30 Good Rules
for Connection Design
Practical tips for designing economical, fabricator- and erector-friendly steel connections
hen working on a steel
W construction project, the
Structural Engineer of
Record (SER) can create
an economical structure
that is fabricator and erector friendly, es-
pecially with good communication and
teamwork on the project design and con-
struction teams.
If the fabricator designs the connec-
tions, sealed calculations usually need to
be submitted to the SER for review. Also,
the load criteria need to be given on the
contract documents. For moment and ax-
ially loaded connections, the actual de-
sign load or a percentage of the
member’s capacity is given. For shear
connections, one of three methods (or a
combination) is used:
➜ The actual beam shear loads are given.
➜ A beam shear-load schedule for differ-
ent beam depths are given.
➜ The SER specifies that the shear load
will be determined based on a per-
centage of the beam’s uniform distrib-
utive load capacity (UDL).
If a beam shear-load schedule or a
percentage of UDL is given, the actual
criteria specified by the SER should sat-
isfy the required loading. However, the
criteria should not be so conservative as
to unnecessarily create the need for ex-
cessive typical shear connections (more
than two vertical rows of bolts or more
than full-depth connections).
For the most economical structure, it
is preferred that shear loads be given on
drawings for every beam. There are also
conditions where a beam shear-load
schedule or the UDL method do not
apply and actual loads should be given:
➜ At beams with concentrated loads
near the beam end.
➜ At beams sized for serviceability re-
quirements rather than strength re-
quirements.
➜ At infill beams that support a rela-
tively small area.
➜ At beams with axial load.
At relatively short beams, the UDL
method usually gives overly conserva-
tive shear loads, and an upper-limit shear
load or the actual beam shear load
should be given.
Below are some recommendations for
cost-effective connection design that also
could reduce problems in the field:
1. At bolted flange-plated connections,
the flange plate should not be the
same width as the beam flange.
Allow at least a ½” difference on each side
of the flange plate at bolted flange-plated
connections. If bolt holes misalign in the
field, there will be a sufficient shelf di-
mension to place longitudinal fillet welds
to compensate for the missing bolts.
2. Use oversized holes in beam moment
and brace connections.
At flange-plated moment connections or
brace connections with slip-critical bolts,
oversized bolt holes are often preferred
over standard bolt holes. Although stan-
dard holes give a greater bolt capacity,
oversized holes permit more erection tol-
erance and reduce field problems. Typi-
cally, oversized holes are used in the
detail material and standard holes in the
main member.
3. Group similar connections rather than
have several different connections.
Connections on a project should be as
uniform as possible to save fabrication
time and reduce the possibility of errors.
4. Limit the number of bolt diameters to
one size (a maximum of three sizes if
necessary).
This reduces field errors as well as fabri-
cation errors with drill lines that have
manually changed spindles. Some fabri-
By Carol Drucker, S.E.
cators/erectors keep at least a ¼” differ-
ence between bolt sizes to prevent uncer-
tainty.
5. Avoid different grade bolts with the
same diameter.
6. Use bolted connections instead of
field-welded connections.
Bolted connections are quicker to erect
and less costly. Welded connection delays
result from the absence of a qualified
welder or welding platforms, or cold
windy weather.
7. Try to use fillet welds instead of par-
tial-penetration or full-penetration
welds.
Fillet welds are less expensive, since no
base-metal preparation is needed. Also,
partial- and full-penetration welds usually
require more weld metal and inspection.
8. Limit the maximum fillet weld size to
5
/16” (especially in the field).
This is the maximum-size weld that can
be completed in a single pass using the
shielded-metal arc-welding (SMAW)
process. Smaller, longer welds are pre-
ferred over larger, shorter welds.
9. Avoid overhead welding.
The preferred welding positions are flat
and horizontal. Overhead welding is diffi-
cult, costly and generally yields lower-
quality welds. For single-pass SMAW fillet
welds, it can take four times as long as
welding in the flat or horizontal position.
10. Use full-penetration welds only
when necessary.
Full-penetration welds cost more than
partial-penetration or fillet welds due to
increased material preparation, testing
requirements, weld-metal volume and
material distortion. Use fillet welds (pro-
May 2004 • Modern Steel Construction

Use shear plate connections at beam-to-column flange-plated moment connections (see tip 20).
vided that the fabricator does not deter-
mine them excessively large) or partial-
penetration welds when joint strength is
adequate for the applied load. Full-pene-
tration welds at HSS members are diffi-
cult due to the need for backing bars.
11. Consider finishing to bear.
For connections with high compressive
loads, it could be more economical to fin-
ish the steel to bear and provide AISC’s
minimum-required weld size instead of
transferring the compressive force
through large fillet or groove welds.
When steel is to be finished to bear, it
must be indicated on the connection de-
tail. The detail also should call for the
beam flanges to be square to the beam
web. In detailing, stiffeners might need to
be longer than d-2tf for beam overrun in
depth and variation in beam-flange
thickness. Per AISC Specification Section
M, gaps not exceeding 1/16” are permitted
in bearing connections.
12. Avoid excessive connections.
Connections should be designed to ac-
tual load requirements. The SER should
not specify that connections be designed
for the members’ full capacity if not nec-
Modern Steel Construction • May 2004
essary. Excessive connections increase
construction cost and the possibility of
problems in the field. Over-welding can
damage the steel.
13. Specify only prequalified welds.
The welding procedure specification
(WPS) for a weld not American Welding
Society (AWS) prequalified must be
tested. To avoid the cost, time and confu-
sion of qualification, use only prequali-
fied welds.
14. Minimize weld volume at full- and
partial-penetration welds.
The weld configuration with the least weld
volume is the most economical. For weld
configurations with double-sided prepara-
tion, consider the additional cost of mate-
rial preparation, since it could offset the
cost savings of less weld metal. For full-
penetration welds, it is economical to prep
one side of plates with a thickness less than
1” and to prep both sides of plates with a
thickness greater than or equal to 1”.
15. Provide proper clearance for
bolted and welded connections.
AISC’s LRFD Manual of Steel Construction,
3rd Edition, Parts 7 and 8, give the neces-
sary clearances for bolted and welded
connections.
16. Specify slip-critical bolts only
when necessary.
Slip-critical bolts are not always needed at
moment and brace connections, and bear-
ing bolts might be acceptable in standard
holes. The RCSC (Research Council on
Structural Connections) Specification,
Section 4.3 gives criteria for slip-critical
joints, which are more costly than bearing
joints due to additional installation, in-
spection and faying-surface preparation.
Also, more or larger bolts are needed for
reduced bolt strength. In certain condi-
tions, fabricators/erectors might prefer
slip-critical bolts for oversized holes and
greater erection tolerance.
If slip-critical joints and bolts are
needed, the steel detailer must indicate
them on the erection and shop drawings.
The detailer should indicate masking re-
quirements in the bolt-hole area to keep
the faying surface free of coatings from
inadvertent overspray of unqualified
paint.
17. Allow bearing bolts at the shear
connection of flange-welded mo-
ment connected beams.
At directly welded moment connections
or flange-plated moment connections
welded to the supported beam, bearing
bolts can be used in the beam-web shear
connection. Since the flange weld and the
web bolts are not on the same faying sur-
face, the web bolts do not need to be slip-
critical. (See AISC’s LRFD Specification
Commentary, Section J1.9). Also, since
the web bolts will be installed prior to the
completion of the flange weld, the web
bolts should be in bearing.
18. Limit the maximum bolt diameter
to 11/8” diameter.
Bolts with diameters greater than 11/8”
are difficult to tighten, not commonly
used, and costly. ASTM A490 bolts
greater than 1” diameter have a disad-
vantage in slip-critical connections with
oversized or slotted holes. Hardened
washers with a 5/16” minimum thickness
(standard washers are 5/32” thick) are re-
quired to cover oversized and short-slot-
ted holes in outer plies. See RCSC
Specification Section 6.2.
19. Avoid slotted holes in plates
thicker than the bolt diameter.
Slots in thick plates are hard to punch
and must be flame-cut, which is difficult
and costly. Standard holes or oversized
holes are preferred.

20. Use shear plate connections at

beam-to-column flange-plated
moment connections.
If flange plates need to be welded to a
column flange, a shear-plate connection
is preferred. Since the column needs to be
positioned in the shop for the flange-
plate welds, the shear plate can be readily
welded.
At fully restrained moment connec-
tions, a typical shear-plate connection
can be designed for shear only (and ec-
centricity in the shear connection can be
ignored). The joint rotation is considered
resisted by the flange connections.

21. Use double-angle connections at

directly welded beam-to-column
moment connections.
To avoid double-cutting the beam, dou-
ble-angle connections (bolted to the col-
umn) are preferred over shear-plate
connections at directly welded moment
connections. At directly welded moment
connections, the beam flange typically is
set back ¼” from the face of the column
flange for welding purposes. If a shear- Consider bolted HSS bracing connections (see tip 29).
plate connection is used, the beam web
needs to be set back ½” to clear the shear- nections and how to evaluate them. Face-
plate welds, and the beam needs to be
double-cut. However, for double-angle
mounted single-angle connections are
also economical shear connections to HSS
26. Clearly show column stiffener and
doubler requirements.

connections, the beam-web set-back can The SER should check columns for stiff-
columns. eners and doublers, and if possible, in-
be reduced to permit a single beam cut.
crease column sizes to eliminate required

22. Allow for field adjustment in one

direction only at bolted connec-
tions.
If slotted holes are needed at a bolted
connection for field adjustment, the ad-
justment should be in only one direction.
This permits adjustment in one direction
while the adjustment in the other direc-
tion is made.
23. Cope or block beams instead of
cutting flush and grinding smooth.
It is less costly to cope or block a beam. If
the beam flange must be cut flush, then
specify grinding smooth only when
needed.
24. For shear-plate connections to
HSS columns, use face-mounted
single-plate connections instead
of through-plate connections.
Avoid through-plate shear connections,
which cost more than face-mounted sin-
gle-plate connections. AISC’s Hollow
Structural Sections Connections Manual
discusses face-mounted single-plate con-
25. At beam-to-HSS column moment
connections, use direct moment
connections when possible.
column reinforcement (especially dou-
blers). If the fabricator is responsible for
checking the columns, the actual beam
Moment connections in which the beam’s dead, live and wind moments are needed
flanges or flange plates are welded di-
at the time of bidding to determine the
rectly to the face of the HSS column are required reinforcing or alternate column
the most economical moment connection
sizes.
to an HSS column. It is preferred over Sometimes typical details on the SER’s
cut-out plate (doughnut) or through-
structural drawings can include prob-
plate connections. If the resistance of the lems, such as:
direct moment connection is insufficient,
then a cut-out connection is preferred to
an expensive through-plate connection.
1. Stiffeners might be provided unneces-
sarily.
2. It is unclear if the stiffener material is
The limit states for direct moment
Grade 36 or Grade 50.
connections are given in the HSS Specifi- 3. The stiffener weld size is not given.
cation in AISC’s LRFD Manual of Steel
4. The full-penetration field welds could
Construction, 3rd Edition. They include be excessive.
effective flange width, and yielding, crip-
pling, and punching shear and buckling
of the side walls. The HSS Specification
5. It is unclear if the SER checked if col-
umn doublers are needed.
If no information is shown on the con-
does not include the limit state for yield- tract documents, it might be assumed in-
ing of the HSS face given in equations (5- correctly that no column reinforcing is
2) and (5-3) in AISC’s HSS Connections
needed.
Manual. Based on conversations with
AISC, this limit state was omitted due to
limited testing and does not need to be
considered.

May 2004 • Modern Steel Construction

Cope or block beams instead of cutting flush and grinding smooth (see tip 23).
27. For simple shear connections,
allow the fabricator to choose the
AISC standard shear connection
that is most economical for their
shop.
Each fabricator has a preference for a
standard shear connection, based on
shop equipment, ease of erection and
specified shear reactions. Usually, any
AISC standard shear connection is ac-
ceptable. Concerns about shear-plate
connections or single-angle connections
at laterally unbraced beams are due to
the low torsional resistance of these con-
nections. However, most beams are later-
ally braced due to the attachment of
metal deck or perpendicular beams.
28. At W-shape brace connections,
connect only the brace flanges to
the gusset plate.
For ease of erection and fabrication, it is
preferred that only W-shape flanges con-
nect to the gusset plate. If the gusset plate
and the web of the brace are not the same
thickness, then filler plates are necessary
at the web connection. If the web needs
to be connected, connect it on one side so
the brace can be erected easily from it. If
only the brace flanges are connected, the
section must be checked for shear lag.
29. Consider bolted HSS brace con-
nections.
HSS braces commonly are shown slotted
and welded to the gusset plate. To elimi-
nate the need to field-weld the HSS
brace, the HSS brace can be bolted to the
gusset plate. A welded tee end or a slot-
ted HSS/gusset-plate connection could
be used. Design procedures for both con-
nections are in AISC’s HSS Connection
Manual. To eliminate connection eccen-
tricity, side plates also can be used.
Modern Steel Construction • May 2004
30. Whether using ASD or LRFD, con-
sider information in AISC’s LRFD
Manual that can simplify connec-
tion design and increase connec-
tion capacity.
1. Appendix J gives the fillet-weld
strength-increase equation for welds
loaded at an angle relative to the lon-
gitudinal axis of the weld.
2. Eccentrically loaded bolt-group and
weld-group tables for loads applied at
an angle from the vertical position. ★
Carol Drucker, S.E, P. E. is a principal at
Drucker Zajdel Structural Engineers in
Naperville, IL. She can be reached at
carol@dzse.com.
For more information on connec-
tion design, see the article “57
Tips for Reducing Connection
Costs” by Victor Shneur, P.E., in
the July 2003 issue of Modern
Steel Construction (available on-
line at www.modernsteel.com).
Also, check out AISC’s new
Detailing Cards, available by call-
ing 800.644.2400 or by visiting
www.aisc.org/bookstore for $30
for AISC members ($60 for non-
members). AISC Detailing Cards
are a quick and handy reference
for the shape, gage, and strength
properties of steel sections and
connectors.
 Tips for Reducing
57 Connection Costs
Victor Shneur, P.E.

A little planning goes a long way, especially with respect to steel connections.
These helpful tips should help you keep bolts from driving you nuts, and welds
from torching your temper.

onnections can be expen- tions. Drawings that don’t show actual sive—and sometimes impossi-

C sive, and they can take a lot

of effort to create during
the design and construc-
tion process. How can you
save time and money—and make
everybody’s work easier when work-
ing with connections on fast–track
end reactions can lead to costly and un-
safe connections.

4. Always provide complete load

schedules? Here are some general
guidelines for structural engineers for
the design of economical bolted and
welded connections for columns,
beams and braces.
Communication is key. Develop a
1. working design-build team for
fast-track projects—with the fabricator
and erector on board. The main bene-
fits are:
■ Design requirements can be con-
veyed accurately.
■ Everyone’s expertise can be utilized.
■ Detailing can start quickly.
■ Duplication of work can be avoided.
■ “Revise and Resubmit” on ap-
provals is avoided.
■ All parts work together without
“surprises.”
■ Paperwork is minimized.
■ Your best chance for cost savings.
■ Good working environment.
Connection approvals should
2. occur in a timely manner. Detail-
ers need connections immediately for
fast-track project delivery. Make ap-
proval comments clear. Confusing
notes cause misinterpretation and
more paperwork.
paths (including transfer forces)
where there are axial forces. Keep load
paths simple.
Favor factored end reactions
5.
(ASD).
(LRFD) over service end reactions
Provide details that clearly repre-
6. sent the design intent. They will
eliminate misunderstandings and save
time.
7. Use standard AISC connections
when possible.
Don’t be excessively conser-
8. vative—connections need to with-
stand only design loads.
Simplify as much as possible. For
9. example, make column-base de-
tails symmetrical, use the same spacing
for expansion anchors and minimize
the number of sizes of slab edge clo-
sures/pour-stops. This expedites the
fabrication and erection process and
greatly reduces the number of possible
mistakes—and repair costs.
Check structural drawings for
10. constructability issues.
Review the member sizes for
11. connection economy:
■ Preferably, a supporting beam should
have at least the same depth as the
supported beam.
■ Don’t frame W8 beams into the
webs of heavy W-shapes or plate
ble—copes in the W8.
■ Favor W12 and W14 sections for
typical gravity columns. The dis-
tance between flanges makes web
connections easier.
■ Consider using heavier member sizes
to eliminate stiffeners (see Tip 18).
■ Provide adequate flange width at
perimeter members. Provide beams
that frame slab openings to support
deck and pour stops, and to weld
studs.
Use A36 steel for connection
12. angles, and plates for typical
connections.
Specify readily available an-
13. chor rods. Often, the rods are
delivered in a rush immediately after
the contract has been awarded and be-
fore communication has been estab-
lished between fabricator and engineer.
When possible, use standard
14. tolerances established by
ASTM A6/A6M, the AISC Code of Stan-
dard Practice for Steel Buildings and
Bridges (www.aisc.org/code), and
AWS. Tighter tolerances will increase
costs and construction time substan-
tially.
Avoid overly restrictive specifi-
15. cations.
Don’t “over-specify” details—
16. you might not be aware of fab-
rication/erection procedures, required
clearances, etc.

3. Engineers should always provide

all end reactions, including shear,
girders. The thick flanges of the
heavier shapes will require exces-
17.
■
Moment connections:
Eliminate when possible. For exam-
moment, torsion and axial end reac- ple, you can use a cantilever at the

Modern Steel Construction • July 2003

Least Weight Isn’t
Always Least Cost
roof in lieu of two moment connec-
tions to the column.
■ Provide actual moments/moment
envelopes and vertical end reac-
tions.
■ Favor extended end-plate moment
connections. Refer to AISC Design
Guide 4: Extended End-Plate Moment
Connections for design information.
■ Shop weld short cantilevers.
■ Moment connections to HSS
columns are usually very expensive.
Stiffeners can complicate con-
18. nections for framing beams.
■ Specify only when required.
■ Wherever possible, use partial-
depth stiffeners.
■ AISC’s SteelToolTM Clean Columns
v3.1 can help avoid column stiffen-
ers. It’s available
www.aisc.org/steeltools.
at
■ Refer to AISC Design Guide 13: Wide-
Flange Column Stiffening at Moment
Connections for designing and speci-
fying stiffeners.
Heavier Columns Specify ASTM A36
Minimize Stiffeners Connection Material
■ Complete each released area as Never use bolts with the same
much as possible.
■ Size members conservatively.
31. diameter but different
strengths on a job—it can lead to mis-
■ Consider using field-welded con- takes.
nections for openings. Use short-slotted holes in out-
■ Immediately inform fabricator of
the areas of possible substantial re-
32. standing legs of connection an-
gles, end plates and single-plate
visions. connections.
Provide for tolerances—use When loads are large, consider
23. oversized, short-slotted, and
long-slotted holes in bolted connec-
33. larger diameter bolts and/or
ASTM A490 bolts.
tions, and leave extra space for welded ■ Bolt material cost is roughly propor-
connections. tional to strength.
24. Make embedded plates a min-
imum 6” to 8” larger than re-
■ Higher strength bolts save in con-
nection material, hole making, and
quired for connections. Field fixes for installation cost.
embedded plates that are mislocated Consider excluding bolt
are time and money consuming.
Clearly identify all changes
34. threads (X-bolts) for:
■ Heavily loaded connections where
25.
drawings.
and revisions on design typical bolt size doesn’t give enough
capacity.
When shop or field errors re- ■ Shop assembled trusses.
26. quire correction:
■ Request an as-built report. It clearly
■ Connections when outer plies are
3
/8” thick or larger.
shows the problem and eliminates Use slip-critical connections

19. Favor one-sided shear connec-

tions (single-angle and single-
plate), but avoid expensive through-
plate connections at HSS columns.
Rule of thumb: The more
20. pieces there are in a connection
detail, the more expensive it is to fabri-
cate and erect.
Give some thought to the de-
21. sign of column splices:
■ Do not specify to “develop the full
bending strength of the smaller
shaft.” This is not always necessary.
■ Use field-bolted column splices for
moderate uplift forces.
■ Minimize the number of splices, es-
pecially for HSS columns. Some-
times it is more economical to
extend the lower shaft for another
level than to add a splice.
■ For W-column splices with PJP or
CJP welds at flanges, favor web
channel(s) over temporary flange
lugs wherever possible. This will
make detailing, fabrication and
erection easier.
Design-build projects require
22. extra attention:
misunderstanding and misinterpre-
tation.
■ Discuss possible solutions with fab-
ricator or erector.
■ Keep in mind: labor is expensive,
material is relatively inexpensive.
■ As a rule of thumb, fast decisions
and approvals are required to con-
tinue the work.
■ Remember that not every error re-
quires correction.
27. Wherever possible, specify
bearing joints. It makes the
most economical use of bolts, elimi-
nates masking or a special paint sys-
tem, and reduces installation and
inspection requirements.
Use snug-tightened joints as
28. much as possible.
Favor ¾”-diameter A325 bolts
29. for typical structures.
Try to limit bolt diameters to
30. 1” or smaller. Larger diameters
require special equipment, larger spac-
ing and edge distance, and special 5/16”-
thick washers (ASTM F436) for fully
pretensioned ASTM A490 bolts.
35. for:
■ Bracing connections with oversized
or slotted holes.
■ Field-assembled trusses with over-
sized holes.
■ Members with short/long-slotted
holes when force applies parallel to
the slots.
■ Built-up compression members.
■ Cyclic loads.
Where fully pretensioned bolts
36. are needed, permit the use of
any of the four methods approved by
RCSC and AISC:
■ Turn-of-nut.
■ Calibrated wrench.
■ Twist-off-type tension-control bolt.
■ Direct-tension-indicator.
37. Mechanically galvanized
ASTM A325 bolts provide ex-
cellent corrosion resistance and require
a minimum overtapping of nuts and
easier pretensioning.
Keep your bolt holes as ra-
38. tional as possible:
■ Don’t use different hole sizes in the
same member. It leads to mistakes

July 2003 • Modern Steel Construction

 Keep Bolt Holes
One Size Per Piece
and slows fabrication because shop
re-tooling is required for the piece.
■ Don’t specify slots in material
thicker than bolt diameter plus 1/8”.
The AISC Specification doesn’t allow
punching holes in such material,
and it is difficult to make slots. A
good alternative would be to use
oversized holes.
■ Use the same oversized holes in all
plies if it is possible.
■ Use long-slotted holes in girts and
any members that must be field-
aligned to tolerances other than
standard steel framing tolerance (for
example, curtain wall connections).
Correctly apply AISC require-
39. ments for fillers:
■ Fillers in slip-critical joints are not
required to be developed.
■ Fillers up to ¼” thick can be used in
bearing joints without reduction in
strength.
■ Fillers up to ¾” thick don’t have to be
developed if the design shear strength
of the bolts is multiplied by the factor
[1 - 0.4(t – 0.25)], where t is the total
thickness of the fillers up to ¾”.
■ Fillers over ¾” must be developed
by bolts or welds, in or outside of
the joint.
40. Leave extra holes open. In al-
most all cases they don’t need
to be filled, and filling takes a lot of
time (think labor costs), especially for
thick members.
41.
■
Avoid over-welding.
The weld doesn’t need to be
stronger than base metal in any
case.
■ Excessive welding can cause serious
problems (distortion, cracking, etc.).
This can lead to expensive repairs or
even rejections.
■ Weld connection elements for actual
forces.
Use single-pass fillet welds
42. where possible. A 3/8” fillet
weld requires 44% more material and
100% more labor, but it is only 20%
stronger than a 5/16” fillet weld.
Use AWS D1.1 rules for mini-
43. mum weld size. Per AWS
D1.1/D1.1M:2002, Table 5.8, for low-
Modern Steel Construction • July 2003
Member Reactions Single-Pass Fillets
Simplify Detailing Are Cost-Effective
hydrogen process: “Minimum weld
size is dependent upon the thinner of
the two parts joined.” Favor Fillet Welds
44. Use intermittent fillet welds
when possible.
Over Groove Welds
Use AISC Specification Appen-
45. dix J2.4 for fillet welds. This al-
lows an increase in strength of the fillet
weld based on direction of the force. Slip-Critical Joints
Note: Per AISC it is also acceptable for ex-
tended end-plate moment connections. Only When Needed
Favor fillet welds over groove
46. welds. Groove welds are usu-
ally more time consuming.
Favor PJP welds over CJP
47. welds.
Allow full-strength connec-
48. tions in lieu of CJP welds in
statically loaded structures. Fillet
welds up to ¾” are more economical.
Specify effective throat size or
49. required strength for welds.
Allow the use of groove-
50. welded joints with a prepara-
tion that minimizes weld metal
volume.
51. Leave weld access holes open.
Inspect critical CJP welds with
52. Ultrasonic Testing (UT).
Avoid the “weld-all-around”
53. symbol. It is expensive, and in
a lot of cases it’s not required—and
sometimes it’s even prohibited.
Avoid shop welding on galva-
54. nized surfaces.
Layout welds to reduce re-
55. straint, especially for large
welds. This lowers the possibility of
lamellar tearing.
Favor horizontal and flat posi-
56. tions. Let gravity work for you.
Try to minimize field-welded
57. connections and favor field-
bolted connections. ★
Victor Shneur, P.E. is a chief engineer
with LeJeune Steel Company in Minneapo-
lis, MN. He is a member of the AISC Com-
mittee on Manuals and Textbooks. This
article was adapted from the paper Mr.
Shneur submitted for the 2003 NASCC,
“How to reduce the cost of common struc-
tural steel connections.”