PARTS OF

SPEECH
KINDS OF
NOUN

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A noun is a naming word. It
can be the name of a thing,
place, person, animal or
feeling.

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1. CONCRETE NOUNS
Concrete nouns are nouns that refer to things
that exist physically and can be touched,
seen, smelled, felt, or tasted.

Here are some examples:

• Can I pet your dog?

• Please pass the salt.

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A. Common nouns
Common nouns refer to general,
unspecific categories.

B. Proper nouns
Proper nouns are nouns that refer to
specific people, places or things

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2. ABSTRACT NOUNS
More ethereal, theoretical concepts use
abstract nouns to refer to them. Ideas,
qualities or conditions like love, hate, power,
and time are all examples of abstract nouns.

Here are some examples:

• All you need is love.

• There's so much hate for the new Star

Wars trilogy.

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3. COUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns can occur in both single and
plural forms, can be modified by numbers,
and can co-occur with quantifying
determiners, such as many, most, more,
several, etc.

Here are some examples:

• There is a bike in that garage.

• There are six bikes in that garage.

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4. COLLECTIVE NOUNS
Collective nouns are nouns that refer to a
group of something in particular. Often,
collective nouns are used to refer to groups
of animals.

Here are some examples:

• A crowd of kids is in the pool today.

• The team did a great job in the

competition.

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5. COMPOUND NOUNS
A compound noun contains two or more
words that join together to make a single
noun.

Here are some examples:

• softball

• son-in-law

• upper class

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6. POSSESSIVE NOUNS
Possessive nouns demonstrate
ownership over something else.

Here are some examples:

• Ireland's landscape is truly breathtaking.

• The puppy's favorite toy is the squeaky

newspaper.

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7. REGULAR PLURAL NOUNS
A regular noun is the noun thats plural form
is formed only by adding -s or -es.

Here are some examples:

• Apple, apples

• Mango (singular), mangoes (plural)

• Hero, heroes

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8. IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS
Those nouns whose plurals are formed by
changing the spellings in addition to adding -
s or -es are irregular nouns.

Here are some examples:

• Man, men

• Woman, women

• Mouse, mice

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USES OF
NOUN

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The 5 grammatical
functions of a noun

work that a noun performs

in a sentence is referred to
as its grammatical function.

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1. Subject of a verb
A noun will function as the subject of a verb
when it is the subject of the sentence and comes
before the main verb of the sentence.

Here are some examples:

• John teaches English in China.

• Children can be very naughty
sometimes.

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2. Object of a verb
A noun functions as an object of a verb
when it comes after an action verb and
receives the action of the verb.

Here are some examples:

• I kicked the ball.

• I hate Janet.
• The teacher punished the students.

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3. Complement of a verb
A noun will function as the complement of
a verb when it comes after a linking verb
or a state-of-being verb and receives no
action from the verb.

Here are some examples:

• The man is a trader.

• I was a teacher while living in China.
• John is the winner.
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4. Object of preposition
When a noun functions as the object of a
preposition, it comes after a preposition in
a sentence.

Here are some examples:

• I have to give it to the teacher.

• Let us go with John.
• I trust in God.

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5. Apposition to another noun
This is the last but not least grammatical
function of a noun. A noun can be in
apposition to another noun.

Here are some examples:

• The pastor, Elijah, has been arrested.

• M y h o m e t o w n , M a n c h e s t e r, i s a
wonderful place.
• The nurse, Janet has retired.
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GENDER OF
NOUN

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• Feminine nouns refer to
female figures or female
members of species

• Masculine nouns refer to

words for a male figure or
male member of a species
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• Common nouns refer to
members of a species and
don't specify the gender

• Neuter nouns refer to things

that have no gender

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POSSESIVE CASE
FORM OF NOUN

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The possessive case shows ownership. With the
addition of ’s (or sometimes just the
apostrophe), a noun can change from a simple
person, place, or thing to a person, place, or
thing that owns something.

There are a few different ways to form the

possessive of a noun.

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1. If the noun doesn’t end with an s, add ’s to
the end of the noun.

Example:

• This thick curtain is capable of shutting out

the summer sun’s heat and light.

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2. If a proper name ends with an s, you can
add just the apostrophe or an apostrophe and
an s. BUT, when you have a plural noun that
ends in s, add just the apostrophe. This is also
true when you have a proper noun that’s
plural.

Example:

• Have you seen James'/James’s car?

• My parents’ house is a lovely old one.

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3. If you have a compound noun (for example,
when you’re talking about two people who
jointly own one thing), change only the last
noun to the possessive.

Example:

• Please tell Annie and Mary’s mother that

they’ll be late getting home from school.

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4. If the possessor is a building, an object, or a
piece of furniture, you don’t need to add an
apostrophe to show possession.

Example:

INCORRECT: The maid cleaned the hotel’s

room .
CORRECT: The maid cleaned the hotel room.

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PLURAL NOUN
RULES

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Most singular nouns are made plural by
simply putting an -s at the end. There are
many different rules regarding pluralization
depending on what letter a noun ends in.
Irregular nouns do not follow plural noun
rules, so they must be memorized or looked
up in the dictionary.

Plural Noun Rules for Irregular

Nouns
Irregular nouns follow no specific rules, so it’s
best to memorize these or look up the
proper pluralization in the dictionary.
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Plural Noun Rules
There are many plural noun rules, and because we use
nouns so frequently when writing, it’s important to know all
of them. The correct spelling of plurals usually depends on
what letter the singular noun ends in.

1. To make regular nouns plural, add ‑ s to the

end.
2. If the singular noun ends in ‑ s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x,
or -z, add ‑ es to the end to make it plural.
3. In some cases, singular nouns ending in -s or -z,
require that you double the -s or -z prior to
adding the -es for pluralization.
4. If the noun ends with ‑ f or ‑ fe, the f is often
changed to ‑ ve before adding the -s to form the
plural version.
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5. If a singular noun ends in ‑ y and the letter
before the -y is a consonant, change the ending
to ‑ ies to make the noun plural.
6. If the singular noun ends in -y and the letter
before the -y is a vowel, simply add an -s to make
it plural.
7. If the singular noun ends in ‑ o, add ‑ es to
make it plural.
8. If the singular noun ends in ‑ us, the plural
e n d i n g i s f r e q u e n t l y ‑ i .
9. If the singular noun ends in ‑ is, the plural
ending is ‑ es.
10. If the singular noun ends in ‑ on, the plural
ending is ‑ a.
11. Some nouns don’t change at all when they’re
pluralized.
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DERIVATIONAL
SUFFIXES

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Derivational suffixes are used to make (or derive) new
words. In particular, they are used to change a word
from one grammatical class to another. In some cases,
the suffix doesn't change the part of speech, but it
may add significantly to the meaning and these
changes will affect the literal meaning.

Some derivational suffixes do multiple tasks. For

example, the suffix -ate can create nouns,LITERATURA
adjectives
NA LITERATU
and verbs.

No matter how many suffixes are strung together at the

end of a word, the rules is always the same:

• The last derivational suffix determines the part of

speech.
• The last suffix is glossed as either NOUN OR VERB OR
ADJECTIVE if the word is given in a sentence. 3
Meanings of Derivational Suffixes
When you analyze words, it is usually easiest to gloss
derivational suffixes as NOUN, VERB, or ADJECTIVE.
When you construct a literal meaning, you need to be
careful that this meaning is appropriate to the part of
speech that the word belongs to. For example,
'running' is a literal meaning for an adjective, but 'that
which runs' is a literal meaning for a noun.
NOUN Suffixes
Literal meanings for nouns almost always begin with words
LITERATURA
such as 'a', 'an', 'the', 'that which', or 'one who'. Different
NA LITERATU
types of noun suffixes have slightly different meanings.

• General noun suffixes just tell you 'this is a noun'.

• Abstract nouns often refer to abstract concepts or
entities that are a result of some action.
• Agent nouns refer to the person or entitiy which
performs an action.
• Locative nouns refer to places.
• Medical terms often have suffixes that indicate specific
medical conditions. 3
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VERB Suffixes
Literal meanings for verbs should always begin 'to', the
infinitive marker. (The infinitive form of a verb is one that
doesn't show any tense.) In some cases, verbs convey the
meaning 'to cause to' or 'to make', but in other cases the
idea of causation has been lost, although the same suffix is
used in each case. One special verb suffix is -esc / -sc
conveys a notion of change or mutation and often means
LITERATURA
'to become'. Here are some examples NA LITERATU

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ADJECTIVE Suffixes

Literal meanings for adjectives often begin with the words

'having', 'being', or 'pertaining to' . When an adjective is
formed from a verb, you can sometimes gloss it as 'VERB +
ing' (VERB stands for whatever the original verb was.) One
special case is -oid which almost always should be glossed
'resembling'. Another adjective suffix with a special
meaning is -able / ible 'able to'. Here are some examples:
LITERATURA
NA LITERATU