Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Concrete Design
according to EN 1992-1-1
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Title image: Structure model of the 180 m high 'Europe Tower' in Sofia, Bulgaria.
Courtesy of IDN Ingenieurbüro DOMKE Nachf., Duisburg, Germany.
Contents
Contents
Basics 3
Input 4
Actions and Design Situations 4
Definition of an Action 6
Partial Safety Factors 7
Section Inputs 8
Analysis Settings 19
Single Design 21
Punching Shear Check 22
Prestressed Structures 25
Internal Prestressing 25
External Prestressing, Mixed Construction 30
Variation of Prestressing 30
Creep and Shrinkage 31
Relaxation of Prestressing Steel 32
Results 66
Examples 68
Slab With Downstand Beam 68
Prestressed Roof Construction 74
Torsional Beam 83
Single Design Reinforced Concrete 85
Single Design Prestressed Concrete 86
References 88
EN 1992-1-1 Design
Basics
The reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete design specified in EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocode 2) can be used for buildings
and engineering constructions under observance of the following standards:
• EN 1992-1-1:2004/A1:2014 as the base document
• DIN EN 1992-1-1:2015 with the National Annex Germany 2015-12
• OENORM EN 1992-1-1:2015 with the National Annex Austria B 1992-1-1:2018-01
• SS EN 1992-1-1:2014 with the National Annex Sweden 2019-01 (EKS 11)
• BS EN 1992-1-1:2014 with the National Annex Great Britain 2015-07
The desired rule is selected in the Design Codes dialog in the Options menu. The relevant entry, calculation and results
dialogs appear depending on which rule is selected. When selecting the material the following alternatives are available:
• C12/15-EN-D to C100/115-EN-D and LC12/13-EN-D to LC80/88-EN-D for design in accordance with DIN EN 1992-1-1
• C12/15-EN to C90/105-EN and LC12/13-EN to LC80/88-EN for design in accordance with the other standards
Permitted structure models include beam, area and solid structures. Prestressed structures can only be checked in the FEM
module.
The design is carried out after the static calculation. To do so, you need to assign the calculated load cases to the actions in
accordance with EN 1991:2002 (Eurocode 1), Part 1. The program will take into account the preset safety factors and
combination coefficients defined in EN 1990:2010 (Eurocode 0) for the desired design situations to automatically calculate
the decisive design internal forces for either the entire system or a group of selected elements.
The actions and check selection dialogs can be opened from the analysis settings. Detailed check specifications and
reinforcement data must be entered during section definition.
For beams and design objects, all checks are carried out at the polygon section. For general notes on using design objects,
refer to the relevant chapter in the manual.
In the EN 1992-1-1 Design folder of the database and the national variants folders, a single design can also be performed
for the user-defined polygon sections.
The EN 1992-1-1 guidelines are primarily cited for the following explanations. Reference to the relevant national settings is
only made if they contain different or complementary rules. The passages in question are marked by a vertical line left of the
text.
Input
Actions and Design Situations
The design values of the load are calculated based on the internal forces of individual load cases and load case
combinations. For this the existing load cases and load case combinations must be assigned to actions. These actions are
then used to establish the desired design situations.
The following dialog is opened from the database or the Settings in the Analysis menu.
Action...
Open the dialog for entering new actions:
• Permanent actions (G, GE, GH)
• Prestressing (P)
• Creep and shrinkage, relaxation (CSR1, CSR2). These actions are only available if a P action has been defined. In the
combinations they are treated, along with P, as a single action.
• Variable actions (QN, QS, QW, QT, QH, QD)
• Accidental actions (A)
• Actions due to earthquakes (AE)
• Design values of actions (Fd)
The assigned load cases should contain a design-relevant set of loads with partial safety factors and combination
coefficients (e.g. for nonlinear effects). They are combined exclusively.
• Cyclic fatigue actions (Qfat)
Group...
Open the dialog for entering a new design group. Optionally, particular actions and design situations can be defined for
specific components (sections).
Situation...
Open the dialog for entering new design situations. Situations must be classified as either a construction stage or a final
state in order to control the checking process. For prestressed concrete structures with subsequent bond, you can specify
that the tendons are still ungrouted.
Edit
Open the Edit dialog for the selected action or situation.
Delete
Delete the selected action or situation.
Combinations...
Opens a dialog that contains the first 999,999 load case variants to be combined for the selected design situation and
includes an option to create load groups for selected variants. These variants can be used for second-order theory analysis or
nonlinear analysis.
The following example shows the total variants of the permanent and temporary situation according to Eq. (6.10) to be
examined with the load cases (L1...L6) involved and their weighting factors.
Calculate
Calculate the defined design situations. Once calculated, the extremal results (internal forces, support reactions) can be
accessed for all situations in the database. This allows you to evaluate the results without having to execute the checking
module. Each time you execute the checking module, all results will be automatically recalculated using the currently valid
actions and then stored in the database for the elements to be checked.
The following table demonstrates how the situations are used in the various checks. The numbers refer to the Chapters of
the EN 1992-1-1 standard.
Situation Ultimate limit state Chapter Serviceability limit state Chapter
Perm. and temp. Longitudinal reinf. 6.1
Accidental Lateral reinf. 6.2
Earthquake Torsional reinf. 6.3
Characteristic Robustness reinf. 9.2.1.1 Concrete compr. stress 7.2 (2)
(rare) (EN 1992-2, 6.1 (110)) Reinforcing steel stress 7.2 (5)
Prestressing steel stress 7.2 (5)
Crack width, prestr. with immed. bond 7.3.1DE
Frequent Fatigue, simplified 6.8.6 (2) Decompr. Class XD1-XS3 7.3.1
Crack width, prestr. with bond 7.3.1
Quasi-continuous Concrete compr. stress 7.2 (2)
Prestressing steel stress 7.2 (5)DE
Decompr. Class XC2-XC4 7.3.1
Crack w., reinf.concr. & prestr. w/o b. 7.3.1
Deformations 7.4
Fatigue Fatigue reinf. steel 6.8.4
Fatigue prestr. steel 6.8.4
Fatigue concrete 6.8.7 (1)
Definition of an Action
The illustration below shows an example of the dialog field for entering a variable action. The dialog fields for other action
types are of a similar appearance.
Name
User-defined label for the action.
Gamma.sup, Gamma.inf
Partial safety factors gsup and ginf. The nationally valid values are suggested based on EN 1990, Table A.1.2(B).
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
In accordance with 2.3.1.3 (4) a partial safety factor for settlements gG,Set = 1.0 can be assumed for the linear-elastic
determination of internal forces with stiffnesses of uncracked sections.
SS EN 1990:
The program suggests the partial safety factors as they result in accordance with Section A, Article 11, for safety class 3
from gd · gsup with the reduction factor gd = 1.0 as per Article 14. If required, lower safety classes can be taken into account
entering lower values.
Load cases
List of the possible load cases or load case combinations. Select items by highlighting them and clicking the corresponding
button or use drag & drop.
Multi-select
Load cases and combinations can be added to the actions more than once.
Exclusive variants
Variable actions may consist of multiple exclusive variants that are mutually exclusive. The variants themselves contain both
inclusive and exclusive parts. You can add or delete action variants with the or buttons.
Internal prestressing
Selected load cases that describe internal prestressing. The reactions of the individual load cases are added together.
External prestressing
Selected load cases that describe external prestressing. The reactions of the individual load cases are added together.
OENORM B 1998-1:
In design situations resulting from earthquakes, the factors for construction materials according to OENORM B 1998-1,
Chapter 5.2.4 (3), apply.
DIN EN 1998-1:
In the design situations due to earthquakes, according to the NDP to 5.2.4 (1) and (3), the safety factors of the permanent
and temporary design situation generally apply.
Section Inputs
The section inputs contain all of the specific settings made for checks in the ultimate limit and serviceability states. An
overview of the design specifications can be accessed in the EN 1992-1-1 Design folder of the database and in the folders of
the national variants.
Checks
The following dialog is used to define which ultimate limit state and serviceability checks are available for the section. The
analysis settings allow to override this selection for the entire structure.
Exposure class
The check conditions for the decompression and crack width check are grouped by exposure class in EN 1992-1-1,
Chapter 7.3, Table 7.1N. A component can be assigned to an exposure class based on the information provided in Table 4.1
of the standard.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
In addition, the service life class as per Article 10 can be selected to determine the crack width according to Table D-2 and
the crack safety factor according to Table D-3.
Robustness
This check determines the minimum reinforcement against failure without notice (robustness reinforcement) based on
EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 5.10.1 (5)P with the method specified for prestressed concrete bridges in EN 1992-2, Chapter
6.1 (109), Equation (6.101a). It thus offers an alternative to minimum reinforcement as per EN 1992-1-1, Chapter
9.2.1.1 (1), Equation (9.1N). The latter can be taken into account when necessary by specifying a base reinforcement in the
reinforcing steel description.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
According to Chapter 9.2.1.1 (1), the ductile component behavior must always be ensured for components with or without
prestressing by applying robustness reinforcement.
Base Values
Unless otherwise specified, the base values apply for all checks in the ultimate, fatigue and serviceability limit states.
Design mode
• Standard: Standard design mode for bending with normal force throughout the load area. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible.
• Symmetrical: Design for symmetrical reinforcement. As opposed to the standard mode, all of the reinforcement layers
will be increased if a reinforcement increase is necessary. The predefined relationships between the reinforcement layers
will not be affected.
• Compression member: For compression members, a symmetrical design is carried out taking into account the minimum
reinforcement according to Section 9.5.2 (2).
Effective height
Effective static height for the shear design of area elements [m].
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
The concrete strut angle is defined by tan Q and should be limited according to equations (3AT) and (4AT).
SS EN 1992-1-1:
According to Article 15 and differing from Equation (6.7N), for prestressed components the condition 1.0 £ cot Q £ 3.0
applies.
Asl extension to
You can optionally specify a maximum value for areas and the program will automatically increase the above input value
until that maximum value is reached in order to avoid stirrup reinforcement [cm²].
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
For structured sections with prestressed tension chord the 1.6-fold value is to be applied according to Equation (9.5bDE).
SS EN 1992-1-1:
If the fire safety class is 1 or 2 and no shear reinforcement is required, rw,min can be set to zero as per Article 26.
Shear Section
For polygon sections, additional section dimensions are required for the lateral force and torsion design. These are explained
in the following. In case of sections with internal prestressing or with a shape that differs from a rectangle, the dimensions
suggested by the program should be reviewed.
Width
Section width for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qz [m].
Height
Section height for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qy [m].
Effective height
Effective static height for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qz [m].
Effective width
Effective static width for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qy [m].
Core section Ak = z1 * z2
Dimensions of the core section for calculating the torsion reinforcement [m].
tef
The effective wall thickness of the torsion section according to Figure 6.11 [m].
Box section
Selection of the rules applicable for box sections for the check of the maximum load-bearing capacity according to Chapter
6.3.2 (4) and for the required reinforcement according to Chapter 6.3.2 (5) in case of combined stress from lateral force and
torsion.
Shear Joint
The shear joint check is available for polygon cross sections. The input values proposed by the program must be checked by
the user and adjusted if necessary.
Joint location
The program can automatically determine the location of the joint at the transition between the slab and the web.
Alternatively, the user can define the distance of the joint from the top edge of the cross-section dz [m].
Joint roughness
The roughness of the joint (very smooth, smooth, rough, indented).
Factor c
Factor for determining the shear resistance in the joint, which is specified depending on the joint roughness according to
EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 6.2.5 (2) and can only be adjusted by the user if the joint is very smooth.
Joint width bi
Width of the joint over which shear forces are transferred between existing and new concrete [m].
Stresses
perm. sigma.c
The concrete compressive stress sc must be limited to 0.60 fck under the characteristic action combination in the
construction stages and final states according to EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 7.2 (2). If stress in the concrete under quasi-
continuous combination does not exceed the limit 0.45·fck, linear creep can be assumed according to 7.2 (3). If this is not
the case, non-linear creep must be taken into account.
perm. sigma.c(t)
Permissible concrete stress sc(t) at time t when prestressing is introduced. If the compressive stress exceeds the value
0.45·fck(t), the nonlinearity of the creep should be taken into account according to the standard. The program assumes that
prestressing is introduced in design situation 'G+P'.
fck(t)
Concrete compressive strength at time t when prestressing is introduced according to Chapter 5.10.2.2 (5) of the standard
[MN/m²].
SS EN 1992-1-1:
According to Article 19, the limit 1.0·fyk can be generally assumed.
Crack Width
These specifications apply to the minimum crack reinforcement calculation and the crack width check.
Section edge
The following properties can be defined differently for the section edges and the reinforcement directions:
wmax limit for the calculated crack [mm].
sr,max largest permissible crack spacing [mm].
kc calculation method for coefficient kc.
max. ds largest existing bar diameter [mm].
max. s largest existing bar spacing [mm].
wmax
Limit for the calculated crack width according to EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 7.3.1, Table 7.1N [mm]. The program will suggest a
tabular value according to the national requirements based on the selected exposure class and the prestressing of the
component. This value can be modified after the input field is enabled.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
In addition, the service life class is taken into account to determine the suggested value according to Article 20, Table D-2.
For prestressed components the tabular values for higher corrosion are taken, for reinforced concrete the values for slight
corrosion apply.
sr,max
When calculating the crack width, the crack spacing sr,max is determined by default using Equation (7.11) of the standard.
Alternatively, the user can specify an upper limit to take into account any special conditions of Equation (7.14) or
Sections (4) and (5) of Chapter 7.3.4, for example.
Coefficient kc
The following methods are available for calculating the coefficient kc:
auto For rectangular solid sections, kc is calculated according to Eq. (7.2), in all other cases according to Eq. (7.3).
web kc is calculated according to Eq. (7.2).
chord kc is calculated according to Eq. (7.3).
max. ds
Largest existing bar diameter of the reinforcing steel reinforcement for evaluating Equations (7.6N), (7.7N) and (7.11) in
Chapter 7.3 of the standard [mm].
max. s
Largest existing bar spacing of the reinforcement for the simplified crack width check as per Chapter 7.3.3 (2) [mm].
Thick component
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
Based on DIN EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 7.3.2 (5), the minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation in the case of
thicker components under centrical restraint can be determined according to Equation (NA 7.5.1). Therewith a reduction
compared to the calculation with Equation (7.1) can be achieved.
Coefficient k
Coefficient for taking into account nonlinear distributed concrete tensile stresses in the section in Chapter 7.3.2,
Equation (7.1). Depending on the flange width or the web height h the value k can be assumed between 0.65 (h ³
800 mm) and 1.0 (h £ 300 mm).
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
In case of restraint within the component, k can be multiplied by 0.8 whereby the minimum of the height and the width of
the section or section part shall be used for h. For tensile stresses due to restraint generated outside of the component,
k = 1.0 applies.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
Depending of the section dimension h (flange thickness resp. web height), the factor k can be assumed between
0.50 (h ³ 680 mm) and 0.90 (h £ 200 mm) according to Article 4a.
Ac,eff ring-shaped
For circular solid and hollow sections, the effective area of the reinforcement Ac,eff for the check of the minimum
reinforcement and the crack width can be determined ring-shaped according to Wiese et al. (2004).
Coefficient Xi1
The bond coefficient x1 according to Chapter 7.3.2, Equation (7.5), defines the extent to which prestressing steel as per
7.3.2 (3) can be taken into account for the minimum crack reinforcement. It is also used in calculating the effective
reinforcement level according to Chapter 7.3.4, Equation (7.10), and thus enters into the direct calculation of the crack
width. Data input is blocked for area elements since prestressing steel is normally not taken into account here.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
The bond coefficient x1 is used to take into account the different bonding behavior of concrete and prestressing steel for
the stress checks according to Chapter 7.2 of the standard.
Check combination
The action combination (AC) for the crack width check normally results from the selected exposition class. Alternatively, a
deviating combination can be chosen.
Check method
The crack width can be verified either by direct calculation according to Chapter 7.3.4 or simplified by limiting the bar
spacing using Table 7.3N. Table 7.3N should only be used for single-layer tensile reinforcement with d1 = 4 cm under
loading (cf. Zilch, Rogge (2002), p. 277; Fingerloos et al. (2012), p. 109; Book 600 of the DAfStb (2012), p. 127).
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
Die The method is applicable to single-layer reinforcement with a bar spacing according to Table 10AT or 11AT. These are
valid for concrete covers 25 mm £ cnom £ 40 mm with bar diameters 8 mm £ ds £ 20 mm.
For both methods, a constant average steel strain within Ac,eff can optionally be chosen as the basis for calculation.
Load duration; kt
This selection defines the factor kt in Equation (7.9) for crack width calculation.
Fatigue
dSigma.Rsk,s, dSigma.Rsk,b
The permissible characteristic stress range DsRsk (N*) of the longitudinal reinforcement and shear reinforcement at N* load
cycles according to the S-N curves specified in EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 6.8.4 [MN/m²]. The national decisive value found in
Table 6.3N, Row 1 (beam sections) resp. Row 2 (area sections), is suggested in the dialog. For the shear reinforcement, the
mandrel diameter is assumed to be four bar diameters.
dSigma.Rsk,p
The permissible characteristic stress range DsRsk (N*) of the prestressing steel at N* load cycles according to the S-N curves
specified in Chapter 6.8.4 [MN/m²]. The value found in Table 6.4, Row 4, is suggested in the dialog.
DIN EN 1992-1-1, OENORM B 1992-1-1:
The value for prestressing steel of class 1 is suggested.
Eta
Increase factor h for the reinforcing steel stress of the longitudinal reinforcement. This factor is used to take into account
the varying bonding behavior of concrete and prestressing steel as per Chapter 6.8.2 (2)P, Eq. (6.64).
fcd,fat
Concrete compressive strength before onset of cyclic load according to Chapter 6.8.7 (1), Eq. (6.76) [MN/m²]. In general,
the following applies:
æ f ö
f cd,fat = k1 × ßcc (t 0 ) × f cd × ç1 - ck ÷ (6.76)
è 250 ø
with
s (1- 28 / t0 )
ßcc (t 0 ) = e
s Coefficient depending on the cement type.
t0 Time of the initial stressing of the concrete.
k1 = 0.85
DIN EN 1992-1-1, OENORM B 1992-1-1, SS EN 1992-1-1:
k1 = 1.0
fcd,fat for s = 0.2, t0 = 28 and fcd according to Eq. (3.15) is suggested in the dialog.
Simplified check
The simplified check according to Chapter 6.8.6 (2) bases on the frequent action combination including the traffic loads at
serviceability limit state. The method for concrete is defined in Chapter 6.8.7 (2), the permissible stress ranges for steel are
suggested according to Chapter 6.8.6 (1) in the dialog. For shear reinforcement this value is reduced analogous to Table
6.3N.
Variation Coefficients
The coefficients used to take into account the variation of prestressing force are defined in EN 1992-1-1 depending on the
prestressing type. In the dialog, values are suggested according to Chapter 5.10.9 (1)P for subsequent bond. The defined
variation coefficients are taken into account for the effects from internal prestressing in the following checks:
• Decompression and concrete compressive stress check.
• Minimum reinforcement for crack width limitation.
• Crack width check.
Regarding the effects from external prestressing, the variation coefficients correspond to rsup = rinf = 1.
Analysis Settings
The EN 1992-1-1 dialog page can be opened using the Settings function in the Analysis menu.
Check selection
When selecting checks, the following cases are to be distinguished:
The check is performed according to the settings in the section dialog (see Section inputs).
The check is performed for all sections of the structure.
The check is performed for no sections of the structure.
Actions...
Open the dialog for describing actions.
Listing
• No: No log is generated by the checking program.
• Standard: Log with tabular output of results.
• Detailed: Additional output of the decisive combination internal forces at the check locations.
• Standard > permissible: Standard log limited to check locations where the permissible limit values are exceeded.
• Detailed > permissible: Detailed log limited to check locations where the permissible limit values are exceeded.
Single Design
The single design function allows you to analyze individual sections independently of the global system using predefined
internal forces. Enter the information listed below in the Single Design table in the EN 1992-1-1 Design folder of the
database or the folders of the national variants.
Section
Number of the section to be designed. Both polygon and composite sections can be designed.
Combination
Design situation according to EN 1992-1-1, Table 2.1.
• 0: Permanent and temporary design situation
• 1: Accidental design situation
Mode
• Standard: Standard design mode for bending with normal force throughout the load area. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible.
• Symmetrical: Design for symmetrical reinforcement. As opposed to the standard mode, all of the reinforcement layers
will be increased if a reinforcement increase is necessary. The predefined relationships between the reinforcement layers
will not be affected.
• Compression member: For compression members a symmetrical design is carried out taking into account the minimum
reinforcement according to Chapter 9.5.2 (2).
• Strains: Determine strain state for existing reinforcing steel layers.
• Strains SLS: Determine strain state in the serviceability limit state for existing reinforcing steel layers. In the compression
zone, a linear strain-stress curve of the concrete with the gradient tan a = Ecm is used.
• Strains SLS2: Determine strain state in the serviceability limit state for existing reinforcing steel layers. A nonlinear strain-
stress curve of the concrete is used as shown in Figure 3.2. Note that a horizontal progression is assumed for strains
exceeding ec1.
• Load bearing capacity: Determination of the load bearing capacity. All internal forces are increased up to the ultimate
limit state, taking into account the existing reinforcing steel layers.
• Maximum bending moment My: Determination of the maximum bearable bending moment My. The moment My is
increased up to the ultimate limit state, taking into account the other internal forces and the existing reinforcing steel
layers.
• Inactive: Design disabled.
The calculation is carried out from the opened input table via the Single Design or Print Preview menu item.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
In the modes SLS and SLS2 the stress increase of the prestressing steel layers is determined according to Eq. (14AT) with the
bond coefficient x1 specified for the section to be checked.
2. Aperture
This dialog page is used to define the geometry and location of an opening.
3. Results
This dialog page shows the calculated punching shear resistances, the necessary punching shear reinforcement (if
applicable) and the minimum bending reinforcement (if nationally relevant). You can call up an improved bending
reinforcement by clicking the Proposal button.
Example
0.20
0.50
0.30 0.40
with u0 = 0.51 m
( v Ed - 0,75 × v Rd,c )
A sw = (6.52)
1,5 × (d / sr ) × f ywd,ef × (1/(u1 × d))
sr × ucont,i
A sw ,i,min = 0,08 × fck / f yk × (9.11)
1,5
Row 1: Distance = 0.09 m; ucont,1 = 1.53 m; Asw,1 = 1.08 cm² > Asw,1,min = 1.08 cm²
Row 2: Distance = 0.21 m; ucont,2 = 1.72 m; Asw,2 = 0.96 cm² > Asw,2,min = 1.21 cm²
Maximal load bearing capacity with punching reinforcement acc. to Eq. (6.52)
vEd = 0.62 £ kmax × vRd,c = 1.50 × 0.58 = 0.87. The check is OK!
Prestressed Structures
Internal Prestressing
For internal prestressing, the tendon groups as well as the prestressing system and procedures are entered using the
Prestressing function of the Structure menu. To include them in the FEM calculation, you then need to define a load case of
the Prestressing load type.
Prestressing with bond and prestressing without bond are differentiated in the section inputs and the specifications for the
Creep and shrinkage load case. For prestressed components with subsequent bond the tendons can be set ungrouted for
the respective design situation in the action dialog.
Prestressing System
The prestressing system combines typical properties that are then assigned to the tendon groups using a number.
Number, Label
Number and name of the prestressing system. The option <Database> enables to load or to store properties by use of the
file Igraph.dat.
Certification
• DIN 1045-1
• DIN 4227
• EC2
• OENORM
• SIA 262
By selection of the certification, the prestressing force Pm0 is determined according to the standard.
Area Ap
Section area Ap of a tendon [mm²].
ßs, ß02
Yield strength or ß0.2 limit of the prestressing steel according to DIN 4227 [MN/m²].
fp0,1k
Characteristic value of the 0.1% strain limit of the prestressing steel per DIN 1045-1, OENORM, SIA 262 and EC2 [MN/m²].
E-Modulus
E-modulus of the prestressing steel [MN/m²].
ßz
Tensile strength of the prestressing steel according to DIN 4227 [MN/m²].
fpk
Characteristic value of the tensile strength of the prestressing steel per DIN 1045-1, OENORM, SIA 262 and EC2 [MN/m²].
Pm0
The permissible prestressing force of a tendon [kN] that corresponds to the selected certification is displayed where the
minimum of the two possible values is decisive. After releasing the input field, a different prestressing force can be defined.
Certification as per DIN 1045-1:
Pm0 = Ap · 0.85 fp0,1k or Ap · 0.75 fpk according to DIN 1045-1, Eq. (49).
Duct diameter
Is used for the decompression check according to the European standard and for beam tendons to calculate the net section
values [mm].
Friction coefficients
Friction coefficients m for prestressing and release.
Slippage
Slippage at the prestressing anchor [mm].
Prestressing Procedure
The prestressing procedure differentiates between the start and end of the tendon group. The size of the maximum
prestressing force is determined by factors regarding the permissible prestressing. In general, this is Pm0 (see Prestressing
system). Using the factor specified for the release, the maximum prestressing force remaining in the tendon group is defined
with respect to Pm0. The prestressing force that remains at the prestressing anchor is calculated from this by the program.
The resulting prestressing involves immediate losses due to friction and slippage, but not due to the elastic deformations of
the concrete and the short-term relaxation. Each prestressing anchor can be prestressed and released twice. The prestressing
procedures are numbered.
Number, Label
Number and name of the prestressing procedure.
Kappa
If tensioning with Pmax is selected, the permissible maximum force is calculated using the allowance value k to ensure there
is an overstressing reserve.
1. Tensioning
Factor relating to Pm0 or Pmax for the prestressing force at the tie at the 1st instance of tensioning.
1. Release
Factor relating to Pm0 for the maximum remaining prestressing force at the 1st release. '0': no release!
2. Tensioning
Factor relating to Pm0 or Pmax for the prestressing force at the tie for the 2nd tensioning. '0': no 2nd tensioning!
2. Release
Factor relating to Pm0 for the maximum remaining prestressing force at the 2nd release. '0': no 2nd release!
The differences between tensioning with Pm0 and Pmax are described in the following examples.
The user is responsible for checking the permissibility of the maximum force during the stressing process.
0
0
3561.1
3561.1 [kN]
3520.8
3481.0
3441.6
3385.5
3301.5
3171.2
3064.1
2990.1
2944.6
2911.3
2878.4
2847.9
xv
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 [m]
Prestressing force curve after the 1st tensioning with a factor of 1.05
3389.3
3230.0 [kN]
3267.0
3304.3
3342.1
3385.4
3301.5
3171.2
3064.1
2990.1
2944.6
2911.3
2878.4
2847.9
xv
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 [m]
Prestressing force curve after the 1st release with a factor of 1.0
Potential slippage was not taken into account here to illustrate the effects described above. Slippage would result in an
additional variation of the prestressing force curve. A second prestressing and release procedure would have similar effects.
The same holds true for prestressing and release at the tendon end.
The program uses the specified allowance value k to determine the maximum permissible value Pmax. The influence length
x is assumed to be the tendon length for one-sided prestressing or simply half of the tendon length for two-sided
prestressing.
In this setting the overstressing factor refers to Pmax, which means the value 1.0 is used to select the maximum
force permitted by the standard.
The release factor continues to refer to Pm0. Setting the value to 1.0 also assures that the force remaining in the tendon
after it fixed into place is within the permissible range.
Using an St 1570 / 1770 single tendon prestressed on both sides with certification as per EC2, the prestressing force curve
is illustrated for a value of k = 1.5. Slippage is ignored for the sake of simplicity.
0
0
3391.2
3387.1 [kN]
3357.5
3319.5
3281.9
3228.5
3148.3
3037.9
3148.3
3228.5
3281.9
3319.5
3357.5
3387.1
xv
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 [m]
Prestressing force curve after tensioning and release
If the force calculated during prestressing is less than the value during release, then the program will make sure that the
smaller value is not exceeded after the component is fixed into place.
Variation of Prestressing
For checks in the ultimate limit state, the following applies for the design value of the prestressing force according to
EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 5.10.8 (1):
Pd,t(x) = gP · Pm,t(x)
with
Pm,t(x) Mean value of prestressing force at time t and location x including prestressing losses from friction, slippage, creep,
shrinkage and relaxation.
gP Partial safety factor of prestressing force, gP = 1 as specified in Chapter 2.4.2.2 (1).
In the serviceability limit state, two characteristic values for the prestressing force are defined in Chapter 5.10.9 (1):
Pk,sup = rsup · Pm,t(x) Upper characteristic value according to Equation (5.47).
The variation coefficients for internal prestressing are defined separately for construction stages and final states. They are
used in the following checks:
• Decompression and concrete compressive stress check.
• Minimum reinforcement for crack width limitation.
• Crack width check.
Regarding the effects from external prestressing, the variation coefficients correspond to rsup = rinf = 1.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
- For tendons with immediate bond or without bond:
rsup = rinf = 1.0.
BS EN 1992-1-1:
rsup = rinf = 1.0 generally applies.
The program determines concrete creep and shrinkage based on a time-dependent stress-strain law developed by Trost.
Eb
s b (t ) =
1+r × j
(
e b (t ) - j × e b,0 - e b,S )
Explanation of the individual terms:
sb(t) Concrete stress from creep and shrinkage at time t.
Eb E-modulus of the concrete.
Under consideration of these relationships, a time-dependent global stiffness matrix and the associated load vectors are
constructed which, in turn, yield the internal forces and deformations of the concrete. The resulting stress changes in the
prestressing steel are also determined provided they are selected in the load case. Any influence from the relaxation of the
prestressing steel will be ignored in this case. According to Zilch/Rogge (2002, p. 256), this influence can be calculated
separately (see following section) and combined with the changes from creep and shrinkage for all time-dependent
prestressing losses:
For beams, design objects and axisymmetric elements, the resulting sets of internal forces are used directly in the checks. For
area elements, design internal forces are derived from this, as will be described in more detail in the following section.
The internal forces relevant for the checks are documented in the detailed check listing. Regardless of the selection made,
the results of the min/max combination are saved for the graphical representation. The load cases involved in the
combination can be displayed using the Combination information context function.
The differences between the two combination methods mentioned before can be seen from the following example of a
uniaxially stressed beam. The load cases 2, 3 and 4 shown can act simultaneously (inclusive). All safety and combination
factors are assumed to be 1 for the example.
Set Nx My Combination
1 -15 40 L1
2 -15 60 L1+L2
3 -10 50 L1+L3
4 -15 30 L1+L4
5 -10 70 L1+L2+L3
6 -15 50 L1+L2+L4
7 -10 40 L1+L3+L4
8 -10 60 L1+L2+L3+L4
Results of complete combination
Depending on the type of area element and reinforcement configuration, the variants of design internal forces listed below
are taken into account for the checks.
± 12 ( mx - m y ) 2 + 4mxy
2
with m1 ³ m2
The angle d assigned to m1 is:
2 ×mxy
tan d =
( mx - m y ) + ( mx - m y ) 2 + 4 × mxy
2
Coordinate systems
Design moments:
mh =
1
sin 2 y
[m sin (d + y) + m
1
2
2 cos
2
(d + y ) ± m1 sin d sin (d + y ) + m2 cos d cos(d + y ) ]
mx =
1
sin 2 y
[m sin
1
2
d+m2 cos 2 d ± m1 sin d sin (d + y ) + m2 cos d cos(d + y ) ]
The formulas apply accordingly for the normal design forces.
Design Combinations
In accordance with EN 1990 (Eurocode 0), Chapter 6.4.3, the following combinations are taken into account in the ultimate
limit states:
• For the combination of the permanent and temporary design situation either Equation (6.10) or the most unfavorable
equation from (6.10a) and (6.10b) is permitted.
å g G, j × Gk, j "+" g P × P "+" g Q,1 × Qk,1 "+" å g Q,i × y 0,i × Qk,i (6.10)
j ³1 i >1
å g G, j × Gk, j "+" g P × P "+" g Q,1 × y 0,1 × Qk,1 "+" å g Q,i × y 0,i × Qk,i (6.10a)
j ³1 i >1
å x j × g G, j × Gk, j "+" g P × P "+" g Q,1 × Qk,1 "+" å g Q,i × y 0,i × Qk,i (6.10b)
j ³1 i >1
For the coefficient x the value of x = 0.85 results from Table A.1.2(B).
DIN EN 1990, OENORM B 1990:
Equation (6.10) is used for the combination.
SS EN 1990:
Equations (6.10a) and (6.10b) apply with following modifications:
å g d × g G, j × Gk, j "+" g P × P (6.10aSS)
j ³1
å x j × g d × g G, j × Gk, j "+" g P × P "+" g d × g Q,1 × Qk,1 "+" å g d × g Q,i × y 0,i × Qk,i (6.10bSS)
j ³1 i >1
Assuming reliability class 3, factor gd is set to 1. (see Section A, Article 11 and 14). The coefficient x is set to the value
of x = 0.89.
BS B 1990:
The coefficient x in Equation (6.10b) is set to the value of x = 0.925.
å Gk, j "+" P "+" Ad "+" (y1,1 or y 2,1) × Qk,1 "+" å y 2,i × Qk,i (6.10b)
j ³1 i >1
For each combination you can define different design situations for the construction stages and final states. When
conducting the check, the extreme value deriving from all combinations and situations is decisive.
Stress-Strain Curves
The following characteristics are used for section design:
• Concrete: Parabola-rectangle diagram according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.3. Note that the design value for concrete
compressive strength fcd in Equation (3.15) is defined as fcd = acc·fck / gc with acc = 1 for normal concrete and acc = 0.85
for lightweight concrete.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
acc = 0.85 for normal concrete and acc = 0.75 for lightweight concrete.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
acc = 1 for normal and lightweight concrete.
BS EN 1992-1-1:
According to NA to 3.1.6 (1)P conservatively, acc = 0.85 is always assumed for normal concrete and lightweight
concrete.
• Reinforcing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.8, with rising upper branch, where the
maximum stress is assumed to be k · fyk / gs with k = 1.05 as per Table C.1, class A.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The maximum stress is assumed to be 1.05 · fyk / gs for ductility class A according to DIN 488-1.
• Prestressing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.10, with horizontal upper branch according to
Chapter 3.3.6 (7) of the standard and a maximum stress of fpd = fp;0,1k / gs .
Design for Bending With or Without Normal Force or Normal Force Only
The design for longitudinal force and bending moment is performed according to EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 6.1. The
reinforcement required for each internal force combination at the reinforced concrete section is determined iteratively based
on the formulation of equilibrium conditions as well as the limit strain curve depicted in the illustration below. The final
result is derived from the extreme value of all calculated reinforcements.
Strain areas for the design with eud = 0.9 euk and euk = 0.025 as per Table C.1.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
eud = 0.025
You can control the result of the design by specifying the reinforcement geometry and choosing one of three design
modes. For sections subject to a compressive normal force, the minimum eccentricity defined in Chapter 6.1 (4) is taken into
account. Concrete compression according to Chapter 6.1 (5) cannot be checked.
Standard Mode
This is the standard design mode for bending with longitudinal force throughout the entire load area. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible. The procedure in strain areas 4 and 5 is the same as with
symmetrical design. The required transverse reinforcement of slab as per Section 9.3.1.1 (2) is considered during design
according to user specification. However, the provision for horizontal reinforcement of walls as per Section 9.6.3 (1) is not
taken into account.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The referenced compressive zone height xd / d is limited according to Chapter 5.4 (NA.5) and NA.11.5.2 (1) as follows:
Symmetrical Mode
In contrast to the standard design, the reinforcement will be applied at all predefined locations in all strain areas, if
necessary. The specified relationships between the reinforcement layers will not be affected.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
(9.12DE)
As,min = 0.15 NEd / fyd
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
(30AT)
As,min = 0.13 NEd / fyd ³ 0.0026 Ac
SS EN 1992-1-1:
(Article 28)
As,min = 0.002 Ac
According to EN 1992-2, Chapter 6.1 (110), the minimum reinforcement should be added in areas where tensile stresses in
the concrete occur under the characteristic action combination. This process should take into account the statically
undetermined prestressing effect and ignore the statically determined effect.
The program determines all stresses at the gross section. The statically determined prestressing effect can only be subtracted
for beams and design objects. For area elements the prestress is alternatively reduced by a user-defined reduction factor.
The lever arm zs of the internal forces is assumed as 0.9 · d for the sake of simplicity. The calculated reinforcement is evenly
distributed to the reinforcement layers in the tensile zone. In the design mode symmetrical reinforcement is also applied to
the remaining layers. This will not affect the predefined relationships between the individual reinforcement layers. For
sections with mode compression member the robustness reinforcement is not checked because minimum reinforcement is
already determined during the design for bending with longitudinal force.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
To ensure a ductile component behavior, the above-mentioned robustness reinforcement must be added instead of the
minimum reinforcement from Equation (9.1N) for components with or without prestressing. The reinforcement must be
evenly distributed in the tensile zone. As it is not specified in more detail, this reinforcement is determined with the
characteristic combination as described above. The option to take tendons into account is not used by the program.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
According to Article 13, method D (proofs concerning the reliability of the tendons), in combination with at least one of the
other methods, should be used. The second condition can be covered by adding the minimum reinforcement as described
in Chapter 9.2.1 (method A) or by use of the above-mentioned robustness reinforcement.
Surface Reinforcement
To prevent concrete spalling, a surface reinforcement may be necessary according to EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 9.2.4. For more
information, refer to Annex J. The reinforcement determined in this manner can be incorporated into the program by
specifying a base reinforcement in the reinforcing steel description.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
The guidelines set forth in Annex J are not normative.
• Slab and shell elements are designed for lateral force qr = Ö(qx² + qy²). Depending on which has a negative effect,
either the principal compressive force or principal tensile force is used for the associated longitudinal force.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
If selected, the check will be carried out separately for the reinforcement directions x and y in accordance with
Chapter 6.2.1 (10). In this case, the normal force in reinforcement direction is used for the associated longitudinal
force. If lateral force reinforcement is necessary, it must be added from both directions.
• There is no reduction of the action from loads near supports as specified in Chapter 6.2.1 (8) of the standard.
• For beams and design objects, the decisive values of the equivalent rectangle are determined by the user
independently of the normal section geometry. The coefficients for calculating the inner lever arm z based on the
effective width and effective height must also be specified. For area elements, the calculation is generally performed
with the lever arm z = 0.9 d.
• DIN EN 1992-1-1:
According to 6.2.3 (1), the inner lever arm is limited to the maximum value derived from
z = d - cv,l - 30 mm and z = d – 2cv,l. Note that cv,l refers to the extent to which longitudinal reinforcement is laid in
the concrete compressive zone.
• For beam sections with internal prestressing, the design value of lateral load-bearing capacity VRd,max according to
Chapter 6.2.3 (6) is determined using the nominal value bw,nom of the section width.
• The necessity of a lateral force reinforcement is analyzed according to Chapter 6.2.2 (1) of the standard. The special
conditions listed in Sections (2) through (7) are not used in this case.
• BS EN 1992-1-1:
The shear strength of concrete of strength classes higher than C50/60 is limited to the value of class C50/60,
according to NA to 3.1.2 (2)P.
The used formulas from EN 1992-1-1 that are used are listed below.
vl,min = 0.028 k3/2 · flck1/2 for lightweight concrete according to 11.6.1 (1).
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
CRd,c = ClRd,c = 0.15 / gc
k1 = 0.12
vmin = (k1 / gc) k3/2 · fck1/2
vl,min = (k1 / gc) k3/2 · flck1/2
with
k1 =0.0525 for d < 600 mm
=0.0375 for d > 800 mm
For 600 mm < d £ 800 mm can be interpolated.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
0.6 £ tan q £ 1.0 (3AT)
If the section is in compression, then q in the range
0.4 £ tan q £ 1.0 (4AT)
may be selected.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
According to Article 15 and differing from Equation (6.7N), for prestressed components the condition 1.0 £ cot Q £ 3.0
applies.
For components with lateral force reinforcement perpendicular to the complement axis, the lateral force resistance VRd is
the smaller value from
VRd,s = (Asw / s) · z · fywd · cot q (6.8)
and
VRd,max = acw · bw · z · n1 · fcd / (cot q + tan q) (6.9)
where
Asw is the section area of the lateral force reinforcement.
s is the distance of the stirrups to each other.
fywd is the design value for the yield strength of the lateral force reinforcement.
n1 is a reduction coefficient for the concrete strength when shear cracks occur.
acw is a coefficient for taking into account the stress state in the compression chord.
The recommended values are:
n1 =n
with
n = 0.6 (1 - fck / 250) for normal concrete ( fck in N/mm²) (6.6N)
= 2.5 (1 - scp / fcd) for 0.5 fcd < scp £ 1.0 fcd (6.11cN)
where
scp is the average compressive stress in the concrete (indicated as a positive value) as a result of the design value for
the normal force.
The maximum effective section area of the lateral force reinforcement Asw,max for cot q = 1 is derived from:
(Asw,max · fywd) / (bw · s) £ ½ acw · n · fcd (6.12)
The additional tensile force in the longitudinal reinforcement due to lateral force according to Eq. (6.18) is
DFtd = 0.5·VEd·(cot Q - cot a ). (6.18)
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
n1 = h1 · 0.75 · min (1.0; 1.1 - fck / 500)
h1 = 1.0 for normal concrete and as per Eq. (11.1) for lightweight concrete.
acw = 1.0
Equation (6.12) is not applied.
a is the angle between the lateral force reinforcement and the component axis.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
rw,min = 0.16 fctm / fyk (9.5aDE)
With respect to slabs, the value can vary between zero and the above value as described in Chapter 9.3.2 (2).
For structured sections with prestressed tension chord, the following applies:
rw,min = 0.256 fctm / fyk (9.5bDE)
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
rw,min = 0.15 fctm / fyd (24AT)
For slabs with a calculated shear reinforcement at least the 0.6-fold value of the minimum shear reinforcement of beams is
to be applied.
Strut angle
According to 6.3.2 (2), the rules set forth in Chapter 6.2.3 (2) for lateral force also apply for the strut angle.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
For combined stress from torsion and proportional lateral force, VEd in Equation (6.7aDE) must include the shear force of
the wall VEd,T+V based on Equation (NA.6.27.1) and bw in Equation (6.7bDE) must include the effective thickness of wall tef.
The check for both lateral force and torsion must be carried out using the selected angle Q. The reinforcements determined
in this manner are to be added together.
VEd,T+V = VEd,T + VEd · tef / bw (NA.6.27.1)
Alternatively a strut angle of 45° for torsion according to Chapter 6.3.2 (2) or a constant value cot Q for lateral force and
torsion (cf. interpretation No. 24 of NABau for DIN 1045-1) can be chosen in the section dialog.
Torsion reinforcement
The necessary reinforcement is to be determined according to Chapter 6.3.2 (3):
SAsl · fyd / uk = TEd / 2Ak · cot Q (6.28)
or
Asw · fyd / s = TEd / 2Ak · tan Q
where
Asl is the section area of the torsion longitudinal reinforcement.
Asw is the section area of the torsion reinforcement perpendicular to the component axis.
uk is the perimeter of area Ak.
s is the distance of the torsion reinforcement as measured along the component axis.
Ak is the area enclosed by the center lines of the walls.
For approximately rectangular full sections, only the minimum reinforcement defined in Section (5) is necessary if the
condition expressed by Equation (6.31) is met:
TEd / TRd,c + VEd / VRd,c £ 1.0 (6.31)
where
TRd,c is the torsion crack moment which, according to Zilch (2006, p. 290), is defined as TRd,c = fctd · WT.
VRd,c is the lateral force resistance according to Equation (6.2).
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The condition (6.31) is supplemented with the following equations:
VEd × bw (NA.6.31.1)
TEd £
4.5
é (NA.6.31.2)
4.5 TEd ù
VEd ê1 + ú £ VRd,c
ë VEd × bw û
with acw according to Equation (6.9) and n according to Eq. (6.6N) for normal concrete and
according to Eq. (11.6.6N) for lightweight concrete.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
For compact sections, the interaction Equation (NA.6.29.1) is used:
(TEd / TRd,max)² + (VEd / VRd,max)² £ 1.0 (NA.6.29.1)
In Equation (6.30) n = h1 · 0.75 is used for box sections and n = h1 · 0.525 · min (1.0; 1.1 - fck / 500) in all other cases with
h1 = 1 for normal concrete and as per Eq. (11.1) for lightweight concrete.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
For full sections the following interaction equation can be used:
(TEd / TRd,max)² + (VEd / VRd,max)² £ 1.0 (9AT)
No Yes 1
No No 0 (No check)
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The load bearing component of the transverse reinforcement from the shear friction in Eq. (6.25) may be increased to
r · fyd (1.2 · m · sin a + cos a).
For very smooth joints without external compression normal force perpendicular to the joint, the friction component in
Eq. (6.25) may be taken into account up to the limit m · sn £ 0.1 · fcd according to NPD 6.2.2 (6).
where
c, m are factors which depend on the roughness of the joint (see 6.2.5 (2)). Under dynamic or fatigue loads, the
value c is halved according to 6.2.5 (5).
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
For very smooth joints under dynamic or fatigue loads, c = 0 is to be assumed.
fctd is the design value of the concrete tensile strength according to 3.1.6 (2)P.
sn is the stress caused by the minimum normal force perpendicular to the joint, which can act simultaneously with
the lateral force (positive for compression with sn < 0.6 fcd and negative for tension). If sn is a tensile stress
c · fctd should usually be set to 0.
r = As / Ai
As is the area of reinforcement crossing the joint, including ordinary shear reinforcement, with adequate anchorage
at both sides of the interface.
Ai is the area of the joint.
a the angle of inclination of the transverse reinforcement. This is set at 90° by the program.
v is a strength reduction factor according to 6.2.2 (6).
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
If reinforcement is required, the following minimum reinforcement must be inserted perpendicular to the joint for beam-like
components:
ρmin = 0.2 · fctm / fyk ³ 0.001
Punching Shear
The load-bearing safety check against punching shear is carried out according to EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 6.4. This check is
used to determine the necessary punching reinforcement. The following special conditions apply:
• The orthogonal effect directions labeled as y and z in the standard are indicated below as well as in the dialog and the
listing as x and y in order to comply with the area reinforcement directions commonly used in the program.
• The average effective static height d results from the input parameters d and d with d = (d +d ) / 2. These
x y x y
parameters are to be selected as shown in Figure 6.12, 6.16 or 6.17.
• No check is carried out for pad footings.
• The action can be entered directly or taken from the analyzed design situation at the ultimate limit state. In this case,
VEd is set to the maximum support force Rz for each corresponding action combination.
• BS EN 1992-1-1:
The shear strength of concrete of strength classes higher than C50/60 is limited to the value of class C50/60,
according to NA to 3.1.2 (2)P.
The load discharge areas and check sections as per Chapter 6.4.2, Section (1) to (7), are taken into consideration. The user-
specified opening dimensions are used to calculate the check sections.
where
fck is the characteristic concrete strength [N/mm²]
For column foundations and foundation slabs the following applies according to Chapter 6.4.4 (2):
vRd,c = CRd,c · k · (100 rl · fck)1/3 · 2 · d/a ³ ( vmin · 2 · d/a ) (6.50)
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
vmin as in Section 6.2.2 (1)
For internal columns of flat slabs with u0 /d < 4 the following applies according to Book 600 of the DAfStb:
CRd,c = ClRd,c = 0.18 / gc · ( 0.1·u0 /d + 0.6 ) ³ 0.15/gc (H.6-16)
For column foundations and foundation slabs the following applies:
a The program does not iterate over the distance a according to NCI of 6.4.4 (2). If a constant perimeter with
a = 1.0 d is assumed, only 50% of the soil pressures are allowed for relieving. This is taken into account during
determination of the resistance.
CRd,c = ClRd,c = 0.15 / gc
In all other cases the recommended value for CRd,c applies.
The bending reinforcement level rl must also be limited to rl £ 0.5 fcd / fyd.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
The allowable reinforcement level for determining vRd,c must not exceed
rl = 0.4 · fcd / fyd £ 0.02.
For foundation slabs the program does not iterate over the distance a according to the supplement to 6.4.4 (2). For
simplification, a constant perimeter with a = 1.0 d can be assumed.
where
u0 For an internal column u0 = Circumference of the column
For an edge column u0 = c2 + 3·d £ c2 + 2·c1
For a corner column u0 = 3·d £ c1 + c2
c1 , c2 are the column dimensions as shown in Figure 6.20. For circular columns, the decisive values of u0 are
determined proportionally. For walls u0 is determined corresponding to edge and corner columns.
OENORM B 1992-1-1: The possibility of simplification in case of round edge and corner columns is not used.
ß See 6.4.3 (3), (4) and (5).
vEd is the lateral force to be absorbed at the column section per area unit.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
For slabs or foundations with small load introduction areas with u0/d < 4, the maximum punching resistance vRd,max shall
be limited to the recommended values.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
vRd,max £ 0.50 · v · fcd (Article 16)
vRd,max £ 0.50 · v · flcd (Article 36a)
BS EN 1992-1-1:
vRd,max = 0.5 · v · fcd
For lightweight concrete the recommended value applies.
2) The first reinforcement row is specified with a distance of 0.5·d from the column edge; the other reinforcement rows are
specified with a distance of sr £ 0.75·d from each other (see Figure 9.10). The reinforcement is determined using the
following equation:
vRd,cs = 0.75·vRd,c + 1.5·(d / sr) Asw· fywd,ef ( 1/(u1·d)) sin a £ kmax·vRd,c [MN/m²] (6.52)
where
Asw is the section area of the punching reinforcement in a reinforcement row around the column [mm²].
sr is the radial distance of the punching reinforcement rows [mm].
fywd,ef is the effective design value for the yield strength of the punching reinforcement according to
fywd,ef = 250 + 0.25·d £ fywd [MN/m²]
u1 is the circumference of the critical perimeter [mm].
d is the average value of the effective static heights in the orthogonal directions [mm].
a is the angle between the punching reinforcement and the slab plane.
kmax is the factor for limiting the maximal load-bearing capacity with punching reinforcement. The recommended
value is 1.5.
BS EN 1992-1-1: kmax = 2.0
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
For each of the first two rows Asw is to be increased by 60%. The coefficient kmax in Eq. (6.52) is assumed to be kmax
= 1.65. According to OENORM, it is assumed that the punching reinforcement comprises the respective lower layer of the
bending reinforcement or consists of bent-up bars. For the given normal force NEd, it is assumed that it does not include a
compressive normal force from prestressing.
3) The perimeter uout,ef , which does not need any punching reinforcement, is normally calculated based on Equation (6.54):
uout,ef = ß·VEd / (vRd,c·d) (6.54)
In general, the outermost row of the punching reinforcement must not be farther from uout,ef than 1.5·d.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
vRd,c is determined as the lateral force resistance according to Chapter 6.2.2 (1).
4) For the minimum required punching reinforcement Asw,min of the internal check sections, the following applies:
where
a is the angle between the punching reinforcement and the longitudinal reinforcement
(i.e., for vertical stirrups a = 90° and sin a = 1).
sr is the radial distance of the stirrups of the punching reinforcement.
st is the tangential distance of the stirrups of the punching reinforcement.
fck in N/mm².
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
Asw, min = As × sin a = 0.08 / 1.5 × f ck / f yk × sr × st (9.11DE)
OENORM EN 1992-1-1:
The minimum reinforcement is determined according to Equation (28AT):
VEd e
as,min = × (28AT)
0.9 × d × f yd beff
with
e/beff the relative eccentricity as per Table 13AT.
Design Combinations
For the check against fatigue two alternative action combinations can be used:
• Frequent combination for simplified checks according to EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 6.8.6 (2) in conjunction with EN 1990,
Chapter 6.5.3.
æ ö
ç G "+" P "+" y × Q "+" y × Q ÷ "+" Q
ç å k, j 1,1 k,1 å 2,i k,i ÷ fat (6.69)
è j ³1 i >1 ø
In this equation Qk,1 and Qk,i are non-cyclic, non-permanent actions whereas Qfat defines the relevant fatigue load.
For each combination you can define different design situations for the construction stages and final states. When
conducting the check, the extreme value deriving from all combinations and situations is decisive.
Stress-Strain Curves
For checks against fatigue the following characteristics apply:
• Concrete: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.2, where a horizontal curve is assumed for strains of
ec1 or higher (cf. Rossner, Graubner 2012, p. 511 and Nguyen et al. 2015, p. 158).
• Reinforcing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.8, with rising upper branch, where the
maximum stress is assumed to be k · fyk with k = 1.05 as per Table C.1, class A.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The maximum stress is assumed to be 1.05 · fyk / gs for ductility class A according to DIN 488-1.
• Prestressing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.10, with horizontal upper branch according to
Chapter 3.3.6 (7) of the standard and a maximum stress of fp;0,1k .
Simplified check
According to Chapter 6.8.6, adequate fatigue resistance may be assumed if the stress range under the frequent action
combination does not exceed 70 MN/m² for unwelded reinforcing bars and 35 MN/m² for welded bars. The condition
described in Chapter 6.8.6 (3) for couplings in prestressed components is not examined by the program.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The simplified check is not permitted for welded reinforcing bars.
Calculation method
The maximum from the robustness, crack and bending reinforcement is taken as the existing bending reinforcement. If as a
result the load from the fatigue combination in state II cannot be absorbed, the design will be repeated using the existing
reinforcement and the check internal forces.
The maximum stress range per steel layer that results from the strain state in state II or the truss model is determined
separately for each check situation. For longitudinal reinforcement the varying bond behavior of reinforcing and prestressing
steel is taken into account by increasing the steel stress by the coefficient h from Eq. (6.64). If for longitudinal and shear
reinforcement the resulting stress range exceeds the permitted stress range, the necessary reinforcement will be iteratively
increased until the check succeeds for all situations. In the Symmetrical and Compression member design modes the
longitudinal reinforcement is applied at all predefined locations. This will not affect the predefined relationships between
the individual reinforcement layers.
The permitted stress ranges and the coefficient h are specified by the user in the Section dialog.
The decisive reinforcement used for the check, which may have been increased, is recorded in the check log and saved for
graphical representation.
Simplified check
Adequate fatigue resistance may be assumed if the following condition is satisfied:
s c,max s c,min £ 0.9 for f £ 50 MN/m²
£ 0.5 + 0.45 ck (6.77)
f cd , fat f cd , fat £ 0.8 for f > 50 MN/m²
ck
where
sc,max is the maximum compressive stress at a fibre under the frequent load combination (compression measured
positive).
sc,min is the minimum compressive stress at the same fibre where sc,max occurs (sc,min = 0 if sc,min is a tensile stress).
fcd,fat is the design fatigue strength of concrete according to Eq. (6.76). This value is entered by the user in the Section
dialog.
fcd,fat = k1· ßcc(t0)· fcd ·(1 - fck / 250)
(6.76)
with ßcc(t0) as per Eq. (3.2) and fcd as per Eq. (3.15)
k1 = 0.85
DIN EN 1992-1-1, OENORM B 1992-1-1, SS EN 1992-1-1:
k1 = 1.0
where
Requ = Ecd,min,equ / Ecd,max,equ is the stress ratio.
Ecd,min,equ = scd,min,equ / fcd,fat is the minimum compressive stress level.
Ecd,max,equ = scd,max,equ / fcd,fat is the maximum compressive stress level.
scd,min,equ is the lower stress of the ultimate amplitude for N = 106 cycles.
scd,max,equ is the uper stress of the ultimate amplitude for N = 106 cycles.
fcd,fat is the design fatigue strength of concrete according to Eq. (6.76).
Design Combinations
In accordance with EN 1990 (Eurocode 0), Chapter 6.5.3, the following combinations are taken into account in the
serviceability limit states:
• Combination for characteristic situations
å Gk, j "+" P "+" Qk,1 "+" å y 0,i × Qk,i (6.14b)
j ³1 i >1
• Combination for frequent situations
å Gk, j "+" P "+" y1,1 × Qk,1 "+" å y 2,i × Qk,i (6.15b)
j ³1 i >1
• Combination for quasi-continuous situations
å Gk, j "+" P "+" å y 2,i × Qk,i (6.16b)
j ³1 i ³1
For each combination you can define different design situations for the construction stages and final states. If necessary, the
combination required by the check will automatically be determined from the section specifications. Each check is carried
out for all the situations of a combination.
Stress-Strain Curves
For checks in the serviceability limit states the following characteristics apply:
• Concrete: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.2, where a horizontal curve is assumed for strains of
ec1 or higher (cf. Interpretation No. 098 of the NABau for DIN TR 102).
• Reinforcing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.8, with rising upper branch, where the
maximum stress is assumed to be k · fyk with k = 1.05 as per Table C.1, class A.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The maximum stress is assumed to be 1.05 · fyk for ductility class A according to DIN 488-1.
• Prestressing steel: Stress-strain curve according to EN 1992-1-1, Figure 3.10, with horizontal upper branch according to
Chapter 3.3.6 (7) of the standard and a maximum stress of fp;0,1k .
Stress Analysis
For uncracked concrete sections, the program assumes that concrete and steel under tensile and compressive stress behave
elastically. As for cracked concrete sections, the concrete compressive stresses are determined using the aforementioned
stress-strain curve.
Area elements
For area elements the concrete stresses are calculated at the gross section. The steel stress check is carried out for
reinforcing steel by determining the strain state at the cracked concrete section and for the prestressing steel at the
uncracked concrete section.
Conversely, in the checks the stresses are determined as follows and are graphically displayed or logged:
• When checking the crack reinforcement and crack width, the concrete stress is calculated at the gross section
• When checking the decompression and concrete compressive stresses, the concrete stress is calculated
- without internal tendons at the gross section
- with internal tendons without bond at the net section
- with internal tendons with bond for situations before being grouted at the net section or otherwise at the ideal
section
• The reinforcing and prestressing steel stresses are checked by determining the strain state at the cracked concrete
section
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
If the stresses according to Chapter 7.2 are calculated at the cracked section the different bonding behavior of concrete
and prestressing steel is to be taken into account. The increase of tension force DFtp in the prestressing steel is to be
calculated as follows:
where
x1 is the bond coefficient according to Eq. (7.5); the value can be entered in the crack width check dialog;
Ap is the section area of the tendon with bond;
Prestressing steel
For tendons with bond, the limitation of steel stress is checked at the cracked concrete section for beams and design objects
and at the uncracked concrete section for area elements. This check is based on the limit 0.75 fpk under the characteristic
action combination.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The check is carried out for the quasi-continuous combination with the limit 0.65 fpk. In addition, the stresses are checked
against the minimum of 0.9·fp0,1k and 0.8·fpk under the characteristic combination.
For situations before prestressing and for tendons without bond, the stress spm0 (x) is checked according to Equation
(5.43). External tendons are not checked.
Decompression Check
This check is to be carried out for prestressed components of exposure classes XC2-XC4, XD1-XD3 and XS1-XS3 as per
Table 7.1N in Chapter 7.3.1 of EN 1992-1-1. According to this, all parts of the tendon with bond or the duct must be
located in the overcompressed concrete at a depth of at least 25 mm. The decisive action combination results from the
selected exposure class or according to the user specification.
For beams and design objects, the analysis is carried out for stresses resulting from bending and normal force. A cracked
section according to Chapter 7.1 (2) is assumed in this analysis in case the tensile stress under the decisive action
combination exceeds fctm. In addition, the rules for stress analysis indicated above apply.
For area sections, an uncracked section is assumed. The 2D concrete stress applied in the direction of the tendon is decisive
for the check.
The result is indicated as the 'compression depth' which refers to the shortest distance between the tendon or duct and the
tensile zone or section edge. This value is negative if the tendon is in the tensile zone.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
Table 7.1DE is decisive. The limit state of decompression is maintained if the concrete section around the tendon is under
compressive stresses in the range of 100 mm or 1/10 of the section height. The higher range is decisive. The stresses are to
be checked in state II.
For structures that are to be designed according to the DAfStb guideline for waterproof components, a compressive stress
of 0.5 MN/m² should remain in the component after deducting the loss of prestress according to Chapter 8.4 (2) of the
guideline. This can be verified in the graphical representation of the determined check stresses.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
Table 8AT is decisive.
For profiled sections, each subsection (web or flange) should be checked individually in accordance with Section (2). This
cannot be done if any polygonal section geometries are taken into consideration. For this reason, the program always
determines the minimum reinforcement based on the entire section. The coefficient kc is calculated according to user
specification either as per Eq. (7.2) or as per Eq. (7.3), optionally different for the top and bottom of the cross-section.
SS EN 1992-1-1:
The permissible crack widths are defined in Article 20, Table D-2, for the quasi-continuous action combination depending
on the exposure class, the service life class and the corrosion susceptibility. If the tensile stress does not exceed fctk / z with
z as per Table D-3, the concrete may be regarded as uncracked. In this case no minimum reinforcement is determined. The
program assumes fctk = fctk;0.05(t) = 0.7·fctm(t) = 0.7·fct,eff with fct,eff according to Equation (7.1).
ss is the maximum permitted stress in the reinforcing steel reinforcement in relation to the limit diameter of the
reinforcing steel.
k is the coefficient for factoring in nonlinearly distributed tensile stresses based on the user's input, which can vary
between 0.65 and 1.0 depending on the section height.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
In case of restraint within the component, these values can be multiplied by 0.8 and for tensile stresses due to
restraint generated outside of the component, k = 1.0 shall be assumed.
fct,eff is the effective concrete tensile strength at the time of crack formation based on the user's input. The tensile
strength is assumed to be fctm or lower in case the crack formation is expected to occur within the first 28 days.
The tensile strength, which depends on the age of the concrete, is defined in Equation (3.4) of Chapter 3.1.2.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
If it is not certain whether crack formation will occur within the first 28 days, a tensile strength of 3 MN/m² for
normal concrete and 2.5 MN/m² for lightweight concrete should be assumed.
kc is the coefficient for consideration of stress distribution prior to crack formation.
kc = 1.0 for tension only
For rectangular sections and webs of box girders or T sections:
kc = 0.4 (1 - sc / (k1 · h / h*) / fct,eff ) £ 1 (7.2)
For flanges of box girders and T sections:
kc = 0.9 · Fcr / Act / fct,eff ³ 0.5 (7.3)
sc is the average concrete stress in the analyzed part of the section with
sc = NEd / (b · h) (7.4)
NEd is the normal stress in the analyzed part of the section (compressive force positive) under the decisive action
combination.
h* = min( h; 1.0 m).
k1 is the coefficient for taking into account the effects of normal force NEd on the stress distribution:
k1 = 1.5 for compressive normal force
k1 = 2 h* / (3h) for tensile normal force
Fcr is the absolute value of the tensile force in the chord directly before crack formation. The tensile force is
generated through the integration of tensile stresses within area Act.
The largest existing bar diameter fs is specified in the Section dialog (where it is labeled with ds). It is used in the following
equations to determine the limit diameter fs* as an input value for Table 7.2N:
If the crack width check is to be carried out at the same time, the program will determine whether the specified crack width
according to Chapter 7.3.4 is maintained by inserting the calculated minimum reinforcement. If necessary, the minimum
reinforcement is increased iteratively until the check limit is reached. The increased reinforcement is indicated by an
exclamation mark "!" in the log.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
The limit diameter fs* for Table 7.2DE is determined using the following equations:
fs = fs* · fct,eff / 2.9 · kc · k · hcr / (4(h-d)) ³ fs* · fct,eff / 2.9 for bending (7.6DE)
fs = fs* · fct,eff / 2.9 · kc · k · hcr / (8(h-d)) ³ fs* · fct,eff / 2.9 for centrical tension (7.7DE)
The steel stress ss is calculated with the equation from Table 7.2DE.
Based on Chapter 7.3.2 (NA.5), the minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation in the case of thicker
components under centrical restraint can be determined according to Equation (NA.7.5.1). It is not necessary to insert more
reinforcing steel as results from Equation (7.1). The rules specified before will be used, if the option is selected by the user,
whereas the possibility of lower reinforcement for slowly hardening concrete according to Section (NA.6) will not be used.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
Table 7.2N is replaced by Table 8AT. The steel stress ss is determined according to Equation (19AT). The limit diameter is to
be modified as follows:
fs = fs* · fct,eff / 2.9 · kc · k · hcr / (4(h-d)) ³ fs* · fct,eff / 2.9 (21AT)
For centrical tension hcr = h / 2 for each member side is applied.
For members under centrical restraint the minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation can be determined
according to Equation (17AT). This rule will be used, if the option is selected by the user. The program does not take into
account the possibility of reducing the reinforcement for slowly hardening concrete.
For beams and design objects, the tendon layers with bond can be added using the x1 value specified in the Section dialog
as long as they are grouted in the check situation. For area elements, prestressing steel can never be taken into account.
According to Section (4) of Chapter 7.3.2, prestressed concrete components do not require a minimum reinforcement in
sections where the absolute value of concrete tensile stress sct,p under the characteristic action combination and
characteristic prestressing is less than fct,eff. This condition is automatically checked by the program.
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
According to Section (4), components with subsequent bond do not require a minimum reinforcement if the absolute value
of concrete compressive stress under the characteristic combination on the section edge is greater than 1 N/mm². This
condition is also checked by the program.
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
The value is specified as sct,p = 0.0 N/mm².
SS EN 1992-1-1:
The value is specified as sct,p = fctk / z with z the crack safety factor according to Article 21, Table D-3.
The program assumes fctk = fctk;0.05(t) = 0.7·fctm(t) = 0.7·fct,eff with fct,eff according to Equation (7.1).
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
For components that are to be designed according to the oevb guideline for waterproof concrete structures, the permissible
crack widths according to Chapter 4.5.1 of the guideline apply depending on the design class according to table 3-2. When
using the design model "White tank optimized" ("Weiße Wanne optimiert"), the minimum crack-limiting reinforcement
can be avoided if the requirements according to Chapter 4.5.2.2 of the guideline are met and if a minimum reinforcement
As,min is dimensioned as follows per component side and reinforcement direction:
As,min = 0,07 · Ac · fctm / fyk
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
k3 = 0 and k4 = 1 / (3.6 · k1 · k2 ) £ rp,eff · ss / (3.6 · k1 · k2 · fct,eff ) (22AT)
sr,max = f / (3.6 · rp,eff ) £ ss · f / (3.6 · fct,eff ) . (23AT)
SS EN 1992-1-1:
k3 = 7 f / c (Article 22)
If an upper limit for the crack spacing in Equation (7.11) was specified in the section dialog, this allows the special
features of Equations (7.13) and (7.14) and sections (4) and (5) of Chapter 7.3.4 to be taken into consideration.
If the minimum reinforcement check for limiting the crack width is not selected, the program will automatically determine a
crack reinforcement that is required to maintain the crack width. For that purpose a design is carried out using the decisive
check combination for calculating the crack width. The resulting calculated reinforcement is indicated by an exclamation
mark "!" in the check log.
The crack width is checked for the final longitudinal reinforcement (maximum from the robustness, crack and bending
reinforcement including a possible increase resulting from the fatigue check) and saved for graphical representation
together with the decisive reinforcing steel stress.
If the minimum reinforcement check for limiting the crack width is not selected, the program will automatically determine a
crack reinforcement that is required to maintain the permissible bar spacing. For this purpose, a design is carried out with
the decisive action combination for the check. The resulting calculated reinforcement is indicated by an exclamation mark
"!" in the check log.
The bar spacings are then checked for the final longitudinal reinforcement (maximum from the robustness, crack and
bending reinforcement including a possible increase resulting from the fatigue check).
Note
According to Section 7.3.3 (2), the simplified check can only be used in the event of crack formation resulting from mostly
direct actions (restraint). In addition, Table 7.3N should only be applied for single-layer tensile reinforcement with d1 = 4 cm
(cf. Zilch, Rogge (2002), p. 277; Fingerloos et al. (2012), p. 109; Book 600 of the DAfStb (2012), p. 127).
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
The method is applicable for single-layer reinforcement with bar spacings according to Table 10AT resp. 11AT. These are
valid for concrete covers 25 mm £ cnom £ 40 mm with bar diameters 8 mm £ ds £ 20 mm.
A c,eff
A ct
2.5·d1
d1
Ar
ls
Effective area of the reinforcement at a rectangular section under uniaxial bending, normal force with double bending and
centrical tension
ls ls
Effective area of the reinforcement at a bridge section under uniaxial bending
ls
·d1
1.5
ls
Effective area of the reinforcement at an edge beam under uniaxial bending
r A c,eff
rs
2.5·d1 d1
Effective area of the reinforcement at a solid section under bending with normal force as well as a hollow section under
centrical tension.
Limiting Deformations
According to EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 7.4.1, the deformations of a component or structure may not impair its proper
functioning or appearance. Consequently, a beam, slab or cantilever under the quasi-continuous action combination should
not sag more than 1/250th of the span as specified in Section (4). To avoid damage to adjacent components, their
deformation should be limited to 1/500th of the span as specified in Section (5).
The standard does not include a method for direct calculation of deformations in accordance with Chapter 7.4.3.
The InfoCAD program system allows you to perform a realistic check as part of a nonlinear system analysis for beam and
shell structures that takes geometric and physical nonlinearities into account. The resistance of the tendons within the bond
is currently not included in the calculation.
For a detailed description of nonlinear system analysis, refer to the relevant chapter of the manual.
Results
The extremal values for internal forces, support reactions, deformations, soil pressures and stresses are saved for all check
situations. The resulting bending, robustness and crack reinforcement, the decisive maximum value and the stirrup and
torsion reinforcement are provided for the graphical representation as well.
The log shows the design internal forces and necessary reinforcements, checked stresses or crack widths at each result
location. If the permissible limit values are exceeded, they are reported as warnings and indicated at the check location. The
detailed log also lists the decisive combination internal forces of all design situations.
Tendon reactions
sp, Dsp Stresses and stress ranges for prestressing steel [MN/m²].
dp, dp,min Depth of the tendons or ducts in the concrete compressive zone in the decompression check [mm].
ss, Dss Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel [MN/m²].
sp, Dsp Stresses and stress ranges for prestressing steel [MN/m²].
scd, Dscd Stresses and stress ranges in the fatigue check for concrete [MN/m²].
Dssb,y, Dssb,z Stress ranges for shear reinforcement from Qy and Qz [MN/m²].
Dssb,T, Dssl,T Stress ranges for shear reinforcement from torsion and longitudinal torsion reinforcement [MN/m²].
ssx, Dssx Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel in the x direction [MN/m²].
ssy, Dssy Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel in the y direction [MN/m²].
sp, Dsp Stresses and stress ranges for prestressing steel [MN/m²].
scd,x, Dscd,x, Stresses and stress ranges in the concrete fatigue check under longitudinal compression in the x-
Bending reinforcement
As Bending reinforcement [cm²] for beams and design objects.
asx, asy Bending reinforcement [cm²/m] for area elements in the x and y direction.
asj Meridian reinforcement [cm²/m] for axisymmetric shell elements.
DFtdy, DFtdz Additional tensile force [kN] in the longitudinal reinforcement as a result of lateral force Qy and Qz.
Torsional reinforcement
Asb.T Torsional stirrup reinforcement [cm²/m] of beams and design objects from Mx.
Asl.T Torsional longitudinal reinforcement [cm²] of beams and design objects from Mx.
Design values
VRd,ct, vRd,ct Absorbable design lateral force without shear reinforcement [kN or kN/m].
vRd,max Absorbable design lateral force of concrete struts for area elements [kN/m].
VRd,max Absorbable design lateral force of concrete struts for beams and design objects [kN].
TRd,max Design value of the maximum absorbable torsion moment [kNm].
Q/VRd+Mx/TRd For compact and box sections: Q /VRd,max + Mx /TRd,max
DIN EN 1992-1-1:
For compact sections: (Q /VRd,max)² + (Mx /TRd,max)²
OENORM B 1992-1-1:
For full sections: (Q /VRd,max)² + (Mx /TRd,max)²
Crack width
wk.top,wk.bottom Computed crack width at the top and bottom of the cross-section separately for the x and y
reinforcement direction for area elements.
wk / wper Crack width utilization.
Examples
Slab With Downstand Beam
In this example a rectangular slab (d = 20 cm, C30/37-EN, BSt 500 S, exposure class XC2) with a downstand beam will be
analyzed. This slab supported with joints will be subjected to its dead load and a traffic load of 10 kN/m².
The checks will be carried out for all possible combinations of load cases. This method is selected in the calculation settings
and can take a very long time to complete if there is a large number of load cases.
The following image shows the dimensions of the downstand beam. The axis distance of the reinforcing steel from the
section edge is 3 cm. The dead load of the downstand beam is reduced by the portion attributed to the slab.
Design specifications and reinforcing steel description of the slab (section 1):
• Edge distance of the reinforcing steel for the x and y direction of the upper (1st) and lower (2nd) layer: 0.03 m
• Bending design mode: Standard with 20% bending reinforcement in secondary direction as per Chapter 9.3.1.1 (2)
• Steel quality: 500S
• Effective height: 0.17 m
• Strut angle cot Q: 1.0.
• Bending tensile reinforcement Asl for the lateral force design: 1.88 cm²
G Dead load
G - Dead load QN Imposed load, traffic load
Gamma.sup / gamma.inf = 1.35 / 1
1. Rare (characteristic) situation
Load cases
Final state
1 Dead load
G Dead load
QN Imposed load, traffic load
QN - Imposed load, traffic load
Gamma.sup / gamma.inf = 1.5 / 0 1. Quasi-continuous situation
2 Traffic span 1
3 Traffic span 2
Design overview
Se. Expos. Prestress Reinforc. Fatigue Cr. De- Stress
class of component M R B Q T B Q T P C V wi. co. C B P
1 XC4 Not prestressed x x x x . . . . . . . x . x x .
2 XC4 Not prestressed x x x x . . . . . . . x . x x .
(M) Nominal reinforcement to guarantee robustness.
(R) Nominal reinforcement for crack width limitation.
(B) Flexural reinforcement at ultimate limit state, fatigue and stress check.
(Q) (Nominal-)lateral force reinforcement at ultimate limit state and fatigue.
(T) Torsional reinforcement at ultimate limit and fatigue state.
(P) Prestressing steel at fatigue and stress check.
(C) Concrete comp. stress, concrete at fatigue check under long. compression.
(V) Concrete at fatigue check under lateral force.
Shear sections
bw.nom Nominal width of the prestressed section according to 6.2.3(6).
h.nom Nominal height of the prestressed section according to 6.2.3(6).
kb, kd Factor to calculate the inner lever arm z from the eff. width bn resp.
from the eff. height d.
z1, z2 Height and width of the core section for torsion.
tef Thickness of the torsion box.
B. Box section; determination of the bearing capacity acc. to Eq. (6.29).
Se. Width [m] Eff. width Height[m] Eff.height Torsion. section [m]
bw bw.nom bn [m] kb h h.nom d [m] kd z1 z2 tef B.
1 1.000 . . . 0.200 . 0.170 0.90 . . . .
2 0.300 . 0.270 0.90 0.600 . 0.570 0.90 0.540 0.240 0.060 .
Bending reinforcement As of beams from ultimate Bending reinforcement As of beams for ensuring
limit state [cm²] robustness (ductility) [cm²]
Bending reinforcement As of beams from crack width Maximum bending reinforcement As of beams [cm²]
limitation check [cm²]
Maximum bending reinforcement asx of the slab [cm²/m] Stirrup reinforcement Asb.z of beams from ultimate
limit state [cm²/m]
Transverse reinforcement shear joint check Asb of beams Stirrup reinforcement asb of the slab from ultimate limit
from ultimate limit state [cm²/m] state [cm²/m²] (node mean values)
An excerpt of the detailed log for the midspan of the downstand beam is provided below.
Material
Concrete C45/55-EN
Reinforcing steel BSt 500, axis distance from edge 5 cm
Section
The tendon guide is shown in the next figure. 4 bundled tendons are arranged such that they stretch across the entire
girder length and are prestressed at both girder ends. The prestressing system, prestressing procedure and prestressing
curve for a tendon group are also shown.
Tendon groups in beam series view 1, [-16.00/0.00/0.00] - [112.00/0.00/0.00] / [-16.00/0.00/1.00]
Superelevation = 10
0
0
1 70.0 52.0 19.2 42.0 120.2 180.1 208.8 201.5 157.4 78.3 18.5 78.3 157.4 201.5 208.8 180.1 120.2 42.0 19.2 52.0 70.0
8717.5
8337.3 [kN]
8452.6
8584.5
8623.2
8506.5
8373.7
8229.0
8079.4
7936.2
7814.6
7556.0
7814.6
7936.2
8079.4
8229.0
8373.7
8506.5
8623.2
8584.5
8452.6
8337.3
xv
0.00 6.40 12.80 19.20 25.60 32.00 38.40 44.80 51.20 57.60 64.00 70.40 76.80 83.20 89.60 96.00 102.40 108.80 115.20 121.60 128.00
[m]
Tendon guide and prestressing curve in the longitudinal section (4 tendons).
Loads
Load case 1 Dead load
Load case 2 Additional dead load: q=11.06 kN/m
Load case 3 Snow load: q=7.90 kN/m
Load case 10 Prestressing
Load case 15 Creep-generating permanent load: Dead load, additional dead load and prestressing
Load case 20 Creep and shrinkage
Coefficients: jt¥ = 2.55; r = 0.8; et¥ = -24.8 · 10-5
Creep-generating permanent load case: 15
The redistribution of internal forces between concrete and prestressing steel are taken into account.
EN 1992-1-1 actions
Standard design group
10 Prestressing
In this example all possible combinations of load cases are generated and designed. This method is selected in the
calculation settings and can be very slow when applied for a large number of load cases.
Below you will find an example of the curve of bending moment My for design situations in the ultimate limit states.
G Dead load
P Prestressing
G Dead load
G Additional dead load
P Prestressing
QS Snow and ice load
G Dead load
G Additional dead load
P Prestressing
CSR1 Creep, shrinkage, relaxation
QS Snow and ice load
Design overview
Se. Expos. Prestress Reinforc. Fatigue Cr. De- Stress
class of component M R B Q T B Q T P C V wi. co. C B P
1 XC4 Subsequent bond x x x x . . . . . . . x . x x x
(M) Nominal reinforcement to guarantee robustness.
(R) Nominal reinforcement for crack width limitation.
(B) Flexural reinforcement at ultimate limit state, fatigue and stress check.
(Q) (Nominal-)lateral force reinforcement at ultimate limit state and fatigue.
(T) Torsional reinforcement at ultimate limit and fatigue state.
(P) Prestressing steel at fatigue and stress check.
(C) Concrete comp. stress, concrete at fatigue check under long. compression.
(V) Concrete at fatigue check under lateral force.
Dispersion of prestressing
The variation of prestressing is considered at the following checks:
- Check of decompression and concrete compressive stress
- Nominal reinforcement for crack width limitation
- Check of crack width
All other checks are made using the mean value Pm,t of prestressing.
Se. Prestressing of Const.period Final state
component r.sup r.inf r.sup r.inf
1 Subsequent bond 1.10 0.90 1.10 0.90
Shear sections
bw.nom Nominal width of the prestressed section according to 6.2.3(6).
h.nom Nominal height of the prestressed section according to 6.2.3(6).
kb, kd Factor to calculate the inner lever arm z from the eff. width bn resp.
from the eff. height d.
z1, z2 Height and width of the core section for torsion.
tef Thickness of the torsion box.
B. Box section; determination of the bearing capacity acc. to Eq. (6.29).
Se. Width [m] Eff. width Height[m] Eff.height Torsion. section [m]
bw bw.nom bn [m] kb h h.nom d [m] kd z1 z2 tef B.
1 0.500 0.500 0.450 0.90 2.300 2.300 2.250 0.90 2.200 0.400 0.100 .
Method Check method for minimum reinf. (kc) and crack width (wk):
kc Determination of coefficient kc for webs/chords per Eq. (7.2/7.3).
auto = Eq. (7.2) for rectangular sections, Eq. (7.3) for others.
wk Calc. = Direct calculation of crack width as per Chapter 7.3.4,
Bar sp. = Limiting the bar spacing as per Table 7.3N,
Cal.(m) = Direct calculation for mean steel strain within Ac,eff,
Spc.(m) = Lim. the bar spacing for mean steel strain within Ac,eff.
RS Ring-shaped determination of Ac,eff according to Wiese et al.,
Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 2004, Issue 4, p 253 ff.
Se. wmax ds max sr Coefficient Fact.fctm Comb. Method RS
[mm] s max Xi1 k kt As wk As wk kc wk
1 0.20 20 . . 0.38 0.65 0.4 1.00 1.00 CL CL auto calc. .
The following illustration shows the curve of the required bending and shear reinforcement.
Longitudinal reinforcement As from the design in the ultimate limit states [cm²] (upper reinforcement with dashed lines).
Minimum reinforcement As for ensuring robustness (ductility) [cm²] (upper reinforcement with dashed lines).
Reinforcement As for limiting the crack width [cm²] (upper reinforcement with dashed lines).
Enclosing reinforcement As from the checks [cm²] (upper reinforcement with dashed lines).
(Minimum) lateral force reinforcement Asb,z in the ultimate limit states [cm²/m].
The following pages contain excerpts from the detailed check log for beam 16 at location 2 (middle column).
Torsional Beam
The depicted cantilever is subjected to an eccentrically acting load F = 175 kN. The required shear, torsion longitudinal and
stirrup reinforcements are listed in the following log.
System drawing
Shear sections
bw.nom Nominal width of the prestressed section according to 6.2.3(6).
h.nom Nominal height of the prestressed section according to 6.2.3(6).
kb, kd Factor to calculate the inner lever arm z from the eff. width bn resp.
from the eff. height d.
z1, z2 Height and width of the core section for torsion.
tef Thickness of the torsion box.
B. Box section; determination of the bearing capacity acc. to Eq. (6.29).
Se. Width [m] Eff. width Height[m] Eff.height Torsion section [m]
bw bw.nom bn [m] kb h h.nom d [m] kd z1 z2 tef B.
1 0.300 . 0.245 0.90 0.700 . 0.645 0.90 0.590 0.190 0.110 .
Asl Req. longitudinal reinf. acc. to Fig. 6.3 [cm²] for req.Asb
Delta Ftd Tensile force in long. reinf. from lateral force as per Eq. (6.18)
Mx Torsional moment for design [kNm]
TRdmax Maximum absorbable torsional moment as per 6.3.2 (4) [kNm]
Asb.T Req. stirrup reinforcement from torsion [cm²/m]
Asl.T Req. longitudinal reinforcement from torsion [cm²]
fctd Design value of the tensile strength for TRd,c in Equ. (6.31) [MN/m²]
Location 1
Beam 1, x = 0.00 m (Beam length 2.00 m)
Cross-section 1: Polygon - C35/45-EN
Block section z1/z2=0.59/0.19; tef=0.11; fctd=1.49333
4 3
4 3
0.300
Reinforcement
Point y [m] z [m] d1 [m] Es,fyk [MPa] Zv0 [kN] eps[‰] sigma[MPa] As [cm²]
The values relevant for the design can be taken from the detailed listing for beam 16 at location 2 (middle column) of the
example.
Location 2
Beam 16, x = 4.00 m (Beam length 4.00 m)
Cross-section 1: Polygon - C45/55-EN, 1 tendon group with bond
Steel 1; Design mode: Standard
(B) fck=45
3. The bond internal forces with the statically undetermined part of P + CSR are necessary for the single design. They
can also be taken from the listing.
43
9 8
7.900
Action N = 109.56 kN; My = -19191.54; Mz = 0.00 kNm
Resistance N = 109.56 kN; My = -19191.54; Mz = 0.00 kNm
Force system ys / zs = 3.950 / 0.525 m
Strength C45/55-EN; gamma.c = 1.50; gamma.s = 1.15; gamma.p = 1.15
Design mode Standard
Reinforcement 108.24 cm²; 0.37 %; Concrete area = 29260.00 cm²
Prestress P0 N0 = -6823.71 kN; My0 = 2318.83; Mz0 = -0.00 kNm
Resistance + P0 N+N0 = -6714.15 kN; My+My0 = -16872.71; Mz+Mz0 = -0.00 kNm
Remark The concrete compression cannot be checked according to Chapter 6.1 (5).
The minimum reinforcement acc. to Chapter 9.2.1.1 (1) is not included.
Reinforcement
Point y [m] z [m] d1 [m] Es,fyk [MPa] Zv0 [kN] eps[‰] sigma[MPa] As [cm²]
References
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