TEXT APPROACH: WHY PEOPLE WORK

Early management thinkers were keen on discovering the main sources of

motivating work, which finally proved to be two: one was the job as an end in
itself and the other was the end towards which the means provided by the job
were directed.
The satisfaction offered by a job was, according to them, either intrinsic
or extrinsic:

a) Intrinsic satisfaction - implies deriving the satisfaction of your needs,

and therefore your motivation, from the work itself. A considerable amount of
behavioural research has been devoted to this particular concept. Abraham
Maslow was one of the theorizers sustaining this point of view. He imagined a
pyramid of needs and supported the idea that while an urge or need remains
unsatisfied, it acts as a motivator, but once it has been satisfied, it ceases to
motivate and the next higher need in the pyramid comes into play. The needs
described by Maslow look as follows:
Physiological needs (food, water, the essentials of life)

Safety needs (an environment free from threat)

Social needs (belonging to a group, acceptance by others)

Esteem needs, self respect

Self actualization needs

b) Extrinsic satisfaction - implies deriving the satisfaction of needs using

work as a means to an end. Work provides us with money and money enables
us to obtain satisfaction. Therefore money, not the intrinsic satisfaction of the
job, is the main motivator considered by this school of thought, also known as
instrumental. (Whose main representative is F.W. Taylor.)

However, people are not always motivated by the same needs. Moreover, at
different stages in their careers, different needs become paramount. Recent
research is now looking at the process of motivation itself and is stressing the
importance of the individual's own assessment of and influence over the
situation.

Vocabulary 1 – SEMANTIC PARALLELS:

1. MOMENTARY vs. MOMENTOUS

These words are liable to be confused. They look rather similar, but they are
completely different in meaning. Momentary means lasting for a very short
 time, as in there was a momentary pause and enjoy a momentary success.
It is derived from the noun moment in the sense of a very brief period of time.
Momentous means very important, of great significance, as in a
momentous incident that led to war. It is derived from the noun moment in
the sense of importance, significance, as in a meeting of moment. In
momentary the emphasis is on the first syllable, while in momentous, the
stress is on the second.

2. E.g. means "for example" and is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase

exempli gratia. It is used before example of something just previously
mentioned, as in "the cannot eat dainy products, e.g. milk, butter and cream".

3. AMONG and AMONGST

These words are interchangeable, as in "We searched among /amongst the

companies for the best offer", "Share the money bonus among/amongst you"
and "you must choose among/amongst the various possibilities".

Vocabulary 2: COMPOUND WORDS WITH BUSINESS - PART 1

 business community - mediu de afaceri;

 Business Cooperation Center - Centrul de Cooperare pentru afaceri;
 business day – zi lucrătoare;
 business expenses - cheltuieli de reprezentare;
 business finance – gestiune financiară a întreprinderii.

Vocabulary 3: EXPRESSIONS – PART 1

 not to be the best of terms (with somebody) a nu fi în cei mai buni termeni
(cu cineva);
 to grant a favour - a acorda o favoare;
 to grant a request - a admite o cerere;
 to put somebody on the spot - a lua pe cineva la ochi;
 to put somebody out of heart - a descuraja pe cineva;
 to gratify smb's whims (for smth) - a satisface capriciile cuiva.

Vocabulary 4: COMPOUND WORDS WITH BUSINESS - PART 2

  business law - drept commercial;
 business premises - sediu al firmei;
 business tax - taxă comercială;
 business travel - călătorie de afaceri.

Vocabulary 5: EXPRESSIONS – PART 2

 to go wild with anger - a înnebuni de furie;
 to put up to auction - a scoate la licitaţie;
 to raise a claim - a revendica un drept, a ridica o pretenţie;
 to wind up one's affaires - a-şi încheia cuvântarea;
 not to be in the humor for work - a nu avea chef de lucru;
 not to be in the mood for smth - a nu fi cu chef de ceva;
 not to be long (in) coming - a nu zăbovi mult / a nu se lăsa aşteptat;
 not to be long (in) doing smth - a nu-i trebui mult (timp) până să facă
ceva;
 to gratify smb's curiosity - a satisface curiozitatea cuiva;
 to lose the run of smth - a pierde şirul (ex zilelor) i.e. (a pierde noţiunea
timpului).

Grammar Approach 1: THE PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

The simple present is used to describe an action, an event, or condition that is

occurring in the present, at the moment of speaking or writing. The simple
present is used when the precise beginning or ending of a present action, event,
or condition is unknown or is unimportant to the meaning of the sentence.
Each sentence below describes an action taking place in the present - verbs are
in the simple present tense:
 Deborah waits patiently while Bridget books the tickets.
 The shelf holds three books and a vase of flowers.
 The crowd moves across the field in an attempt to see the rock star get
into her helicopter.
 The Stephens sisters are both very talented; Virginia writes and Vanessa
paints.
 Ross annoys Walter by turning pages too quickly.
The simple present is used to express general truths such as scientific fact, as
in the following sentences:
 Rectangles have four sides.
 Canada Day takes place on July 1, the anniversary of the signing of the
British North America Act.
 The moon circles the earth once every 28 days.
 Calcium is important to the formation of strong bones.
The simple present is used to indicate a habitual action, event, or condition, as
in the following sentences:
  Leonard goes to The Jumping Horse Tavern every Thursday evening.
 My grandmother sends me new mittens each spring.
 In fairy tales, things happen in threes.
 We never finish jigsaw puzzles because the cat always eats some of the
pieces.
 Jesse polishes the menorah on Wednesdays.
The simple present is also used when writing about works of art, as in the
following sentences:
 LollyWillowes is the protagonist of the novel Townsend published in
1926.
 One of Artemisia Gentleschi's best known paintings represents Judith's
beheading of Holofernes.
 The Lady of Shallot weaves a tapestry while watching the passers-by in
her mirror.
 Lear rages against the silence of Cordelia and only belatedly realizes
that she, not her more vocal sisters, loves him.
 The play ends with an epilogue spoken by the fool.
The simple present can also be used to refer to a future event when used in
conjunction with an adverb or adverbial phrase, as in the following sentences:
 The doors open in 10 minutes.
 The premier arrives on Tuesday.
 Classes end next week.
 The publisher distributes the galley proofs next Wednesday.
 The lunar eclipses begins in exactly 43 minutes.

Grammar Approach 1: THREE WORD VERBS OR DOUBLE-PREPOSITION

VERBS

'Come in for' means to receive. This is usually used with words such as
'criticism' 'abuse' 'blame'.
He came in for a lot of criticism for his actions.
She came in for a lot of abuse when she tried to argue with them

'Go in for' can be used with words such as 'competition' to mean 'enter'.
I went in for a Scrabble tournament at my club and I won.
She was a good athlete when she was younger and went in for the trials for
the Olympic team

'Sit in on' can be used with words such as 'conference' or 'meeting' to indicate
that you attend as an observer and not as a regular participant.
I've asked John to sit in on this meeting as he knows more about these people
than we do.
I'd like you to sit in on the negotiations with the unions as part of your
training

'Stand in for' is used to mean 'substitute for'.

Harry is ill so I'm going to stand in for him and make the presentation.
Wendy is on vacation and I'm standing in for her

If you 'go along with' existing plans, opinions or decisions you accept them
and don't try to change them.
I go along with your ideas about increasing our marketing in China.
You agreed to go along with our decision

If you 'listen out for' something, you keep alert and make an effort to hear it.
I'm expecting him to call so listen out for the phone ringing.
Listen out for their car. They should be here soon

If you 'cash in on' a situation, you take advantage of it, often unfairly.
He cashed in on my absence with flu to contact my customers directly.
We need to cash in on the emerging markets in Asia

If you 'drop in on' somebody, you make an informal, unarranged visit to see
them..
Drop in on me any time you are in town.