Classicism values reason and order, while Romanticism embraces emotion, individuality, and the irrational. Romanticism distrusts rules and formulae, focusing instead on originality, mystery, and the expression of feelings through music. Romantic composers sought to imbue instrumental music with poetry and imagery through the use of program music.
Classicism values reason and order, while Romanticism embraces emotion, individuality, and the irrational. Romanticism distrusts rules and formulae, focusing instead on originality, mystery, and the expression of feelings through music. Romantic composers sought to imbue instrumental music with poetry and imagery through the use of program music.
Classicism values reason and order, while Romanticism embraces emotion, individuality, and the irrational. Romanticism distrusts rules and formulae, focusing instead on originality, mystery, and the expression of feelings through music. Romantic composers sought to imbue instrumental music with poetry and imagery through the use of program music.
• Classic-defined by Aulos • Romantic-from “romance”
Gallius, 2nd century A.D. • A Medieval tale of poem grammarian treating heroic personages or • “A correctness of language and events written in one of the style for a unique, elite, Romance languages civilized class of people Classicism • Reason prevails in all provinces of thought. The universe is capable of rational explanation as orderly, purposive, structured, and regular • Belief in reality, leaving little of validity to emotion. Mystery and miracle are dispelled • Uniform excellence desired in morals, social function, and art • The artist sought to appeal to rational good taste • For the species, not the individual • For seeking what is common to all • For revealing the order and form inherent in a work of art to thinking people of good taste Romanticism
• Distrust of universal formulae and impatience with rules
of procedure • Development of a sense of awe and mystery • Cultivation of individual, national, and racial peculiarities • High value place upon originality • Every person appreciates and understands through his senses • The glorification of self-rebellion & struggle • Strong, Byronic heroes, masculine; later the emphasis shifts to the willful, dominant female ideal Romanticism
• Nature not as rational and ordered but as a mirror of
unpredictability of human emotion and of the uncertainties of life • Fascination with the remote, the distant past. Revival in interest in Roman Catholicism as a timeless institution rooted in mystery • Life is ever becoming…evolving. Romantic artists express a longing for the unattainable. Death becomes an obsession as the only haven for fulfilling the struggle toward completeness Romanticism • Romantic spirit • “Something far off, legendary, fictitious, fantastic, and marvelous-imaginary and ideal contrasted to the world of the present.” • Implies a freedom of the individual, represents all that man can become, possibility Romanticism • Traits: • Remoteness from everyday world • Emphasis on the strange and the fantastic • Boundless: Aspires • To transcend the immediate • To reach backward and forward in time • To range outward to reach the cosmos Romanticism • Traits • Cherishes freedom, passion, and endless pursuit of the unattainable-a yearning after the impossible with longing • The personality of the artists merges with the work of art • The arts themselves merge • Instrumental music seen as the only perfect vehicle for communicating deep emotions, abstract and divorced from the world, it is detached completely from the world and therefore free to work on the mind and heart Music & Words Instrumental music is dominated by lyrical spirit of the Lied Composers were also writers Carl Maria von Weber Robert Schumann Hector Berlioz Richard Wagner
Program music was the solution to imbuing
instrumental music with the poetic & the pictorial Instrumental accompaniment of vocal music is endowed with pictorial qualities itself Romanticism • As containing contradictions and opposites • The crowd and the individual • Composers sought haven with a few friends, while at the same time writing for a large new audience • Disappearance of patronage system • Composers write for posterity-an “ideal” audience which would appreciate work • Rise of the virtuoso performer-Paganini, Liszt-performer as hero • The composer as prophet, along & struggling heroically against a hostile environment • The simple & complex existing side by side • The Lied & Character piece-small, intimate forms • The Program Symphony & Romantic Opera: enormous works in which the composer creates an entire universe Science & the Irrational
• While the nineteenth century
saw an expansion of exact knowledge, music delved into the unconscious and the supernatural, into dreams and myth. • Nature was seen as fraught with mysterious significance way beyond scientific fact-finding Materialism & Idealism
• A secular, materialistic age
• Rise of the Industrial Revolution • A turning away from organized religion, revival of interest in Catholicism was for its tradition & mystery of ritual • The arts were seen as a religion in themselves • Sacred music was often idealistic and of immense proportion, a longing for the eternal Nationalism • A patriotic movement which glorified the heritage of a country by using its folk music and historical subjects in theatrical or program music