KCHAPTER 9 INFERENTIAL STATISTICS : TWO-GROUP DESIGNS

EXERCISES NUMBER 1

a) Independent-samples t-test

b) H0 : There are no significant differences in the amount of study time

per week between male and female college students on campus

Ha : There are a significant differences in the amount of study time

per week between male and female college students on campus
c)
Males Females
27 25
25 29
19 18
10 23
16 20
22 15
14 19

Mean x 19 21.286

Males X 1 −X 1 ( X 1− X́ 1 ) ❑2❑

27 8 64
25 6 36
19 0 0
10 -9 81
16 -3 9
22 3 9
14 -5 25

Mean x = 19 Σ ( X 1− X́ 1 ) ❑2❑=¿224
 females X 2 −X 2 ( X 2− X́ 2 ) ❑2❑

25 3.714 13.794
29 7.714 59.506
18 3.286 10.798
23 1.714 2.938
20 1.286 1.654
15 6.286 39.514
19 2.286 5.226

Mean x = 21.286 Σ ( X 2− X́ 2 ) ❑2❑=133.43

Formula for an independent-groups t-test

X́ 1 − X́ 2
t obt =
S ❑ X́ 1− X́ 2

Standard error formula :

S21 S 22
S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=
√+
n1 n2

Calculate the variances for each group

2 ∑ ( X 1− X́ 1 ) ❑2❑
S=
1
n1−1

224
S21=
7−1

S21=37.33

2 ∑ ( X 2− X́ 2) ❑2❑
S=
2
n2−1
 133.43
S22=
7−1

S22=22.238

Calculate standard error

S21 S 22
S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=
√ +
n1 n2

37.33 22.238
S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=
√ 7
+
7

S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=√ 8.507

S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=2.917

Calculate value of t obtained

X́ 1 − X́ 2
t obt =
S ❑ X́ 1− X́ 2

19−21.286
t obt =
2.917

t obt =−0.784

Degrees of freedom (df)

df =( n1 +n2 ) −2

df =( 7+7 ) −2
 df =12

Two tailed test with 12 degrees of freedom, the critical value of t is +/- 2,179

d) Failed to reject null hypothesis.

t obtained is smaller than the critical value

t(12) = -0.784, p > .05

There are no significant differences in the amount of study time per week between
male and female college students on campus

e) Not necessary

f) Not necessary

EXERCISES NUMBER 2

a) Independent-samples t-test
b) H0 : There are no significant differences in the devote as much attention to

the study under music playing and under quiet conditions

Ha : There are a significant differences in the devote as much attention to

the study under music playing and under quiet conditions

c)

Music No music
6 10
5 9
6 7
5 7
6 6
6 6
7 8
8 6
5 9

Mean x 6 7.56

Music X 1 −X 1 ( X 1− X́ 1 ) ❑2❑

6 0 0
5 -1 1
6 0 0
5 -1 1
6 0 0
6 0 0
7 1 1
8 2 4
5 -1 1

Mean x = 6 Σ ( X 1− X́ 1 ) ❑2❑=¿8

No music X 2 −X 2 ( X 2− X́ 2 ) ❑2❑

10 2.44 5.95
 9 1.44 2.07
7 -0.56 0.31
7 -0.56 0.31
6 -1.56 2.43
6 -1.56 2.43
8 0.44 0.19
6 -1.56 2.43
9 1.44 2.07

Mean x = 7.56 Σ ( X 2− X́ 2 ) ❑2❑=18.2

Formula for an independent-groups t-test

X́ 1 − X́ 2
t obt =
S ❑ X́ 1− X́ 2

Standard error formula :

S21 S 22
S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=
√+
n1 n2

Calculate the variances for each group

2 ∑ ( X 1− X́ 1 ) ❑2❑
S=
1
n1−1

8
S21=
9−1

S21=1

2 ∑ ( X 2− X́ 2) ❑2❑
S=
2
n2−1

18.2
S22=
9−1
 S22=2.275

Calculate standard error

S21 S 22
S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=
√ +
n1 n2

1 2.275
S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=
√ 9
+
9

S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=√ 0.364

S❑ X́ 1− X́ 2=0.603

Calculate value of t obtained

X́ 1 − X́ 2
t obt =
S ❑ X́ 1− X́ 2

6−7.56
t obt =
0.603

t obt =−2.587

Degrees of freedom (df)

df =( n1 +n2 ) −2

df =( 9+9 )−2

df =16
 Two tailed test with 16 degrees of freedom, the critical value of t is +/- 2.12

d) reject null hypothesis.

t(16) = -2.587, p < .05

There are a significant differences in the devote as much attention to the study under
music playing and under quiet conditions

e) Compute the effect size and interpret this.

Cohen’s d
X́ 1− X́ 2
d=
S 21 S 22
√ 2 2
+

6−7.56
d=
1 2.275
√ 2
+
2

6−7.56
d=
1 2.275
√ 2
+
2
d=−1.219

Small effect size ≥ 0.2

Medium effect size ≥ 0.5
Large effect size ≥ 0.8
 This value of 1.219 is an indicator that the intervention group has a greater impact on
treatment (music) than control (no music).

f) Draw a graph representing the data

EXERCISES NUMBER 3

a) Correlated-groups t-test

b) H0 : There are no significant differences in young girl self-esteem before

and after participating in sport
 Ha : There are a significant differences in young girl self-esteem before
and after participating in sport

c)
Participan Before After d (difference d2
t number score)
1 44 46 2 2
2 40 41 1 1
3 39 41 2 2
4 46 47 1 1
5 42 43 1 1
6 43 45 2 2
2
Σd=9 Σ d = 15
Mean of the difference scores ( D́ ¿
Σd
D́=
N

9
D́=
6

D́=1.5

Calculations for the correlated-groups t test

D́−0
t obt =
s D́

Calculate standard error of the difference score ( s D́ )

sD
s D́=
√N

Need to calculate the standard deviation of the difference score ( s¿¿ D)¿ first:
 ( ΣD ) ❑2❑
s D=
√ Σ D 2−
N −1
N

( 9 ) ❑2❑
s D=
√ 15−
6−1
6

( 9 ) ❑2❑
s D=
√ 15−
6−1
6

s D= √0.3

s D=0.548

sD
s D́=
√N

0.548
s D́=
√6

s D́=0.22

D́−0
t obt =
s D́

1.5−0
t obt =
0.22
 t obt =6.818

Degrees of freedom (df)

df =N−1

df =6−1

df =5

One tailed test with 5 degrees of freedom, the critical value of t is 2.015

d) reject null hypothesis.

t(5) = 6.818, p < .05

There are a significant differences in young girl self-esteem before and after
participating in sport

e) Compute the effect size and interpret this.

Cohen’s d

D́
d=
SD

1.5
d=
0.548

d=2.737

Small effect size ≥ 0.2

Medium effect size ≥ 0.5
Large effect size ≥ 0.8
 Effect size of 2.737 is far greater than 0.80, indicating a very large effect size.

f) Draw a graph representing the data