University of Technology and Applied Sciences - Sohar

Department of Engineering

ENGINEERING MATERIALS
(ENME2102)

SEMESTER - 20FL

ENME2102 Engineering Materials

Lab report with data collection and analysis

EXPERIMENT No. 2-----

Name of the Experiment: IMPACT STRENGTH

Score
S.No. Factors Marks allotted Marks obtained
1 Writing Aim / Objective 0.5

2 Writing Experimental Procedures 1.0

3 Calculation & Graph (if any) 1.0

4 Conclusion / Inference / Discussion 0.5
5 Submission on time – Report 0.5
6 Attendance 0.5
Marks scored out of 04 marks
Name of the student Ahmed Mohammed Al-Maskari
ID No. 2018298013
Section 20

Staff-in-Charge Signature

Dr. K.Baskaran

Date of submission of lab report: 19/11/2020

 Abstract:
In conventional types of impact tests the impact strength is reported
in terms of the energy to fracture W divided by the ligament area A. It
is well known that such an analysis of the data is not satisfactory,
mainly due to the fact that w/A has a strong geometrical dependence.
The research work described in this thesis dealt with the
examination of these geometrical effects for polymers in the Chirpy and
Izod loading situations, and, by employing the fracture mechanics concepts,
the critical strain energy release rate, Gs’ was deduced directly from
the energy measurements.
The success of this approach to the field of impact testing has been
clearly indicated throughout the thesis, since the same Gc value was
obtained for both Chirpy and Izod tests.
The effect of temperature on the impact behavior of polymers was
also examined. The concept of the plane strain fracture toughness Gcl
and the plane stress fracture toughness Gc2 with yield stress changes
gave a good picture of variations with temperature and specimen thickness.
Finally, the analysis of blunt notch data showed that the fracture
mechanics idea of a plastic zone provided a method of describing blunt
notch impact data in terms of the sharp notch result Gc and the plane
strain elastic energy gyp?.
 Objectives:

To determine the impact or resilience strength of different plastic materials (PVC,

PTFE, Methacrylate).

Introduction:
Impact strength is widely acknowledged to be one of the most
important properties of materials. It is considered as a major criterion
in the specification of the mechanical usefulness of any material, plastic
or metal. The importance of the impact test lies in the fact that it
provides a method of quality control, mainly for plastics, and also
provides design information for research and development. In quality
control it is used to determine the uniformity of production of a given
material. By design information is meant prediction of the relative
toughness of a material under practical conditions. Unfortunately,
although impact- testing is very popular and often discussed, it is
seldom fully understood. The strength of materials may be defined in
many ways, and some of the most common parameters include tensile
strength, yield strength, and creep limit. These material strength
properties involve the gradual application of force until the material
breaks or shows deformity. The near-instantaneous implementation of
load causes the material to absorb the energy. When the amount of energy
exceeds that which it can accommodate, the material will experience
fracture or damage.
In this case, it can be said that the impact strength of the material has
been surpassed. The Charpy impact test makes use of a pendulum arm
attached to a recalibrated energy gauge [4]. The material specimen is
customized to take the shape of a bar with a small V- or U-shaped notch
in the middle. Izod test of impact test is similar to the Charpy test in the
sense that it also uses a hammer attached to a pendulum arm to hit a
custom-made specimen bar and measure the energy needed to fracture it.
In this experiment, we will test the elasticity and hardness of some
materials through a destructive test to make sure of their hardness,
flexibility and strength in absorbing energy.
 Equipment’s:

 Pendulum
 Hammers
 Charpy vice
 Izod vice
 Allen keys
 Protractor

Method:
First, we will install the piece in a specific device that looks like a
pendulum at a certain height and let it fall free to break the piece at the
bottom and then rise a certain height.

Procedure:
1-Check the equalization of bubbles in the plate.
2-Fix the sample below the pendulum.
3-Raise the pendulum at an angle of 150 degrees.
4-Take a final look at the needle indicating the final angle and close the
protection door.
5-Release the pendulum and make it fall and break the sample, then write
down the angle you got.
Results:
Modulus of Impact
Initial Final Impact
Method Material Rupture Strength
Reading Reading Energy
(N/m2) (N/m)
193750
Izod
150 137 0.620 N/m^2 775 N/m
PMMA
85625 342.5
Charpy
150 140 0.274 N/m^2 N/m
210937.5 843.75
Izod
150 136 0.675 N/m^2 N/m
PVC
115625 462.5
Charpy
150 137 0.370 N/m^2 N/m
321250 1285
Izod
150 130 0.028 N/m^2 N/m
PTFE
136250
Charpy
150 135 0.436 N/m^2 545 N/m
340625 1362.5
Izod
150 129 1.090 N/m^2 N/m
HIPS
Charpy 95312.5 381.25
150 139 0.305 N/m^2 N/m
Calculation:
Impact Energy:
Impact Energy= M*g*L*(cos ß-cos a)
Izod - PMMA = 1.425*9.8*0.33 *cos (137) - cos (150) = 0.620N.m
Charpy-PMMA = 0.58*9.8*0.33 *cos (140) - cos (150) = 0.274N.m
Izod - PVC = 1.425*9.8*0.33 *cos (136) - cos (150) = 0.675N.m
Charpy-PVC = 0.58*9.8*0.33 *cos (137) - cos (150) = 0.370N.m
Izod - PTFE =1.425*9.8*0.33 *cos (130) - cos (150) = 1.028N.m
Charpy-PTFE = 0.58*9.8*0.33 *cos (135) - cos (150) = 0.436N.m

Discussion:
1- a) HIPS has the highest impact Strength inizodmethod.
b) PMMA has the lower impact strength in izod method.
2- Is the amount of power per unit volume that a matter can absorb
before rupturing.
3- Impact tester is measured by the amount of energy the stomach
absorbs during a fracture
4- Each substance has a different impact Strength, and the impact
Strength of each substance differs in different conditions, from this
test, it can be inferred that whether the duration is suitable for the
product or work you want to do.
5- Since it measures the amount of power absorbed during fracturing
by a matter and this absorbed power is a measure of the hardness of a
given matter.
6- a) Effect test from Charpy (1900 S.D.)
b) Izod Impact Strength Test (1876-1946)
c) Instrumented Effect Test (1850's)
Conclusion:
In this experiment we tested the hardness of the material through
impact test, and two methods of testing were used for each of the
materials (Izod and Charpy). Such experiments are commonly used
to decide the suitable material for building or industry etc. from
within a group of proposed materials.

-References:
https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/22417/2/Plati-E-
1975-PhD-Thesis.pdf

https://omnexus.specialchem.com/polymer-
properties/properties/toughness

https://www.element.com/nucleus/2016/12/12/21/43/charpy-vs-izod-
impact

https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=10145