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Poverty and
Hunger
A PRESENTATION BY GROUP 3
BSPT 1-Y2-1

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What is Poverty?
Poverty is described as a state or situation in

which an individual or a community lacks the

financial resources and necessities for a

minimum standard of living. Poverty means that
the income level from employment is so low

that basic human needs can't be met (Chen,

2021).

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Poverty and Hunger

The joint observance of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty and the
World Food Day at the United Nations Headquarters in New York in October 2003

served to highlight the link between poverty and hunger. Some 842 million people
worldwide are undernourished and almost all of them live in developing countries.
Progress to reduce hunger over the past decade has been mixed: The modest but
steady gains worldwide during the early part of the decade - when the number of
hungry people fell by 37 million - were diminished somewhat by evidence that the
number of hungry people had risen by 18 million in the late 1990s.

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Regional Performance

Latin America and the Caribbean is the only region that has seen an overall decrease in the number of
hungry since the mid-1990s. But more than 20% of the population still suffer from hunger in some

countries. The problem of hunger is less a reflection of insufficient food supply than of insufficient access
to food because of poverty.
In Asia, the incidence of malnutrition has fallen considerably in the past two decades. South Asia alone is
home to one third of the world's malnourished. Rapid economic growth has been associated with a rapid
decline in absolute poverty in many East Asian countries. In other countries like China, Thailand, Pakistan
and Malaysia, the data show rising income inequality. In these countries, gains in food security would
have been greater if not for the negating effect of rising inequality.

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Regional Performance

A study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations highlights the fact that Asian countries
which achieved stronger economic and agricultural growth have managed to reduce hunger. Less successful
countries suffered frequent food emergencies associated with civil strife, droughts and high rates of HIV/AIDS
infection leading to low agricultural productivity. The study found compelling evidence that rapid income growth
that is sustained for a long period leads to poverty reduction.
Progress has been slow in Africa. The International Food Policy Research Institute estimates that about one third of
Africa's population is malnourished. By 2025, Africa's food production will feed only 40 per cent of its projected 1 billion
people. Poverty, political instability, low agricultural production and the impact of HIV/AIDS are among the problems.
The vicious cycle of poverty, exacerbated by HIV/ AIDS and the lack of adequate nutrition is a serious challenge in
Africa. The long-term impact of AIDS, particularly the loss of the agricultural workforce, has important socio-economic
ramifications.

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Addressing Poverty and Hunger

There is no single formula to reduce poverty and hunger and country policies should be predicated on
specific national circumstances. Despite technological advances that have revolutionized and

increased agricultural production, food insecurity persists because of the persisting inequitable
distribution of food supply. Several of the biggest Green Revolution successes of the past - India,
Mexico, and the Philippines - achieved increases in grain production and exports. Nonetheless, hunger
has persisted and the long-term productive capacity of the soil has been degraded. An initiative worth
noting is the zero hunger programme of Brazil, which aims to address the root causes of poverty that
result in hunger. The programme has two parallel strategies to fight hunger in the short and longer
term.

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Challenges

Food production and distribution are key to the long-term solutions to the challenges
posed by poverty and food insecurity. It is important to invest in research that aims to
improve food production and reverse the degradation of natural resources. Increasing
production by using genetically modified food is an alternative that is also being
carefully studied. In most cases, access to food is a problem of distribution. In
Argentina, the deepening poverty incidence has resulted in the deaths of children from
malnutrition. Food distribution is affected by increasing urbanization, which has shifted
the demand for food from cereal to meat products. In addition, the role of fair trade, the
reduction or elimination of protectionist measures and agricultural subsidies in rich
countries, and commodity price stabilization measures are all issues that need to be
addressed in reducing poverty and hunger.

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Policy Considerations and Conclusion

From a policy viewpoint, it is useful to identify the immediate, underlying and basic
causes of food and nutrition insecurity. It is also helpful to act to redress food insecurity
within the context of other development goals. There should be direct and immediate
public action targeting the hungry, such as food assistance and access to safe drinking
water. This short-term response should be complemented by investment in
agricultural and rural development. Examples of such long-term initiatives include
investment in the research and development of productive and well-adapted crop
varieties and their dissemination, particularly in Africa allow poor farmers from
developing countries to compete in the world market and offer innovative approaches
to feed the hungry should open up opportunities for achieving food security and
improving the lot of the poor.

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Regional Workshop on Ageing and Poverty

2003, October 29-31

This was held in Dar Es Salaam. It was hosted by the Government of the United Republic of

Tanzania, and was organized by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs in

association with Help Age International.

Government officials, Civil society, UNDP, United Nations Population Fund, World Bank and the
Department for International Development of the United Kingdom attended the said Workshop.
The commitments in the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing 2002, call for Governments

to integrate older persons into national and international development frameworks.

The underlying principle of the Workshop was that Millennium Development Goals could not be
achieved unless older persons were full participants in.

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Regional Workshop on Ageing and Poverty

2003, October 29-31

This workshop reviewed the evidence on ageing and

poverty across Africa, and developed these key
recommendations:
✓ To integrate and align policies for older persons
✓ To include consultations with the older poor
✓ Analysis of their poverty situations and appropriate
responses
✓ To monitor equitable access to social and other
services
✓ To give them more voice and influence in national
poverty-related consultations

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Expert Group Meeting on Social funds and Poverty Eradication

2003, October 15-16 United Nations, New York

The meeting focused on the contributions Social funds have made to poverty
eradication as well as on how those funds could be better utilized for the benefit of
the poor.
The impact of social funds projects such as infrastructure work, employment
schemes and disaster relief on poverty reduction were also discussed, in which
participants had direct, first-hand experiences.
The opportunity to present tactical groundwork and theoretical researches
benefited and challenged participants to propose policies and institutional
frameworks that would ensure that social funds are more effective in poverty
reduction.

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Youth Employment Network

✓ It was established by the

Secretary-General
✓ The high-level panel of the
Network held its second
meeting in Geneva in July 2003.

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Youth Employment Network

Endorse the high-level panel's Propose the promotion of

Encourage governments to
recommendation on the four social dialogue on youth
design and implement
thematic areas of focus and employment inviting
stressed the need to translate national action plans for representatives of
policies into concrete action at youth employment, as employers and workers to
the country level, based on the called for in General participate in the design
road maps produced by the
Assembly resolution 57/165 and implementation of the
panel's four working groups.
action plans

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Youth Employment Network

Invite youth organizations all over the world Mobilize a resource base on twinning and

to advise on the design of youth employment partnership with leadership from the World Bank

programmes to contribute to their and the International Labour Organization. In

implementation and to help governments relation to resource mobilization, it was noted that

monitor progress towards their commitment Sweden had provided the initial funding for the

on youth employment and to work with the Network Secretariat and that discussions had

high-level panel in an ongoing advisory been initiated with Spain, Germany and Finland as

capacity. future potential partners.

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Youth Employment Network

AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

Action at the national level, on the

implementation of the Network's
activities takes on urgency in the next
phase.
Diverse partners in the international
community can work together to address
the various dimensions of this challenge.

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Cooperatives and Poverty

Approximately 800 cooperators gathered in Oslo, Norway for the General Assembly of the International
Cooperative Alliance and related events.

Juan Somavia, Director-General of the International Labour Organization

The cooperative enterprise, the cooperative movement, must be considered a central actor for more just, more
productive, more balanced societies.
Despite unprecedented economic growth, poverty and hunger continue to afflict millions of people

Gender issues, the challenges of Africa, and the role of young cooperators
How the cooperative movement can contribute to achieving the Millennium Development Goals
The Assembly adopted a resolution on cooperative development

Members affirmed their resolve to actively support the Alliance's development programme and the campaign
against poverty

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Eleventh observance of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty

17 October 2003

Joint events to mark the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty and World Food Day were
held on 17 October 2003 in New York to focus attention on the plight of victims of extreme poverty and

hunger. World Food Day is observed on 16 October each year and is intended to heighten public
awareness of the world food problem and to strengthen solidarity in the struggle against hunger,
malnutrition, and poverty.
The ceremony was well attended and drew attendees from non-governmental organizations, United
Nations staff, and the general public who came to demonstrate solidarity with those who endure
poverty, hunger, and violence daily, and to renew their commitment to fighting poverty and hunger
everywhere.

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Eleventh observance of the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty

17 October 2003

The ATD Fourth World invited two representatives of very poor families in Guatemala, Clara Chet de
Rivera, and Marta Zoila Caballeros, to share testimonies about what it means to build solidarity with
others, despite living in extreme poverty. There was also a performance of songs in Spanish, English,
and Arabic by the Peace of Heart Choir, which was formed to promote diversity and mutual
understanding.
The event included a video conference that brought together children from the Tapori Network, an
international network of children concerned about poverty, and children from Zimbabwe to discuss
poverty and hunger. The children from the Tapori network also performed a play based on an African
folktale.

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Other Observances

To commemorate the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty, the Economic and Social
Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) in partnership with the World Bank, held panel discussions to
address the link between poverty and food security in the region.
The panel discussions were intended to promote dialogue and stimulate debate on poverty issues in a
more lively and interactive way. There was integrated and multisector coverage of issues with panelists
drawn from the United Nations agencies, governments, non-governmental organizations, academia, the
media, and the private sector.
A small exhibition by United Nations families and non-governmental organizations, including the sale of
products made by groups of persons with disabilities and the poor, were also featured as part of the event
marking the Day

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UNDP Viet Nam

On the occasion of the International Day for the

Eradication of Poverty, UNDP Resident
Representative Jordan Ryan released a statement
to celebrate the achievements of Viet Nam in
poverty eradication.
Viet Nam leads the developing world in reducing
its poverty rate from 60 percent in 1990 to 29.1
percent in 2002 The success is attributed mainly to
the results of a broad-based reform process (doi
moi) launched in 1986

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Activities, events and publications on poverty

Economic Commission for Latin

America and the Caribbean

The 2002-2003 edition of the Social Panorama of Latin America analyses a number of issues
relating to the Millennium Development Goals.

The chapter on efforts to combat hunger in the region from the World Food Programme (WFP)
provides background information on the scale of child malnutrition in Latin American and
Caribbean countries during the past decade
Social Panorama of Latin America 2002-2003

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Activities, events and publications on poverty

Economic Commission for Latin

America and the Caribbean

In Argentina, poverty rates in urban areas almost doubled, rising from 23.7 per cent to 45.4 per
cent, while indigence grew threefold, from 6.7 percent to 20.9 percent.
Almost 55 million people in Latin America and Caribbean were malnourished
Female household have less monetary income than men
Single parents (Female) are mostly unpaid or having disadvantages

Women’s participation and management positions as still too slow

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Activities, events and publications on poverty

Economic and Social Commission for

Asia and the Pacific

ESCAP, made to seek research, analysis and operational activities

Basic services to the poor
Water management
Poverty reduction activities by local governments
ESCAP has published “Promoting the Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific:
meeting the challenges of poverty reduction”

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Activities, events and publications on poverty

Economic and Social Commission for

Economic Commission for Africa
Western Asia

This aimed to promote the provision of universal
access to basic services and vision to social policies
ESCWA created program for country profiles with
information on poverty, policy and practice for each
region
A report made to focus on poverty and serve as a
resource and empowerment tool and will act as an
impetus for effective and integrated social policy
TICAD III is acquired, mainly for African
Development
ECA focus on sharing best practices, identify
national capacity gaps and formulate
recommendations for actions.
ECA considered poverty to be Africa’s most
pressing development challenge.

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Other poverty-related events and publications

World conference on Inequality,

Poverty and Human Well-being
Macroeconomic performance
and poverty reduction
The impact of external
indebtedness on poverty in low-
income countries
How not to count the poor

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Poverty
Statistics
of the
Philippines

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Highlights of the 2015 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics

National

Main Indicators
For the year 2015, the food threshold was estimated to
meet individuals basic food of an average of 15,189. On
the other hand, the annual per capita poverty threshold
is required to meet the basic food and non food of an
average of 21,753.
Based on the threshold, a family would need an average
if 6,329 per month and 9,064 per month for their food
and non food needs.

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Highlights of the 2015 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics

National

Main Indicators
Based on the estimated food threshold, subsistence incidence among Filipino families in 2015 was estimated at 5.7
percent, which translates to 1.30 million families with incomes that are not sufficient to buy their basic food needs. In
terms of population, 8.1 percent of the Filipinos were estimated as subsistence poor. This is equivalent to 8.23 million
Filipinos whose income are not sufficient to buy even their basic food needs. On the other hand, based on the estimated
poverty threshold, 16.5 percent or about 17 out of 100 families were estimated to be poor in 2015. In terms of magnitude,
this is equivalent to 3.75 million Filipino families with incomes that are not enough to meet their basic food and nonfood
needs. Among population, poverty incidence among Filipinos in 2015 was estimated at 21.64 percent. This translates to
21.93 million Filipinos who cannot afford to buy their basic food and nonfood needs.

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Highlights of the 2015 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics

National

Other Poverty Measures

The income gap measures the amount of income required by the poor
in order to get out of poverty in relation to the poverty thresholds itself.
It was estimated at 24.6% in 2015. This means that, on average, a poor
family with five members need a monthly additional income of about
PhP2,230 to move out of poverty in 2015 It may be noted that in 2015, if
we will not be able to identify the poor, each family can just be given
4.0% of the poverty threshold or Php363 on average for a family of five
in a month, to move everyone out of poverty.

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Highlights of the 2015 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics

Regional

At the regional level, the regions with the lowest poverty

incidence among families in 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015
continue to be NCR, Central Luzon and CALABARZON. It
may be interesting to note that all regions posted
improvements in poverty incidence among families.
However, based on the t-test at the 90% level of
significance, there were significant improvements in the
poverty incidence from 2012 to 2015 for only 5 regions:
Regions I, II, VI, VIII and XI.

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Highlights of the 2015 Full Year Official Poverty Statistics

Provincial

As far as provincial data is concerned, the group of

provinces with the highest poverty incidence among
families in both 2012 and 2015 include: Bukidnon,
Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Negros Oriental,
Northern Samar, Sarangani, Sulu and Zamboanga del
Norte.

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You can see at the second column of the table, the annual per capita poverty threshold, that the needed

amount of money gradually increase overtime. since 1991 the required income needed to satisfy the needs
of a family is around 5,949 pesos but since 2015 it increased with the amount of 21,753 which is more than
three time the amount that was required in 1991. For the poverty incidence among family, it estimates
that since 1991 to 2015 the percentage of the families who have been able to acquire the required income

has fairly decreased form 29.7 to 16.5 percent. As for the Coefficient of Variables it states that it slowly
increased since 1991 to 2015 from 1.9 to 3.7. For the Magnitude of Poor Families its states that from 1991 to
2012 the families who was not able to reach the required incomes increased form 3.5 mil families to 4.2 mil
families but as of 2015 it decreased from 4.2 to 3.7 meaning, 500k of families were able to acquire the
necessary income that is needed for the Annual per capita poverty threshold.

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For table 1 and table 2 the Annual per capita poverty threshold is same, as for the Poverty incidence
among population, it estimates that since 1991 to 2015 the percentage of the population that was able to

acquire the required income has slowly decreased from 34.4 percent to 21.6 percent. As for the Coefficient
of variation it maintained the 1.9 from 1991 to 2006 but from 2006 to 2015 it gradually increased from 1.9 to
3.5. For the Magnitude of Poor Population it estimates that from 1991 to 2012 the population of Philippines
who has not been able to acquire the required income has fairly increassed from 21.7 mil to 23.7 mil but as
2015 hits the estimated population who was not able to acquire the required income has decreased to
21.9mil.

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For the annual per capita food threshold it states that from 1991 to 2015, the required income has fairly

increased almost four times the amount from 1991; from 4,135 to 15,189. For the Subsistence incidence
among families it estimates that the families who was not able to acquire the required income for food
supplies has decreased overtime, form 14.4 percent to 5.7 percent. As for the Coefficient of variation it
states that from 1991 to 2006 it maintained the 3.0 but from 2006 to 2015 it fairly increased from 3.0 to 5.7.
For the Magnitude of subsistence Poor Families it estimates that from 1991 to 2009 the families who was
not able to acquire the required income has decreased from 1.7 mil to 1.5 mil but as for 2009 to 2012 it
increases slowly but for 2012 to 2015 the families who have been able to acquire the required income has
decreased form 1.6 mil to 1.3 mil resulting in a good condition.

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For table 3 and table 4, the annual per capita food threshold is the same ranging from 4,135 to 15,189 but
as for the Subsistence incidence among population, it estimates that from 1991 to 2015 the people who has
not been able to acquire the required income has decreased from 17.6 percent to 8.1 percent. As for the
Coefficient of variation, from 1991 to 2015 it gradually increased from 2.8 to 5.5. For. The Magnitude of
subsistence Poor Population it estimates that from 1991 to 2015 the people who was not able to acquire
the required income has fairly decreased from 11.1 mil to 8.2 mil resulting in good condition.

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Summary of Data

Latest statistics released by the NSCB last March of 2008 indicates that approximately
27 out of 100 Filipino families did not earn enough in 2006 to satisfy their basic food
and non-food requirements. This is based on an annual per capita poverty threshold
equal to 15,057 pesos. When translated in population count, this means that 33 out of
100 Filipinos in 2006 had income short of the minimum cost of satisfying the basic
requirements. The 26.9% national poverty incidence estimate has a coefficient of
variation equal to 1.3%, which indicates that the national estimate is reliable. At the
regional level, the estimates of the poverty incidence among families and the
corresponding coefficients of variation of these estimates are shown in Table 1. In the
year 2006, the poorest region or the region with the highest poverty incidence is the
Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) while the richest region is National
Capital Region or NCR. All of the regional estimates are said to be reliable. The most
reliable estimate is that of the Bicol region while the estimate with the highest
coefficient of variation is the one for the National Capital Region.

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Summary of Data

The poorest province in 2006 in terms of poverty incidence of

families is Tawi-Tawi (78.9%), followed by Zamboanga del
Norte (63%) and Maguindanao (62%). The ten poorest
provinces were comprised of six provinces in Mindanao, three
in Luzon, and only one in the Visayas. Table 2 shows the
estimates of the provincial poverty incidence among families
of the top ten poorest provinces and the corresponding
standard errors and coefficients of variation of the estimates.
Three out of the ten estimates have estimates with
coefficients of variation greater than 10% but less than 20%.
Hence, the estimates of the top ten poorest provinces have
acceptable measure of reliability.

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Summary of Data

Looking more closely at the reliability of the provincial estimates, Table 3 shows the distribution of the coefficients of variation of provincial
poverty incidence estimates for families in year 2006. If a coefficient of variation less than 10% implies reliable estimate, then 44% of the estimates
are said to be very reliable. This is almost similar to the percentage of the estimates with acceptable measure of reliability, that is, coefficients of
variation that are less than 20% but greater than 10%. Only 11 estimates are unreliable. However, since there is no sampled poor household in the
province of Batanes, there is no measure of reliability for that estimate. Because of this, the zero estimate of poverty incidence of Batanes is very
unreliable. The provincial poverty incidence estimate for families with the highest coefficient of variation is that of Aurora. The Aurora Province in
Central Luzon Region has a poverty incidence estimate equal to 31.6% and this estimate has a coefficient of variation equal to 47.1%.

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Summary of Data

The eleven provinces with the highest coefficients

of variation are shown in Table 4. The estimates for
these provinces are considered statistically
unreliable but have to be used by the government
in absence of indicator to base their decisions.
Making a decision based on unreliable poverty
statistics is very risky especially if the decision to be
made relates to the welfare of poor families. Such
unreliable poverty statistics may also lead to
incorrect targeting of the right beneficiaries of the
poverty alleviation program.

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Summary of Data

Also, the Province of Batanes in Cagayan Valley Region has no reported poor sampled household in 2006 and
hence, no reliability measure was reported for its poverty incidence estimate equal to 0%. As mentioned before,

this estimate is very unreliable and misleading. In 2000 revised estimate for the province of Batanes, its 6-

poverty incidence is 10.4% with a coefficient of variation equal to 36.5%, the highest among the provincial
estimates reported in that year. In 2003, the estimate for the Province of Batanes is 6.3% based on a single
sampled poor household. Thus, the reported decrease in the estimates from 10.4% to 0% in six years may lead to

risky decisions on the welfare of the people residing in the Province of Batanes since the decision is based on
unreliable statistics. With the release of these estimates, certain issues on the reliability of provincial poverty
estimates were raised. Likewise, the integrity of the official methodology in generating sub-national official

statistics was questioned.

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Reference:

Chen, J. (2021, May 07). Poverty. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/poverty.asp

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THE END
Members:
Bolences, John Lester
Cobrador, Irica May
Delos Reyes, Yanni Ziv
Galicia, James Darell
Gatchalian, Norvien
Limocon, Sherilyn Anne
Magdaraog, Darlene Nisi
Manuel, Mark Clarence
Penolio, Angeli Mikhaela

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