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Journal of Coastal Conservation 10: 147-158, 2004
© EUCC; Opulus Press Uppsala.
- The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal - 147
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua do Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200 - 465 Porto, Portugal;
Fax + 351225081952; E-mail fpinto@fe.up.pt
Coastal hydrodynamics is another aspect which National Plan Programme for Territorial Management
strongly influences coastal environments and thus the Partial Plans and Special Plans
analysis and the guidelines included in coastal zone • Decree-Law No. 151/95, from 24th June 1995;
management plans. A combination of factors – both • Decree-Law No. 5/96, from 29th February 1996;
natural and human induced – operating on different
temporal and spatial scales is responsible for transform- Management Plans of the Natural Protected Areas, Man-
ing coastal landscapes. Consequently, it is crucial to agement Plans of the Public Water River Catchments
understand causes and effects of all relevant physical and Coastal Zone Management Plans
and human induced processes before advancing with
any forecast on shoreline evolution trends. In Portugal, • Decree-Law No. 309/93, from 2nd September 1993;
the former aspect, relating to human induced processes, • Decree-Law No. 218/94, from 20th August 1994;
has been widely neglected in coastal practice since • Decree-Law No. 151/95, from 24th June 1995;
decades. Development proceeded in a haphazard and • Decree-Law No. 5/96, from 29th February 1996;
unplanned way. As a result, many coastal areas have • Regulation No. 767/96, from 30th December 1996;
suffered many impacts with important ecological, societal • Decree-Law No. 380/99, from 22nd September 1999.
and economical negative consequences.
These, as well as other relevant aspects relating to the Regional Plans of Territorial Planning
practice of coastal zone management in Portugal are • Decree-Law No. 176-A/88, from 18th May 1988;
reported in this paper. Finally, it introduces a set of • Decree-Law No. No. 367/90, from 26th September
guidelines linked to integrated coastal zone management 1990;
which are meant to improve that practice in the future. • Decree-Law No. No. 380/99, from 22nd September
1999.
• Implements at a regional level, the options and guidelines of • Regulatory planning tool, approved by • Regulatory planning tool, elaborated by the
the National Management Territory Programme, and the Sec- the municipalities; Government
tor Plans; • Establishes the land use management by • Establishes different uses and specific ac-
• Translate, in spatial terms, the main objectives of economic zoning, propose models of human occu- tivities to be developed along the coast;
and social sustainable development of the Regional Develop- pation, urban and transport organization, • Classifies beaches and regulates bathing
ment Plan, minimizing ecological loading; physical infrastructures location and pa- use;
• Take measures that can lead to the reduction of intra re- rameters of land use and environmental • Coordinates coastal development and re-
gional development inequalities; quality; source conservation, ensuring public access
• Regulates territorial development. Under this plan, other • Establishes the (charge) capacity of the to the coast;
special and municipal plans have to be implemented; territory; • Regulates nature conservation and shore
• Defines a model for regional territory organization. • Support the social and economic devel- protection.
opment policy.
- The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal - 149
Fig. 1. Natural Parks, Protected Areas and ‘Natura 2000’ Network in Portugal.
Fig. 2. Coastal zone management plans in Portugal, including areas generally affected by coastal erosion.
152 Taveira Pinto, F.
hinterland. In many cases these plans determine the The importance of coastal zone management
level of pressure induced by economic activities and
urban development on the littoral. Except for the areas The continuous increase of populations living in
under a special regime – Natural Parks, Protected Areas coastal municipalities, as well as economic activities
or ‘Natura 2000’ sites. being developed along the coast, were in many cases
Plans 1, 5, 7 and 9 (Fig. 2) include Natural Parks and/ only possible after manipulating the coastal front. These
or Protected Areas - Esposende Littoral, Sintra - Cascais, technical constructions and coastal defences although
Arriba Fóssil da Costa da Caparica, SW Alentejano, offering more favourable conditions for economic
Costa Vicentina, Ria Formosa (Fig. 1). It is clear that growth, have resulted in a serious aggravation of coastal
these plans will have additional constraints. Here, na- erosion, notably because physical processes which are
ture protection and conservation take priority over all influenced by the constructions have been neglected. As
other possible destinations and only development of a result, there are many coastal areas facing imminent
traditional economic activities are encouraged. Other coastal erosion or flooding risk. This includes areas
specific issues within the nine plans are related to the where shoreline dynamics were earlier regarded as a
specific characteristics that some areas have; some of natural process.
those will be mentioned here. Without natural rock protection and without space to
Within the first plan, Caminha - Espinho, covering a let coastal processes proceed, it is impossible to stop the
coastal stretch of 110 km, coastal environment is mainly depletion of the coastal environment by erosion. This is
characterized by low lying coastal plains of sandy beaches all the more serious where there is an unfavourable
with dunes, alternating with fossil cliffs. At some places, sediment balance. Large parts of the coast of Portugal
rock outcrops emerge close to the shoreline; during low are now subject to severe erosion and several areas are
tide they function as natural defences. Another impor- in danger. From Espinho southwards – coastal zone
tant characteristic of the area comprised within this plan is management plan No. 2 (Fig. 2) – an estimated 140 km
the existence of five estuaries, corresponding to the rivers of coastline, mainly sandy beaches with dunes, are
Minho, Lima, Cávado, Ave and Douro (Fig. 2). Conflicts currently eroding or at risk of being affected by erosion.
occurring on the coastal zone between Caminha and Erosion has also led to the loss or deterioration of
Espinho are related with economic activities pressure on coastal area at several places between Caminha and
natural areas and the increasing impacts of coastal ero- Espinho, as well as north of Figueira da Foz, south of
sion (Andersen et al. 1996). Lisboa (Caparica) and in some areas of the Algarve. Fig.
Coastal zone management plan No. 5 concerns the 1 shows the location of segments highly exposed to
smallest area, with only 10 km length, which develops coastal erosion.
entirely inside the urban area of Cascais, an important Human settlements along the coast together with
residential area close to Lisboa with also important unfavourable hydrodynamic conditions are further ag-
tourism. The proposals within this plan include cliff gravating the coastal erosion problem of Portugal. At
stabilization, artificial beach nourishment operations many places, solutions of the erosion problem are very
and also regulation of beach use. Moreover, considering local and have actually induced accelerating erosion
the large populations permanently and seasonally living processes in adjacent areas.
in Cascais, it is essential to have suitable, well-designed This development has not only led to serious prob-
and fully operational, wastewater treatment systems to lems in coastal settlements but also to the destruction of
avoid environmental risk caused by pollution. natural areas. Related to this development, intensive use
The coastal zone management plans Nos. 8 and 9 are of coastal areas for recreation and tourism have also led
located at the south coast of Portugal, in the Algarve, to a loss of quality of natural areas.
which has suffered profound changes within only a few The proliferation of constructions on the dunes and
decades. It is now the area with the highest tourism even on beaches has now reached alarming proportions
development in the country. Algarve offers excellent while until recently little attention had been paid to
conditions for beach recreation and particularly beach- protect these essential buffer zones. The increasing ex-
related facilities have developed. Unfortunately, in some tent of areas lost or seriously influenced by erosion
areas this development has proceeded in a haphazard generated a growing awareness about the importance of
and unplanned way which has caused major social and preserving natural sea defences (usually dune systems).
environmental problems. In particular, as a result of This is now resulting in better coastal management
economic activities and human settlement, coastal ero- approaches, where nature conservation plays a leading
sion is accelerating, threatening people and some build- part. On balance, coastal urbanization and related rec-
ings. The main problems identified are related with reation and tourism developments are exerting a very
shoreline retreating and unstable cliffs. strong pressure on the coast. (Taveira Pinto & Veloso
- The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal - 153
Gomes 1997; Veloso Gomes & Taveira Pinto 1997). formulate strategies on how to address coastal issues,
To this purpose, the Portuguese Decree-Law No. and conclusions highlighted the need for a Europe-wide
302/90 from 26 September 1990 was an important step coherent way of dealing with its coast.
forward. It recognizes and establishes good principles Although highly acknowledged and quoted, the
for coastal land use and transformation, as well as ac- ICZM concept is still lacking a globally accepted defini-
cess to the littoral, which would be followed in coastal tion. Generally speaking ICZM should essentially in-
zone management policy instruments. The implementa- clude multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and flexible
tion of the former principles is though far from being approaches identifying the most relevant societal, eco-
satisfactory as recent options of management demon- nomic and environmental functions of coastal zones.
strate. Either by unawareness or reluctance in accepting According to the final report to the European Com-
those principles, they remain absent in several coastal mission on the EU Demonstration Programme on Inte-
municipalities. (Veloso Gomes & Taveira Pinto 1994). grated Coastal Zone Management 1997-1999 (Anon.
Another important aspect to be improved in the 2000a), ICZM represents a process toolbox which is
future is that concerned with making coastal manage- interactive, constantly evolving, and adapting through a
ment practices accountable. This means optimizing in- variety of policy and management instruments. Many
vestment costs against values at risk. Coastal zones other references can be given on views on what ICZM
fulfil important environmental, societal and economical is. However no one seems to fit all. More relevant than
functions, which are often in disagreement. To know the this discussion is the brief examination of the guidance
costs and benefits of each alternative would support the provided by the EU Demonstration Programme on ICZM.
process of decision-making in delivering more sustain- Particularly focusing will be given on the lessons learned
able solutions and consequently, increasing their social from the development of such programmes in Portugal.
acceptability.
Regarding territorial planning and management poli- Demonstration programmes in Portugal
cies, priority should be given to preventive measures.
These include allocating the necessary space for coastal Four demonstration programmes were launched in
processes to develop throughout the regulation of hu- Portugal. Three were TERRA projects (Anon. 2000b):
man settlement at areas at risk and/or prone to erosion ‘VALIMA: Co-operation, integrated management and
and the creation of buffer zones between land and sea. sustainable development in the coastal zones of the EU‘,
Completion of this work is essential to improve knowl- ‘Algarve - Huelva (ANAS): Integrated management of
edge on coastal sediment transport processes. the Algarve-Huelva coast‘, and ‘TERRA CZM Algarve
With respect to coastal defence measures it is evi- (Ria Formosa)‘. The other was a LIFE Environment
dent that in areas exposed to sea action but with poor Project: ‘Programme of Integrated Management for the
sediment supply, as is the case along the Portuguese Ria de Aveiro‘.
coast, defence structures do not provide definite solu- The former actually correspond to two funded
tions to erosion (Veloso Gomes & Taveira Pinto 1999). projects, MARIA within LIFE’96 and ESGIRA -
They help reduce the problem but they cannot reverse MARIA within LIFE’98. The project covers an ap-
the current trend of coastal erosion. In combination with proximate area of 600 km2 developing around the 110
these ad hoc solutions efforts should be made to develop km2 of the Aveiro lagoon (Fig. 3), with an estimated
and implement integrated coastal zone management population of circa 400 000 inhabitants.
plans. These should take into account recent recommen- Ria de Aveiro constitutes an important environmen-
dations on coastal sediment management, environmen- tal feature in the wider European context and inclusive,
tal assessment and spatial planning, as well as hazard it is classified as a special protection zone by the Birds
and risk mapping. and Habitats Directive. Main threats to this important
ecosystem relate with coastal erosion and flooding con-
sequence of poor sediment availability, which is mainly
Integration of coastal zone management in the caused by harbouring, and damming. Other threats re-
European context late with tourism and urban development.
These projects anticipated the following results (http:/
/europa.eu.int/comm/environment):
Introduction • providing better knowledge and information on the
lagoon, for authorities and stakeholders;
Over the last few decades the European Union funded • enhancing co-operation and information sharing be-
several ICZM demonstration programmes in different tween all relevant actors;
countries. The idea within these programmes was to • improving spatial linking and efficiency between rel-
154 Taveira Pinto, F.
evant plans and programmes for the lagoon; the coastal zones of the European Union.
• promoting the sustainable development of the lagoon Lima valley has 26 km length of coastline and covers
through suggesting a platform for its integrated manage- an area of 1276 km2, including the municipalities of
ment; Arcos de Valdevez, Ponte da Barca, Ponte de Lima, and
• sharing significant experience within the European finally Viana do Castelo. In this city an important har-
demonstration programmes. bour is located with major ship-building facilities.
In Valima, the main objective of the region was to
The objectives of ESGIRA – MARIA, were accom- attract industrial investments, promote it’s inland tourist
plished through the activities developed within four assets as well as develop communication infrastructure
pilot projects (http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment): and services in order to compete with the big urban
• Pilot-project A ‘Recuperation and Optimization of the centres such as Porto. It has drafted a strategic plan,
Quays‘ – enabled the restoration and use of the existing based on structural, economic and social studies, which
quays in the various canals of the Ria and the reinstate- has been approved by the municipalities and has been
ment of their value. These are of interest and have submitted to the central government as a reference docu-
significant potential owing to their historical and cul- ment for subsequent investments funding, under the
tural importance and contribute to the revitalization of third Community support framework. (Anon. 2000a)
the estuarine lagoon itself. The implementation of the strategic development
• Pilot-project B ‘Recuperation of the Aveiro Saltpans‘ plan in the Lima valley will contribute to a better man-
– the production of salt in the Ria de Aveiro is a very old agement of the European Structural Funds that will be
and traditional activity, once of fundamental impor- channelled to the region within the next seven years
tance to the region’s economy, but nowadays in decline. (Anon. 2000a).
This pilot project drew up a programme for the future In Algarve, the TERRA CZM Algarve demonstra-
development of the salt works that will be a new eco- tion project main scope was the wetland Ria Formosa.
nomic activity and the safeguard the natural and land- In the southern region of Portugal, the population is
scape value of the wetland. dedicated to agriculture and fishing, but mostly to tour-
• Pilot-project C ‘Integrated Management of the Agri- ism. Mass tourism and intensive urbanization are ongo-
cultural Fields of the Baixo-Vouga‘ – elaboration of a ing problems that have caused substantial changes and
management programme allowing agricultural activi- impacts at the levels of territorial planning and manage-
ties to be implemented, and to maintain the area’s eco- ment, especially on the western side of the region. The
systems. eastern coast is less developed and rather well pre-
• Pilot-project D ‘Classification and Management of the served. Here, the main coastal management concern is
Área de Paisagem Protegida da Foz do Cáster‘ – the Ria Formosa. This area has a coastline of 60 km and an
implementation of measures which promote the classifi- area of ca. 18 400 km2. Its low-lying fragile wetland
cation and integrated management of the mouth of the ecosystem, fringing the east coast of Algarve, deserves
Cáster as a Protected Landscape Area (APP). protective measures.
The Natural Park of Ria Formosa (established by the
One of the most significant added values of these Portuguese Decree Law No. 373/87, 9 December 1987)
projects was their capacity of evolving in co-operation is a very important biologically rich reserve with highly
several bodies of the central administration, from the diversified fauna. It is covered by the Ramsar Conven-
national to the local level. The amount of knowledge tion, contains a special protection area for birds – in line
accumulated over the past decades on the lagoon and with the Community Directive on Conservation of Wild
adjacent areas is outstanding. However, it is spread by Birds – and biotope identified in Corine.
several sources of information which it makes it diffi-
cult for those who wish to use that information or find General objectives of TERRA-CZM were related
out more about a particular issue. Societal, economic with defining a common approach for the establishment
and environmental functions of the lagoon are widely of a specific network concerning sustainable manage-
recognized but there are still several conflicts imposed ment and planning methodologies for the European
by human pressure on the natural environment to be coast. Main focus was to apply the concept of carrying
solved. capacity in areas of intensive tourism development. In
VALIMA, a project launched by the Association of particular, the objectives of this demonstration project,
the Municipalities of the Vale do Lima, was located in accomplished through several pilot projects, were mainly
the north of Portugal (Fig. 3). VALIMA was a partner in the following:
the TERRA project CONCERCOST – Concertation, • defining integrated strategies for the development of
integrated management and sustainable development in the economic activities, including the promotion of en-
- The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal - 155
EU policies and information. (Anon. 2000). sion and flooding hazards and increasing the capacity
Each partner has undertaken small demonstration building, education and training.
projects in order to link the general spatial planning In the particular case of Portugal there is also a
process with concrete actions visible to the citizens growing need for supporting administrative and govern-
(Anon. 2000b). ANAS initiates the process of installing mental initiatives at various levels and in different sec-
in all municipalities an information centre for citizens. It tors. Coastal practitioners have to be provided with
has also promoted a commercial system in order to improved technical and legal instruments to better struc-
promote the area, as well as the link of all municipalities ture the decision-making process. In addition, it is cru-
and businesses in a website. cial to significantly improve the information flow, in-
The main problems encountered in this project were tensifying the levels of communication and the quality
related to the lack of homogeneity between partner and quantity of information. Moreover, the involvement
skills, as well as the state of ICZM implementation and of stakeholders has, so far, been very restricted; there-
public participation (Anon. 2000). fore this involvement should be encouraged because of
In Algarve and Huelva the level of implementation the significantly added value it would give to the deci-
and participation was low, and therefore ANAS mainly sion-making.
focused on gathering information on coastal and marine A system combining the former components and
systems, as well as plans, and tried to initiate a participa- factors should be able to perfectly integrate the societal,
tion process, as well as the vertical integration on coastal the economic and the environmental functions of coastal
items (Anon. 2000). zones. Incorporating modern assessment technologies
of field observations would further support the success
of such an integrated system. Currently, there are some
Evolution of coastal zone management systems under development but so far they were not able
to fulfil the required needs of all phases within coastal
Coastal zone management plans are the basic legal zone management.
instrument of planning within the Portuguese coastal The first step towards efficiently implementing ICZM
zone. However, lessons learnt from past and ongoing in Portugal is to solve the complex juridical and institu-
projects in the frame of ICZM cannot be ignored. These tional framework, result of the large number of entities
projects and demonstration programmes have several with jurisdiction on coastal zones. The relative chaos
recommendations and findings that should be taken into that currently exists leads to a dispersion of capacities
account. Besides the complexity of physical processes over several entities, and a lack of co-ordination. Moreo-
and impacts, Integrated Coastal Zone Management also ver, there is a shortage of human resources in some of
evolves a series of thematic issues, relating to legisla- these institutions in proportion to the extension of the
tion, regulatory systems, information flow, public par- undertaken jurisdictional activities concerning these
ticipation mechanisms and procedures. It is also impor- coastal areas. In particular, regarding the implementa-
tant as the connection and coherence between plans and tion of the guidelines proposed in coastal zone manage-
programmes launched by different sectors, at different ment plans, practice shows that there is not enough time
levels of administration, the role of technology and the between their elaboration and their approval and imple-
effect of EU policies and guidelines in relevant areas. mentation. This results in the fact that some realities and
These are, however, difficult to co-ordinate. trends presented in coastal zone management plans,
Hence, objectives have to be accurately traced and especially in terms of shoreline dynamics, are being
implemented. In particular, it is crucial to start to ap- reached not within an horizon of 10 to 25 years, as
proach the planning process with more precautions than envisaged, but in five years or less (Veloso Gomes &
in the past, which should ultimately result in a pro- Taveira Pinto 2000).
active coastal zone management policy. This is both Developing human resources to face the challenges
aiming at the sustainable use and exploitation of coastal posed by ICZM is another key aspect to achieve. Tech-
resources, as well as providing the quality of services at nology transfer is a step forward towards the former
the level required by the society. development objective, which will foster country build-
Several challenges are posed worldwide to coastal ing capacity and skills to give solution for a series of
practitioners, related to systematic monitoring and data coastal zone problems.
collection. Sustainable coastal engineering techniques Field observation techniques should also be encour-
with fewer impact must be studied and applied, which aged. Priority should be given to comprehensive moni-
also would contribute to make management practices toring campaigns and also to the development of assess-
accountable, i.e. costs must be optimized against values ment and valuation techniques, which would enable the
at risk. Guidelines must be developed for mapping ero- cartographic representation and GIS processing of so-
- The practice of coastal zone management in Portugal - 157
cial, economic and environmental values of coastal zones. • Develop a European Littoral Observation Agency
Such tools would support the implementation of wiser responsible for co-ordinating EU-wide ICZM strategies.
and more sustainable decisions and in turn support the
implementation of coastal zones cost-benefit assess-
ment studies. References
The challenges posed to Portuguese coastal practi-
Anon. 2000a. An assessment of the socio-economic costs &
tioners are almost endless. There are several theoretical
benefits of the Integrated Coastal Zone Management.
and practical approaches, as well as guidelines and Final report to the European Commission on the EU
strategies on actual issues which were in many cases Demonstration Programme on Integrated Coastal Zone
developed after case studies showing potential solutions Management 1997-1999. Firn Crichton and Roberts
and pitfalls, and therefore it is envisaged that the prac- Anon. 2000b. TERRA. An experimental laboratory in spatial
tice of coastal zone management in Portugal will seek to planning. European Communities publication.
deliver more sustainable decisions in the long term. Andresen, T., Martins, F., Alves, F. & Pinto, L. 1996. Bio-
Past coastal management practices evidence have shown: physical planning in the northern coastal area of Portu-
• Coastal zone natural resources dereliction; gal. Case-study: POOC Norte Caminha-Espinho. Litto-
• Coastal land use conflicts; ral’96 Proceedings, pp. 207-212. Eurocoast, Portsmouth,
UK.
• Unplanned and haphazard urban development;
Taveira Pinto, F. & Veloso Gomes, F. 1997. Portuguese
• Global environmental degradation trends; coastal defences and their implications on the coastal
• Shoreline dynamics and that inherent risk of natural environment. Proceedings of the 6th International Confer-
events was neglected; ence Coastlines’97 Connecting European and Mediterra-
• Seasonal tourism pressure; nean Coasts, EUCC. The Coastal Union, Naples, IT.
• Lack of coherent and sustainable strategies for coastal Veloso Gomes, F. & Taveira Pinto, F. 1994. Urban expansion
management; in high-risk Northwest coastal areas in Portugal. Littoral
• Lack of tradition of coastal zone management; ’94 Proceedings, pp. 981-996. Eurocoast, Lisbon, PT.
• Lack of integration or inadequate policies in relevant Veloso Gomes, F. & Taveira Pinto, F. 1997. Portuguese urban
areas; waterfronts expansion near coastal areas. In: Reis
Machado, J. & Ahern, J. (eds.) International Congress
• Differences between the legal and the natural system
Environmental Challenges in an Expanding Urban World
frontiers; and the Role of Emerging Information Technologies, pp.
• Contradictions between rigid or not-rigid legal systems; 189-198. Lisbon, PT.
• Importance of the support of human and technical Veloso Gomes, F. & Taveira Pinto, F. 1999. Reconstruction
resources, an unlimited vision of a coastal zone manage- and repair of Portuguese coastal defense structures. In:
ment, and of combining science and practice. Losada, I. (ed.) Coastal Structures ’99, pp. 977-984. Ameri-
Therefore, there is a set of actions which in the opinion can Society of Civil Engineers, Balkema, Rotterdam, NL.
of the author would lay a foundation for better coastal Veloso Gomes, F. & Taveira Pinto, F. 2000. The Portuguese
management practices, namely: west coast and the next century. CoastNet, Bull. Coastal
• Foster a wider perspective of coastal zone manage- Heritage Network 5(1): 10-11.
ment, as much integrated as possible;
• Assessment of each site specific conditions at the
Received 17 December 2001;
social, economic and environmental levels;
Revision received 27 October 2004;
• Accurate knowledge of physical processes; Accepted 1 November 2004.
• Promote the development of interactive, constantly Co-ordinating Editor: R. Paskoff.
evolving, and adapting through a variety of policy and
management instruments management practices;
• Involve all relevant stakeholders in the process of
decision-making;
• Assure all the necessary support, both material and
human resources;
• Combine and complement coastal management tools;
• Improve the legal jurisdiction over coastal zones,
namely by solving the problem of split jurisdiction
between terrestrial and marine authorities;
• Deliver integrated coastal zone management approaches
to the specificities of each different coastal area;
• Follow EU guidelines on ICZM;