IOT BASED SMART FARM

INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE:
In IOT BASED SMART FARM, a System is formed to monitor the farmland with the help of
sensors, which sense components like Plant Health, Soil moisture, Soil pH, Soil quality, Soil NPK,
Soil Heat Flux, Leaf wetness, Leaf Temperature etc. The System will later on connected with a
data analytics platform at the backend for research purposes at the University main campus,
Rawalpindi.

SCOPE:
The scope of this document is to identify the software requirement specifications relating to e-
enablement of the Smart Farming Process and Smart Farming related information. Smart
Farming is a concept quickly catching on in the agricultural business. Sensors capable of
providing with information about plant health, Soil moisture, Soil pH, Soil quality, Soil NPK,
water level, pH, temperature, light intensity, crop yields, pest infestation and soil nutrition are
invaluable to production and offer precise data which can be used to improve farming
techniques over time.

OVERALL DESCRIPTION
PRODUCT PROSPECTIVE:
IoT technology accustomed collect information about environmental conditions such as soil
moisture, atmospheric temperature, and atmospheric humidity that are favorable for various
micro-organism to develop, and cause diseases in crops. IoT supports farmers to urge to
connect his farm from anywhere and anytime in the world. Sensors connected to wireless
networks are used for monitoring the farm conditions and microcontrollers are accustomed to
control and automate the farm processes to look at remotely the conditions. A smartphone
allows farmers to remain updated with the continued conditions of his agricultural land using
IoT at any time and any part of the world. IoT technology can reduce the challenges and
enhance the productivity of traditional farming. For Plant health monitoring system leaf
wetness, Bud temperature, Eddy Covariance for Eta Calculation and gas emissions, Automatic
DEW Point and ET calculation Sensors are used. The Leaf Witness Sensor, manufactured by
METER Environment, can detect small amounts of water or ice on the sensor surface for leaf
wetness applications. Because the LWS measures the dielectric constant of the sensor’s upper
surface, it can detect the presence of water or ice anywhere on the sensor’s surface. Apogee
Instruments' leaf and bud temperature sensor (formerly called the radiation frost detector) is
an innovative temperature sensor designed to mimic leaves and flower/fruit buds, which can
sometimes drop well below the ambient air temperature due to long-wave radiation loss on
clear, calm nights. Automatic DEW Point and ET calculation Sensor would be able to provide
automatic evapotranspiration. The evapotranspiration monitoring system would have
monitoring and data logging option for the calculation of potential evapotranspiration (ETo). It
would be calculated from the values of the Meteorological sensors like Solar Radiation Sensor,
Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe, Tipping Bucket Rain Gage, and Anemometer.
Designed specifically for eddy-covariance carbon and water flux measurements, the patented
design is easier to install and use than separate sensors and provides increased measurement
accuracy. It measures absolute carbon dioxide and water vapor, air temperature, barometric
pressure, three-dimensional wind speed, and sonic air Temperature. For Soil nutrients and KNP
measurement Comprehensive soil sensor is used. Comprehensive soil sensor is a soil all-in-one
sensor independently developed by jingxuntong. It can simultaneously monitor soil
temperature, soil moisture, soil pH, soil electrical EC, soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
and other parameters. The product adopts the international new generation TDR measurement
method, and the detection accuracy can reach within 3%; the special metal probe greatly
extends the service life of the product. For Pesticide management Multi-Copter Agricultural DJI
Agras T16 Drone is used.The Agras T16 has an improved overall structure with modular design
and supports the highest payload and widest spray width ever in a DJI agricultural drone. With
powerful hardware, an AI engine, and 3D-operation planning, the T16 brings operation
efficiency to a whole new level. The all-new modular design of the T16 simplifies assembly and
accelerates daily maintenance. An IP67 rating provides reliable protection for key components
of the drone. A light, yet durable airframe is made of carbon fiber composites and can be
quickly folded to 25% of its original size, making it easy for transportation. Both the battery and
spray tank are easily swappable, significantly improving the efficiency of power and liquid
supply. Supported by its outstanding flight performance, the T16 spray tank can carry up to 16
L, and the spray width has increased to 6.5 Im. The spraying system has 4 delivery pumps and 8
sprinklers with a maximum spray rate of 4.8 L/min. The T16 can spray 24.7 acres (10
hectares) per hour. The spraying system also has an all-new electromagnetic flow meter,
providing higher precision and stability than conventional flow meters. The all-new modular
aerial-electronics system in the T16 has dual IMUs and barometers and adopts a propulsion
signal redundancy design to ensure flight safety. The GNSS+RTK dual-redundancy system
supports centimeter-level positioning. It also supports dual-antenna technology that provides
strong resistance against magnetic interference. For Irrigation system smart drip irrigation and
sprinkler irrigation system would be installed in field. The drip irrigation would be installed at 5
Acres for orchard and 5 Acres of land for field crop. Approx. 5 Acres of field crops would be
irrigated through fixed Rain gun Sprinkler Irrigation system. For orchard, the drippers will be
used and for field crop the drip tape will be used at the laterals.

Land would be divided in zones and sub zones based upon predefined crop/soil management in
the respective zone/sub zone, the irrigation would be done accordingly.

The irrigation requirement would be evaluated from the wireless sensors installed in the
orchard and field crops; the irrigation requirement would be evaluated through the sensors.

Main laterals would be of UPVC 2” and sub laterals would be 1.5” and lateral lines LDPE 20mm
with approx.1.5mm wall thickness with adjustable drippers to take care of the futuristic
requirement of the growth of the plants. Adjustable drippers would have the water output
capacity of 1-20 liters/hour according to field design. The sub laterals would have the flushing
out valves installed at the end. The length of the main lateral, sub main and lateral would be
designed properly according to field requirement and in addition main and sub main would be
placed 2-3 feet below ground surface.

There would be an electronic control valve and sensor according to field requirement for zones-
based automation and operation of system. The adjustable drippers/emitters would be placed
in field according to field requirement. The whole system would work on the solar energy.
There would be an additional system for the approximately 5-Acres of field crops to irrigate
through Rain gun Sprinkler Irrigation System with auto on/off feature based upon the feedback
of sensors for the irrigation requirement. Sprinkler Irrigation System would be designed
properly according to crop water requirement and to ensure maximum uniformity over the
entire area. Sprinkler irrigation system would be designed with overlapping to ensure
maximum uniformity. Automation of sprinkler irrigation would also be linked with wind speed
and application of water prefer during low wind speed time. Height of the rain gun would be
adjustable as per crop growth stages. Appropriate range rain gun would be preferred according
to field layout and crop management zones. Different size of nozzles and angle adjuster would
be provided with each rain gun. Three separate control panels would be provided: one for the
orchard, second for drip irrigation of field crops and third for sprinkler irrigation.
The control panel would be well designed and complete in all respect with appropriate safety
measures, gauging instrumentation with demonstrational labeling. System would cover all
aspects including but not limited to circuit breakers, relays, Indicator lights, Power panel meters
and other required components to operate the system manually or automatically. The status of
electronic valves would also be displayed with manual turn ON/OFF feature.
 ORCHARD & CROP

Plant/Crop Health Monitoring Internet

SOIL NUTRIENT MEASUREMENT

PESTICIDES MANAGMENT

KNP MANAGMENT

IRRIGATION MANAGMENT
Data Storage
SMART FARMING

PRODUCT COMPONENTS AND THEIR FEATURES:

Following are the Product Components and their features that are required in Smart Farming.

Plant Health Monitoring System

Plant Health Monitoring System should be able to detect leaf wetness, leaf Temperature, Bud
Temperature, following sensors/equipment’s will be used in the field to monitor the crop
health status.

 leaf wetness Sensor

 leaf Temperature Sensor
 Eddy Covariance Sensor for Eta Calculation and gas emissions
 Automatic DEW Point and ET calculation Sensor
 Bud Temperature Sensor
 Multispectral Radiometer

Every equipment has its own features and specifications. One of them is leaf wetness sensor.
The LWS, manufactured by METER Environment, can detect small amounts of water or ice on
the sensor surface for leaf wetness applications. Because the LWS measures the dielectric
constant of the sensor’s upper surface, it can detect the presence of water or ice anywhere on
the sensor’s surface. The LWS is designed to be deployed either in the canopy or on a weather
station mast. Two holes in the non-sensing portion of the sensor body are provided for
attaching the sensor to a pole or branch via twist ties or with 4-40 bolts.
Features

 Imitates characteristics of a leaf

 Does not require painting or calibration of individual sensors
 Detects trace amounts of water or ice on the leaf surface
Specifications

Measurement Dry, frosted, wet

Description

Signal Type/Output Analog voltage

Measurement Time 10 ms

Power 2.5 Vdc @ 2 mA to 5 Vdc @ 7 mA

Output 250 to 1500 mV (mill volt reading relates to moisture state)

Operating Temperature -40° to +60°C

Range

Life Expectancy 2+ years (continuous use)

Painting Does not require painting.

Dimensions 12.0 x 5.8 x 0.8 cm (4.7 x 2.3 x 0.3 in.)

Weight 0.14 kg (5 oz) with 4.57 m (15 ft) cable

This would also be connected with CR6 data logger of AWS through wire.

Second one is Leaf and Bud Temperature Sensor. Apogee Instruments’ leaf and bud temperature sensor
(formerly called the radiation frost detector) is an innovative temperature sensor designed to mimic
leaves and flower/fruit buds, which can sometimes drop well below the ambient air temperature due to
long-wave radiation loss on clear, calm nights. Knowing exactly when a radiation frost even is occurring
allows you to activate frost protection equipment in time to protect your crops and eliminates starting
frost protection too early, which wastes money.

Features and Specifications

Third one is Automatic DEW Point and ET calculation Sensor. The installed AWS would be able
to provide automatic evapotranspiration.
The evapotranspiration monitoring system would have monitoring and data logging option for
the calculation of potential evapotranspiration (ETo).
It would be calculated from the values of the Meteorological sensors like Solar Radiation
Sensor, Air Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe, Tipping Bucket Rain Gage, and
Anemometer.

Fourth one is Eddy Covariance Sensor for Eta Calculation and gas emissions. Campbell
Scientific’s IRGASON® fully integrates the open-path analyzer and sonic anemometer. Designed
specifically for eddy-covariance carbon and water flux measurements, the patented design is
easier to install and use than separate sensors and provides increased measurement accuracy.
The IRGASON® simultaneously measures absolute carbon dioxide and water vapor, air
temperature, barometric pressure, three-dimensional wind speed, and sonic air
temperature. U.S. patent D680455.

Features

 Harsh Sonic Environment Option adds conformal coating to transducers to better

withstand corrosive environments
 Combined support structure causes less flow distortion than two separate
sensors
 Truly collocated gas analyzer and sonic anemometer measurements avoid flux
loss due to sensor separation
 Synchronized gas analyzer and sonic anemometer measurements avoid the need
to correct for time lag
 Low power consumption; suitable for solar power applications
 Measurements are temperature compensated without active heat control
 Low noise
 Maximum output rate of 60 Hz with 20 Hz bandwidth
 Angled windows shed water and are tolerant to window contamination
 Field rugged
 Field serviceable
 Factory calibrated over wide range of CO 2, H2O, pressure, and temperature in all
combinations encountered in practice
 Extensive set of diagnostic parameters
 Fully compatible with Campbell Scientific dataloggers; field setup, configuration,
and field zero and span can be accomplished directly from the datalogger
 Sonic temperature determined from three acoustic paths; corrected for
crosswind effects
 Innovative signal processing and transducer wicks considerably improve
performance of the anemometer during precipitation events.
Specifications
Patent U.S. Patent No. D680455

Operating Temperature -30° to +50°C

Range

Calibrated Pressure 70 to 106 kPa

Range

Input Voltage Range 10 to 16 Vdc

Power 5 W (steady state and power up) at 25°C

Measurement Rate 60 Hz

Output Bandwidth 5, 10, 12.5, or 20 Hz (user-programmable)

Output Options SDM, RS-485, USB, analog (CO2 and H2O only)

Auxiliary Inputs Air temperature and pressure

Cable Length 3 m (10 ft) from IRGASON® to EC100

Weight 3.2 kg (7.1 lb) for EC100 electronics

2.8 kg (6.1 lb) for IRGASON® head and cables

Gas Analyzer

Path Length 15.37 cm (6.05 in.) 

A temperature of 20°C and pressure of 101.325 kPa was used to
convert mass density to concentration.

Gas Analyzer - CO2 Performance

-NOTE- A temperature of 20°C and pressure of 101.325 kPa was used to

convert mass density to concentration.

Accuracy Assumes the following: the gas analyzer was properly zero
 and spanned using the appropriate standards; CO2 span
concentration was 400 ppm; H2O span dewpoint was at 12°C (16.7
ppt); zero/span temperature was 25°C; zero/span pressure was 84
kPa; subsequent measurements made at or near the span
concentration; temperature is not more than ±6°C from the
zero/span temperature; and ambient temperature is within the gas
analyzer operating temperature range.
1% (standard deviation of calibration residuals)

Precision RMS 0.2 mg/m3 (0.15 μmol/mol) 

(maximum)
Nominal conditions for precision verification test: 25°C, 86 kPa, 400
μmol/mol CO2, 12°C dewpoint, and 20 Hz bandwidth.

Calibrated Range 0 to 1,000 μmol/mol (0 to 3,000 μmol/mol available upon request.)

Zero Drift with ±0.55 mg/m3/°C (±0.3 μmol/mol/°C)

Temperature (maximum)

Gain Drift with ±0.1% of reading/°C

Temperature (maximum)

Cross Sensitivity ±1.1 x 10-4 mol CO2/mol H2O

(maximum)

Gas Analyzer - H2O Performance

-NOTE- A temperature of 20°C and pressure of 101.325 kPa was used to

convert mass density to concentration.

Accuracy Assumes the following: the gas analyzer was properly zero
and spanned using the appropriate standards; CO2 span
concentration was 400 ppm; H2O span dew point was at 12°C (16.7
ppt); zero/span temperature was 25°C; zero/span pressure was 84
kPa; subsequent measurements made at or near the span
concentration; temperature is not more than ±6°C from the
zero/span temperature; and ambient temperature is within the gas
analyzer operating temperature range.
2% (standard deviation of calibration residuals)
Precision RMS 0.004 g/m3 (0.006 mmol/mol) 
(maximum)
Nominal conditions for precision verification test: 25°C, 86 kPa, 400
μmol/mol CO2, 12°C dewpoint, and 20 Hz bandwidth.

Calibrated Range 0 to 72 mmol/mol (38°C dewpoint)

Zero Drift with ±0.037 g/m3/°C (±0.05 mmol/mol/°C)

Temperature (maximum)

Gain Drift with ±0.3% of reading/°C

Temperature (maximum)

Cross Sensitivity ±0.1 mol H2O/mol CO2

(maximum)

Sonic Anemometer - Accuracy

-NOTE- The accuracy specification for the sonic anemometer is for wind
speeds < 30 m s-1 and wind angles between ±170°.

Offset Error < ±8.0 cm s-1 (for uxu)

< ±4.0 cm s-1 (for uz)
±0.7° while horizontal wind at 1 m s-1 (for wind direction)

Gain Error < ±2% of reading (for wind vector within ±5° of horizontal)
< ±3% of reading (for wind vector within ±10° of horizontal)
< ±6% of reading (for wind vector within ±20° of horizontal)

Measurement Precision 1 mm s-1 (for ux, u)

RMS 0.5 mm s-1 (for u)
0.025°C (for sonic temperature)
0.6° (for wind direction)

Speed of Sound Determined from 3 acoustic paths (corrected for crosswind effects)

Rain Innovative signal processing and transducer wicks considerably

improve performance of the anemometer during precipitation
 events.

Basic Barometer (option -BB)

Total Accuracy ±3.7 kPa at -30°C, falling linearly to ±1.5 kPa at 0°C (-30° to
0°C)
±1.5 kPa (0° to 50°C)

Measurement Rate 10 Hz

Ambient Temperature

Manufacturer BetaTherm 100K6A1IA

Total Accuracy ±0.15°C (-30° to +50°C)

This would also be connected with CR6 data logger of AWS and would also be mounted on the
same mast of AWS to get the input parameters from AWS.

Fifth one is Multispectral Radiometer.PS-100 By Apogee Instruments, USA

Absolute spectral measurement across a wide wavelength range

All units are calibrated in absolute radiation units for wavelengths between 300 and 1000 nm.

Features and Specification

Wavelength Sensitivity 350 to 1150 nm

Irradiance Calibration Range 350 to 1000 nm
Wavelength Resolution 1 nm
Detector Type CCD, 2048 pixel
Grating Type Holographic &ruled, 600 g/nm
Digitizer 16-bit
Signal to Noise Ratio 1000:1
Stray Light 0.1 % at 435 nm, 0.5 % at 600 nm
Measurement Repeatability Less than 1 %
Irradiance Calibration Uncertainty ± 10 %
Operating Temperature 0 to 60 C
 Optical Cable 2 m armored fiber-optic

Soil Monitoring System

Soil Monitoring System should be able to detect Soil moisture, Soil NPK, Soil pH, Soil Heat Flux, Soil EC
(Electrical Conductivity) etc. Different sensors/equipment’s will be used in the field to monitor the soil
parameters like Soil pH, Soil Moisture, Soil NPK, Soil Organic matter.

Sensor we used is Integrated Soil Moisture, EC, Temperature, NPK & pH Sensor.

JXBS-3001 by JXCT, China

The soil integrated meter is suitable for detecting soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, PH, EC,
temperature and humidity, widely used in rice fields, greenhouse cultivation, rice, vegetable
cultivation, orchard nursery, flowers and soil research.
Specifications
Size 122*82*116mm

Measurement method FDR

NPK Detect Range 0-1999mg/kg

Accuracy ± 2%F. s

Response Time <10s

Working Temperature 5~45

Working Moisture 5~95%, relevant

Baud Rate 2400/4800/9600

Features
 Five Parameter Measurement (NPK, PH, EC, Temperature, Humidity)
 Accurate Measurement
 Water Proof
 Dust Proof
 Wireless remote viewing

Pest Monitoring System

Pest monitoring system should be able to capture the crop images at random points on the
basis of machine learning and identify crop pest.

Weather Monitoring System

Weather monitoring system will be installed near field crop area and should be able to detect
parameters like Air Temperature, Wind Speed, Relative Humidity, Sunshine hours, Light
intensity, Rainfall and Wind Direction etc. Following sensors/equipment’s will be used in the
field to monitor the field weather status.

 Air Temperature
 Relative Humidity
 Barometric Pressure
 Anemometer
 Wind Direction
 Global Solar Radiation
 Tipping bucket Rain Gauge

Every equipment has its own features and specifications. One of them is Anemometer.
Compatible with most Campbell Scientific data loggers. Designed for continuous, long-term,
unattended operation in adverse conditions. Small size, simplicity, and rugged construction
provide a quality instrument for a modest price. Ideal for wind profile studies. Compatible with
the LLAC4 4-channel Low-Level AC-Conversion Module, which increases the number of
anemometers one data logger can measure. Campbell Scientific version uses shielded bearings,
which lowers the anemometer's starting threshold. These sensors should be able to send the
data wirelessly to the data logger and server and we configured each accordingly. Wind
direction is sensed by a potentiometer. With the precision excitation voltage from the data
logger applied to the potentiometer element, the output signal is an analog voltage that is
directly proportional to the azimuth angle of the wind direction.
Benefits and Features

 Compatible with most Campbell Scientific data loggers

 Designed for continuous, long-term, unattended operation in adverse conditions
 Small size, simplicity, and rugged construction provide a quality instrument for a modest
price
 Ideal for wind profile studies
 Compatible with the LLAC4 4-channel Low-Level AC-Conversion Module, which increases
the number of anemometers one data logger can measure
 Campbell Scientific version uses shielded bearings, which lowers the anemometer's
starting threshold

Specifications
Applications General (Rain with light snow. Little or no riming or blowing
sand. No salt sprays.)

Sensor 3-cup anemometer and vane

Measurement Description Wind speed and direction

Operating Temperature -50° to +50°C (assuming non-riming conditions)

Range

Height 32 cm (12.6 in.)

Crossarm Length 40 cm (15.7 in.) between instruments (center-to-center)

Mounting Diameter 34 mm (1.34 in.); mounts on standard 1-in. IPS pipe

Wind Speed (Anemometer)

Range 0 to 50 m/s (0 to 112 mph)

Gust Survival 60 m/s (134 mph)

Sensor 12-cm diameter cup wheel assembly, 40-mm diameter

hemispherical cups

Accuracy ±0.5 m/s (1.1 mph)

 Turning Factor 75 cm (2.5 ft)

Distance Constant 2.3 m (7.5 ft) 63% recovery

Starting Threshold 0.5 m/s (1.1 mph)

Transducer Stationary coil (1300-ohm nominal resistance)

Transducer Output AC sine-wave signal induced by rotating magnet on cup wheel

shaft 100 mV peak-to-peak at 60 rpm (6 V peak-to-peak at
3600 rpm)

Output Frequency 1 cycle per cup wheel revolution (0.75 m/s per Hz)

Cup Wheel Diameter 12 cm (4.7 in.)

Weight 113 g (4 oz)

Wind Direction (Vane)

Mechanical Range 360°

Electrical Range 352° (8° open)

Settling Time 20 ms

Sensor Balanced vane; 16 cm turning radius

Accuracy ±5°

Damping Ratio 0.2

Delay Distance 0.5 m (1.6 ft) 50% recovery

Starting Threshold 0.8m/s (1.8 mph) with 10° displacement

 1.8 m/s (4 mph) with 5° displacement

Transducer Precision conductive plastic potentiometer (10-ohm

resistance)

1.0% linearity

Life expectancy is 50 million revolutions.

Rated 1 W at 40°C, 0 W at 125°C.

Transducer Excitation Requires regulated dc voltage. (15 Vdc maximum)

Transducer Output Analog dc voltage proportional to wind direction angle

with regulated excitation voltage supplied by the data logger

Vane Length 22 cm (8.7 in.)

Weight 170 (6 oz)

Second one is Combined Humidity and Temperature (HygroVUE10 by Campbell Scientific)

sensor The HygroVUE™10 offers a combined temperature and relative humidity element in an
advanced digital sensor that is ideal for weather networks. The electronics within the sensor
provide accurate measurements, and the sensor is easy to use. The digital SDI-12 output allows
a simple connection and measurement by many data logging systems. Another benefit is that
this digital output avoids the extra errors associated with measuring analog sensors.

A stainless-steel mesh filter on the HygroVUE™10 minimizes the effects of dust and dirt on the
sensor while allowing air exchange around the sensor element and reducing the chances that
condensation remains inside the filter cap. A small PTFE membrane filter is bonded to the
surface of the element, which prevents any finer dust or mold from directly influencing the
measurement.
Because the sensor housing is designed to withstand permanent exposure to various weather
conditions and to fit inside a range of radiation shields (including compact shields), the
HygroVUE™10 is truly suitable for a wide range of monitoring applications.
The HygroVUE™10 utilizes a latest-generation, Swiss-made, combined relative humidity and
temperature element based on CMOSens® technology that offers good measurements,
accuracy, and stability. Each element of the HygroVUE™10 is individually calibrated with the
calibration corrections stored on the chip. You can easily change the sensor element in the
field, which reduces your downtime and calibration costs.
When you use the HygroVUE™10 outdoors, it is standard practice to install the sensor within a
housing, known as a shield. The shield prevents solar radiation from heating the sensor and
creating measurement errors. The radiation shield also provides a degree of protection from
adverse weather, such as hail or driving rain. The most common type of shield is a relatively
small, naturally ventilated screen that is low maintenance and requires no power.

Specifications

Sensing Element SHT35 modified by Campbell Scientific

Communication Standard SDI-12 V1.4 (responds to a subset of commands)

Supply Voltage 7 to 28 Vdc

EMC Compliance Tested and conforms to IEC61326:2013.

Standard Operating -40° to +70°C

Temperature Range

Main Housing Material UV stable, white PET-P

Electronics Sealing IP67

Classification

Sensor Protection Outer glass-filled polypropylene cap fitted with a stainless-steel

mesh dust filter with nominal pore size of < 30 µm. The sensor
element has a PTFE protective film with a filtration efficiency of >
99.99% for particles of 200 nm or larger size.

Sensor Connector M12, male, 4-pole, A-coded

Cable Polyurethane sheathed, screened cable, nominal diameter 4.8 mm

(0.19 in.)

Field-Replaceable Chip or Field-replaceable chip

Recalibrate

Sensor Cap Diameter 12.5 mm (0.5 in.)

Body Diameter at 18 mm (0.7 in.)

Connector

Length 180 mm (7.1 in.) without cable fitted

Sensor Body Weight 50 g (1.8 oz)

Weight 250 g (8.8 oz) with 5 m (16.4 ft) cable

Relative Humidity

Measurement Range 0 to 100% RH

Accuracy -NOTE- The accuracy figures quoted are the 95% confidence
limits relative to factory standards.
±1.5% (at 25°C, over the range 0 to 80% RH)
±2% (at 25°C, over the range 80 to 100% RH)

Short-Term Hysteresis < ±1% RH

Additional Errors at < ±1% RH (over -40° to +60°C)

Other Temperatures

Long-Term Stability ±0.5% per year (maximum drift in clean air conditions)

Reported Resolution 0.001% RH

Repeatability 0.05% RH (3σ noise level)

Response Time with 8 s (63% response time in air moving at 1 m/s)

Filter
 Air Temperature

Measurement Range -40°C to +70°C

-NOTE- The accuracy figures quoted are the 95% confidence limits relative
to factory standards.

Accuracy ±0.2°C (over the range -40 to +70°C)

±0.1°C (over the range -20 to +60°C)

Long-Term Drift < 0.03°C per year

Reported Resolution 0.001°C

Repeatability 0.04°C (3σ noise level)

Response Time with < 130 s (63% response time in air moving at 1 m/s)
Filter

Calibration Traceability NIST and NPL standards

Maximum Current Drain

Quiescent 50 µA

During Measurement 0.6 mA (takes 0.5 s)

Third one is Rain Gauge (TE525WS by Texas Electronics, USA). The TE525WS, manufactured by
Texas Electronics, is a tipping bucket rain gage that conforms to the National Weather Service
recommendation for an 8 in. funnel orifice. It measures rainfall in 0.01 in. increments. This
tipping bucket is compatible with all Campbell Scientific data loggers, and it is widely used in
environmental monitoring applications. The TE525WS funnels precipitation into a bucket
mechanism that tips when filled to its calibrated level.  A magnet attached to the tipping
mechanism actuates a switch as the bucket tips. The momentary switch closure is counted by
the pulse-counting circuitry of our data loggers.

Benefits and Features

 Compatible with most Campbell Scientific data loggers

  Accuracy is ±1 percent at rates up to 1 in./hr.
 High precision—tips at 0.01-in. increments
 Conforms to the National Weather Service recommendation for an 8-inch funnel
orifice

Specifications
Sensor Type Tipping bucket with magnetic reed switch

Material Anodized aluminum

Operating Temperature 0° to 50°C

Range

Resolution 1 tip

Volume per Tip 8.24 ml/tip (0.28 fl. oz/tip)

Rainfall per Tip 0.254 mm (0.01 in.)

Accuracy 1.0% up to 50 mm/h (2 in./h)

Cable Type 2-conductor shielded

Orifice Diameter 20.3 cm (8 in.)

Dimensions 21 x 21 x 26.7 cm) (8.25 x 8.25 x 10.5 in.)

Cable Weight 0.1 kg (0.2 lb) per 3.05 m (10 ft) length

Tipping Bucket Weight 1.0 kg (2.2 lb)

Fourth one is Net Radiometer (SN-500 by Apogee Instruments, USA) .Net radiation at Earth's
surface is the source of available energy that drives key processes, including surface and
atmospheric heating, evaporation, sublimation, and transpiration. Shortwave radiation
(approximately 280 to 4000 nm) is emitted by the sun, and a fraction incident at Earth's surface
is reflected. Longwave radiation (approximately 4000 to 100,000 nm) is emitted by molecules in
the atmosphere and land surfaces. Net radiation is the difference between incoming
(downwelling) and outgoing (upwelling) shortwave and longwave radiation. Net radiation at
Earth's surface is spatially and temporally variable due to changes in position of the sun with
respect to Earth's surface, changes in atmospheric conditions, and differences in land surface
conditions. Shortwave radiation accounts for a larger proportion of net radiation during the day
when the sun is shining. Longwave radiation contributes to net radiation during the day and at
night.

Typical values of the four components of net radiation (Rnet) for a clear summer day near solar
noon over vegetation and a clear winter day near solar noon over snow are shown in the figure
below (all unites are W m-2). Net shortwave radiation is the difference between incoming
shortwave (from sun, SWi) and outgoing shortwave (reflected by surface, SWo). Net longwave
radiation is the difference between incoming longwave (emitted by molecules in the
atmosphere, LWi) and outgoing longwave (emitted by elements at the surface, LWo). Net
radiation is the sum of net shortwave and net longwave radiation. Net radiation changes with
solar zenith angle, atmospheric conditions (e.g., degree of cloudiness), and surface conditions
(e.g., bare soil, plant cover, snow).

Apogee Instruments model SN-500 net radiometers are four-component instruments, with
individual upward- and downward-looking pyranometers and pyrgeometers. Each radiometer
consists of a thermopile detector and filter mounted in an anodized aluminum housing. Each
radiometer is heated to minimize the effects of dew, frost, snow, and ice on the filter and
sensor head. Analog signals from each radiometer are measured with an onboard voltmeter
and converted to SDI-12 outputs, eliminating the need for multiple analog datalogger channels
to make the four-component measurement of net radiation. SN-500 net radiometers are small
and lightweight to facilitate rapid and simple mounting.

Specifications and Features

Input Voltage Range 5.5 to 24 V DC

Output Type SDI-12
1 s (SDI-12 data transfer rate; detector response
Response Time
times are 0.5 s)
Operating Environment -50 to 80 C; 0 to 100 % relative humidity
Dimensions 116 mm length, 45 mm width, 66 mm height
M8 connector (IP68 rating) to interface to sensor
housing; 5 m of four conductor, shielded,
Cable
twisted-pair wire with a TPR jacket; pigtail lead
wires
0.12 mV per W m-2 (variable from sensor to
Sensitivity
sensor, typical value listed)
Output Ranges -24 to 24 mV
Measurement Range -200 to 200 W m-2 (net longwave irradiance)
Detector Response Time Less than 0.5 s
 Temperature Sensor 30 kΩ thermistor, ± 1 C tolerance at 25 C

Zero Offset B Less than 5 W m-2

Fifth one is Atmospheric Pressure Sensor (SB-100 by Apogee Instruments, USA). Apogee
Instruments' barometric pressure sensors are accurate, stable, and durable at an affordable
cost.

Features and Specifications:

High Accuracy and Stability

Accurate within 1.5 % across a pressure range of 15 to 115 kPa (4.43 to 34.96 in Hg). Long-term
non-stability has been measured continuously indoors and in natural conditions (with sensors
mounted inside a datalogger enclosure) for multiple sensors and is less than 0.5 % per year.
Temperature effects on signal are less than 1 % across a wide temperature range (-20 to 50 C).

Typical Application

Barometric pressure sensor applications include pressure measurement in weather networks,

often for weather forecasting. They can also be used to correct the output of sensors that are
sensitive to pressure changes (for example, Apogee oxygen sensors).

Low Power, Large Signal

Pressure sensor power requirement is approximately 35 mW (7 mA current draw at 5 V DC).

Voltage output ranges from 0 to 5 V DC for a pressure range of 15 to 115 kPa.

Wide Operating Range

Operating environment for sensors is -40 to 80 C and 0 to 100 % RH (non-condensing).

Small Size

Sensor is small and lightweight (16 mm diameter, 5-gram mass), facilitating easy deployment
within a datalogger enclosure that keeps the sensor shields from solar radiation and
precipitation.

Automated Irrigated System

Two types of irrigation system

 Smart Drip Irrigation System

  Smart Sprinkler Irrigation System
The drip irrigation would be installed at 5 Acres for orchard and 5 Acres of land for field crop.
Approx. 5 Acres of field crops would be irrigated through fixed Rain gun Sprinkler Irrigation
system. For orchard, the drippers will be used and for field crop the drip tape will be used at the
laterals. Land would be divided in zones and sub zones based upon predefined crop/soil
management in the respective zone/sub zone, the irrigation would be done accordingly. The
irrigation requirement would be evaluated from the wireless sensors installed in the orchard
and field crops; the irrigation requirement would be evaluated through the sensors. Main
laterals would be of UPVC 2” and sub laterals would be 1.5” and lateral lines LDPE 20mm with
approx. 1.5mm wall thickness with adjustable drippers to take care of the futuristic
requirement of the growth of the plants. Adjustable drippers would have the water output
capacity of 1-20 liters/hour according to field design. The sub laterals would have the flushing
out valves installed at the end. The length of the main lateral, sub main and lateral would be
designed properly according to field requirement and in addition main and sub main would be
placed 2-3 feet below ground surface. There would be an electronic control valve and sensor
according to field requirement for zones-based automation and operation of system. The
adjustable drippers/emitters would be placed in field according to field requirement. The whole
system would work on the solar energy.
Smart Sprinkler Irrigation System
There would be an additional system for the approximately 5-Acres of field crops to irrigate
through Rain gun Sprinkler Irrigation System with auto on/off feature based upon the feedback
of sensors for the irrigation requirement. Sprinkler Irrigation System would be designed
properly according to crop water requirement and to ensure maximum uniformity over the
entire area. Sprinkle irrigation system would be designed with overlapping to ensure maximum
uniformity. Automation of sprinkler irrigation would also be linked with wind speed and
application of water prefer during low wind speed time. Height of the rain gun would be
adjustable as per crop growth stages. Appropriate range rain gun would be preferred according
to field layout and crop management zones. Different size of nozzles and angle adjuster would
be provided with each rain gun. All pipes would be placed 2-3 feet below ground level.

Features and Specifications

Pre-Filtration Strainer

The filter prevents the penetration of stones and large particles into the water system during
operation. To get the best results the filter must be correctly installed, properly operated, and
maintained. This screen filter prevents the penetration of stones.

Operating Guidelines:
 Head loss not to exceed 0,7 bar
Maximum pressure 10,0 bars
Maximum operating pressure 8,0 bars
Screens 3000 microns
Inlet/Outlet: As per design

Self-Cleaning Suction Strainer

The strainer is used as a preliminary filter to a water pump inlet. Due to its self‒cleaning
operation, this strainer reduces the pump’s maintenance and significantly increases its
efficiency. The self-cleaning suction strainer is designed to protect the pump from clogging by
debris and solid dirt. It is connected to the pump inlet and submerged in the water source
(river, lake, reservoir etc.). The Self - Cleaning Suction Strainer is designed to protect the pump
from clogging by debris and solid dirt. It is connected to the pump inlet and submerged in the
water source (pond, reservoir, well, etc.).

Head loss not to exceed 0,7 bar

Maximum pressure 10,0 bars
Maximum operating pressure 8,0 bars
Screens 12000 microns
Inlet/Outlet: As per design

Fertilizer Tank / Dossier

Fertilizer Tanks should be designed and manufactured to achieve the highest standards of
quality and finish. This fertilizer tanks apply fertilizer in accordance with the volume principle.
Fertilizing can be performed continuously during irrigation, controlled by controller or
computer as required, or may be manually operated. Injecting fertilizer into the irrigation
system is generally recommended during the first two thirds of irrigation time, to ensure proper
flushing of the irrigation system and to minimize the drippers’ clogging by the chemicals
residues.

Fertilizer Tanks equipped with Inlet/Outlet high pressure hose, quick connections, and air valve.

Operating Guidelines

Tank Capacity 60 Liters

Maximum pressure 10,0 bars
Maximum operating pressure 8,0 bars
Screens 3000 microns
Inlet/Outlet: As per design
Hydro Cyclone Filter

Hydro cyclone Sand Separator creates a centrifugal action that moves the water around the
edge of the body, throwing the sand and heavy materials to the outside or the cyclone, The
heavy materials then fall into the underflow tank to be collected and removed.

Recommended head loss 0,3‒0,5bar

Maximum pressure 10,0 bars
Maximum operating pressure 8,0 bars
Screens 12000 microns
Inlet/Outlet: As per design

Sand Filter / Media Filter

Media Filters (gravel or sand) are the most efficient type of filtration of water heavily
contaminated with algae, organic matter and other impurities found in open reservoirs, canals
and recycled water systems. The filtration occurs when the water passes through the open
spaces and between sand particles, trapping the solid particles.

3 service ports for maintenance Double chamber, precision conical diffusers/collectors

Operating Guidelines

Pressure differential: Not to exceed 0,5 bar

Maximum pressure 10,0 bars
Maximum operating pressure 8,0 bars
Screens 3000 microns
Inlet/Outlet: As per design

Plastic Disc Filter

Plastic Disc Filter is used as a primary filter for small irrigation systems and as a back‒up filter
for field zones. This filter can stop or retain large number of solids from the water due to the
depth feature of the disc element and the size of element. In addition, the filters utilize a low
deflecting plate that circulates water inside the filter and forces particles away from the disc
elements and down to the bottom of the filter ready to be flushed out. All of these features
contribute to improved filter efficiency and increased time between flushing.

Operating Guidelines
 Screen options 100, 130, 200 microns
Maximum flow rate As per design
Diameters As per design
Body styles In‒Line, Angled
Inlet/Outlet As per design
All these filters would be fabricated locally.

REMOTE SENSING AGRICULTURE HARDWARE / DRONES

Multi-Copter Agricultural Drone for Imagery Gathering

We offer DJI Matrice 600 Pro system to gather the imagery from the field.

The Matrice 600 Pro (M600 Pro) inherits everything from the M600 with improved flight
performance and better loading capacity.Pre-installed arms and antennas reduce time required
for setup, and the system’s modular design makes it easy to mount additional modules. The
airframe is equipped with the latest DJI technologies, including the A3 Pro flight controller,
Lightbridge 2 HD transmission system, Intelligent Batteries and Battery Management system. All
Zenmuse cameras and gimbals are natively compatible and full integration with third party
software and hardware make the M600 Pro ideal for professional aerial photography and
industrial applications. In case of export restrictions from the supplier, the alternate equivalent
model would be supplied.

Features and Specifications

AIRCRAFT: M600 PRO

Diagonal Wheelbase 1133 mm

1668 mm × 1518 mm × 727 mm with propellers, frame arms and
Dimensions
GPS mount unfolded (including landing gear)
437 mm × 402 mm × 553 mm with propellers, frame arms and
GPS mount folded (excluding landing gear)
Package Dimensions 525 mm × 480 mm × 640 mm

Weight (with six TB47S

9.5 kg
batteries)
Weight (with six TB48S
10 kg
batteries)

Max Takeoff Weight

15.5 kg
Recommended

Hovering Accuracy (P-

Vertical: ±0.5 m, Horizontal: ±1.5 m
GPS)

Max Angular Velocity Pitch: 300°/s, Yaw: 150°/s

Max Pitch Angle 25°

Max Wind Resistance 8 m/s

Max Ascent Speed 5 m/s
Max Descent Speed 3 m/s
Max Service Ceiling Above
2170R propellers: 2500 m；
Sea Level
2195 propellers: 4500 m

Max Speed 40 mph / 65 kph (no wind)

Hovering Time* (with six
No payload: 32 min, 6 kg payload: 16 min
TB47S batteries)
Hovering Time* (with six
No payload: 38 min, 5.5 kg payload: 18 min
TB48S batteries)
Ronin-MX; Zenmuse Z30, Zenmuse X5/X5R, Zenmuse X3,
Supported DJI Gimbals Zenmuse XT; Zenmuse Z15 Series HD Gimbal: Z15-A7, Z15-
BMPCC, Z15-5D III, Z15-GH4

Flight Control System A3 Pro

Propulsion System Motor model: DJI 6010

Propeller model: DJI 2170R

Retractable Landing Gear Standard

Operating Temperature 14° Fto 104° F (-10° C to 40° C)

CHARGER (MODEL:
MC6S600)
Voltage Output 26.1 V
Rated Power 600 W
Single Battery Port Output
100 W
Power
OPTIONAL BATTERY
(MODEL: TB48S)
Capacity 5700 mAh

Voltage 22.8 V
Battery Type LiPo 6S

Energy 129.96 Wh
Net Weight 680 g

Operating Temperature 14°F to 104° F (-10°C to 40° C)

Max Charging Power 180 W

REMOTE CONTROLLER
920.6 MHz to 928 MHz (Japan); 5.725 GHz to 5.825 GHz; 2.400
Operating Frequency
GHz to 2.483 GHz
Max Transmission FCC Compliant: 3.1 mi (5 km), CE Compliant: 2.2 mi (3.5 km)
Distance (Unobstructed, free of interference)
Transmitter Power (EIRP) 10 dBm @ 900M, 13 dBm @ 5.8G, 20 dBm @ 2.4G

Video Output Port HDMI, SDI, USB

Operating Temperature 14°F to 104° F (-10° to 40° C)

Battery 6000 mAh LiPo 2S

STANDARD BATTERY
(MODEL: TB47S)
Capacity 4500 mAh

Voltage 22.2 V
Battery Type LiPo 6S

Energy 99.9 Wh
Net Weight 595 g

Operating Temperature 14° F to 104° F (-10°C to 40° C)

Max Charging Power 180 W

CAMERA: Z30
Name Zenmuse Z30

Dimensions 152×137×61 mm
Weight 556 g

CAMERA
Sensor CMOS, 1/2.8"

Effective Pixels: 2.13 M

Lens 30x Optical Zoom

F1.6 (Wide) - F4.7 (Tele)

Zoom Movement Speed:

- Optical Wide - Optical Tele: 4.6 sec

- Optical Wide - Digital Tele: 6.4 sec

- Digital Wide - Digital Tele : 1.8 sec

Focus Movement Time:

∞ - near: 1.1 sec

FOV 63.7°(Wide) - 2.3°(Tele)

Digital Zoom 6x
Min. Working Distance 10 mm - 1200 mm

Photo Formats JPEG

Video Formats MOV, MP4

Working Modes Capture, Record, Playback

Single shot, Burst shooting: 3/5 frames, Interval
Still Photography Modes
(2/3/4/7/10/15/20/30 sec)
Exposure Mode Exposure Mode Auto, Manual, Shutter priority, Aperture priority

Exposure Compensation ±2.3 (1/3 increments)

Metering Mode Center-weighted metering, Spot metering (Area option 12x8)
AE Lock Supported

Electronic Shutter Speed 1/30 - 1/6000 s

White Balance Auto, Sunny, Cloudy, Incandescent, Custom (2000K - 10000K)

Video Captions Supported

TapZoom Supported

TapZoom Range 5-Jan

Defog Supported
One Key to 1x Image Supported
Anti-flicker 50 Hz, 60 Hz

PAL/NTSC Supported
Supported SD Cards MicroSD (SD / SDHC / SDXC)

Max. Capacity: 64 GB, Class 10 or UHS-1

Supported File Systems FAT32 (≤ 32 GB)

exFAT (> 32 GB)

GIMBAL

Angular Vibration Range ±0.01°

Mount Detachable

Controllable Range Pitch : +40° to -90°, Yaw: ±320°

Mechanical Range Pitch ': +50° to -140°, Yaw: ±330°, Roll: +90° to -50°

Max Controllable Speed Pitch ': 180°/s, Yaw: 180°/s

ENVIRONMENTAL

Operating Temperature 14° to 113° F (-10° to 45° C)

Non-Operating
-4° to 140° F (-20° to 60° C)
Temperature
Multi-Copter Agricultural Drone for Spraying/Pesticides
DJI Agras T16 Drone for Spraying.
The Agras T16 has an improved overall structure with modular design and supports the highest
payload and widest spray width ever in a DJI agricultural drone. With powerful hardware, an AI
engine, and 3D-operation planning, the T16 brings operation efficiency to a whole new level.
Features and Specifications

 Revolutionized Structure. Reliable Operation

 Higher Payload
 Enhanced Efficiency
 Powerful System
 Increased Safety
 Different Needs
 Different Modes

OPERATIONG ENVIRONMENT:

For Plant Health monitoring system sensors are placed in leaf, buds for 24 hours which
monitors bud temperature, leaf temperature, Evapotranspiration process for plant health. For
soil nutrient and KNP monitoring system sensors are placed in soil for 24 hours which monitors
soil temperature, soil moisture, soil PH, soil nitrogen, soil phosphorus and soil potassium. For
irrigation management drip and sprinkler system is used in daytime as irrigation is not possible
in nighttime. This system takes energy from solar and generate power in day time for data
logging and monitoring. For pesticides management Drone system is used in daytime. This
system takes energy from solar and generate power in day time for data logging and
monitoring.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTING CONSTRAINTS:

we present and discuss the technologies

that incorporate the four layers of the architecture model that
are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer, the Service Layer and
the Application Layer.
we present and discuss the technologies
that incorporate the four layers of the architecture model that
are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer, the Service Layer and
the Application Layer.
we present and discuss the technologies
that incorporate the four layers of the architecture model that
are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer, the Service Layer and
the Application Layer.
We present and discuss the technologies that incorporate the four layers of the design model
that are the Sensor Layer, the Network Layer, the Service Layer and the Application Layer.
Below we discuss each layer in detail.

Application Layer

Network Layer

Service Layer

Sensor Layer
The Sensor Layer including all kinds of crops, soil, pesticides sensors and smart objects for data
collection and monitoring. Sensors can be placed under ground (in the soil), on the crops or on
UAVs. Underground sensors are specially manufactured so as to be water resistant and usually
refer to measurements of moisture, pH and soil chemical properties like Potassium. UAV sensors
measure environmental parameters like humidity, temperature, wind speed, or solar radiation.
However, the most popular kind of sensors to be placed on UAVs.
The Network Layer consisting of all available commu-
nication technologies between sensors and the Internet.
In order deploy efficient crop and field management the
IoT platform utilizes Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).
The use of WSN in smart farming systems provides
immediate monitoring and optimization of crop quality,
while offering a potential for large area surveillance with
The Network Layer consisting of all available communication technologies between sensors and
the Internet. In order deploy efficient crop and field management the IoT platform utilizes
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The use of WSN in smart farming systems provides
immediate monitoring and optimization of crop quality, while offering a potential for large area
surveillance with the constant monitoring of a great number of environmental parameters by
distributed sensor nodes along the field help the grower supervise and maintain optimal
conditions to achieve maximum productivity with remarkable energy savings.
The Service Layer involving processing and analysis of the collected data. A significant number
of studies on precision agriculture discuss the most efficient data management and data mining
techniques so as to avoid a low level of productivity in the fields via accurate predictions. Data
processing is supported by Decision Support Systems (DSS) that take care of the overall
management of available collected information from the fields towards optimizing crop yield,
maintaining quality and saving resources. It is well known that farmers suffer great economic
losses due to incorrect weather forecasting or incorrect irrigation methods. Data analysis is the
most important component of IoT agricultural systems resulting to efficient pesticide use and
protection against diseases.
The Application Layer providing the visualization of information of the sensor network. The
farmer is provided with the ability to inspect the results of the review produced by the services
of the system and take action accordingly. The application software presents information in a
user-friendly way and may refer to different kind of field optimization deployments such as
irrigation, pesticide drift control, cultivation process, crop disease prediction and protection.

USER DOCUMENTATION:

In this Document one user is operator which is all the time on the farm for monitoring field’s
every sensor and collects data. Second User is Researcher which monitor sensor and collect
data temporary for research purposes.

ASSUMPTIONS AND CONSTRAINTS:

The whole system depends on Solar Power and sensors. If any sensor fails the whole system will
be damaged and cause a lot of loss.

OTHER NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS:

PERFORMANCE REQUIRMENTS:

System gives real data with real action in real time. Irrigation starts at proper time and stops at
proper time. There will be no gap and delay coming during monitoring data. Filters perform at
proper time. Pump performs their working at proper time. Relay performs their function in
time. Neither over irrigation nor over fertilization happens. Maximum automation is used to
save time. Automation practices can make agriculture more profitable while also reducing the
ecological footprint of farming at the same time.

SAFETY REQUIRMENTS:

Data Safety is first priority. Firewall should be maintaining at server level. Wireless data should
be encrypted. System having auto back up option.
SECURITY REQUIRMENTS:

 Smart devices are widely used by a range of people from farmers to entrepreneurs. These
technologies are used in a variety of ways, from finding real-time status of crops and soil
moisture content to deploying drones to assist with tasks such as applying pesticide spray.
However, the use of IoT and smart communication technologies introduce a vast exposure to
cybersecurity threats and vulnerabilities in smart farming environments. Such cyber-attacks
have the potential to disrupt the economies of countries that are widely dependent on
agriculture.

SOFTWARE QUALITY ATTRIBUTES:

Having following quality attributes

 Usability
 Integrity
 Up to date
 Availability
 Manufacturability
 Serviceability
 Install ability

BUSINESS ROLE:

Business rule is totally based on hardware used.

 Data fetch from each sensor every 10 minutes and send to server
 Relay control (on/off logic)
 Pump control (on/off logic)
 Zoon based irrigation
 Zoon based NPK

USER INTERFACE:

The User Interface aims to manage both initialization of network and flow of information
received from each sensor. Through its programs providing web-based platform make checking
the reliability of data, sort the data obtained, recorded them in Database, present them to the
user in appropriate way. The main task of UI is to provide user for review, preparation of
reports and tables of data recorded by the system.

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE INTERFACE:

Smart Farming with IoT gives rise to farming and may fulfill the demand of food in the world.
Farming will become more productive when IoT is introduced. As the farmers are becoming
more aware to IoT, the possibility of introducing new technologies is gaining momentum in
farming. The IoT is highly efficient, accessible, persistent and of exposed nature. The farmers
may use sensors for monitoring the crops, soil and also analyze the crop production. This will
give boost up to precision agriculture. The information about farms like temperature, moisture
level and soil mineral level, pH value of soil and air quality can be collected remotely by using
IoT on smart phones or computer systems. Today’s IoT techniques and devices are so advanced
and are mainly application dependent providing smart systems to be deployed in specific areas.
In this paper, a review of IoT devices and protocols is presented and it also throws light on
issues arise during the implementation of IoT in agriculture.