Electrical Power

Engineering
Reference &
Applications
Handbook
Electrical Power
Engineering
Reference &
Applications
Handbook

K. C. Agrawal
B.Sc. (Engg.) Electrical,
Senior Member IEEE, USA,
Industrialist and Consultant
Copyright Page

Copyright © 2007 by K.C. Agrawal

 Dedicated
to my parents with

A Guilt of Neglect

Had I cared them a little more,

Had I loved them a little more!
My loving parents have gone,
And so goes my heart!
The memories would stay and
So will the Guilt.

K. C. Agrawal

Preface to this edition xi
Preface to the first edition xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Technical support xix
Introduction xxiii
Part I Electric motors, drives and
energy saving 1–376
1 Theory, performance and constructional
features of induction motors and
energy saving 1 Use of phasor control for flux braking • Control and
Introduction • Brief theory of operation of a polyphase
motor • Motor output and torque • Motor ratings and
frame sizes • Preferred ratings at different voltages •
Influence of service conditions on motor performance
• No-load performance • Effect loading on motor
performance • Effect of steel laminations on core
losses • Circle diagram • Types of induction motors •
Mounting of motors • Enclosures • Weatherproof
(WP) motors • Degree of protection • Cooling systems
in large motors • Single phase motors • Theory of
operation • Energy coservation, energy auditing and
energy efficient motors (EEM)
2 Motor torque, load torque and selection
of motors 41
Motor speed-torque curve • NEMA rotor designs •
Special designs of rotors • Effect of starting current on
torque • Load torque or opposing torque • Selection of
motors • Time of start-up and its effect on motor
performance • Thermal withstand time • Braking •
Inching or jogging • Number of starts and stops
3 Duties of induction motors 63
Duty cycles • Continuous duty (CMR) (S1) • Periodic
duties • Factor of inertia (FI) • Heating and cooling
characteristic curves • Drawing the thermal curves •
Rating of short-time motors • Equivalent output of
short time duties • Shock loading and use of a flywheel
4 Starting of squirrel cage induction
motors 83
Direct on-line starting (DOL) • Reduced voltage starting
Contents
5 Starting and control of slip-ring
induction motors 95
Important features of a slip-ring motor • Starting of
slip-ring motors • Hypothetical procedure to calculate
the rotor resistance • Speed control of slip-ring
motors • Moving electrode electrolyte starters and
controllers
6 Static drives and energy saving 111
Speed control in squirrel cage motors • Speed control
through solid-state technology • V/f control (speed
control at constant torque) • Phasor (vector) control •
feedback devices • Evolution of solid-state technology
• Conduction and commutation • Circuit configurations
of semiconductor devices • Smoothing of ripples in
the d.c. link • Providing a constant d.c. voltage source
• Providing a constant current source • Generation of
harmonics, over-voltages and voltage surges in a static
device switching circuit and to mitigate their effects •
PWM inverter drives causing shaft currents • Energy
conservation using static drives • Application of static
controllers • Speed variation through variable-speed
fluid couplings • Static drive versus fluid coupling •
D.C. drives • Retrofitting of EE motors and drives
7 Special-purpose motors and induction
generators 185
Textile motors • Crane motors • Determining the size
of motor • Sugar centrifuge motors • Motors for deep-
well pumps • Motors for agricultural application •
Surface-cooled motors • Torque motors or actuator
motors • Vibration and noise level • Service factor •
Motors for hazardous locations • Specification of
motors for Zone 0 locations • Specification of motors
for Zone 1 locations • Motors for Zone 2 locations •
Motors for mines, collieries and quarries •
Intrinsically safe circuits, type Ex. ‘i’ • Testing and
certifying authorities • Additional requirements for
critical installations • Motors for thermal power
station auxiliaries • Selection of a special-purpose
motors • Induction generators
8 Efficient transmission of loads 221
Direct or rigid couplings • Flexible couplings •
viii Contents
Delayed-action couplings • Construction and principle
of operation • Belt drives • Checking the suitability of
bearings • Suitability of rotors for pulley drives
9 Winding insulation and maintenance 255
Insulating materials and their properties • Ageing of
insulation • Practices of insulation systems •
Procedure for vacuum pressure impregnation •
Maintenance of insulation • Monitoring the quality of
insulation of MV formed coils and resin-poor
windings during manufacturing
10 Installation and maintenance of electric
motors 267
Installation of bearings and pulleys • Important checks
at the time of commissioning • Maintenance of
electric motors and their checks • Maintenance of
bearings • General problems in electric motors and
their remedy • Winding temperature measurement at
site • Analysis of insulation failure of an MV motor at
a thermal power station
11 Philosophy of quality systems and
testing of electrical machines 283
Philosophy of quality systems • Transition to ISO
9001(2000) • Testing of electrical machines •
Procedure for testing • Load test • No-load test •
Tolerances in test results • Certification of motors
used in hazardous locations
12 Protection of electric motors and
selection of components 317
Purpose • Unfavourable operating conditions • Fault
conditions • Protection • Single-device motor
protection relays • Summary of total motor protection
• Motor protection by thermistors • Monitoring of a
motor’s actual operating conditions • Switchgears for
LV motors • Selection of main components • Fuse-free
system • Switchgears for MV motors • Microprocessor
based devices (IEDs) and intelligent starters
APPENDIX Rule of thumb for everyday use 367
Part II Switchgear assemblies and
captive (emergency) power
generation 377–642
13 LV switchgear and controlgear
assemblies 379
Application • Types of assemblies • Conventional
types of switchgear and controlgear assemblies (also
referred to as switchboards) • Compact switchgear
assemblies • Intelligent switchboards • Design
parameters and service conditions for a switchgear
assembly • Determining fault level of a system and its
duration • Energy based discrimination • Deciding the
ratings of current-carrying equipment, devices and
components • Designing a bus system • Designing a
switchgear assembly • HV switchgear assemblies •
Protection schemes • General guidelines during
installation and maintenance of a switchgear or a
controlgear assembly • Power circuits and control
scheme diagrams
APPENDIX Painting procedure of switchgear and
controlgear assemblies and treatment of effluent
461
14 Testing of a metal-enclosed switchgear
assemblies 483
Philosophy of quality systems • Use of environment
friendly substances (RoHS) • Recommended tests •
LV impulse test • Procedure for type tests • Procedure
for routine tests • Procedure for field tests •
Introduction to mechanical impact test, internal arc
test and EMC/EMI (electromagnetic compatibility and
emission) tests • An introduction to earthquake
engineering and testing procedure • A passing
reference to tsunami
15 Instrument and control transformers:
applications and selection 529
Introduction • Types of Transformers • Common
features of a voltage and a current transformer •
General specifications and design considerations for
voltage transformers • Precautions to be observed
while installing a voltage transformer • Current
transformers • Short-time rating and effect of
momentary peak or dynamic currents • Summary of
specifications of a CT • Precautions to be observed
when connecting a CT • Test requirements • Non-
conventional methods of current measurement (sensors
and transducers) • Rogowski coils
16 Captive (emergency) power generation
577
Introduction • DG set • Operating parameters • Theory
of operation • Guidelines on the selection of a DG set
• Types of loads • Starting of a DG set • Protection of
a DG set • Parallel operation • Procedure of parallel
operation • Fault levels and grounding of generators •
Recommended protection for a synchronizing scheme
• Load sharing by two or more generators • Total
automation through PLCs
APPENDIX Selection of power cables PVC, paper
insulated and XLPE and ampacity tables 617
Part III Voltage surges, over-
voltages, circuit
interrupters and
grounding practices
643–822
17 Voltage surges – causes, effects and
remedies 645
Introduction • Temporary over-voltages • Voltage

surge or a transient • Transient stability of overhead
lines • Causes of voltage surges • Definitions • Causes
of steep rising surges • Effect of steep-fronted TRVs
on the terminal equipment (motor as the basis) •
Determining the severity of a transient • Protection of
rotating machines from switching surges • Theory of
surge protection (insulation coordination) • LV surge
protection and surge protection devices (SPDs)
18 Surge arresters: applications and
selection 681
Surge arresters • Electrical characteristics of a ZnO
surge arrester • Basic insulation level (BIL) •
Protective margins • Protective level of a surge
arrester • Selection of gapless surge arrester •
Classification of arresters • Surge protection of motors
• Pressure relief facility • Assessing the condition of
an arrester
19 Circuit interrupters and their
applications 721
Circuit interrupters • Theory of circuit interruption
with different switching mediums (theory of
deionization) • Theory of arc plasma • Circuit
breaking under unfavourable operating conditions •
Circuit interruption in different mediums • HV and
LV vacuum contactors • Current chopping • Virtual
current chopping • Containing the severity of
switching surges • Comparison of interrupting devices
• Gas insulated switchgears (GIS) • Retrofitting of old
installations
20 Temporary over-voltages and system
grounding 759
Theory of overvoltages • Analysis of ungrounded and
grounded systems • The necessity of grounding an
electrical system • Analysis of a grounded system •
Arc suppression coil or ground fault neutralizer •
Ground fault factor (GFF) • Magnitude of temporary
over-voltages • Insulation coordination • Application
of different types of grounding methods (for MV, HV
and EHV systems) • Important parameters for
selecting a ground fault protection scheme
21 Grounding theory and ground fault
protection schemes 773
Protection of a domestic or an industrial single phase
system • Ground fault on an LV system • Ground fault
protection in hazardous areas • Ground leakage in an
HV system • Core-balanced current transformers
(CBCTs) • Ground fault (G/F) protection schemes •
Grounding systems and their choices
22 Grounding practices 797
Grounding electrodes • Resistivity of soil (ρ) •
Measuring the ground resistance • Metal for the
grounding conductor • Jointing of grounding
conductors • Maintenance of grounding stations •
Grounding practices in a power generating station •
Tolerable potential difference at a location • Voltage
Contents ix
gradients • Determining the leakage current through a
human body • Measuring the average resistivity of
soil • Improving the performance of soil •
Determining the ground fault current • Designing a
grounding grid
Part IV Power capacitors and
reactive power
controls 823–980
23 Power capacitors: behaviour, switching
phenomena and improvement of power
factor 825
SECTION I 827
Introduction • Application of power capacitors • Effect
of low PF • Other benefits of an improved power
factor • Behaviour of a power capacitor in operation •
Generation of triple harmonics in an inductive circuit
• Generation of harmonics by a power electronic
circuit • Resonance • Effective magnitude of harmonic
voltages and currents • When harmonics will appear in
a system • Filter circuits: suppressing harmonics in a
power network • Excessive charging currents
(switching inrush or making currents) • Limiting the
inrush currents • Capacitor panel design parameters •
Capacitor rating for an induction motor • Location of
capacitors • Automatic PF correction of a system •
Switching sequences • PF correction relays
SECTION II 873
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) •
Electromagnetic interferences (EMI)
24 System voltage regulation and improving
power quality 881
Capacitors for improving system regulation • Series
capacitors • Rating of series capacitors • Advantages
of series compensation • Analysis of a system for
series compensation • Reactive power management •
Influence of line length (Ferranti effect) • To optimize
the power transfer through reactive control • Transient
stability • Auto-reclosure scheme for transient stability
• Switching of large reactive banks • Automation of
power network for dynamic stability through SCADA
system • Serial data transmission and communication
interfaces • Introduction to communication protocols •
Security of SCADA system
25 Making capacitor units and ratings of
switching devices 933
Making a capacitor element • Special purpose
capacitors • A critical review of internally protected
capacitor units • Self-healing capacitors • Making a
capacitor unit from elements • Making capacitor banks
from capacitor units • Rating and selection of
components for capacitor duty • Fast discharge
devices
x Contents
26 Protection, maintenance and testing of
capacitor units 953
Protection and safety requirements • Installation and
maintenance of capacitor units • Test requirements
27 Selection of power reactors 971
Introduction • Types of power reactors • Selection •
Design criterion and I – φ characteristics of different
types of reactors • Applications
Part V Busbar Systems 981–1100
28 Carrying power through metal-enclosed
bus systems 983
Introduction • Types of metal-enclosed bus systems •
Non-conventional compact and sandwich low loss bus
systems for LV and HV systems • Partially isolated
bus systems for HV systems • Design parameters and
service conditions for a metal enclosed bus system •
Short-circuit effects • Service conditions • Other
design considerations for aluminium and copper
busbars • Skin effect • Proximity effect • Sample
calculation for designing a 2500 A non-isolated phase
aluminium busbar system
29 Recommended practices for mounting
buses and making bus joints 1039
Precautions in mounting insulators and conductors •
Types of joints • Making a joint • Bending of busbars
30 Properties and ratings of current-
carrying conductors 1049
Physical and electrical properties of aluminium and
copper conductors • Ampacity tables of copper and
aluminium conductors
31 An isolated phase bus system 1067
An isolated phase bus (IPB) system • Constructional
features • Special features of an IPB system •
Enclosure heating • Natural cooling of enclosures •
Continuous rating • Forced cooling • Influence of a
space field on the metallic structures • Fault level •
Voltage drop • Forming of sections for IPB systems •
Determining the section and size of conductor and
enclosure • Sample calculations
32 Testing a metal-enclosed bus system
1091
Philosophy of quality systems • Recommended tests •
Impulse test on LV bus system • New safety measures
and tests prescribed by IEC • Procedure for type tests
• Routine tests • Field tests
Index 1101

Since time immemorial pursuit to knowledge has been a
never ending process for the man. The man has always
been capable of evolving new methods and techniques
to overcome his difficulties. In earlier times the means
were primitive but with the advancement of science and
technology, applications of safety measures and man’s
own disciplines and controls, situation today is far more
redeeming yet quite alarming in many fields. Of all fields,
degeneration of environment is the most alarming, caused
by emission of toxic gases and discharge of effluents
and most importantly generation of excessive heat due
to excessive loss of energy by all equipment and devices
consuming energy in whatever form. Electromagnetic
(EM) emissions also cause environmental pollution
affecting performance of equipment and devices operating
in their vicinity.
The gradual rise in human awareness even about his
own callousness towards contributing to the above causes,
he is now getting intensely engaged in containing the
causes and mitigating their effects as far as possible.
Rigorous R&D in various fields around the world by
those who are more aware and concerned is now the
order of the day. Emphasis is on controlling all kinds of
pollutions and all such emissions that contribute to global
warming or health hazard at source itself. Similarly,
energy and space saving. All such requirements can form
the eco norms. These issues are discussed in this handbook
to the extent related to the topics covered to keep the
readers abreast with the latest technological philosophies
and the disciplines that one is required to observe. For
more information refer to ‘Kyoto Protocol’*.
The present edition is a thoroughly revised and
* Kyoto Protocol was opened up for signature on Dec. 11, 1997 at
Kyoto, Japan and came into force with effect from Feb. 16, 2005.
In all 141 countries have presently ratified the protocol.
It is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention to
Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming.
It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC countries who have ratified
this protocol and commit to reduce the emission of green house gases
(GHG) (the major gases being water vapours (36–70%), CO2 (9–
26%), Ozone (3–7%), and minor gases being methane (CH4), Nitrous
oxide (N2O), Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC
11 to 115, Section 13.10.1) and many more).
Preface to this
edition
upgraded version of the earlier handbook ‘Industrial Power
Engineering and Applications Handbook’. It accounts
for technological changes, product developments and new
applications that have taken place in the last one decade.
This also takes account of upgraded and new national
and international Standards that have become available
in this period. Some of the new topics that have been
added are noted in Table P-1. It has been done to keep
the readers well informed of the latest technologies and
practices being adopted worldwide in the field of Electrical
and Electronic Power Engineering. Energy saving and
space saving are buzzwords in today’s world. All these
aspects have been given due consideration in the present
handbook and accordingly special thrust is laid on,
– Energy conservation
– Use of energy efficient electrical and electronic
equipment and devices
– Environment and pollution controls
– Space saving
Energy conservation
All efforts have been made to identify areas, equipment
and devices that can save energy. Some such areas
discussed in this book are
– Energy efficient motors (EEM)
– Soft starters and energy feedback through static drives
– Energy efficient and space saver belt drives
– Fluid couplings for soft starting and energy saving
– Power cables, busbars and gas or fluid pipelines
– Air insulated and gas insulated switchgears (GIS) and
general guidelines to save energy where possible.
– Compact and sandwich low loss busbar systems
– Retrofitting of old installations, equipment and devices
with energy efficient and space saving equipment and
devices
It is suggestive that manufacturers and equipment
suppliers, who deal with energy efficient products or
technologies, as customary, provide repayment schedule
to their users for encouraging them use energy efficient
products and technologies and enable them take a more
pragmatic decision while making the purchases.
xii Preface to this edition
Environment
– Similarly, thrust is on environmental and pollution
controls by way of effluent treatment of waste water
and disposal of wastes.
– Also practising EMC/EMI norms to control
electromagnetic and radiated field environmental
pollutions.
- Restrictions on the use of certain hazardous substances
(RoHS) in the manufacture of electrical and electronic
equipment (EEE) and their waste management (WEEE)
– (collection, treatment, recycling and disposal under
controlled conditions).
Technical information
To compile all these details a lot of research and hard
labour has gone into obtaining vital data and details from
different leading manufacturers and users worldwide.
The basic thrust of the book is to provide such information
that is not easily available. All topics are backed up with
extensive study and research by the author and information
provided by leading manufacturers and consultants.
Utmost care has been taken to ensure authenticity of text
in technical discussions, inferences drawn and applications
on a particular subject matter. All data provided and
recommendations made are corroborated through relevant
IEC and other Standards and generally accepted practices
worldwide. Presenting all such Standards in a tabular
form with their equivalent BS, IS, IEEE, NEMA and
ANSI Standards, as practised by different countries, for
each chapter and each topic is a unique feature of the
handbook and shall greatly help a practising engineer,
consultant or a design engineer, student or research scholar
in their day to day working and handling of these subjects
and machines.
All this has been done to benefit the readers and provide
them such vital data and details so handy. The language
is simple and distinct and easily comprehensible. Those
who like to learn and be abreast with the technological
advances, modern practices and applications will find
the handbook extremely informative and useful. Masters
in their fields surely know all this. The topics added in
the present addition are shown in Table P-1.
Standards
There is a continuous upgradation of Standards and
products. It is therefore advisable that the user of a
product may consult the latest Standards for the latest
specifications. The main thrust is on IEC Standards but
NEMA, ANSI and IEEE Standards that are more
prominent in many countries are also considered and
given due reference. BS and IS Standards are gradually
adapting to IEC Standards, their equivalent are also
mentioned where possible. Similarly, more prominent
ISO Standards are also mentioned.
Tables and data
All tables and data obtained from manufacturers are for
general reference only. With continuous improvements
and advancements in technology and product the data
and applications may vary. The user must consult the
manufacturer for accurate data.
Mathematical and voltage systems
Endeavour is to provide as much information with as
much clarity as possible. Different countries may adapt
to different mathematical systems (like MKS or FPS),
50 Hz or 60 Hz and also different voltage systems (new
voltage systems are mentioned in the Introduction). While
MKS and 50 Hz system has been chosen in the book for
all explanations, where possible data are provided for
FPS as well as 60 Hz systems also. It has been done to
help the readers find it easy to comprehend the subject
matter and translate it to their system easily.
Similarly, there may be variations in basic components
and raw materials from country to country, but it would
be easy to apply the practical approach of this book and
use only the available raw materials and components.
Cross-references
The cross-references should not be hindrance to smooth
reading. They are aimed to provide more details to the
reader on a particular subject or its additional applications,
and in the process providing more clarity on the subject.
This is a unique feature of the handbook and it is hoped
the readers will like it.
Index
The book contains enormous amount of rare and valuable
information. To make it convenient for the reader to
search out an information, we have tried to provide an
exhaustive index to enable him locate his information
promptly.
It is hoped the readers will find the book unique and
useful.
K.C. Agrawal
(2007)
 Preface to this edition xiii

Table P-1 Topics added

Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V

Electric motors, drives Switchgear Voltage surges, over- Power capacitors and Busbar systems
and energy saving assemblies and voltages, circuit reactive power
– Sandwich and
captive (emergency) interrupters and controls compact low loss
– Energy saving
– Energy efficient
power generation grounding practices bus systems
– Special purpose
motors (EEM) – Energy based – Gas insulated capacitors – Partially isolated
– Developments in discrimination of compact sub-stations – Auto-reclosure bus-systems
semi-conductor current limiting (GIS) scheme for transient – More tables and
devices and their breakers – LV surge protection stability and details on copper
applications in ac/dc – Compact switchgear and surge protection – Use of Supervisory busbar systems
drives, HV dc assemblies devices (SPDs) Control and Data – Designing of copper
transmission, SVC’s – Protection schemes – Metal oxide Acquisition bus systems
and other power – Intelligent distribution class (SCADA) system for – New safety measures
applications switchboards surge arresters dynamic stability of and tests prescribed
– Shielding of signals – Additional tests on – HV and LV vacuum a power network by IEC
and isolated or clean switchgear contactors – Serial data
grounding of power assemblies like – Grounding systems transmission,
electronic circuits • impact test, communication
– Prevention from internal arcing interfaces and
bearing currents test and protocols
caused by PWM separators for – EMC/EMI
inverters operational (Electromagnetic
– Transition from ISO safety, glow wire compatibility and
9000 (1994) to ISO- test interferences)
9001 (2000) • Impulse test on – EMC/EMI norms
– Energy efficient and LV system
space saver power- • Restrictions on
transmission belts use of hazardous
– Microprocessor substances
based switching (RoHS)
devices (IEDs) – Some new
– Intelligent starters techniques of
recording and
predicting an
earthquake
– Passing reference to
tsunami warning
systems
– Non-conventional
methods of current
measurement
– Hybrid current
sensors
– Hall effect sensors,
Rogowski coils and
Digital optical
instrument
transformers
– EMC/EMI testing
requirements
– Generator grounding
and reactive load
sharing
And many more small and relevant topics

The author has had a long association with the machines
described in this book. The book is the result of this
experience and the overwhelming help and support
extended to him by his colleagues, friends and business
associates over the last twelve years. The purpose of this
book is to share the experience of the author with those in
the field. It is an attempt to make these subjects simple
and interesting. The book should provide an easy approach
to answer the problems an engineer or engineering student
may face when handling these machines.
The author is sure that the readers will find ample
opportunity to learn from his experience and apply this
information to their field of activities. The book aims to
provide a bridge between the concept and the application.
With this book by his or her side, an engineer should be
able to apply better, design better and select better
equipment for system needs and ambient conditions. It
should prove to be a handy reference to all those in the
field of design and application, protection and testing,
production, project engineering, project implementation
or maintenance, in addition to the sales and purchase of
these products.
Devoted Engineers and Scientists have done an
incredible job by inventing new technologies and bringing
them, over the years to their present level. Research and
development work by a dedicated few Engineers and
Scientists has been a relentless and untiring journey which
has provided us with more advanced forms of technologies
from time to time. The credit for this book goes to these
Engineers and Scientists throughout the world. The author
is not an inventor, neither has he done anything new in
these fields. He has only attempted to bring together
such advances in a particular field in one book for their
better applications and uses. The author’s contribution is
only appropriate selection and application of the available
technology and products for their optimum utilization.
All relevant aspects of a machine, including design,
have been discussed but greater emphasis is laid on
selection and application. Since this is primarily a reference
book the basic theory is assumed to be known to a student
or a practising engineer handling such machines and/or
technologies, yet brief theory has been discussed wherever
considered necessary to refresh one’s memory.
Preface to the
first edition
In the academic world the derivation of a formula from
fundamentals is regarded as most important. In practice,
this formula matters more rather than its origin. But for
those who wish to know more of the reasoning and the
background of a formula, care is taken that such supportive
information is also covered. The author hopes that readers
will be satisfied to have most of their queries answered.
The book has been written so that it refreshes and
awakens the engineer within a reader. The author is
confident that this is what readers will feel as they progress
through this book. A cursory reading will bring them
abreast with the subject and enable them tackle problems
with ease and simplicity. The author’s efforts will be
defeated if this book falls short of this aim.
The endeavour has been to provide as much information
as possible on the application of available technology
and products. It should help application engineers to select
and design a more suitable machine or power system for
their needs. As mentioned above, the text may not cover
the full engineering derivations, yet all fundamentals have
been provided that are considered relevant to engineer
any machine or system covered in this book. To augment
the information, ‘Further Reading’ has also been provided
to support the text and to answer queries that may arise
on a particular subject. For detailed engineering, the
manufacturers are still the best guide. Detailing and
engineering must be left to them. In this book, the author
has tried to make the subject comprehensive yet concise
and easy to understand, so that one can easily refer to it
at any time. The references drawn are brief, but pertinent,
and adequate to satisfy a query.
This book may prove to be a boon to young engineers
entering the field. With it by their sides they can
comprehend the theory of their classrooms with
applications in the field.
Whereas all aspects that were thought necessary have
been considered, it is possible that some have been omitted.
The author would be grateful to receive suggestions from
readers for any additions, deletions or omissions to make
the book even more useful and up-to-date next time.
K.C. Agrawal
(2001)
 Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges with gratitude the help extended Special thanks for formatting the book go to:
to him by his colleagues and friends and for the catalogues
and leaflets from various manufacturers. Also helpful Anjuna Agrawal The author’s daughter for her
have been a score of references and textbooks on the unflinching support throughout
subject besides the product Standards such as IEC, IEEE, Manish Chand Computer support and assistance
ANSI and NEMA, ISO, BS and IS and other national Asad Mirza Editing and proofreading
and international publications. A.K. Shringhi Illustrations and drawing
The author’s most sincere thanks are due to the services
following, who have given their whole-hearted support
and help in compiling this book and making it up-to- Besides the above, the following have been a source of
date. They have provided details and the latest practices encouragement and continued support:
followed by leading consultants, engineers and end users Bhanu Bhushan Power Grid Corporation
worldwide, as well as the national and international Harbhajan Singh Crompton Greaves
practices of the various manufacturers. Indu Shekhar Jha Power Grid Corporation
Dr Laxmi N Gupta RIT, USA
Dr Abraham Verghese English Electric (now Alstom) N.K. Bhatia English Electric (now Alstom)
Anil Kamra Crompton Greaves Dr P.C. Tripathi BHEL
Ashwani Agrawal ABB P.K. Sehgal NGEF
Dr Ashok Kumar IIT Roorkee Dr Unnikrishanan RIT, USA
B. Raman BHEL Y. Pal Ex EIL
D.K. Duggal NTPC
M.R. Atter ECS as well as a number of friends and well-wishers in addition
P.S. Gokhle Syntron Controls to those mentioned in the Technical Support list.
S.D. Nandakishore Areva/Alstom I would like to apologise to my family and friends for
S.P. Sharma L&T neglecting them during the time it has taken me to write
Dr Subir Sen Power Grid Corporation the book; in particular, my wife Madhu and my daughter
V.P. Sharma EIL Anjuna.

Disclaimer statement for used material

– The International Electro-technical Commission (IEC): The author thanks the IEC for permission to use their
material. All extracts are copyright © IEC Geneva, Switzerland. All IEC publications are available from
www.iec.ch. IEC takes no responsibility for and will not assume liability for damages resulting from the readers’
misinterpretation of the referenced material due to its placement and context in this publication. The material is
reproduced or written with their permission.
– Manufacturers: Since most information contained in the handbook is obtained from manufacturers or is based on
their catalogues/product details obtained from them or their various outlets – it has authenticity and reliability.
Nevertheless while every care has been taken to ensure accuracy of information no liability shall be accepted by
the manufacturers or the author for any loss or damage direct, indirect or consequential arising out of the information
contained in this handbook.

Part I Electric motors, drives and
energy saving
The author gratefully acknowledges the following
companies and individuals for providing him invaluable
technical support.
Chapter 1
R.K. Gupta, NGEF Ltd, New Delhi; J.R. Mahajan, Voltas
Ltd, Mumbai; Anil Kamra, Crompton Greaves Ltd, New
Delhi; B. Raman, BHEL, Bhopal; S.K. Sharma, GE
Motors India Ltd, Faridabad; Anirudh Singh, S.M. Patil,
BHEL, New Delhi; Rajnish Sharma, Satish Talwar,
Siemens, New Delhi; A.K. Varshney, BHEL, Bhopal
Chapter 2
Bal Gopal, Dynaspede Integrated Systems (P) Ltd, Tamil
Nadu
Chapter 3
R.K. Gupta, Bhartia Cutler Hammer Ltd, Faridabad
Chapter 5
Y.H. Kajiji, AOYP Engineering Company, Mumbai; Ram
Chandran, Bhartia Cutler Hammer Ltd, Faridabad; N.M.
Shah, Pioneer Electrical Works, Mumbai; A.K. Varshney,
BHEL, Bhopal
Chapter 6
Sanjay Sinha, Hemant Agrawal, Vijay Arora, Munish
Sharma and Ajay Kumar, Allen Bradley India Ltd,
Sahibabad; Shasidhar Dhareshwar, ABB, New Delhi;
Ashwani Kaul, Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd, New Delhi;
Siddhartha Ghosh, Siemens Ltd, New Delhi; S.D. Nanda
Kishore, Cegelec (India)/Areva/Alstom, Noida; Arun
Gupta, EISA Lifts, New Delhi; Rajiv Manchanda, Usha
(India) Ltd, Faridabad; Kapil Grover, Allen Bradley Ltd,
New Delhi; Ashok Jain, Fluidomat Ltd, Dewas (MP);
A.K. Advani, Greaves Ltd, New Delhi; L.V. Buran, A.K.
Nagpal, Rajeev Agrawal, Sony Chacko, Bhartia Cutler
Hammer; Anant Narain, A.K. Tikkoo, EIL, New Delhi
Technical support
Chapter 7
Y.I.P. Sehgal, International Pumps and Projects, Noida;
S.U. Submersible Pumps, Noida; V.P. Sharma, EIL, New
Delhi; Nitin Sen Jain, Kirloskar Electric Co. Ltd, New
Delhi; M/s Subhash Projects India Ltd; Sarvesh Kumar,
Vestas RRB India Ltd, New Delhi; A.K. Varshney, BHEL,
Bhopal
Chapter 8
Pembril Fluidrives Ltd, Aurangabad; Ashok Jain,
Fluidomat Ltd, Dewas; Eddy Current Controls (India)
Ltd, Kerala; A.K. Advani, Greaves Ltd, New Delhi; V.K.
Sharma, Prasun Chakraborty, Sunil K. Kaul and K.
Sukhija, Fenner (India) Ltd, Hyderabad/New Delhi; S.
Kumar and P.K. Das, Dunlop (India) Ltd, Kolkata/ New
Delhi
Chapter 9
B. Raman, BHEL, Bhopal, India; A.K. Varshney, BHEL,
Bhopal
Chapter 10
Soman Dhar, Castrol India Ltd, New Delhi; Chandra
Kumar, National Engineering Industries, Jaipur; B.B. Rao,
SKF Bearings India Ltd, Mumbai; B. Raman, BHEL,
Bhopal; Anil Kamra, Crompton Greaves Ltd, New Delhi;
S.D. Nanda Kishore, Areva/Alstom
Chapter 11
Y.D. Dosaj, Crompton Greaves Ltd, Ahmed Nagar; Y.
Pal, Formerly with EIL (GG-1/13-A, Vikaspuri, New
Delhi); A.K. Varshney, BHEL, Bhopal
Chapter 12
P.B. Dabholkar and Indrajit Jadhav, ABB, Vadodara; Sanjiv
Bahl, ABB, Delhi; Pankaj Sachdeva and Balamourougan,
Alstom (India), Chennai; V. Mohan, Rajiv Tandon, Prem
Kumar and Chand Chadha, Larsen & Toubro, New Delhi;
Kapil Grover, Allen Bradley, Sahibabad; S.P. Sharma, L
& T, Mumbai; B. Raman, BHEL, Bhopal, T.K. Modak,
Jyoti Ltd., New Delhi; Ashish Trivedi, Schneider Electric
xx Technical support
Part II Switchgear assemblies and
captive (emergency) power
generation
Chapter 13
M.R. Atter, ECS, Noida; S.P. Sharma, L&T, Mumbai;
D.K. Duggal, NTPC, Noida; N.K. Agrawal and P.K. Garg,
BHEL, Haridwar; Bhupinder Badiya, Siemens, New Delhi;
Abid Hussain, Consultant, New Delhi; P.H. Kakade,
Vinayak Corp., Mumbai; Shalini Bhateja, Sanjeev Sharma,
Schneider Electric, New Delhi; Satpaul Goel, Mohit Atter,
Atoz Power Systems, New Delhi
APPENDIX
Dr V.K. Anand, Anand CIS India, New Delhi; Stat-field
Systems (Coating) Pvt. Ltd; Mitsuba Electricals (P) Ltd,
India; Sajal Srivastava, Berger Paints Ltd, New Delhi;
Sajjathe Sulthan, SBA Enviro Systems, New Delhi; R.R.
Bagri, Clear Water Ltd, New Delhi; P.H. Kakade, Vinayak
Corp., Mumbai; Arvind Mathur, Jasper Engineers, New
Delhi
Chapter 14
Dr. Ashok Kumar Mathur, Department of Earthquake
Engineering, IIT Roorkee; Dr H.K. Chand, formerly
Professor of Geography, Bhagalpur University; S.P.
Sharma, L&T, Mumbai; V.N. Nandakumar, CPRI,
Bangalore; Arvind Mathur, Jasper Engineers, New Delhi
Chapter 15
S. Raghavan, Indcoil Transformers (P) Ltd, Mumbai;
P.U. Patwardhan, Prayog Electricals (P) Ltd, Mumbai;
Dr Abraham Verghese, English Electric Co. now Alstom
(India), Sharjah UAE, N.C. Bhatnagar, Power Grid
Corporation, New Delhi; Puneet Banga, Schneider
Electric, New Delhi
Chapter 16
Kamal Singhania, Crompton Greaves Ltd, New Delhi;
Ashawni Kaul, Sharad Agarwal, Kirloskar Electric, New
Delhi; Chandralekha Bhaskar, Bhaskar Power Projects;
I.D. Qureshi, Kiran Engineering Enterprises; Atul Khanna,
AVK-SEGC & Controls (India) Ltd, New Delhi; N.K.
Mittal, Abett Consultants, New Delhi; A.K. Tikkoo, EIL
New Delhi; V.K. Chaudhary, B. Sridhar Rao, Hemant
Sharma, Cable Corporation of India Ltd, New Delhi;
O.P. Kwatra, Havell’s India Ltd, New Delhi
Part III Voltage surges, over-voltages,
circuit interrupters and
grounding practices
Chapter 17
Ashwani Agrawal, ABB, New Delhi; T.K. Modak, Jyoti
Ltd, New Delhi; Atul Shrivastava, P.V. Ekande, NTPC,
New Delhi; Dr Ram Nath, BHEL, New Delhi; T.P.R.
Sharma, Consultant, Mumbai; Rajender Mohan, Moeller
HPL, New Delhi; Neeraj Garg, Schneider Electric, New
Delhi
Chapter 18
Anil Poddar, V.M. Belsare, Elpro International Ltd,
Chinchwad Gaon, Pune; Station Surge Arresters and
Thyrite Magne – Valve Station Lightning Arresters,
IGE (India) Ltd; TransiNor As, Norway, through Vijay
Khanna, New Delhi; N. V. Anantha Krishnan, W.S.
Industries (India) Ltd, New Delhi; A. S. Kushwaha and
Arvind M. Khurana, Power Grid Corporation of India
Ltd, New Delhi; V.P. Singh, Elpro International Ltd, New
Delhi; Ashwani Agrawal, ABB India Ltd, New Delhi;
Dr S. Mukhopadhyay, A.K. Rajput, S.K. Ray Mohapatra,
CEA, New Delhi; Dr Ram Nath, BHEL, New Delhi;
T.P.R. Sharma, Consultant, Mumbai
Chapter 19
V. Raghavan, BHEL, Bhopal; N. Biswas, Alstom, New
Delhi; P.P. Sreekanth, Sanjay Bhambhani, Alstom, New
Delhi; Manjeet Singh and Manoj Misra, ABB, New Delhi;
Sandeep Mathur, Siemens India, New Delhi; Dr Ram
Nath, BHEL, New Delhi; C.K. Bhagat, Voltas Switchgears;
T.K. Modak, Jyoti Ltd., New Delhi; Dr H.S. Jain, BHEL,
Hyderabad.
Chapter 20
Y.K. Sehgal, Power Grid Corporation of India, New Delhi
Chapter 21
P. U. Patwardhan, Prayog Electricals (P) Ltd, Mumbai;
Dr Abraham Verghese, Alstom (India), Sharjah, UAE;
Dr Girish Chandra, KGMC, Lucknow; Sanjeev Sharma,
Schneider Electric, New Delhi
Chapter 22
V. P. Sharma, EIL, New Delhi; C.S. Kore, Vinai Rai,
L&T, Mumbai
Part IV Power capacitors and reactive
power controls
Chapter 23
M. R. Attar, ECS; P. S. Gokhle, Niranjan Gokhle, Syntron
Controls, Mumbai; N. P. Singh, Sigma Control, New
Delhi; Vijay Jain, Neutronics Manufacturing Co. Ltd,
Mumbai; S.P. Sharma, L&T, Mumbai; Y. P. Likhyani,
Crompton Greaves Ltd, New Delhi; M. K. Pandey,
Kapsales Electricals (Khatau Junker), New Delhi; A.S.
Kushwaha, Power Grid Corporation of India, New Delhi;
P. K. Mittal, Indian Railways Telecommunication, New
Delhi; V.N. Nandakumar, CPRI, Bangalore
Chapter 24
S. P. Singh, CEA, New Delhi; Dr Subir Sen and Indu
 Technical support xxi

Shekhar Jha, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd, New Chapter 29

Delhi; Brajesh Malviya, ABB India Ltd, New Delhi; M.
Hanif, Dr Ram Nath, P.K. Srivastava, D. Ravi, BHEL, Russy N. Master, L&T, Mumbai; J. K. Joneja, Sanjay
New Delhi/Bangalore; Mata Prasad, Ex NTPC/ABB; Joneja, M/s J. K. Plastics, Noida; P.H. Kakade, M/s
Deepak Malhotra, Bhupinder Badiya, Siemens, New Vinayak Corporation, Mumbai
Delhi; Bhanu Bhusan, CERC, New Delhi; Ramesh Jha,
Reliance Energy, Noida; Preeti Dhaundiyal, Flextronics Chapter 30
Software Systems Ltd., Gurgaon
Regie Paul, Indian Aluminium Co. Ltd (Indalco), Cochin,
Chapter 25 Kerala; Mahesh Khandelia, Om Prakash, Electro Copper
and Alloy Mfg. Co., Kolkata
M. K. Pandey, Kapsales Electricals (Khatau Junker), New
Delhi
Chapter 31
Chapter 26 B. S. R. Patnaik, Best & Crompton Engineering Ltd,
Chennai; D. K. Chaturvedi, NTPC Ltd, Noida; V. K.
M. K. Pandey, Kapsales Electricals (Khatau Junker), New
Mehta, BHEL, Jhansi; R. N. Khanna, Controls and
Delhi
Switchgears Ltd, New Delhi
Chapter 27
Standards
P. T. Pandyan, Western High Voltage Equipment,
Jaisinghpur, Maharashtra ANSI American National Standards Institute – USA
BS British Standards – UK
IEC International Electro Technical Commission
Part V Busbar systems – Switzerland
IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Chapter 28 Engineers – USA
IS Indian Standards – India
Gautam Kumar, A.P. Singhal, Tricolite, New Delhi; Roger ISO International Standards Organisation –
Housey, MGC Technology AG, Schweiz; Anil Saboo, Switzerland
Elektrolites, Jaipur; Puneet Banga, Schneider Electric, NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers’ Association
New Delhi; P.B. Bellary, Mumbai – USA

This book is built into five parts. A summary of each
part follows.
Part I Electric motors, drives and
energy saving
This part deals with three- and single-phase a.c. machines,
and their protective switchgears. However, reference is
made to and comparisons drawn of a d.c. motor with an
a.c. motor, to assist a user make a proper choice of
machine. Energy conservation, energy auditing and energy
efficient motors (EEM).
However simple a motor is, it requires careful handling
to ensure optimum performance and long years of trouble
free operation. A small drive, failing while in operation,
may bring the entire process to a halt. One can visualize
the loss of production that can result. Power plants,
chemicals, fertilizers, petrochemicals, paper and cement
mills all require careful selection of equipment to avoid
breakdown or malfunctioning during operation. Motors
and their controlgears are core components that require
special attention:
• It deals with the specifications, performance,
characteristics and behaviour of motors under different
operating conditions, their application and selection.
It also covers aspects such as shock loading, motors
for hazardous locations and open transient conditions
in MV motors during a switching sequence.
• This part-also deals with static controls and drives,
soft starting and process control through solid-state
technology (phasor and field-oriented controls) using
IGBTs, IGCTs, SGCTs. Energy conservation.
Developments and applications of solid state
technology. Grounding practices and shielding of
signals. Prevention from bearing currents.
• There is special coverage of fluid couplings for soft
starting and speed control. A comparison between static
drives and variable-speed fluid couplings is made.
• Windmills (induction generators) as an unconventional
energy source, vertical hollow shaft motors and
submersible pump sets, selection of energy efficient
and space saver belts for transmission of load, the
phenomenon and remedy of shaft currents.
• The text especially covers testing requirements and
Introduction
an introduction to quality assurance systems and
application of ISO 9001(2000).
• Special coverage of impulse testing of resin-rich
formed coils and their in-house testing requirements.
• In Chapter 12 a detailed analysis is made of all
unfavourable operating conditions and their effect
on the performance of the motor and its protection
for optimum utilization. The precautions also cover
surge protection for MV motors. The details provided
cover the smallest-influence that a particular parameter
can have on the machine. Microprocessor based
switching devices (IEDs) and intelligent starters.
Part II Switchgear assemblies and
captive (emergency) power
generation
The subjects covered aim at providing methods to form
specifications and design a switchgear assembly for all
power distribution needs. The text covers compact
assemblies and intelligent switchboards. It also provides
coverage of draw-out assemblies. Establishing the fault
level of a system is described including the electrodynamic
and electromagnetic forces that arise. Protection schemes
and energy based discrimination of current limiting
breakers.
• An introduction to RoHS (restrictions on use of
hazardous substances)
• Testing procedures are informative and elaborate
• Introduction to EMC/EMI testing
• Seismic effects and earthquake engineering is covered
in this part to study the behaviour of an object under
seismic conditions and its suitability for critical
installations. The formation of the earth and
movements of tectonic plates that cause earthquakes,
tsunamis and volcanic eruptions are described
• Instrument transformers (CTs, class PS CTs, VTs and
CVTs, etc.) form important components of a
switchgear assembly for measurement and protection.
They are covered for their specifications, selection
and application.
• Design of class PS CTs, non-conventional current
measurements, current sensors and transducers.
Rogowski coils (RCs)
• Captive (emergency) power generation covers the
xxiv Introduction
application of a diesel generating set, its starting,
protection, grounding, synchronizing and load sharing.
This forms an important part of power distribution at
any installation to provide a standby source of supply.
• The entire painting procedure and effluent treatment
is covered for those in the field of manufacturing
such assemblies and to also save environment.
• In an attempt to provide as much information on the
related subjects as possible and to make the book more
complete for a project or a design engineer we have
provided data and tables on PVC, paper insulated and
XLPE cables and described in detail the procedure for
selecting the type and size of LV and HV power cables.
Part III Voltage surges, over-voltages, circuit
interrupters and grounding practices
This part is complementary to Part II and provides
technical support to switchgear assemblies and machines
fed by them for surge and over-voltage protection. It is
a very useful part for all those handling HV and EHVpower
systems and their surge and over-voltage protection.
• The part deals with the BIL of a system, protective
margins and insulation coordination. LV surge
protection and surge protection devices (SPDs)
• It also deals with electric motors as they are typical
for their surge behaviour and protection.
• It also covers the steepness of TRVs, their significance
and methods of taming them. Reflections of travelling
waves and surge transferences are also described.
• This part specifically considers the application and
selection of surge capacitors and surge arresters. Since
the internal causes of surge generation are a
consequence of switching operation and type of
interrupter, this part provides details of the various
types of interrupters in use, their switching behaviour,
current chopping and quenching of arc plasma. It
also makes a detailed comparison of the various types
of interrupters available in the market to facilitate
their selection and adaptation to a more appropriate
surge protection scheme. Gas insulated switchgears
(GIS). HV and LV vacuum contactors.
• Temporary over-voltages are different from surges
as are their causes. Therefore temporary over-voltages
also form an important parameter in a system design
and its grounding method. This topic is therefore
complementary to surge protection and has been dealt
in detail to make a practising engineer or engineering
student more aware of the behaviour of an HV system,
particularly on a ground fault.
• Exposure of a human body to touch and step voltages
and methods to deal with these are also covered.
Grounding and ground fault protection schemes are
described in detail with illustrations to help an engineer
select the most appropriate grounding method and
ground fault protection scheme for a machine or a
system.
• The use of CBCTs is covered.
• Grounding systems, their choice and protection from
transferred surges and over-voltages
• Grounding practices of industrial installations and
power generating stations.
Part IV Power capacitors and reactive
power controls
Reactive control is an important tool for voltage regulation
and for optimizing available power utilization. It can
also be used for attaining better stability of the system.
It has therefore become a very important technique to
improve an old distribution network that is being
overutilized and is ailing with recurring problems such
as flickering of voltage, frequent system outages and a
normally low voltage at the consumer end. The author
has attempted to apply reactive control to improve power
distribution networks which are over-loaded and are ailing
with such problems.
In this part the author provides all relevant aspects of
a reactive control and carries out an exhaustive analysis
of a system for the most appropriate control. Harmonic
effects and inductive interferences as well as use of filter
and blocking circuits are covered. EMC/EMI
(Electromagnetic compatibility and interferences).
Capacitor switching currents and surges and methods of
dealing with these are also described.
This part considers reactive power control with the
use of shunt and series capacitors. The controls may be
manual or automatic through electromagnetic or static
devices. Protection of capacitors and capacitor banks as
well as design, manufacturing and test requirements,
installation and maintenance are also covered, the main
thrust being on the application of power capacitors.
• Application of series capacitors and analysis of an
uncompensated transmission line and the capability
of power transfer and system regulation with and
without series compensation are also presented. Auto-
reclosure scheme for transient stability and SCADA
system for dynamic stability of a power network.
Serial data transmission, communication interfaces
and communication protocols.
• To clarify the subject the basics and the behaviour of
power capacitors in operation are also discussed.
• This part also briefly describes different types of power
reactors required to control inrush currents, suppress
system’s harmonic disorders, limit system fault level
and absorb the excessive charging currents on an
EHV system.
Part V Busbar systems
Power transfer is a very important area of a power system.
In this part it is dealt with in detail for both LV and HV
systems and for all current ratings. For large to very
large ratings, skin and proximity effects are also discussed
to arrive at a design to transfer large amounts of power,
without great loss, voltage drop or voltage unbalance.
Technical data and current ratings for various sizes and
sections of copper and aluminium are provided. The text
provides material to design, engineer, manufacture and
test a bus system of any current and voltage rating.
 Introduction xxv

This part specifically deals with by all member countries who follow international practices
in design and manufacture of their products to facilitate
• Design parameters better understanding and business relations with other
• Sandwich, compact and partially isolated low loss countries. With a view to making transition easier, higher
bus systems voltage variations (as noted in the tables) are now
• Short-circuit effects prescribed for all new equipment and devices
• Electrodynamic and electromagnetic forces manufactured as per the new voltages to facilitate easy
• Effects of proximity and reducing this by phase retrofitting of the old equipment and devices with the
interleaving or phase transposition new ones without calling for two designs to meet the
• Designing a reactor for the middle phase to balance situation.
a large unbalanced current-carrying system All countries following international Standards were
• Recommended practices to mount buses and make required to follow the revised voltage systems by 2003.
bus connections But many of them have not been able to do so as yet,
• A detailed discussion on the isolated phase bus system because of practical problems. Although the maximum
concentrating on continuous enclosures and their change is only in LV voltages, it too demands for change
design aspects in design and change of existing equipment and devices
• Sample calculation to design an IPB besides the change of supply voltage in the existing
• Testing of bus systems. distribution networks and all that is not an easy task.
Nevertheless most countries are endeavouring to fall in
IEC 60038 New voltage systems line sooner or later. We have therefore retained our earlier
tables. They will stand modified in proportion to the
In pursuit of bringing more uniformity in voltage systems change in voltages. For exact details, one may refer to
and promoting international understanding and business the relevant Standards. To identify the voltage
amongst various countries, IEC in consultation with level, the nomenclatures used by us are shown in Table
experts of many countries has made an attempt to club I-4.
dissimilar voltages practised by different countries into
just a few slabs to narrow down this disparity for the
Table I-2 Series I or II (50 Hz or 60Hz)
advantage of all. The new voltage systems are noted in
the Table I-1 for LV and Tables I-2 and I-3 for HV and Series I (50 Hz) Series II (60 Hz)
EHV systems. These voltage systems are to be followed
Highest Nominal Highest voltage Nominal System
voltage for system for voltage (Vr )
Table I-1 IEC 60038 New voltage systems equipment *Vm voltage (**Vr ) equipment Vm kV (+5%,
kV kV(± 10%) kV –10%)
Nominal voltages (Vr )
3.6 3.3 3 4.40 4.16
Series I Series II 7.2 6.6 6 – –
(50 Hz) (60 Hz)
12 11 10 – –
– 120/208 – – – 13.2 12.47
– 240 – – – 13.97 13.2
* 230/400 277/480 – – – 14.52 13.8
*400/690 480 (17.5) – (15) – –
– 347/600 24 22 20 – –
1000 600 – – – 26.42 24.94
36 33 – – –
* The manufacturers and users shall endeavour to change over by – – – 36.5 34.5
2003 from the existing 220/380 V and 240/415 V systems to the 40.5 – 35 – –
new voltage system of 230/400 V (+6%, –10%) or (+10%, –6%)
respectively. The first step shall be taken by the electricity supply * Vm – represents the dielectric strength of an equipment, device or
authorities of a country to adjust their voltages to the revised level power system for which it is designed.
to be followed suit by the manufacturers and users of equipment ** Vr – nominal or rated system voltage at which an equipment, de-
and devices. vice or power system shall usually operate.
xxvi Introduction

Table I-3 Series I or II (50 Hz or 60 Hz) Table I-4 Nomenclatures used to represent different voltage levels
Highest voltage for Nominal system voltage
equipment *Vm (**Vr ) System Nominal voltage (Vr) kV
kV kV LV Vr ≤ 1
(52) (45) – MV 1 < Vr ≤ 35
72.5 66 69 HV 35 < Vr ≤ 230
EHV 230 < Vr ≤ 800
123 110 115 

 (i) UHV Vm = 1050 or 1200 kV
145 132 138 
 (practised in USA)
(170) (150) –
245 220 230 Note
 (ii) For all voltages above LV we have used the nomenclature as HV unless
(300)  where the voltage range is specific such as for motors and generators
362 

 we have used MV. Similarly we have identified,
 (iii)
420 
 
 Transformer voltages as: Lower voltage side – LV
 (iv) Higher voltage side – HV
550 (or 525) 

800 (or 765)
1050 (or 1100) 
 (v)
1200 
1. Values in parentheses are not the preferred values.
2. Wherever two voltage systems for one Vm have been prescribed
a country may adopt to any one of them.
3. For more details refer to IEC 60038
* Vm – represents the dielectric strength of an equipment, device or
power system for which it is designed.
** Vr – nominal or rated system voltage at which an equipment, de-
vice or power system shall usually operate.
Notes
i, ii, iii, iv – For one country one must choose only one voltage sys-
tem from one group
v – Countries using 1050 kV should not use 800 or 1200 kV.
Electrical Power Engineering
Reference & Applications
Handbook

Revised and upgraded edition of

Industrial Power Engineering and
Applications Handbook
ISBN: 0-7506-7351-6