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Calculations
Dr M. A. A. Shoukat Choudhury
Department off Chemical
C Engineering
BUET, Dhaka – 1000
Motivation
Degrees of Freedom
• DOF = No. of variables – No. of equations
• DOF = 0 A Unique Solution
• DOF > 0 underspecified problem
problem, infinitely many
solutions
• DOF
DOF<0 0, overspecified problem
problem, probably
probably, you
made some mistake and wrote more equations
than that you are entitled to. However, in some
other areas, you may find DOF>0 where there is
no unique solution
DOF (cont
(cont’d)
d)
• DOF signifies the no. of variables that
should be independently specified to
define the p
problem completely.
p y These
externally specified variables are called
design variables
• Once design variables are specified, the
other variables can be calculated from the
relations/equations,
l ti / ti which
hi h are called
ll d state
t t
variables.
10 1a - Single Process Unit
10.1a
n1 kg
k O2
40 oC Mixer
n4 kg O2
n5 kg
g N2
n2 kg
k O2 50 oC
n3 kg N2
Q, kJ
25 oC
DOF = 4
1. Straight-Forward Solution:
• Sequential Modular
- break-down flow chart in terms of modules
- write the algorithm/subroutine for the module
- use the modules as needed to solve the whole problem
sequentially
- Commercial softwares: ASPEN Plus, HYSIS, CHEMCAD, ICAS,
Design II
• Equation Based
- Equations of all units are collected and solved simultaneously
- simultaneous solution of a large number of equations (some of
them may be nonlinear) can be cumbersome and time consuming
- powerful equation solving commercial packages – Maple, Matlab,
Mathcad, E-Z solve
Recently, a combination of the above two approaches are also being used.
A Problem from Final Exam of Feb, 2009