LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

Distinguish the measure of association to be used given the raw data;

Analyze correlational problems using Data Analysis Toolpak in MS Excel;

Definition of a Measure of Association

Measures of Association

MODULE 8
A measure of association or relationship is used to determine the degree of
relationship between two variables (x and y). These variables are observed in their
natural setting. They cannot be manipulated nor controlled.

The correlational coefficient takes on the values ranging from [-1.0, 1]. The
quantity r, called the linear correlation coefficient, measures the strength and the
direction of a linear relationship between two variables.

Direction of Relationship
1. Perfect Positive Correlation
If x and y have a strong positive linear correlation, r is close to +1.0. An r
value which is exactly equal to +1.0 indicates a perfect positive fit. Positive
values indicate a relationship between x and y variables such that as values
for x increase, values for y also increase.
 Measures of Association

2. Perfect Negative Correlation

If x and y have a strong negative linear correlation, r is close to -1.0. An r
value which is exactly equal to -1.0 indicates a perfect negative fit. Negative
values indicate a relationship between x and y variables such that as values
for x increase, values for y also decrease and vice versa.
 Measures of Association

Some Correlational Techniques

1. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation or Pearson r is used when both
variables are measured on an interval or ratio scale. The computational formula
is given by:

2. Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient is used when both variables

are measured on an ordinal data. We may have two scenarios here (a) original
data are ranked; (b) original data are measured on an interval/ratio scale
converted into ranks. The computational formula is given by:
 Measures of Association

3. Point Biserial Correlation Coefficient is used when one of the variables is

measured on an interval or ratio scale and the other variable is dichotomous
variable (variables that have two categories). The computational formula is given
by:

4. Phi Coefficient or the Four-fold Coefficient is used when both x and y are
dichotomous. The computational formula is given by:
 Measures of Association

Categories Favored Did not Total

Divorce Favor
Divorce
Husbands 30 (a) 20 (b) 50 (e)
Wives 20 (c) 30 (d) 50 (f)
Total 50 (g) 50 (h) 100

Hypothetical Example: rΦ = 0.7 very highly correlated

Testing the Significance of an r

5. Chi Square Test for Independence compares two variables in a contingency

table to see if they are related. In a more general sense, it tests to see whether
distributions of categorical variables differ from each other. A very small chi
square test statistic means that your observed data fits your expected data
extremely well meaning that the two variables have correlation. Equivalently, a
very large chi square test statistic means that the data do not fit very well. In
other words, there is no relationship between the two variables.
 Measures of Association

Illustrative Example
Sampl Se Socio- QPA QPA in Rank in Rank in Oral Attendance
e x Economi in Englis Abstract Communicatio to
c Status Mat h Reasonin n Kindergarte
h g n
1 M Poor 1.3 1.8 2 5 Did Not
Attend
2 F Poor 1.2 1.7 3 4 Attended
3 M Non- 1.5 1.5 5 2 Attended
Poor
4 M Poor 1.4 1.6 4 3 Did Not
Attend
5 F Non- 1.0 1.2 1 1 Attended
Poor

Utilizing Data Analysis ToolPak in MS Excel

QPA in QPA in
  Math English
QPA in
Math 1
QPA in
English 0.485512 1
 Measures of Association

The computed r value of 0.485512 indicates that there is a moderate correlation

between QPA in Math and QPA in English of the sampled population. That means, as
QPA in Math increases, the WPA in English increases also (and vice versa).

ACTIVITY No. 1
SELF
SELF ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT QUESTION
QUESTION NO.No. 2
ACTIVITY No.as2Attendance
TestAnswer
the relationship
the following of Sex and their
questions briefly to Kindergarten in the table below:
1 as possible.
One1. hundred
A
In random
a surveyindividuals,
sample
conductedof aged
fifty 20-58,
men
with andwere a test ofwere
fiftystudents
university women onpsychomotor
surveyed skill.
as to
a controversial Boththe
age and
drinking
issue,
scoreand
habits were classified
classified asas shown in heavy
alcoholics, the accompanying
drinkers andintable:
light drinkers.
following
Sample results
S were
Socio- obtained:
QPA QPA Rank Rank in The results
Attendance
were: e Economi in in Abstract Oral to
Students vs Opinion Agree Score Disagree
x c Status Math Englis Reasoning Commu Kindergarten
Age
Sex ANSWERS
vs Alcohol HighTO SELF
Alcoholic Average
ASSESSMENT
Heavy 139 LightLow
QUESTION No.
Seniors
40-59 23 176h 20 nication 17
Consumption 1Drinkers Drinkers
1 20-39 M Poor 1.3
18 1.8 12 2 5 Did Not
Freshmen
Male 11157 18 204 21 10 Attend
Utilizing the Female Test for Independence,
7 15computed Chi28Square is 0.44. The
2 Chi FSquare Poor 1.2 1.7 the 3 4 Attended
tabular value
3 is 4.61
M with Non-0.05m1.5 alpha and1.5 2 as degrees5 of freedom,
2 thisAttended
leads to the
Analyze
conclusion usingthe
to reject Data Analysis
null hypothesis ToolPak.
that Useis0.05
there no alpha to testintheir
relationship whether
the their
psychomotor
Poor
independence.
opinions differ
skills test4scoresMamong or not.
one hundred individual. This
Poor 1.4 1.6 4 implies that 3 their psychomotor
Did Not
skills of the two age groups differ from each other at 0.05 level of significance. Attend
5 F Non- 1.0 1.2 1 1 Attended
Poor
 Measures of Association

ANSWERS TO SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTION No.

2

Attendance to
Sample Sex
Kindergarten

1 0 0
2 1 1
3 0 1
4 0 0
5 1 1
did not
M=0
attend=0
F=1 attended=1

Attenda
nce to
Kinderga
  Sex rten
Sex 1
Attenda
nce to
Kinderga 0.666
rten 667 1

The correlational coefficient value of 0.666667 suggests that there is a moderate

correlation between Sex and Attendance to Kindergarten of the sampled population.
 Measures of Association
Examples for Self-Assessment Questions were taken from the book: Probability & Statistics.
Ymas Jr., Sergio E. Sta Monica Printing Corporation.Manila Philippines.2009

Step 2:
Write the left most column d
hen three or more numbers must
be
added, the chances of making a
mistake
becomes much smaller if the
first two
numbers are added and then the
third one