Material Technology

department of civil engineering UI

2020

Heddy R Agah + Dr Hengki W Ashadi

Asphalt
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Asphalts – origin and manufacturer

 Binding agent produced from coal (coal tars, pitches, etc.,)

 Produced from crude oil

 Asphalt Cement: a dark brown or black colored bituminous materials used i.e., for hotmix
asphalt concrete

 Asphalt is viscous materials, means that exhibits both viscous and elastic behavior
 Asphalt (Europe & North America)

 It is means a mixture of bitumen and mineral aggregates, such as rolled asphalt, mastic
asphalt, gussaphalt)

 Asphalt (North America) is bitumen

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Drilling n processing

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Production of Petroleum Asphalt

Asphaltic Base Crude Oil

Basic Type of
Paraffin Base Crude Oil
Petroleum

Mixed Base Crude Oil

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Distillation Process

 Distillation of petroleum is Fractional

 Produce by Physical Process

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Atmospheric pressure distillation
atmospheric pressure

Series of traps to
catch distillates
Naphtha
To further distilling and
cracking processes
Gasoline

Decreasing temperature
Kerosene

Diesel Oil

From 5000F
storage high
pressure

Hot topped crude Schematic

(atmospheric residuum) Cross Section
of distillate trap
Level control of distillate
Still tube heater Path of Gas

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Vacuum steam distillation
Partial Vacuum

Series of traps to
catch distillates

Light vacuum distillate

Non volatile oils

Hot top 5000F

crude high Heavy vacuum distillate
pressure

steam

Still tube heater

Asphalt cement

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Production of Petroleum Asphalt

STRAIGHT RUN PROCESS

 Overheating
 Chemical changes Fraction Product Boiling Point
(Distillation process – under controlled) Type (0F)
Light Distillate Gasoline 100 – 400
Medium Distillate Kerosene 350 – 575
TWO STEPS OF PRODUCT Heavy Distillate Diesel Oil 425 – 700

PROCESS Very Heavy Distillate Lubricating Oil > 650

Residue Asphalt
 Pumping process (crude oil to tube heater)
 Distillation process

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Chemical composition
 Structure:
 High molecular-weight hydrocarbon
 CnH2+bXd (X = sulfur, Ni, O, trace-metal)
 (n = 25 – 150 atoms)

 Composition(%):
 Carbon 80 – 87 Nitrogen 0 - 1
 Nitrogen 9 -11 Sulfur 0.5 – 7
 Oxygen 2 – 8 Trace metal 0 – 0.5

 Affecting: boiling point, solubility, viscosity

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Molecular composition

 ALIPHATIC:
Paraffin – carbon atom linked in straight or brain chains

 NAPTHENIC:
Carbon atom are linked in simple-complex (condensed) saturated rings

 AROMATIC:
Carbon atom are linked in especially stable benzene rings

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Physical structure

ASPHALTHENES

100%

OILS 100% 100%

RESINS

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Constituent of A. C.
Phase Component C/H Ratio Contribution
Dispersion Oils < 0.4 Viscosity & Fluidity
Dispersed Asphalthenes > 0.8 Strength & Stiffness
Interfacial Resins -- 0.6 Adhesion & Ductility

SOL TYPE SOL-GEL TYPE GEL TYPE

Asphalthenes are fully Still bound, but not Asphalthenes are
separated closely discrete
Viscous fluid Elastic when load Strongly bound in 3 D
applied
No elasticity In nature – visco-elastic Elastic, in-elastic,
permanent deformation

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Temperature
Properties of Asphalt:
Function of: (Temperature; Chemical Nature; Volume of Constituent)

Temperature
increased decreased glass transition
More dissolve in Less soluble Frozen
resin Rigid

Micellebound in
More dissolve in oils ordered structure Brittle
Less viscous

More viscous Visco-elastic solid

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LIQUID ASPHALT
 Cutback asphalt
 Cutback Asphalt are produced by blending as asphalt
cement with a hydrocarbon solvent

 Classified as based on curing phase:

 RC = rapid curing (asphalt mixed with gasoline);
 MC = medium curing; (asphalt mixed with kerosene)
 SC = slow curing (asphalt mixed with diesel oil)

 Grade range estimated based on viscosity) and types:

 RC range: RC 70 (70-100); RC 250 (200-300); RC 800 (800-
1000); RC 3000 (3000-4000)
 MC range: MC 30 (30-40); MC 70 (70-140); MC 250 (200-500);
MC 3000 (2000-6000)
 SC range: SC 70 (70-140); SC 250 (250-500); SC 800 (800-
1600); MC 3000 (2000-6000)

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Cutback ASPHALT
Type Base Asphalt Cement Solvent Solvent Concentration
(% volume)
Slow Curing (SC) Low viscosity DIESEL FUEL 0 - 50
High penetration
Medium Curing (MC) Medium viscosity KEROSENE 15 – 45
Medium penetration
Rapid Curing (RC) High viscosity – NAPTHA/Gasoline 15 – 45
Low penetration

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LIQUID ASPHALT
 Emulsified asphalt
 Emulsified Asphalt are produced by breaking asphalt cement into very
fine droplets or particles and dispersing these in a mixture of water
and a surface active emulsifying agent.
 Two type of emulsified asphalt: anionic and cationic
 Classified based on setting time:
 Anionic Emulsified Asphalt:
 RS = rapid setting: RS1; RS2
 MS = medium settingMS2
 SS= slow settingSS1; SS2
 Cationic Emulsifed Asphalt:
 RS ; RS-2K; RS-3K
 MS ; SM-K; CM; K
 SS ; SS –K; SS-Kk

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Specification for Asphalt Cement
Penetration Grade

Test 40 - 50 60 - 70 85 - 100 120 - 150 200 – 300

Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max

Penetration test at 250C 100 gram, 5 sec 40 50 60 70 85 100 120 150 200 300

Flash point 0F (Cleveland Open cup) 450 - 450 - 450 425 - 350 -

Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, cm 100 100 100 100 100*

Solubility in trichloroethylene, % 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0 99.0

Retained penetration after thin film oven test, % 55+ 52+ 47+ 42+ 37+

Ductility at 250C, 5 cm/min, after thin film oven test _ 50 75 100 100*

Source: ASTM D946 Standard Specification for Penetration Graded

Asphalt Cement for use in Pavement Construction

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Method of Testing
 Penetration

 Specific Gravity

 Ductility

 Viscosity

 Flash Point

 Softening Point

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Penetration
 To measure the hardness or softness of a bitumen material under a
given set of condition
 The consistency test used to designate grade of asphalt cement
 Results (common used):
Pen 40 - 50
60 - 70
85 - 100
120 - 150
200 - 300

Test Reference: ASTM D5

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Penetration

100 gram

Asphalt Cement 770F or 250 C

Load of 100 gram is applied for 5 second at 770F or 250 C

∆ = penetration in units of 0.1 mm

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Specific Gravity
Reference: ASTM D70 (specific gravity and density of semi-solid bituminous
materials)

Procedures:
 The sample is heated until it can be poured
 The material is placed in a pycnometer
 The asphalt volume is determined by taking the difference between
total vol of the bottle and the volume of water required to complete
the filling

(C – A)
 Specific Gravity =
(C – A) – (D – C)

 A=weight of pycnometer B = weight of pycnometer filled w water C= weight of pycnometer partially filled with
asphalt D= weight of pycnometer plus asphalt plus water

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Ductility
Reference: ASTM D113 (Ductility of Bituminous Materials)
Procedures:
 The two ends of briquette specimen are pulled apart at a specified
speed and temperature in a liquid medium

 The ductility is measured by the distance to which it will elongated

before breaking.

 Temperature test is 250C, elongation rate is 5 cm/minute

 Total elongation is average at max 200 cm

 The objective of test are: -adhesiveness; and –elasticity of asphalt

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 Ductility Machine

Gaya Tarik
Gaya Tarik

Media Cairan – alkohol Benang Klem

atau cairan garam Aspal

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 Ductility Test Result

Panjang Sampel

P P
kg kg

P kg P kg

Panjang Sampel + pasca penarikan

Daerah Putus

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 Ductility Affects

 Adhession:
 The ability to stick to aggregate particles in the pavement
 Refer to the molecular force that exists in the area of contact between unlike bodies

 Cohesion:
 The ability to hold the particles firmly in place
 The molecular force that acts to unite the particles (cohesive organization)

 Ductile material has an excellent adhesive and cohesive properties

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Softening Point

 Transition between solid to liquid

 The higher the softening point, the less the temperature susceptibility

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Softening Point

Reference: ASTM D 36 – 66T (test for softening point of Asphalts and Tar Pitches

RING and BALL method

 Heat is applied to raise temperature from 410 F at a rate of 90 F/min

 The temperature is read from a thermometer at the instant the asphalt sample touches the
bottom of a reference plate
 The temperature different between two balls do not exceed than 0.50 F

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Softening Point - temperature

asphalt
asphalt

heat

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Durability

 Defined as the property that permits a pavement materials to withstand the

detrimental effects of moisture, air and temperature.

 Affected by i.e., mix design; properties of aggregate; properties of asphalt;

and workmanships.

 Method of test: -the thin film oven (ASTM D 1754); the rolling thin-film oven
test (ASTM D 2872)

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 Durability

 Oxidation:

 The chemical reaction which takes place when asphalt is exposed to the
oxygen in air
 It affect the hydrogen in the asphalt combines with oxygen in the air and is
removed as water molecules.
 The loss of hydrogen increases the carbon/hydrogen ration, increases the
hardness of materials and loss of ductility and adhesion.

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 Durability

 Volatilization

 Affected by temperature
 The process by which lighter hydrocarbons evaporates from the asphalt
 Causes loss of plasticity in asphalt
 The rate of oxidation and volatilization almost double for each 100C rise in
temperature

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Solubility

Test reference ASTM D 4-52

 To determine the amount of cementing agencies present

 This is useful for native asphalt
 To determine the amount of bitumen insoluble in naptha

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Flash Point

 The flash point test are used to determine the temperature to which asphalt
materials may be safely heated.

 The flash point is the heating temperature at which the vapor pressure is high
enough to give off sufficient hydrocarbon vapors to form an explosive mixture
with air when contacted with open flame.

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Flash Point – temperature
thermometer

Asphalt sample

gas

heat

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Temperature Susceptibility

 Asphalt will become harder (more viscous) with decrease in temperature and
softer (less viscous) with increase in temperature.

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 A and B are of identical
Asphalt B viscosity grade

Viscosity
Asphalt A

Temperature

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DIV 6. PERKERASAN ASPAL
No. Jenis Pengujian Standar Nilai
1 Titik Nyala (Claveland Open Cup), °C SNI 2433:2011 min.180
2 Viskositas, pada 25ºC (Saybolt Furol), detik SNI 03-6721-2002 >200
3 Berat Jenis, pada 25ºC, SNI 2441:2011 0,92 – 1,06
4 Bilangan asam (acid value), SNI 04-7182-2006 < 10
mL KOH/g
5 Total bilangan amine (amine value), mL HCl/g ASTM D2073-07 150 - 350

No. Jenis Pengujian Standar Nilai

1 Uji pengelupasan dengan air mendidih (boiling water ASTM D3625 (2005) min.803)
test), %1)
2 Stabilitas penyimpanan campuran aspal dan bahan SNI 2434:2011 maks.2,22)
anti pengelupasan, ºC
3 Stabilitas pemanasan (Heat stability). Pengon-disian ASTM D3625-96 min.70
72 jam, % permukaan terselimuti aspal Modification
PERSYARATAN N
JENIS PENGUJIAN
METODE
PENGUJIAN
ASPAL
KERAS
ASPAL
ASPAL
MOD. DG
ASPAL
MULTI-
ASPAL O.
SNI PEN 60
POLYMER
ASBUTON GRADE

1. Penetrasi, 0,1 mm 06-2456-1991 60-79 50-80 40-55 50-70

2. Titik Lembek, 0C 06-2434-1991 48-58 Min 54 Min 55 Min 55
3. Titik Nyala, 0C 06-2433-1991 Min 200 Min225 Min 225 Min 225
4. Daktilitas, cm 06-2432-1991 Min 100 Min 50 Min 50 Min 100
5. Berta Jenis 06-2441-1991 Min 1,0 Min 1,0 Min 1,0 Min 1,0
6. Kelarutan dlm Trichlor Ethylene, % 06-2438-1991 Min 99 Min 99 Min 90 Min 99
berat
7. Penurunan Berat (TFOT), 06-2440-1991 Maks 0,8 Maks 1,0 Maks 2,0 Maks 0,8
% berat
8. Penetrasi setelah Kehilangan Berat, 06-2456-1991 Min 54 - Min 55 Min 60
% asli
9. Perbedaan Penetrasi setelah TFOT, 06-2456-1991 - Maks 40 - -
% asli
10. Daktilitas setelah TFOT, % asli 06-2432-1991 Min 50 - Min 50 Min 50
11. Mineral Lolos Saringan No. 100, % 06-1968-1991 - - Min 90 -
12. Perbedaan Titik Lembek setelah 06-2456-1991 - Maks 6,5 - -
TFOT, % asli
PERSYARATAN
ASPAL

METODE ASPAL ASPAL ASPAL

NO ASPAL
JENIS PENGUJIAN PENGUJIAN KERAS MOD. DG MULTI-
. POLYMER
SNI PEN 60 ASBUTON GRADE

13. Stabilitas penyimpanan pada 163 0C - Maks 2 - -

selama 48 jam 06-2434-1991
- Perbedaan Titik Lembek, 0C
14. Elastic Recovery pada 25 0C, % - Min 30 - -
15. Uji Bintik / Spot Test (optional) AASHTO Negatif - - -
-Standar Naptha T102
-Naptha Xylene
-Hepthane Xylene

16. Kekentalan pada 135 0C, cSt 06-6721-2002 - 300-2000 - -

BAHAN ADITIV
UNTUK SIFAT-SIFAT METODE TIPE TIPE

CAMPURAN ASBUTON PENGUJIAN 5/20 20/25

Kadar Aspal, % SNI 03-3640-1994 18 - 22 23 - 27

Ukuran Butir
SNI 03-1968-1990 1,18 1,18
Maksimum, mm

Kadar Air, % SNI 03-2490-1991 Maks 2 Maks 2

Penetrasi Aspal
SNI 03-2456-1991 ≤ 10 19 - 22
Asbuton, 0,1 mm

Catatan
Asbuton Butir Tipe 5/20 : Kelas penetrasi 5 (0,1 mm), dan kadar bitumen 20 %
Asbuton Butir Tipe 20/25 : Kelas penetrasi 20 (0,1 mm), dan kadar bitumen 25 %
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ALAT PENYEMPROT ASPAL
 HAND SPRAYER

ASPAL DISTRIBUTOR
KERB SEHARUSNYA DITUTUP
KESALAHAN UMUM PADA PAVER

 HOT MIX PADA

HOOPER DIHABISKAN
 HOT MIX DITEBAR
DIDEPAN PAVER
 HOT MIX DI TEBAR
DIBELAKANG PAVER
KEMUDIAN DI-RAKING
CONTOH APLIKASI AGREGAT (2)
 DAMPAK UKURAN AGREGAT YG LEBIH DARI
SATU UKURAN
NATURAL ASPHALT

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Types of Asphalts –binders – origin and manufacturer

 Lake Asphalts

 Rock Asphalt

 TAR

 Bitumen

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Lake Asphalts

 Known as NATURAL Asphalt

 Found in well defined surface

deposits, such as located in Trinidad
(discover by Sir Walter Raleigh –
1595)

 Found in Venezuela, called as

Bermuda Asphalt

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Lake Asphalts the composition

Trinidad Lake Asphalt Trinidad Asphalt

 The lake is approximately 35 hectare and 90  30 percent water and gas
meter deep, containing about 15 million ton of  40 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon disulfide)
material.
 30 percent mineral matter
 Assume as originated as a surface seepage of
a viscous bitumen in lake Miocene times.
Lowering of the earth’s surface led to an
incursion of the sea and as a result deposited
silt and clay over the bitumen.
 Part of silt and clay penetrated the bitumen,
forming a plastic mixture of silt, clay, water and
bitumen. Subsequently the land was elevated
above sea level, lateral pressure deforming the
material into its present shape of a pseudo- Crude Trinidad Asphalt
laccolite.
 Penetration at 770 F is range 1,5 – 4,0
 Erosion remove the silt and clay covering
exposing the surface of the lake.  Ductility at 770 F is 3
 Solubility in carbon disulfide is 57 – 57 percent

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Lake Asphalts the composition

Bermuda Lake Asphalt

 The lake is approximately 445 hectare and 0,5 – 2,4 meter deep
 Containing the largest deposits (volume still unknown).
 Exuded ages ago through faults in the underlying rock strata
 To remove the asphalts a dam is built of slag and waste and the water is
pumped out, asphalt is dig out by hand and loaded into small cars.
 The water is not thoroughly mixed with the asphalt.

Bermuda Asphalt Crude Bermuda Asphalt

 60 percent asphalt (soluble in carbon
disulfide)
 3 percent insoluble non-mineral matter
 2 percent mineral matter
 30 percent water
 Penetration at 770 F, is range 20 – 30
 Ductility at 770 F is 11
 Non-uniformity is Nature
 Solubility in carbon disulfide is 92 – 97
percent

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Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer

 Formed by the impregnation of calcareous rocks (limestone;

sandstones) with seepage of natural bitumen.
 The product can be mined (quarried) and contain approx. 12%
mass bitumen
 Asphalt content on the rock vary to a approx. 20%
 Used as a mixture of the asphalt and the rock that contains it

The advantages: The disadvantages:

 It produces a non skid surface (often used  it sandy characteristic causes it to wear
as an anti-skid surfacing material) off easily and thus shorten its life cycle)
 It is uniform in quality  It is comparatively expensive (available
 It is uniform in appearance only in a limited location

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Rock Asphalt origin and manufacturer

The disadvantages:
 it sandy characteristic causes it to wear off easily and thus
shorten its life cycle)

 It is comparatively expensive (available only in a limited

location

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Rock Asphalt other types

Gilsonite:
 The deposit was found in Salt Lake City – UTAH –
USA
 Found by S.H. Gilson

 Found in veins, more or less vertical and varying in

width from a fraction of an inch to 18 ft
 Commonly known as ASPHALTITES (asphalt which
has a high softening point)
 The color is not reflecting the hardness of asphalt,
generally color is relatively light

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 END

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