé sach yéu cau ctia déi trong phan tich theo mire d6 phan tich yéu cau. + Khong gay nhiém ban hay mat chét mau, chat phan tich + Khéng lam sai léch céc thanh phan céc chat cua mau phan tich. +Phit hop voi mdi loai mau can lay ve trang thai , d6 sau, Ivgng mau. + C6 thé dong , do duge hrgng mau can lay theo yéu chu dat ra. + Dung cu do phai duge xit ly va kiém tra lai truéc khi ding bing mét cach phir hop cho nguyén t6 , hay doi trong cia ede chat edn phan tich . 2.2.2. Cac trang bj va dyng cy lay miu. Dung cu iy mau gém eae logi theo eae loai miu sau, cho mi logi miu, + Logi mau rin va mau 69. + Loai cdc miu long nhur nude , mau dau. + Loai miu cé tinh dc hai. + Loai dé lay mau khéng khi va byi, + Loai dé liy miu cho déi tuong sinh hoe. hoa GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh — 2 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich yy 6 day nude sau , trim tich , biin.( dui bién , sng hé ) + Dung cu ly ede logi mau phit du , lo ling Vi thé dung cu lay mau rat da dang va , tir don gian dén may méc ty déng, digu khién tir, diéu khién tir xa , tity theo yéu cau ca céng vige lay miu . Ngay nay cdc dung cy lay miu da duge nhiéu hang sin xuat va cung cdp theo mic dO khée nhau cho méi logi . Cac quy trinh phan tich va lay mau déu chi r6 cdc diéu kign va dung cu dé kay mau cho méi logi chit phan tich, 2.2.3, Ce loai dyng cy chira mau * Yeu edu chung. (Ce dung cu phai + Khong lim nhiém ban va anh huong dén mau khi ldy va bao quan chat phan tich . + Pha hop cho moi déi tugng mau, va pha hop véi dang mau thyc té. + Khong c6 tuong tie véi cée chat miu , khi chuyén cho va khi bao quan. a. Dung cu dung, cuca géi mau, - Loa mau rin va bot + Gidy hay vai g6i mau phai tro va sach + Tai nilong hay bao nilong sach + Lo chai rng migng , c6 niit bing thiy tinh thach anh hay PE. b. Logi mau long. + Can thing (thity tinh hay nhya) ¢6 mit kin. + Chai, lo ,binh ( thiy tinh hay nhwa) ¢6 mat kin + Tai nilon c6 nit + Cée éng ¢6 nit kin ©. Lowi c6 tinh die hai vé héa hoe. + Can thing (thiiy tinh hay nhyga) + Chai, lo ,binh ( thay tinh hay nhya) c6 nat va gin kin. + Tai nilon e6 nit d._Loai mau dé phan iy + Chai, lo binh ( thay tinh hay polime) chéng anh cho mau long + Gidy hay tii den cho chong énh sang cho mau rin ,bét. e. Logi mau sinh hoc + Céc lo thu tinh, thach anh Ig hay can polime +Gidy polime Vidu sa u vé TCVN quy dinh dung cy lay miu nuée 1. Vat li GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh — 3 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Cie binh polyetylen, polypropylen, polycacbonat va thuy tinh 18 thich hop cho hau hét cde tinh huéng lay mu. Cée binhg thuy tinh ¢6 wu diém 1a mat trong ca chiing dé nhin thiy va ching c6 thé duge khir tring true khi ding ly mau vi sinh vat. Cn ding binh thuy tinh khi mudn phan tich cde chat hau co, trong khi dé cdc binh polyetylen nén dinh d dung miu xéc dinh nhimg chat chinh ¢6 trong thuy tinh (thi du natri, kali, bo, silic) va mau xéc dinh vét céc kim logi (nhwr thuy ngén) va chi nén ding chiing néu cée phép thir so bé chi ra nhimg mite 46 6 nhiém chip nhdn durge. Néu ding binh thuy tinh dé luu git nude duge dém yéu thi nén chon thuy tinh bosilicat thay cho thuy tinh x6da. Tham Khao cae quy trinh phan tich tigu chuin thich hop vé hung da binh chita mu. 2. Thiét bi 2.1, Dung cy lay mau bé mat é ly miu phan tich hod hoe thudng chi cin nhiing mt binh rng migng (thi du xo hod ca) xudng ngay duéi mat nude, néu can lay mau 6 mét do sau da dinh (hode lay mau cfc khi hod tan), thi nhat thiét phai ding cac thiét bi khic Khi lay miu lép nuée trén bé mat dé phan tich vi sinh (dic biét 1A vi khudn), cé thé ding cdc binh lay mau nhu khi ly mau nude uéng. Nhing binh nay thudng c6 dung tich it nhdt Li 250ml va ¢6 mit van, mat thuy tinh nham hode loai mit khdc 6 thé khir tring durge va boc trong gidy nhém. Néu diing nit van thi gio’ng cao su silicon phai chju duge mhigt dg khir tring 6 trong ndi hip & 121°C hoae 160°C. Néu sy 6 nhiém vi khudn ti tay c6 thé sé anh huréng thi bude binh vao que hode kep 2.2. Thidt bi nhing Cae thiét bi nay gdm nhing binh kin chira khong khi (hode Khi tro) va durge nhiing xudng nude dén mot dS su di dinh nhi mét diy ep. Mot bs phan mé nip binh (thi dy mot 19 xo) vi made chodn chd khdng khi- dén day binh, Néu trong thiét bi e6 binh théch hgp, c6 thé ly mu khi hod tan, Binh Dussart [1] 18 mOt thi dy eta mot Jogi thiét bj lay miu kiéu nay. 2.3. Thidt Loai nay chira mét dng hinh try ho ca hai dau va hai nip hodc nit vira khit g4 tren ban 18. Hai nap duge mé khi thiét bi duge nhung téi d6 sau can thiét. Sau dé thiét bi hoat dng nha sic nang cla day cap tha xudng va 1d xo duge nha ra, Lam cdc nip hode nat duge dong chat, cde thiét bi kiéu may chi hoat dng duge khi dong nude e6 thé ty do di qua éng 6 Ong he GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee jén : Nguyén Thanh Binh 4 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich ma. Thi dy vé logi thiét bj nay 1a may lay miu Butner , Kemmerer, van Dorn, va Friedingeer Trong khi cdc thiét bj loai ké trén thich hgp cho ldy mau & ving nude dimg hoac chay chm thi thiét bj dy mau kiéu Zukovsky , thich hyp cho lay m&u & nhimg séng sudi chay nhanh vi éng ha khi dé duge dat nim ngang (khéng thing ding) va cho phép lay miu ding téc dé ding, Mgi hoat déng khac giéng nhu thiét bj lay mau Friedinger. 2.4. Bom Lay mau bing bom 1a phuong php phd bién, Bom thudng ding [a logi nhing hit va loai nhu déng. Chon bom phu thuéc vao tinh huéng lay mau. Mue 5.3 cho mét sé lei khuyén vé chon bom, 2.5. May ly miu tr dong 6 sng va sudi vi nd cho Thiét bj loai nay ding tét trong nhi phép lay cac mau loat ma khdng can sy can thigp cla con ngudi, Thiét bj loai nay la rit hitu dung trong vige ty mau «6 hop va nghién ciru nhimg thay d6i chat trgng nude theo thoi gian Cn bio dim ring tinh khéng én dinh cia miu khéng din dén sai sé do théi gian hhru gitt miu qué dai Cae thiét bj lay mau ty dng co the 1a doan va c6 thé hoat dong theo thai gian hoe theo dong chay. Vige chon loai thiét bi tw déng phy thude vio tinh hhudng l4y mdu, thi dy dy miu dé xéc dinh gid ti trung binh cia vét cdc kim logi tao 6 song hoe sudi thi tt nhat nén chon thiét bj lay mau lién tuc theo ding chay va ding hé thong bom nhu déng. Vi cde may lay mau tw d6ng duoc trang bi bing nhiéu loai bom khée nhau nén vige chon bom phy thuge vao tinh hudng May mau cy thé (xem 5.3). 3.Cac each ly miu phan tich. Vige lay mau theo kiéu nao la tay thuée vao muc dich nghién ctu, d6i trong , chat cn phan tich ,... 14 d8 xée dinh hm lugng dai dién , de trung hay dé kiém tra tite thoi, hay dé phan tich két qua lm théng ké danh gié ham lugng , vé biéu dé , xem xét sy bién thién , thay déi .... cia chit cdn nghién ciru . Nghia véi mét dich nghién ctu , hay phan tich cac chat _khdc nhau sé phai cé cach lay thich hop 3.1 Cie kiéu lay mau. Vige ldy miu ¢6 thé durge thuc hign theo ede ech sau + Lay mau don ciia d6i tugng nghién city, + Lay miu lap, ky mau song song. + Lay miu tich phan cé thém chudn kiém tra. +Lay mau QC vé dung cy lay mau, GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh = 5 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich a, Lay mau theo thoi gian. * Lay lién tuc theo chwong trink thi gian dé nghién ctzu - Muc dich :é theo doi mét qué trinh dién hu thé nao. - Cach iy -:Chuong trinh thoi gian ( lién tue chu ky 5 hay 10 phat theo timg gid hay theo timg tuan ) ~ Chung trinh thoi gian theo timg ving, ting khong gian khée nhau * Lay dinh ky ( theo chu kj nhat dinh, thiy triéu , mia...) - Mue dich : dinh ky phat hign cac chat mong muén. - Céch lay : Dinh ky thé gian: tuan , thang , quy, theo thity triéu lén xuéng, *, Ldy theo xc sudt bat ky khi nao ca = Muc dich : Thinh thoang can phat hign cdc chit mong muén thi liy mau . ~ Cach lay :Lay theo nhu cdu mong muén kiém tra d6t xudt tai nhimng vi tri hay ving mong muén kiém tra,...thi iy miu, b. Lily miu theo ting hay theo I6p (bé su). ~ Mue dich : Xéc dinh ham lugng tgi mdi ting su khde nhau. ing kiém tra ham lugng trung binh dai dign da dinh. ché sau dé trn Iai May trang binh * Lay cdc diém khde nhau theo bé mat dé dinh gid theo vi tri - Mu dich : Xée dinh ham lugng tai mdi chd dé danh gia sy khae nba. - Cach liy : Theo eich liy miu cho méi ché dé rigng d, Lay mau theo dong chay, thily trigu . - Mu dich : Xéc dinh him ugng tai méi ving, khu ciia dng chay khéc nhau. - Cach lay : Theo cach ly & méi ving c6 dong chay riéng biét. ¢, Lay mau theo huéng gid hay nguge ( khong khi). ~ Muc dich : Xée dinh ham lugng theo huéng gié khac nhau. - Cach lay : Theo cach lay theo hung gié thudn hay nguge. Vi du trong TCVN 5996:1995(ISO 5667-6: 1990) cé quy dinh cach ly mau nude dé xée dinh céc chi tiéu 1. Chon diém My miu LL. Chon noi Lay miu GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh 6 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Muén chon diém lay mau chinh xc, cn chi y hai mat: a, Chon noi lay mau (thi dy dinh diém ay mau o mt luu vue séng hode sudi); b. Xe dinh diém lay mau chinh xéc @ noi lay mau da chon (nhw trudng hyp xic dinh chit lugng ciia mot dong thai), nhumg ddi khi muc dich dé chi din dén mot ¥ nghia chung chung vé noi lay mau, nhu dae tinh chat lugng nude & mgt hu vue séng. Chon noi lay mau cua cac tram lay miu lé thuéng dé. Thi du cho mét tram bom monitoring ghi nén cho chat tugng nude c6 thé 1a mot cai ciu thong thuimg, hoge & dui mt ngudn xé, hoc duéi mOt nhinh sdng dé cho nude tron déu tude khi dén tram, Céc tram kiém soat diém lay cp nuéc cdn duge cé dinh trong nhimg gidi han hep (thi du & diém hat nude), 1.1L, Tam quan trong cua sur tron Hin Khi cn nghién ctu tac dong cua dong nhanh téi chat lugng trong mot ving cia dong chinh, can it nhdt hai noi ay m&u, mgt é ngay thugng lu cua ché ré nhanh va mot 6 dui xae dinh vé phia hg Inu dé dam bao sy tron lan hoan toan. Cae da diém vat li cha cée nhénh anh huéng manh dén ey li yéu cau dé tron lain hodn toan véi ding chinh, Sir tron lin 1a do 3 chiéu: a, Thing dimg (tir mat dén day); b, Nim ngang (tir bis nay sang bi kia) c. Doc theo dong (san bing néng dé cac thanh phan vi nuée chay xudi). Khoang cach ma trén 46 cdc nhanh tron lan theo 3 chiéu nay can duge chit ¥ khi chon noi va diém lay mau, va phy thude vao téc 6 dong nude. Ki thuat danh dau bing phim mau 18 rit hou higu trong nghién citu qué trinh tn Kin, va do d6 din dign cing ho trg rit nbidu Sy trn Kin theo chiéu thing dimng cla cdc ding thai vao hau hét cée dong chinh thudng hoan toan trong vong 1km. Théng thudng, mgt dong chi edn lay mu 6 mot do sau mac dit su phan ting c6 thé xay ra 6 nhimg sOng va sudi chay chim do thiéu ting nhiét 49 va mat 46. Trong nhing tring hop nay c6 thé phai liy mau 6 nhiéu d6 sau va cin thir so 9 dé danh gid mite d6 phan ting Khoaing cach can dé trén in hoan toan theo chigu nam ngang phy thude vao nhing khtc ngoat va thuring 14 nhidu kilomet. Do d6, dé c6 durge cdc miu dai dién, cin lay miu & hai hoc nhiéu diém theo chiéu ngang va & ha hu so véi dang nhanh, GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh = 7 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Xem xét khong cach tron Kin doc theo dong 6 thé 1a quan trong khi quyét dinh tin s6 lay miu. Dé duge nhiing két qua dai dign ngay duéi mot dong nhanh khong déu edn tang tin sé ly mau thi hon la ly mau ha lua, noi ma sv tron lan theo chiéu doc la da hodn toin. Khoan cich tn Kin hoan toin dén trong vong 1% ciia su déng nhat hoan toan co thé tinh gan ding theo c6ng thite + 0413b7¢(0,7e + 2/8) ed Trong dé: 1 la chiéu dai cua ving trén Kin, m; b li chiu rng trung binh cua vin; ¢ 1a hé sé Chezy déi voi ving (15 < ¢ < 50); g li ga toc trong truéng, m/s"; dla chiéu sau trung binh cia ving, m. Can Iuu ¥ ring mot s6 phép thir cho thay céng théfe trén cho gia tri thdp noi cdc sudi rho 6 chiéu rong khoing Sm va cho gid tri cao véi cée s6ng ¢6 chiéu rong khong SOm, 1.1.2. Nghién eitu thai gian di chuyén Dir ligu vé thé gian di chuyén thudng rat c6 ich trong viée chon dia diém ly mau. Thi du noi My mau cin duge chon dé c6 nhigm nio d6, dae biét la tir nhimg nguén ga gian cdc chat cdn 6 mit trong ving nghién citu (n n di chuyén). Thai gian di chuyén la thong sé quan trong trong lay mau dé nghién ctu téc 46 thay ddi cua cae thinh phan khdng bén (thi du trong céch ty lim sach cia ving née, thoi gian di chuyén ¢6 thé cung cap théng tin vé hé s6 téc d6 dGng hye). Cin do it nhat 6 5 tu lugng a6 ding khée nhau va thoi gian di chuyén nhgn duge dem vé lén dé thi phy thudc tée 46 chay. Ngoai suy hode n6i suy d6 thi cho biét cae thoi gian di chuyén khéc. Tuy nhién, ngogi suy qua 10% téc d6 chay da do cé thé dan dén thong, tin thiéu chinh xac vé théi gian di chuyén, Tham khao ISO 5667-1 xem huéng dan chung vé théi gian di chuyén, Va ISO 8363 xem huéng dan do ding chay cia chat long trong kénh ho. 1.2. Chon im by miu GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 8 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Chon diém lay miu thich hop tro nén khé khan khi cht edn xée dinh phan bé khong dong déu trong ving nude can nghién iru. Noi chung, noi lay mu nhu vay la nén trinh vi cée miu liy sé khéng dai dign cho phin kin ving nude, tnt tradmg hop noi léy miu d6 la cin thiét. Néu thiy c6 str phan bé khong déng déu cia chat cn xéc dinh 6 noi da chon thi cn thir the nghigm vé ban chat va mite d6 khng déng déu theo ba chiéu, Néu cée phép thir 46 cho thay rang chat can xdc dinh phan bé déng déu thi bat ki diém lay mau nao cing €6 thé duge. Nauge Iai, cin tim noi Léy m&u kha, noi ma chat cin xée dinh phan bé ding, déu, Néu khong thé tim duge noi khde thi phai lay mau 6 nhiéu diém dé bao dam két qua la dai dign. Nhitng mau nay thong duge t6 hgp lai va tao ra mot mau to hgp dai dign cho chat lugng nude 6 noi liy miu ma khdng cdn phan tich ting miu riéng. Tuy nhién, khong duge go mau t6 hyp nhu vay khi nghién ciru ede khi hoa tan hoge ede chat dé bay hoi. 2. Tan s6 va théi gian ly mau Két qua phan tich trit mgt chuong trinh lay mau can phai cung cp duge théng tin cin thiét véi sai s6 chip nhgn duge theo quy dinh cua chuong trinh, Néu khong dinh nghita 13 mic sai s6 thi m6t chwong trinh ly mau dya trén théng ké la khong thé chéap nhan duge. Chi tiét vé ap dung théng ké vao tin sé lay mau tham khao & Khi c6 nhimg thay di chu ki hay thuong xuyén, nén dénh gié ndng dé trung binh bing cach léy mau h@ thong thay cho ldy miu ngau nhign (v6i sé mau bat ki), va bao dam ring khoang cach thoi gian gitta hai lan lay mau lién tiép 1a dit ngin dé phat hign nhungx thay di. Khi lay mau hé théng can phai bao dam ring tan s6 lay mau khéng tring voi bat ki chu ki ty nhién ndo cha noi nghién ctu hoge véi nhiing tic dOng theo thi gian (thi dy n bom dit ngay thugng lu va khéi dng 1 Lin trong 1 gid, nghién ciru tée dong cha nb khéng phai a déi trong kay miu). ‘Trong cac hé théng séng, nhing thay déi chu ki déu din vé chit hrong nude c6 thé xdy ra, thi dy chu ki mOt ngay, mOt tuan 1 va mOt nim. Khi dé théi gian lay mau cn chon can than dé c6 thé danh gid duge ban chat nhimg thay déi nay. Néu nhimg thay doi nay khong thudng xuyén hodc & mite 46 nh6 hon nhiing bién déi ngiu nhign thi nén chon thé gian ly miu ngdu nhién, hoge lay nhing mau hé théng trong suét chu ki quan tim, Mat khée, thoi gian edn duge chon dé miu duge Ky o nhang phin khée nhau cua chu ki, tir Khi cin nghién citu nhitng ndng 46 dic bigt, miu duoc léy 6 nhiing théi gian xéc dinh cia méi chu ki. 3. Chon phuong phap lay miu. 3.1, Lay mau dé phin tich Ii hod hoe GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee jén : Nguyén Thanh Binh 9 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Trrdng hop ly mu du6i b8 mét (thi dy 50cm ti b3 mit), chi cln nhing binh (x8, ca) vio dong séng hod sudi, sau dé chuyén nude vao binh chita mau. Ciing c6 thé nhing true tiép binh chita mau xudng séng hodec suéi. Can tranh lay mau lép bé mat, trir khi dd 1a yéu cau. 6 dG sau da dinh, can ding thiét bi lay mau dac biét Hé théng lay mau 6 séng cdn chon va lip dat can than dé tranh tic éng vio do cic hat rin & trong nude. Can bao vé I6i vao bing cach quan lui thé va lui tinh, thuémg xuyén kiém tra va loai bé cdc manh tich ty, va nhing yéu t6 nay can duge chit ¥ tir khi chon diém léy miu. Léi vao ctia thiét bi lay miu cing phai dim bao can tro dong chiy khong dang ke. Can bao vé hé théng ldy mu & noi dat (thi dy bo séng) khoi bj phd hoai va ning tic dong khde nhur nhigt d6 cao. Khi yéu edu can ding bom thi nén ding bom nhing hon li bom hit trong tinh huéng liy miu cée khi hao tan. Chi ¥ ring cée khi hoa tan bj giai phéng va kéo theo chat rin lo img 1én bé mat khi 4p Iye do ding bom hit, Phai logi bo phan nuéc ban dau khi ding cdc hé théng bom. Diéu nay cing 6 thé xay ra khi dung bom iu ty dng xach tay. Khi lly mau khi hoa tan nén ding Nhiém ban miu ciing co thé bat ngudn tir vat ligu cita hé théng, bao gm cic bd phan cia bom. Khi dé nén ding bom nhu déng véi cic dng bing chat déo tro hoac silicon. Su phit tign eiia vi khuain va /hoge tio & trong éng bom e6 thé anh hudng, do dé phai rita bom thurime xuyén hoe ding ede bign php thich hyp khie, Mite d@ gay 6 nhiém miu boi cic chit hau co cia céc logi ng khde nhau cin duge chit Khi chon vat ligu éng. Khi téc d6 ciia bom thip, tae dung ca trong tring cé thé lam giam ndng dd chat rin lo limg 6 trong mau. Boi vay, khi cin nghién ciru cae chit lo himg khong nén ding bom téc dé cham ké ca céc bom nhu dng céng suit thap thuong ding trong cae may lay mdu ty dong. Tét nat 1a lay mau trong didu kién ding téc, nhung néu thyc té khdng cho phép thi t6c d6 ding chay trong dng vao khong durge durdi 0,5 m/s va trén 3,0 mis, Néng a ctia cdc chat can xée dinh 6 trong hé théng bom can phai giéng nhu 6 trong c lay mau. Lay mau fi didu dé yéu cau dng vao cua hé théng liy mau phai hudng nguge vi hay sudi @ nhing noi mite nude thay ddi lin thi nén ga hé théng lay mau hoc dng vao lén mét bé, nhung can chai ¥ bé dé bi hong. Ciing cé thé ding cach treo éng din vio mét phao ndi (hoc thiét bj twong ty) va duge néi vio thiét bj iy mau bing mot dng mém, dng mém GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee ién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 10 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich nay duge neo bing mét vat nang dat 6 day séng. Mot loai thiét bj dat tién hon bi théng nhiéu dng vao va cho phép ly mau 6 46 sdu thieh hgp. 3.2. Lay miu dé phan tich vi sinh vat Khi lay mau dé phan tich vi sinh (thi dy vi khudn) cdn phai ding cée binh sach va tigt trang. Git binh kin cho dén kh nap mau va sau d6 day kin bang manh gidy kim loai. Ngay khi nap miu méi mo miéng gidy kim loai va rit ra va cdm trén tay. Chi y tranh gay 6 nhigm nét va c6 binh do tay. Ngay sau khi nap méu phai dy nit kin. Chay trude khi nap day khdng can trang binh bing mau. Dong tac ldy mau 1a nim lay phan day binh ré 6 binh thing vao nude dén d6 séu khoang 0, 3m dui bé mat, sau dé xoay binh dé c6 binh hoi ngugc lén vi migng binh hung vio ding chiy. Nhu vay trong dgi da s6 trudng hop nude vao binh khéng tiép xtc v6i tay, trir khi xody manh thi 6 nhiém do tay cé thé xay ra. Néu bi 6 nhigm do tay thi phai loai bé miu va Kiy mau khdc trong nhing diu kign it xoay hon, hoge buge binh vao que hoge kep nhu da néu & 4.2.1. Nhiing thiét bj duge khir tring iy mau & nhimg d@ sau xac dinh. 4. Xr ly so’ b6 khi lay mau 4.1. Tai sao phai xit If so bp Nhiéu loai mu khi tach ra khoi méi trudng thy té , cde chat trong mau cé thé thay di , bi mat ha bi phan huiy ... . Vi thé can xit ly sob nhiim mye dich : + Dé gitt va bao toan chat phan tich khéng bj mat do cac hién tugng = Sy tuong tac héa hoe , ty phan hiy cla chit - Su thity phan iia ede chat ~ Sy sa King cita cae chat . ~ Sur hp phy eta dung cy chita + Phuc vu cho vige di chuyén durge dé ding khéng hu hong miu + Bao quin khéng lam thay d6i thanh phan mau va chat phan tich + Phuc vu cho bao quan durge dé dang va an toan sau kh lay 4.2. Céc logi mau can xir I} so 69. Nhimng mau sau day can duge xit ly so bé. + Miu phan tich cdc kim logi nang dé bj thay phan + Mau phan tich cdc anion kém bén dé mat hay bj sa lang. +M4u phan tich cde hop chit dé bi phan hay. + Chit phan tich 1a cde chat dé bj hdp thy vao thanh binh chita. + Mau dé phan tich mot tiéu sinh hge, é + Miu dé xée dinh ede si nh vat phit du +Mau dé xée dinh céc loai tram tich 4.3. Cae phuong php xir ly so’ bd. GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee ién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 11 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich a. Phin tich ede kim logi vA anton. - Xi ly dung cy : tring rita dung cy bing chia trude tién bang mot dung dich phi hop nhat .nuée cat, hay axit loang , hay loaing ..diing chat nao 1a ti thude vao chat phan tich, Sau d6 lam kh6 hét dung méi tring. = Xtt ly mau khi lay : +Vi dy kim loai nang xir ly bing dung dich HNO hay HCl +Xtr ly bling kiém NaOH loang ( kim loai kiém , anion CN,H3S...) +Miu dé xée dinh pH céc logi + Xir ly bang formon ancol i véi céc mau xac dinh chi tiéu sinh hoc. + Xir ly bing khi tro sach b. Phin tich cde hop chat hiru co Nhém cée chat thude loai sau. + Ce chit dé bj anh sing tée dung , phan hoy. + Cae chét phai gitt lanh ( vi du vitamin trong méu) +Cie chat dé bi oxi héa , dé bi kh do dnh sang hay khong khi + Cée chat dé bj mat do chuyén sang chat khac , do ty oxi héa + Cae chdt dé bay hoi , thang hoa. +Ciic chit dé dong tu , sa King , bém vio thanh binh chita + Cae chat dé lén men, D6 1a nhimg mau can phai xit Iy sob , khi léy dé bio vé ching mét cdich phit hop nhat cho mdi chat . Vi dy béa hda khi CO; hay Nz cho cdc chat dé bi oxi héa trong khong khi. c. Cae déi tugng sinh hoc. Vigée ldy mau cae déi twong sinh hoc yéu cdu giit rit nghiém ngat cdc diéu kign Néu khéng cac vi sinh vat , cc ndm méc bj chét hay bj bién dang khéng con ding véi thye t. Vi dy cdc logi mau sau + Vi sinh vat , vi khudn, nm mée, + Cie chi tiéu sinh héa, COD,BOD,DO.... + Sinh vat lo lag ( phi du...) + Céc logi tram tich. 5. Ghi chép h so khi lay mau . Khi lay mu méi miu phai ghi chép lap hd so day du . Hé so phai 6 cde van dé sau: -Bja diém léy mau ( thon xa, huyén, tinh, thanh phé ) - Vi tri lay mau ( ché lay , bé mat , 46 sau , cach durdmg...) ~ Didu kién thoi tié , mua, gi6...) iét ( ning - Loai mau gi , dang t6n tai cua mau, tinh trang khi lay. ~ Khdi lugng mau da lay GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh 12 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich ~ Ghi 1 céch xit ly so b6 ~ -Newii iy mau H6 so nay phai c6 mét ti di theo mau va ban giao cho ngudi nhan mau dé di chuyén hay bao quin vi cho ca nguéi phan tich sau nay. Bé trén co so dé nguwoif phan tich sé dura vao ho so dé biét tinh trang mau , dé c6 bign phap xit IY mau thich hgp cho phan tich , dé dat duge két qua tat . 6. Quan ly va bao quan miu phan tich 6.1. Céc yéu can cha quan ly mau, quan ly va bao quan mau li khau ké tiép cia céng viée lay mau phan tich. Lay mau tét nhung bao quan khdng tét thi s® lam héng miu phan tich vi thé trong céng téc bdo quan mau phan tich phai dam bao cde yéu t6 sau: - Theo ding yéu cdu dé dam bao sy tin tai ding ci chat phan tich - Theo timg logi , timg 16 , timg nhém. - Trong méi trudng tich hop - Bao quan duge chat phan tich khéng bi sa lang , phan hiiy. - Trong nhigt dQ thfch hgp theo yéu cdu ca chat phan tich - Khéng cho phan img héa hge xay ra lam mt chat phan tich Do dé mdi loai chat phan tich vi méi loai mau can chon duge nhiing digu kign thich. hop nhat dé bao quan ching 6.2. Cc phuong php bio quin mau . Tuy loai mau va chat phan tich ma mau cd thé duge duge bio quan trong cde digu ign - Trong diéu kign binh thudng , trong phong ¢6 khong khi sgch. ~ Trong ti lanh c6 thé khéng ché duge nhigt d6 theo yéu edu ~ Trong kho kin ¢6 digu kign khé réo , khéng byi khong ed di miu - Trong tii am cé thé khéng ché d@ am theo yéu cau. ~ Nhigt 9 thap dudi 0 ( trong tuyét COs) hay trong cac hé théng diéu chinh nhiét d6 ~ Trong moi trudng khi tro He, Ar. - Sau day 1a mét s6 bang théng tin ky thuat vé diéu kign bao quan mau. Bang 1 - Cac ki thuat chung thich hyp dé bao quan mau- Phan tich hoa hoc va hoa ly Thing tin rong bang 1 chi la huéng dn chung dé béo quan mau. Ban chat phi tap cua nuée tw nhién va nue thai yeu cu trude ki phan tich phai kiém tra do én dich cli ting logi méu da xa ly theo ede phuong phap a8 nghi trong bang 1 GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 13 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Théng Logi binh chtra |Ky thuat bao] Noi Chi thich Tiéu sé Decass quan | phan chun nghién | (PE PTFE,PVC,PET) ch Quéc té cu | huy tinhBG=Thuy tinh (36 higu ta theo phy tye A) 7 2 3 7] 5 6 7 bo axt ProacG [Camianh20 | Phong | 24h [CBn phan tich mau froacan Jaén 50 thi tal ch dy (oc bet ie righigm la mau nhidu kh |hoa tan) iNnom P [Coengay Kh | Phong [1 thang |Nhm tan 1) va lay mau, axt | thi jnhém bam ién chat J hoa [hod nuéc loc} nghiém lio Kimg 66 thé xc tant) jeén pH <2 inh tr cing mot mau [- tng sb P hoac G Jaxit hoa dén | Phong | 1 thang pHe2 thi nghigm JAmoniac| P hoac G JAxit hoa Phong | 24h 1SO 5664 jw do va bing H2s04| thi ra jion hoa \dén pH<3, | nghigm fam lann 200° 1s0 6778 Jaén 50c 123) Iso 7180)26), a a JAOx ‘Sngay |Phan som. 1SO 9562 ((halogen| [Tham khdo Tiéu 155) nouco N03, lam cchuan tong tng ve joo thé bi lianh 20C één} [chi tiét cho cac loai dp pb] boc, e8 wi nude dac biet [Asen Proics [Axithoa den | Phong | 1 thang [Dung Hindu sau] 1S0 6505 thi [phan tich bang ky GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 14 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich pea ighigm fragt hicrua 13 Ban P hose BG IXem phan [Khong Inhom iduing 2804 jBOD P hoac G (G khiBOD lam lanh 20C} Phong | 24h ISO 5815 (Nhu thdp) l6én 500, 48 | thi 8] chu ox noi tdi ighigm sinh pod) [Bo va P Phong | 1 thang Iso Borat thi 9390(6] nghigm {Bromua PhoacG liam lanh 20C] Phong | 24h |Gid mau tranh nong va cac J6én 506 thi hop chai ighigm cua Brom (Cagmi ProacBG em nhom ISO 5961 [9] [Canxi Phoae Phong) 26h Joothedén4eh | ISO 6058 thi Inhung edn cho y (19) ighigm inhang mu c6 46 (én cao hon 70 imsim) JAxit hoa dén | P hoac | 1 thang |IMau axit hoa (khOng]| ISO 6059 ipHe2 6 ding #2804) 06 thé] [11] ding xac dinh cac kim loai hae 180 7980 (4) iCacbon P hose G = Tai cho] eioxit [Cacbon @ [Axtthoa | Phong | 1 tan |Ky twatbao quan | ISO 245 hou co ibang H2s04 | thi phy thude phuong | [42] laén pH<2, | nghigm jphap phan tich lam lanh 206. Jaén 506, a8 ci ti GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 15 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich P [Bong ianh | Phong | 1 thang [bong anh (2000) jeén-2000 | thi ening cho mat s6| nghiém jtrudng hop: iCiorua P hoac G ~ 1 thang 180 92097 thi {50} nghiém Clo du P hoac G Tai cho |GiG toi khi van 1SO 7393 cchuyén. Phan tich | (28) som (291130) [Clorophy} P hoac G jLam lanh Phong | 24h ! (00c thi nghigm [Loc roi Géng | Phong | 1 thang tanh pnin | thi icon ai nghigm [Crom P hoac BG liam lanh 20C] Phong | 24h kv) iéén 506 thi rnghigm [Crom P hoac BG Xem nhom ISO 9174 tng sé (sa, [Coban ProacBs Xem nhom 130.6288 faa [CoD P hodc G (Gua dung Axit hoa dén | Phong | 5 ngay 1SO 6060 [nu chu) hon khiCOD thép)|pH<2bing | thi 113} oxi hoa 12804, tam | nghigm noc) jlanh 20C dén| 1506, gift noi t6i jMau PhoacG : ‘Tai chd : 1SO 7887 (34 liam lanh 20C] Phong | 24h l6én 50C, gi} thi pci ti ighiem [D6 dan PhoacG liam lanh 20C| Phong | 24h |Nén do tai chd ISO 7888 leén 506 thi (35) nghigm GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thc hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh 16 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Phoac BG xem nhom ISO 7828 (44) P Kj thuat bao quan phu thudc phurong phap phain tich |ISO 6730- 2 (21) P Kj thuat bao quan phu thudc phurong phap phain tich |ISO 6703- i120] Xem cdc chat hoat dong bE mat Xem oan tong so nung Khong - Phong J 1 thang 1S010395- PTFE thi 1163] nghiém IC, riva bang dung —|[Chiét tai ch néu | Phong | 24h |INgay sau khi lay im0i dung a chiét foo tnd, lam tanh | thi imu nén them thuée| (thidupentan) — Jo dén 0G | nghim thir ding cho phan tich hoc 48 tach, hoae chiét ngay. [Chai y quy tac an toan P howe BG Xem aor ISO 8288 (a4 c [Axithoa bing HCI] Phong [24h lan 1 mov thi (*00m/11 mau), | nghigen jai noi tdi em mo Xem d6 kis: c [Lamiann20G | Phong | 24h JMu cn dé tanh ién SoC thi janh nang truc tiép raghigm iKiém hoa din | Phong | 1 thang GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tit Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 17 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich pret thi rnghigm (Sat (ll) PhoacBG — |Axithoabang | tai cho HCI dén pH<2 va | hoac & judi oxi khong | phong ki thi rnghigm [Siting] P hoacBG em nhom Iso 6392, (141 PhoacBG — |Axithoabang | Phong] 24h |KhOng axit hoa néu | 1S0 5663 H2S04 an thi (ding mau 68 xéc i pHe2, tam tanh | nghigm Jginh c amon ty do [(Kjeldahj [20 dén 50C, git @ noi tai [chi Phoac BG Xem nhom Iknéngnén ding | 1S0 6288 1H2so4 [44] ci P Phong J 1 thang thi nghigm [Axithoadéa | Phong | 1 thang JAxit hoa cho phép pHe<2 thi xxac dinh Lit va cdc nghigm kim loai khae trong mu [Magie Phoac BG Xem canxi 150 6059 tt) 180 7980 (41) iMangen | P hoac BG Xem nhom 180 6333 (15) Thuy 3G [Axithoadéa | Phong | 1 thang]Gan dam bao 18 | 1S0 5606, Ingan pH<2 bang binh chira mau | (3), 4). 8) ting 86 HNO3 va them khong bi 6 nhiém 201207 aén Indng 46 cudi sung 5% (khdi lwong Mkhoi lvong) GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tit Nguoi thee ién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 18 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich INiken Phoac BG Xem nhom ISO 8288 a INitrat P hoac BG JAxit hoa den Phong | 24h ISO 7890 pH<2hogc lam | thi (36) anh 20¢ 66n | nghigm 50C, (371188) .9¢ tai chd bang | Phong | 48h Dung cho nua mat imangloc c618 | thi va nuéengim 0,45 ym va lam | nghigm anh 20C oén 500, JNitrit PhoacG Lam lanh 206 Phong | 24h |SO 6777 én 50C thi [22] nghiém Mui Gc Lam lanh 206 Phong 6h [Co the tien hanh tai én 50C ni ich6 (ohan tich dinh inghiem tinh) (a8 phan jtich dinh| llugng) [Cio haw xem AXO loo [Ortophot| Bhoac G [amianh 200 | Phong | 24h [Phan tich som 180 6878- phat ién 50C thi 1124] Itong sé nghiém JOrtophot| B hoac G Loc mau ngay tai | Phong | 24h |Phan tich som ISO 6878- phat hoa] hd, lam lanh thi 1124] tan 20C an 506 | nghigm Oxi P hoac G = Tai ch + ISO 5813 6 G (CBdnh oxi tai _ | Phong [Toi da 4]Cd dinh oxi phu hop] 1S0 5814 hd va gi @noi | thi | ngay_|v6i phuzong phap a i nghigm phan tich duge jdung |Ozon #1 it Tai cho + ichiso c thea bang | Phong | 2 ngay |(Can phan tich som..| ISO 6467 19 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich pemang 2504 an thi JAxit hoa phi hop eT janat pH<2, lam lanh_ | nghigm \6i gal doan du 20 dén 50C, gia} cha phurong phap 6 noi ti phan tich Pp [bong lan dén- | Phong | 28h 2006 thi nghigm fThuds |G (rua bang dung |Lam/ann20C | Phong | 24h [Nén thomngay chat trv su, mei) fn 50C, gia S| thi chidt s6 dng 46 cio hou noi 161 ghigm [phan tich hoa tién co hhanh chit tai chd [Thudc |G (rira bang dung |Lamianh 20c | Phong | 24h _|Chiét som sau khi rir sau moi) ¥6n 50, gia & | thi y mu, khong nén iphotpho noi ti righiém (68 qua 24 gid hou co [Dau mo Xem dau, mo va hidrocacbon Iva cc en xust pH P hoae S ~ Tai chd [Phan tich fan chuyén | Phong (cang som cang tt Inhigt 46 thdp hon] thi jva tot nhat la ngay inhigt 46 kni dy | nghigm Jsau khi ly mau mau ichi sd 8G ech’ oxihoa | Phong | 24h |Ky that bao quan | 180.6439 lphenol sinh hod bang | thi phy thuge vao ky (16) CuSO4 va axit | nghigm thuat phan tich hoa bang H3PO4 |augc ding ién pH<2 iPhoipho|| SGhoscG |Lamlanh20C | Phong | 24h |Nén dung binh thuy | ISO 6878- hoa tan jén 50C. Loc thi tinh iod ho khi 1124] Ingay tai chd | nghigm Indng 40 P tndp. (lod hoa bing cach [cho tinh thé iod vao inh, day kin va dun inéng 600C, trong [8h. Cha ¥ rang iod thé tan vao mau va gay can tré: phan GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tit Nguéi the hién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 20 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich fich. Nen tham Khao| \y ibn nguai phan ich true khi ding ky thuat bao quan nay BGhoseG — |Lamlanh 20 | Phong | 26h xem wen fen 50C thi nghigm lAxithoa bang | Phong | tihang] _xemirén | 1S0 9064- H2s04 aén pH<2} thi 2160) ighigm 180 9964- 3161] Xem Li 50 9965162] BhoseBG |Axithoa én | Phong | 1 thang Het, tri khi.c | thi jelenua, Néu c6 | nghiém hi kiém hoa bang} NaOH aén pH>tt Pp [Coctai ché, Axt | Phong | 24h hoa bang H2S04) thi én pH<2, 1am | nghigm anh 206 dén 500 P INnu véisiicat | Phong | 24h hoa tan thi ighigm PhoseBG Xem nhom [Khong ding HO Mos vai dang bac icin dn dinh bang cach thém xienua Xem Lit 150 9964 (59); 180 9964- 3{61} GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh — 21 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich [Suniat PhoacG |Lamlann 200 | Phong [cha y trong nude] SO 9280 ién 50C thi thai c6 th8 c6 H28, | [49] nghiem 160 d6 cn them 1H202 vao imBu.Nhing mau cb BOD cao (>200mgi), cdn thém HCl va chi y 6c hai cuda H2S, thot ra [Suntua PhoacG — |Néucan,kiém | Phong | 1 tuan [an inh theo Tieu (a8 bj hoa mau ngay | th ichudn hign hanh cia bang nghiém iphéng) inatricacbonat, jsau 66 them kem axotat [Sunfua PhoacG |Néucan. kim | Phang | 24h [Phan tich som. én hoa ngay mu | thi Jdinh theo Tiéu bang nghigm ichuan hign hanh inatricacbonat Nap mau dy inh dé audi hét khong khi [Sunt PhoacG — |Cddinhtaichd | Phong | 48h bang cach thém 1} thi ImiEDTA2,5% | nghiém (kn6i lxgnay khdi wang) cho mai 1100 mau [Cac chat G lLamianh20C | Phong] 48h |Trdngbinh chia — | ISO 7875- Jhoat jen 50C thi lbang thuy tinh nh 1132] jdong bé nghigm m0 t8 trong ISO mat [7875-1 va 7875-2 ication [Dé tranh hp phu len thanh binh , them tai chd Smgi alkyletoxi khOng ion. Phan tich som wxithoa don 48h [Trang binh chia _ | ISO 7675: poat pH<2 bing thi bang thuy tinh nh | [32] Joong bé H2S04, lam lanh m6 ta trong ISO GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tit Nguéi thye hién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 22 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich frat 20 Gn 50G | nghigm f7a76-1. Phan tich lanion som (Cac chat G FThémforaldehit | Phong | 48h [Trang binh chia | ISO 7675- jpoat [40% (thé tichithé | thi [bang thuy tinh nh’ | 233] jdong bé tich), lam tanh | nghigm m6 18 trong ISO mat 206 dn 506 va 7875.2, Phan tich Iknong bao dam nap day som jon inh icndtio P hoae S ~ Phong | 48h |Phantich som, tt rng va thi inhdt la ngay tai ch6 lea ling rnghigm Tribe Phoac BG Xem nhom Khong dang HNOS INéu cd co thiéc, ding axit axetic a8 lbao quan mau cho phan tich thiée t6ng 6, nhung néu you [cu dae biét, déng anh mu va phan tich som [55 cing Xem canxi tng sb [Can ProacG |amlanh200 | Phong 150 7072, tng 56 fn 50C thi 125} rnghigm 16 duc P hoac G ei Phéng | 24h |'Tét nhat la phan tich| thi jtai cho: nghigm [Uran P hoac BG Xem nhém Kom P hoac BG Xem nhom Hod tan ghia la nhiing chat ot qua mang ioe 06 08 18 O45 um Bang 2 - Sap xép cc théng s6 theo ky thuat bao quan (kém theo bang 1) Bang 2 nham gidp nguei dung chn kj thuat bao quan déng thei cho nhidu thong s6. Tuy nhién can kiém tra kha nang ap dung trong tung trtiong hp trén co s6 di ligu cho timg hat. Nhong GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 23 Lay mia, xir ly so b@ va bao quan mau phan tich théng sé khéng dugc ligt ké trong bang 2 thuéng khéng thé bao quan bang cdc phuong phap nay Thich hop cho Khang thich hep cho quan bang 1 2 3 Axithod | Cac kim logt kiém Xianua én pHe2 | Nhom Suntua ‘Amoniac (khéng ding kh} Ccbonat,hidrocacbon, CO2 c&n xéc dinh riéng amoniac tu do va téng 86) Sunfit, $02 ‘Asen Thiosunfat Céc kim foal iti Nitrat Phoiphonat (néu dae bigt yeu clu) 6 cing téng 56 Xa phong va este Photpho ting s6 Hexametylentetramin (Cac kim loai nang Khéng ding H2S04 cho canxi, stront, bari, radi, ct Khong ding HC! cho bee, tall chi, bitmut, thuy ngan (1) va stioi Khéng ding HNO3 cho thiée idm hoa | lodua Hau nét cdc hgp chat hau co, céc kim oai nang, dac én bigt la & trang thai hod tr thép. Mot vai kim loei tao pH>t anion & trang thai hod tri cao hon (phy thudc vao sy C6 mat cla anion, tra bang d@ tan) Amoniaclamoniac Aminiamin Photpho ting sé GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tit Ngwéi thie hién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 24 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Hidrazin Hidroxilamin lamlanh | 86 axit, d6 kim 20C an 50C Amoni Bromua, cdc hop chat brom Clorophyl lodua Nite Ken-dan (Kjeldahl!) D6 dan Nitrat Nitet Mai Ortophotphat Phatpho Sunfat Cac chat hoat dong bé mat cation Can khe Can ting sé Cac phép thir sinh hoe Déng Clorrophyl khi cn phan biét ham lugng chat ling va lanh sau long chirat8 bao. (200c) | coo GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 25 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Céc phép thir sinh hoc, thir | Cac khi hoa tan. docttinh Nhan biét vi sinh vat Cacbon hau co Co thé 06 sy thay di xay ra vi nhiéu chat tan, yéu Chi sé pemanganat cau phai lam déng thé sau khi tan bang két ta (va polyme hoa) va c6 thé khé hoa tan tre lai, Mot vai polyaxit bi dt mach, Cn danh gid mae 49 thich hgp trude khi dung, Thong sé | Losi | Kythuat | Noi | Thai gian Chi thich Tieu can binh | bao | phan | bao quan chuan nghién chira quan tich t6i da dé cou nghi (sd truoe khi theo phan 3 8ém vi lamlanh || Phang | 8h (nude | Véi céc mau nvéc da duge kauan t6ng 2oCaén | thi | ubng, | clo hoa hoe brom hoa can 86 50C nghiém | nuee mat, | ly vao binh (trudc khi tit nurée | tring) chia Na2S203 (ndi Coli ting nigtim va | chung 0,1 ml dung dich sd bun) Na2S2)3 10% (mim) cho mdi 125 ml mu) Voi cae mu 66 kim lat rng lin hon 0,04 mgf, thém vao binh chira (da duge tit tring trvéc) 0.3, mi NTA 18% (rim) cho m8 GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 26 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich 500mi mau (xem 3.2.6) Salmonella Shigella. (erim= Khéi lwgng / kh6i wong ; viv = Tha tich J The tich) Bang 4 - Cac kj thudt chung thich hop dé bao quan mu - Phan tich sinh vat Cac théng s6 sinh hoc can xac dinh a rat nhiéu va déi khi thay ddi tir loai sinh vat nay sang loai sinh vat kha. Do 46, KhOng thé tao ra mot bang gm mol vige c&n lam 68 bao quan mau loal nay. ‘Théng tn trong bang 4 do d6 chi gdm nhiing théng sé thuéng nghién ctu déi voi mgt s6 nhom d6ng, thye vat. ‘Truge ki nghién eitu chi tét en chon cae théng #6 quan tam, Théng] Loaibinh chia | Kythuatbao | Not [Thdigian bao] Chithich | Tiéu sé | P=chatdéo(PE, | quan —_| phan | quan tdi da ad chun nghién|| PTFE,PVC,PET)G=| tich (con sé la ciu | Thuy tinh theo phy luc A) BG= Thuy tinh chi ré thoi bosilicat gian bao quan la khéng quan trong: "1 thang” la bao quan dé dang) 1 2 3 4 5 6 [ 7 /ém ISO 7828 va en han dang Iso 8265 49) 1s 9391 84] Sinn PhoaeG [Them 70%(uw) | Phong | t nam [cin gan nace vat cay| etanol thi trong mau GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thc hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh 27 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich lon : inghiém| [tre dé néng khong a aia |a6 chat bao yong fomaldenyt — | Phong quan dat eye sng 40%(vlv) a3 thi Gai trung hoa bang | him Ree natriborat 68 ind Jaurgc dung dich igi 2% an St(viv) [cae G [Chuyén vao || Phong [vo han [Yeu cau mau Jdung dich bao || thi nhing nhs quan chia —_ | nghiem| phuong phap (thi du Jetanola 70% |68c biét cho mu (wiv), nhaing nhom 61 fomandehyt khong xong ching) 40% (viv) va séng bi bién aryxerol theo ty Jdang do xiv iy le 100:2:1 bao quan wong ung Ithéng thuéng (chi leu Platihelminthe)) [Canh bao-Hoil iformaldehyt ldéc. Khong \dé nhiéu mau o ché lam vig [Sinn 6 Thém mot phan || Phong | 1 nm [Dé mau & noi vat thé tich dung |) thi ti sng {dich Lugol vao__|nghiém bam 100 phan thé tich mu. (Oung {dich Lugo! gém 20g KI va 10g lod trong 11, gice {trong binh thuy tins mau 161 Taye G Xem sinh vat || Phong | + nam [bd mau 6 noi vat ndi s6ng bam thi 61 GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 28 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich nghiém /B6ng GS Thém Phéng ||1 nam INéu 66 hién vat ndi fomaldehyt 40% | thi jtugng bac (viv) 48 dat 4% | nghiem| mau cn them (viv), hoaie thé Idung dich Jdung dich Lugot Lugo! nhibu nhu cho sinh hon vat s6ng bam Khai ivong twoi va kno Sinn PhoacG — [iamiann20C [Tai chd| 24h Khong dong vat cay Jaén 50 hose anh -200. Can lon trong phan tich knéng hang lsém, Khéng xuong thi Jae qua 24h. séng nghigm teed oh vat lon Sinn vat séng bam Thy vat ni ong vat ni Ca ta |Tai ché | Koi lveng tro [Sinn PhoacG Loc, lam lanh_— || Phong [2 tuan vat cay 2c één 50c | thi lon Inghiém GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh 29 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich lam lanh 200 || Phong [Thoi gian bao }dén 50C thi |quan thay adi nghiéem Bong lanh Gén =| Phong [2 tan uy treo 200 thi phurong php |nghiém| phan tich |dugc dung 1) Schwoerbel,J. Methoden der Hidrobiologic. "Susswasserbiologie", xuat ban lan 3, NXB Fischer, Stuttgart, 1980. Bang 5 - Cac kj thuat chung thich hyp dé bao quan mau - Cac théng sé hoa hoc phong xa Théng s6 | Loaibinh | Kythuatbao | Noiphan | Thoi | Chathich | Tiéuchudn nghién cau} chia quan tich | gian bao {con s6 1a P=Chat quan téi ‘theo phy déo (PE, a luc A) PTFE, khuyén PVG, PET) nghi truge khi phan tich (Néu| khéng chird GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee én : Nguyén Thanh Binh 30 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich thoi gian bio quan a khong ‘quan trong: Neu" thang” la bao quan dé dang) r 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hoat 06 P |1.Néumudn | Phongihi [Gang [Chi yantoan [ISO 9696 alpha phan tich ring | nghigm |nhanh — [va che chén phy | (56) hoat 46 chat tan jcang tét | thudc hoat 6 Hoat 46 betal va chat lo ling ‘cia mu. Canh_ | [SO 9697 thi gc ngay [bdo-bibu co ban |[57] a 2. Them 20m + {ran hit phai bul ‘ml HNO3 50% Iphéng xa, hoc (wy) vao cho 11 148 dinh vao da mau. pH pha jquan 0 nih hon 1 3. Gidr & ché t6i, 18 20€ dén 506 lod phong P|. Biguchinh pH] Phong thi [Ging [Khong duge xa Jaén 8.dén+0,1 | nghigm |nhanh — | thém iodua vao Binh duge |bang dung dich jcang tét_| mau dang co xirly bang |NaOH ‘mol truéng axit jod khong phéng x@ 6 |2. Them 0,19 + 600C dén |0,01g Nal khong Khihoan |phéng x@ cho 11 toan phi | mau. kin ri trang bang |. Thém 2 dén etanol, cui | 4ml cing ria ky | natrihypociort ng nuéc | (10%(mim)) cho (Bidu do dac biét quan trong néu dung mot mau két hop dé ido hoat tinh alpha va beta) khong dung lamoniac dé tao moi truxong kiém GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee ién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 31 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich dn khong [1 mau, cin du con iod tan | clo ty do ra, Hoae thém Nal lam chat mang Hoat a6 P |f.Néued chat [Phongthi [Phu [Chi yantoan, Jgama (cho ranlo king va |nghigm | thuée chu| che chén phy Jséng muén do hoat 46 kyban | thude vao hoat ring ting phan huy cia 4 cla mau, ran, nguyén 16 cn nghién cru Chu ky ban vi radon va hoa tan hoac huy cang | Canh bao: Phai iod phong chat rn Khong ngin | trénh hit phai byi xa) }d8 hoa tan thi cang cn | phéng xa cing le mau va xir iy phan tich |nhu dé dinh vao thanh hai phan sm. |da quan do ‘én 2, Them mot long da bit |dung dich dong i Knéng phong xa ola chat nghién city vao mau \Véi nhang mau chira kim loi, thydng axit hoa |dén pH<2; axit |thém vao phait Khong duge gay két tia ho&e bay hoi nguyen «6 ican nghién cir Vai déng vi radon 6 nhting jyéu cu riéng GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thc hign : Nguyén Thanh Binh 32 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Bac bist (xem phan ring), 3. Git trong binh nat kin, dé trong ti, 6 206 dn 50C. Stronti Phong xa thu eho hoat 69 | Phong thi alpha va beta, —[nghigm hung o6 the them lwong nhd strontinitrat khong phéng xa ‘cang inhanh cang t6t va trong ‘yong 2 thang Radon ding] BG |1.Napmauday [Phong thi [Cang [Binh chat déo c6| vi binh, khong dé |nghigm — |nhanh | thé ta xdp abi Ding nat |c6 bot hode tran icang t6t | voi radon qua Raditty | 66 6ng vao | bn. Néu co thé trong | thann. radon va éng din | thi day nt du6i ong 48h ra co khéa | mat nuoe 160 chu ky | Radon la khi va (voi) 68 kh ban huy. |c6 thé tao sol aay nit }2. Van chuyén hi potomin. nue va gi méu & khng dng | nhiét a6 hoi thép ‘Quan ly v8 sinh len cc 6ng | hon nhigt 66 khi t6t1a nha thidt \dy. Khong dong tanh B.Néu khong 06 chat rénaxit hoa \a6n pH<2 bang HNO3 Radi bing P| 4. Nhuchohoat [Phong thi trong | cha yan toan Jcac phuong GO alpha va nghigm —|vang 2 | va che chén phy phap khac. beta. thang | thudc vao hoat (xem hoat 146 cia mBu 66 alpha va 2. Axit hoa dén beta) pH<1 bang icanh bao- HNOS va ghi thé Trinh hut phai tic axit them ‘byi phéng xa yao hode 48 dinh vvao da, quan ao GVHD : TS Ngo Van Tic Nguoi thee ién : Nguyén Thanh Binh 33 Lay miu, xir ly sob va bao quan mau phan tich Phong thi [ang pve tri {voi khong khi va |nghigm —|nhanh ISO 9698 [58] nue khong cang t6t phéng x@ va trong vveng 4 thang [Cesi phong P —|[Xemstronti [Phong thi | Trong xa phéng xa (dung |nghigm — | vang 2 |CoNOS lam chat tuan mang) Uren |The tich mau 1 | Phong thi én Sit. Axit | nghigmt hoa dn pH<1 bang HNO3- Plutonic BG |The tich miu 6 én 50 it, At hoa bing HNOS Jaén pH

    You might also like