ICND1 Course 01 Building a Simple Network Lesson 1 Functions

Interconnecting Cisco Networking
Devices Part 1 (ICND1)

Course 01 - Building a Simple
Network
Slide 1
Lesson 1
 Networking Functions
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Slide 2
Network Connections
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Slide 3
Components of a Network
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Slide 4
Looking at a Network Diagram
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Slide 5
Applications Found on the Network
 Batch types of applications

 FTP, TFTP, Batch Reports, Inventory Updates
 Usually run at scheduled times
 Bandwidth is important, but not critical to the application
 Interactive Applications:
 Database queries or updates
 User to machine interactions
 Users look for quick response times, although important to the users
experience, not that critical
 Real-time Applications:
 VoIP, video streams and conferencing
 Usually this is user to user interaction
 Latency must be avoided, real-time communications require very low latency
on the network; this is critical for the application to work properly
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Slide 6
Design Issues of a Network
 Topology
 Cost
 Speed
 Security
 Availability
 Scalability
 Reliability
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Slide 7
Physical Topology Types
 “Physical Topology” refers to how the network devices are

connected together
 The three basic categories are:
 Bus
 Star
 Mesh
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Slide 8
Logical Topologies
 A logical topology is the

path through the network
for communications
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Slide 9
Lesson 2
 Understanding the Host-to-Host

Communications Model
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Slide 10
Examples of Host-to-Host Communications
 There are two different types of Host-to-Host

Communications.
 The initial (older) model was:
 Usually proprietary (like Novell IPX/SPX)
 A 3rd party application using communications software they
developed
 Open Standards Model:
 OSI or TCP/IP stack both using a layered approach
 Multivendor software
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Slide 11
OSI Reference Model
Layer Name or
Number Reference
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
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Slide 12
The TCP/IP Stack
TCP/IP
Stack
Application
Transport
Internet
Link
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Slide 13
The Encapsulation Process
Sender
Application L7-Data
L4
Transport Other HDR L7-Data
HDR
L3 L4
Internet Other HDR L7-Data
HDR HDR
L2 L3 L4
Network Access Other HDR L7-Data FCS
HDR HDR HDR
HDR = Header
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Slide 14
Data De-Encapsulation
Receiver
Application L7-Data
L4
Transport Other HDR L7-Data
HDR
L3 L4
Internet Other HDR L7-Data
HDR HDR
L2 L3 L4
Network Access Other HDR L7-Data FCS
HDR HDR HDR
HDR = Header
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Slide 15
Communicating Peer-to-Peer
PDUs
Sender Receiver
Data
Application Application
Segment
Transport Transport
Packet
Network Network
Frame
Link Link
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Slide 16
Lesson 3
 Introducing LANs
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Slide 17
Describing the LAN
 A Local Area Network (LAN) is usually described

as:
 Equipment under your management
 High speed data connections
 Relatively close (geographically) connected devices
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Slide 18
Components of the LAN
 User Devices
 PCs
 Servers
 Infrastructure
 Network Cards
 Physical Media
 Switches
 Routers
 Protocols
 Ethernet
 IP
 ARP
 DHCP
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Slide 19
Understanding the Collision Domain
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Slide 20
Understanding the Collision Domain (Cont.)
 The Layer 2 Switch should support the following

functions:
 Operate at Layer 2 of the OSI and TCP/IP stack
 Ethernet Switches will either Forward, Flood, or Filter
frames based on destination MAC Addresses
 Support Full-Duplex on its switchports
 Operate at high speeds, usually based on an ASIC

architecture
 Auto sense speed and duplex settings
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Slide 21
About the Switch
 Most Ethernet Switches have the following

characteristics:
 High Port Density (compared to a router)
 Large frame buffers
 Auto sensing speed and duplex per port
 Fast internal switching
 Average a low cost per port
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Slide 22
Lesson 4
 Introduction to the IOS
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Slide 23
Why the IOS
 The following are some of the features and

functions of Cisco IOS:
 Connectivity to maintain high-speed traffic between
devices
 Controlling access and unauthorized use
 Allowing for addition of interfaces and capability for

network growth (scalability)
 Ensuring access to networked resources
 Consistency in user experience from one device to

another
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Slide 24
Basic Functions of the IOS
 The IOS is referred to as the CLI (Command Line

Interface). Its purpose is to enter commands from
the user.
 Operations, functions, and features can vary from one type
of device to another
 Copy and Paste is available to the console/terminal
window
 The “Enter-key” or “Carriage Return” instructs the IOS to
parse and execute the typed command
 There are different modes of CLI operation, the EXEC and
Configuration Modes
 Two default EXEC modes: User and Privileged
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Slide 25
The User EXEC Mode
 This is the default mode available when a user

first connects to a switch or router (assuming
not password-protected)
 The command prompt will consist of the device “host
name” followed by the greater than (>) sign
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Slide 26
Privileged Exec Mode
 Often called “Admin” mode, and allows detailed

examination of how a switch or router is
operating
 This is the gateway to configuration mode
 Enables configuration and debugging
 To move from User Exec to Privileged Exec you must

simply enter the command “enable”
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Slide 27
Privileged EXEC Mode (Cont.)
 After switching to Privilege EXEC mode, the

prompt will change to the hostname followed by
a pound (#) sign: hostname#
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Slide 28
Getting CLI Help
CLI Help Options Description

Context-Sensitive Help (using a ?) Lists all available commands and/or
their supported arguments and
parameters for that command
Console Error Messages Identifies if there is a problem with a
command, to help the user identify
how the command must be used or
changed
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Slide 29
Example of Using Context-Sensitive Help
 This sequence is showing how the “?” can

provide context sensitive help:
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Slide 30
Example Error Messages
 Ambiguous – Not enough of a command was entered
 Incomplete – More arguments/parameters are needed
 The caret “^” means that character was the first

character that was not recognized as a valid command
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Slide 31
Managing IOS Configurations
 Two general types of configurations:

 Startup Config: This is the last saved copy of the running configuration, which is
generally loaded on device startup
 Absence of this file on a Router will launch the setup mode when the Router
first powers on
 Running Config: The current configuration of the device.
Running Configuration Startup Configuration

RAM NVRAM
Configuration Configuration
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Slide 32
Viewing the Running-Config
Using the “show” command, you can easily view the current running-configuration,
but only if you’re in the Privileged EXEC mode
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Slide 33
Viewing the Startup-Config
 Startup-configuration is stored in the NVRAM,

and can be viewed with the show command
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Slide 34
Managing Cisco IOS Configuration
tftp
ftp
scp
http
…
External Server
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Slide 35
Managing the IOS Configuration
Running Configuration Startup Configuration

RAM NVRAM
Copy running startup
Copy startup running
Configuration Configuration
Configure Terminal (merge)
Copy tftp: running (merge) Copy tftp: start blank
Copy run tftp: Copy start tftp

Erase start
TFTP Server
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Slide 36
Copy Options
 Saving the running-config to NVRAM
 Backup the running-config to a TFTP Server
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Slide 37
E-MACS
EMAC Command Description

Tab Completes the typing of a command
Ctrl-A Moves to the beginning of a command
Ctrl-E Moves to the end of a command
Backspace Removes one character to the left of the cursor
Ctrl-U Erases a line
Ctrl-Shift-6 (same Aborts an IOS process such as ping or traceroute
time)
Ctrl-C Aborts the current command and exits the
configuration mode
Ctrl-Z Returns you to Privileged EXEC from Configuration
Mode
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Slide 38
Improving the Use of the CLI
 You can utilize the previous command function to the last 10

commands. You can increase this with the terminal history size
option.
 The show history command will show you the last X commands
you’ve entered.
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Slide 39
Improving the Use of the CLI (Cont.)
 If the content of a show command is long, you’ll see the output

pause, and a –More– option listed at the bottom of the display
 Pressing “Enter” will show you the next line of the output
 Pressing “spacebar” will show you the next page
 This setting can be adjusted as follows:
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Slide 40
Improving the Use of the CLI (Cont.)
 You can filter the output of a show command

through the use of pipes (|)
 Common filters would be the include or the section
options
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Slide 41
Lesson 5
 Starting a Switch
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Slide 42
Installing the Switch
 Prior to installation, verify the environment is ready

(Power and/or Cooling)
 Physically install the switch
 Rack/Wall Mounts
 Table/Shelf mount
 Verify the cabling is correct

 Plug the switch in, then power it on
 System will go through normal startup processes such
as POST and Bootstrap
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Slide 43
Understanding the LED Indicators
 The following are the LED Indicators

 1: System LED
 2: Remote Power Supply LED
 3-6: Port Mode LEDs
 7: Mode Button
 8: Port Status LED
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Slide 44
Initial Console Connection
 To make the initial connection you will need:

 To find the console port
 A console cable
 (Optionally) a USB-to-Serial port adapter
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Slide 45
Configuration Basics
 From privileged EXEC mode, you would need to enter configuration

mode using the command configure terminal
 For more specific configuration options, you must navigate to that
configuration hierarchy, for instance to an interface configuration
mode if you wanted to change the interface configuration
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Slide 46
Configuration Basics (Cont.)
 Using the hostname command to change the

local identity of the switch
 This will also be displayed with the prompt
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Slide 47
Configuration Basics (Cont.)
 Assign the default management IP address, including

subnet mask for a switch
 You may still have to issue the no shutdown
command even though the VLAN 1 interface is virtual
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Slide 48
Viewing the Initial Startup Status
The show version command is useful to see the system hardware, software
version, serial numbers, and boot images in use
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Slide 49
Viewing the Initial Startup Status (Cont.)
 You can verify interface statistics by using the

show interface command
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Slide 50
Viewing the Initial Startup Status (Cont.)
 Viewing the active (running) configuration on the switch
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Slide 51
Lesson 6
 Understanding Ethernet and Switch Operation
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Slide 52
Media for Ethernet
 All transmissions consist of some method to

transmit binary 1’s and 0’s. The mechanics of
how that works depends on the physical media
type.
 Coaxial (no longer used in the Enterprise)
 Copper (such as twisted pair)
 Fiber-optic
 Ethernet is a means of encoding information for

transmission, most often for sharing files and other
types of communication
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Slide 53
Media for Ethernet (Cont.)
 Ethernet was modified to the twisted pair, like with the use of telephone
wiring to reduce costs
 UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), which is 4-pairs of copper wires twisted
together, became widely popular
 Starting with 10BASE-T (stood for 10Mbs, Baseband, over Twisted pair)
 Fiber-optic variants of Ethernet have a higher performance, signals can
travel further (sometimes in the tens of kilometers), and have electrical
isolation
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Slide 54
 The most popular media for the small enterprise

is the UTP option
Outer Jacket
RJ-45 Connector
Color Coded Plastic Insulation
Characteristic Value
Speed or Bandwidth Between 10Mb/s to 10 Gb/s
Price Least Expensive Option
Media and connector Small
size
Maximum cable run Varies on Bandwidth and CAT
Type
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Slide 55
 RJ-45 Connector and the RJ-45 Jack
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Slide 56
Single Mode Optical Fiber Example
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Slide 57
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Slide 58
Types of Fiber Cable Connectors
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Slide 59
Ethernet Frames
The Ethernet Frame

Size in 8 6 6 2 46-1500 4
Bytes
Content Preamble Destination Source Ether- Data Frame
MAC MAC Type Check
Sequence
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Slide 60
Communication Types
Unicast
Broadcast
Multicast
Example of a Client Group
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Slide 61
Introducing the MAC Address
 The Ethernet MAC Address is 48bits in size (6 bytes)

 The first 24bits (3 bytes) is the OUI
 The last 24bits (3 bytes) is Vendor Assigned
Vendor Assigned
OUI – 24 bits
24 bits
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Slide 62
Introducing the MAC Address (Cont.)
 Depending on the vendor’s software, the MAC

Address may be displayed in different formats
 This is still a hexadecimal value, it’s only the display
that looks different
 0000.0c43.2e08 (dots separation)
 00:00:0c:43:2e:08 (colon between each 8 bits)
 00-00-0c-43-2e-08 (hyphen separating each 8 bits)
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Slide 63
How the Switch Works
MAC Table
Port 1: MAC – A
Port 2: Empty
Port 3: Empty
frame
3 MAC Table
1
2 Port 1: MAC – A
Port 2: Empty
Port 3: Empty
frame
1 3
2
frame
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Slide 64
How the Switch Works (Cont.)
MAC Table
Port 1: MAC – A
Port 2: Empty
Port 3: MAC - B
frame
3 MAC Table
1
2 Port 1: MAC – A
Port 2: Empty
Port 3: MAC - B
frame
1 3
2
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Slide 65
Understanding Duplex
 Half-Duplex means:
 You can transmit or receive, but
not at the same time
 This is unidirectional communications
 Older technology
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Slide 66
Understanding Duplex (Cont.)
 Full-Duplex operation:
 Point to Point only,
no shared media
 Both ends must support
full-duplex
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Slide 67
Configuring Duplex and Speed
 This example shows you how to manually configure speed and

duplex for interface FastEthernet 0/1
 The next part of that configuration shows you how to set auto-
duplex and auto-speed on interface FastEthernet 0/5
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Slide 68
Results of Duplex Settings
Duplex Setting Half Full Auto

Half Half Mismatch Half
Full Mismatch Full Full
Auto Half Full Full
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Slide 69
Results of Duplex/Speed Settings
 The Show Interface command will allow you to view the current
duplex and speed on an interface
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Slide 70
Lesson 7
 Troubleshooting Common Switch Media Issues
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Slide 71
Troubleshooting Tools
 Using PING to test connectivity
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Slide 72
Troubleshooting Tools (Cont.)
 Telnet can test connectivity to the application layer
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Slide 73
Problems with Media
 Copper media can have several issues that

cause problems:
 EMI sources causing noise
 Damage to the cable itself
 Change in traffic flow causing congestion
 Installation of new equipment
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Slide 74
Problems with Media (Cont.)
 Fiber can also have issues that affect communications:

 Macrobend losses:
 Fiber can’t be bent into too small a radius or light can escape
 This means that the light does not reflect correctly off of the cladding,
which could lead to loss of light
 Improper splicing also causes loss of light
Radius greater than

25-30mm = No Loss
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Slide 75
Troubleshooting Flow Chart
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Slide 76
Understanding Interface Status
 Using show interface command
Interface Status Line Protocol Link State

Status
Up Up Operational
Up Down Connection issue
Down Down (not Cable unplugged, or other
connected) side is disconnected or shut
down
Down Down Interface problem
Administratively Down Disabled
Down
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Slide 77
Understanding Interface Statistics
 Excessive collisions:
 This naturally occurs with half-duplex
 Try to change to full-duplex
 Change both sides to have the same duplex settings
 Excessive late collisions:
 Usually a duplex mismatch
 Configure the link to use full-duplex
 Change both sides to have the same duplex settings
 Excessive Noise:
 Usually indicated by too many CRC errors
 Check cable for damage or excessive length
 There may also be another source of noise, such as electrical devices too close
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Slide 78
Interface Statistics
Interface
Statistics
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Slide 79
Port Problems
 Most common port problems can be associated

with duplex and speed mismatches
 Verify the duplex settings match on both ends of the
cable
 Verify the speed settings match on both ends of the
cable
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Slide 80
Port Problems (Cont.)
 Some examples of the duplex mismatches are:

 One end set to half, the other end set to full
 One end set to full, the other set to auto
 If Auto-Negotiation fails, it will default to half
 One end set to half, the other set to auto
 If Auto-Negotiation fails, it will default to half
 No mismatch would then occur
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Slide 81
 Other duplex examples are:

 Autonegotiation is set on both ends:
 One side fails to full duplex, and the other end fails to half
duplex
 A Gigabit Ethernet interface defaults to full duplex, while a
10/100 defaults to half duplex
 Autonegotiation is set on both ends:
 If both sides fail to half, then there is no mismatch
 Autonegotiation fails on both ends, and they both revert to half
duplex
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Slide 82
 Here are some of the issues relating to speed settings:

 Each end is set to a different speed then a mismatch
occurs
 One side set to a specific speed, the other side set to
auto
 If auto-negotiation fails, switch will sense what the other side is
using to revert to the best speed
 Auto is set on both ends
 Auto fails on both sides, they then revert to their slowest speed
and then there would be no mismatch
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Slide 83
Troubleshooting Flow Chart
 Follow this flow chart for troubleshooting port setting

issues:
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Slide 84
Troubleshooting Port Issues
 Display the duplex and speed settings with the show interface
command
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Review Questions:
1. You download a file from an FTP site on the Internet. What is the highest layer in
the OSI model used in this FTP operation?
A. Application
B. Presentation
C. Session
D. Transport
2. A host computer has been correctly configured with a static IP address, but the
default gateway is incorrectly set. Which layer of the OSI model will be first
affected by this configuration error?
A. Layer 1
B. Layer 2
C. Layer 3
D. Layer 4
3. Which layer of the OSI reference model is responsible for ensuring reliable end-
to-end delivery of data?
A. Application
B. Presentation
C. Session
D. Transport
4. In the communications industry, what are the features and benefits of using the
layered OSI model?
A. It encourages industry standardization by defining what functions occur at
each layer of the model
B. It necessitates changes in functionality in one layer to other layers
C. It enables equipment efficiency from different vendors to use the same
electronic components
D. It divides the network communication process into smaller and simpler
components, thus aiding component development, design, and
troubleshooting
E. A & B
F. C & D
G. A & D
5. At which layer of the OSI model is the optimal path to a network destination
determined at?
A. Data Link
B. Session
C. Physical
D. Network
6. Which OSI layer header contains the address of a destination host that is another
network?
A. Application
B. Presentation
C. Network
D. Transport
7. A network device connects to the network through an interface for the

corresponding media type. This device is known as a NIC; what does NIC stand
for?
A. Next Interchange Connection
B. Network Interface Card
C. Now In Charge
D. Network Independent Charge
8. A kilobyte is how many bytes?

A. 1,000
B. 1,000,000
C. 100
D. 10,000
9. When moving from the upper layers of the OSI model to the lower layers, the
information for each layer is added on as headers, and this process is known as
what?
A. De-encapsulation
B. Packet Padding
C. Encapsulation
D. Compression
10. What layer of the OSI model do the protocols Ethernet, PPP, and frame-relay
operate on?
A. Layer 4
B. Layer 3
C. Layer 2
D. Layer 1
Answer Key:
1. A
The highest layer in the OSI model is layer 7, the Application layer. This layer
describes the use of end-user applications, such as Microsoft Office applications,
Internet browsers, Telnet, and FTP.
2. C
IP Addressing and IP Routing reside on the OSI Network layer, which is layer 3.
3. D
A key function of the Transport layer is to provide connection services for the
protocols and applications that run at the levels above it. Transport layer
protocols are given intelligence in the form of algorithms that ensure reliable and
efficient communication between devices. This encompasses several related
jobs, including lost transmission detection and handling, and managing the
rate at which data is sent, to ensure that the receiving device is not
overwhelmed.
4. G
The OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference model was created as a
reference point for communications devices. A layered approach is used to
segment the entire telecommunications process into a series of smaller steps. A
is correct because it encourages a level of standardization by encouraging that
functions be compared to known layers. D is also correct because it allows
engineers to focus on the development, refining, and perfection of simpler
components.
5. D
The Network layer (Internet layer in the TCP/IP model) provides logical
addressing and routing through an internetwork. The Network layer is layer 3 of
the OSI model.
6. C
Only network address contains this information. To transmit the packets, the
sender uses network address and data link address. But the layer 2 address
represents just the address of the next hop device on the way to the sender,
and is changed on each hop. Network address remains the same.
7. B
This is an interface to the appropriate network media, hence the name Network
Interface Card.
8. A
This is 1,000 bytes; kilo stands for 1000. Technically, this is really 2 to the power
of 10, which is really 1024 bytes, but in practice, we round this down to 1000
based on the prefix of KILO.
9. C
Encapsulation describes the method of putting these headers around the original
data as the data moves down the stack.
10. C
These are all layer 2 encapsulation protocols.

ICND1 Course 01 Building a Simple Network Lesson 1 Functions

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Interconnecting Cisco Networking

Devices Part 1 (ICND1)

Looking at a Network Diagram

Applications Found on the Network

 Batch types of applications

Design Issues of a Network

Physical Topology Types

 “Physical Topology” refers to how the network devices are

 A logical topology is the

 Understanding the Host-to-Host

Examples of Host-to-Host Communications

 There are two different types of Host-to-Host

OSI Reference Model

The TCP/IP Stack

The Encapsulation Process

Describing the LAN

 A Local Area Network (LAN) is usually described

 Relatively close (geographically) connected devices

Components of the LAN

Understanding the Collision Domain

Understanding the Collision Domain (Cont.)

 The Layer 2 Switch should support the following

 Operate at high speeds, usually based on an ASIC

About the Switch

 Most Ethernet Switches have the following

 Auto sensing speed and duplex per port

 Fast internal switching

 Average a low cost per port

 Introduction to the IOS

Why the IOS

 The following are some of the features and

 Allowing for addition of interfaces and capability for

 Consistency in user experience from one device to

Basic Functions of the IOS

 The IOS is referred to as the CLI (Command Line

The User EXEC Mode

 This is the default mode available when a user

Privileged Exec Mode

 Often called “Admin” mode, and allows detailed

 To move from User Exec to Privileged Exec you must

Privileged EXEC Mode (Cont.)

 After switching to Privilege EXEC mode, the

Getting CLI Help

CLI Help Options Description

Example of Using Context-Sensitive Help

 This sequence is showing how the “?” can

Example Error Messages

 Ambiguous – Not enough of a command was entered

 Incomplete – More arguments/parameters are needed

 The caret “^” means that character was the first

Managing IOS Configurations

 Two general types of configurations:

Running Configuration Startup Configuration

Viewing the Running-Config

Viewing the Startup-Config

 Startup-configuration is stored in the NVRAM,

Managing Cisco IOS Configuration

Managing the IOS Configuration

Running Configuration Startup Configuration

Copy tftp: running (merge) Copy tftp: start blank

Copy run tftp: Copy start tftp

 Saving the running-config to NVRAM

 Backup the running-config to a TFTP Server