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Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) – one of the oldest, simplest and perhaps most versatile type for
welding structural steel. It is the least expensive arc welding process. It is often referred to as the manual stick
electrode process. Heating is accomplished by means of an electric arc between a coated electrode and the
materials being joined.
Types of Welding
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) – a common arc welding process that involves the formation of an arc
between a continuously fed electrode and the workpiece. A blanket of powdered flux generates a protective gas
shield and a slag (and may also be used to add alloying elements to the weld pool) which protects the weld
zone.
Types of Welding
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) – an arc welding process in which the source of heat is an arc formed
between consumable metal electrode and the work piece with an externally supplied gaseous shield of gas
either inert such as argon and /or helium. The process can be semi-automatic or automatic. A constant voltage,
direct current power source is most commonly used with GMAW, but constant current systems, as well as
alternating current, can be used.
Types of Welding
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) – a semi-automatic or automatic arc welding process. FCAW requires a
continuously-fed consumable tubular electrode containing a flux and a constant-voltage or, less commonly, a
constant-current welding power supply. An externally supplied shielding gas is sometimes used, but often the
flux itself is relied upon to generate the necessary protection from the atmosphere, producing both gaseous
protection and liquid slag protecting the weld. The process is widely used in construction because of its high
welding speed and portability.
Types of Welding
• Electrogas Welding (EGW) – a continuous vertical position arc welding process developed in 1961, in which
an arc is struck between a consumable electrode and the workpiece. A shielding gas is sometimes used, but
pressure is not applied. In EGW, the heat of the welding arc causes the electrode and workpieces to melt and
flow into the cavity between the parts being welded. This molten metal solidifies from the bottom up, joining
the parts being welded together. The weld area is protected from atmospheric contamination by a separate
shielding gas, or by the gas produced by the disintegration of a flux-cored electrode wire.
Types of Welding
• Electroslag Welding (ESW) – a highly productive, single pass welding process for thick (greater than 25
mm up to about 300 mm) materials in a vertical or close to vertical position. (ESW) is similar to electrogas
welding, but the main difference is the arc starts in a different location. An electric arc is initially struck by wire
that is fed into the desired weld location and then flux is added. Additional flux is added until the molten slag,
reaching the tip of the electrode, extinguishes the arc. The wire is then continuously fed through a
consumable guide tube (can oscillate if desired) into the surfaces of the metal workpieces and the filler metal
are then melted using the electrical resistance of the molten slag to cause coalescence.
Type of Joints
Bolts shall not be considered as sharing the load in combination with welds, except that shear
connections with any grade of bolts permitted by Section 501.3.3 installed in standard holes or short
slot transverse to the direction of the load are permitted to be considered to share the load with
longitudinally loaded fillet welds. In such connections. The available strength of the bolts, shall not
be taken as greater than 50% of the available strength of bearing type bolts in the connection.
In making welded alterations to structures, existing rivets and high-strength bolts tightened to the
requirements for slip-critical connections are permitted to be utilized for carrying loads present at the
time of alteration and the welding need only provide the additional required strength.
Design and Analysis of Fillet Welds
The design strength, ØRn, and the allowable strength, Rn/Ω, of welds shall be the lower value of the
base material and the weld material strength determined according to the limit states of tensile
rupture, shear rupture or yielding as follows
∅ = 0.75 Ω = 2.0
For fillet weld groups concentrically loaded and consisting of elements that are oriented both
longitudinal and transversely to the direction of applied load, the combined strength, Rn, of the fillet
weld group shall be determined as the greater of
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑤𝑙 + 𝑅𝑤𝑡
or
𝑅𝑛 = 0.85𝑅𝑤𝑙 + 1.5𝑅𝑤𝑡
The design strength ∅𝑃𝑛 and the allowable strength 𝑃𝑛ൗΩ of affected and connecting elements
loaded in tension shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of tensile yielding
and tensile rupture.
1. For tensile yielding of connecting elements:
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔
∅ = 0.90 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 𝛺 = 1.67 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
𝑃𝑛 = 𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑒
∅ = 0.75 𝐿𝑅𝐹𝐷 𝛺 = 2.0 (𝐴𝑆𝐷)
Strength of Elements in Tension
The design strength ∅𝑃𝑛 and the allowable strength 𝑃𝑛ൗΩ of affected and connecting elements
loaded in tension shall be the lower value obtained according to the limit states of tensile yielding
and tensile rupture.
3. For block shear failure:
Shear Yielding – Tension Rupture (0.6FyAgv < 0.6FuAnv)
Determine the design strength for the bearing type connection done on 2-A36 Steel Plates 15mm
thick using A325 M20 bolts on standard hole sizes. Consider that the threads are not in line with
the shear plane and assume that deformations at bolt holes are considered in the design.
Example
Solve for the design strength of the E60 weld used to connect two A36 plates, 12mm thick each,
as shown.
A36
𝐹𝑦 = 248𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐹𝑢 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎
E60
𝐹𝐸60 = 𝐹𝑢 = 60𝑘𝑠𝑖 6.9 = 414𝑀𝑃𝑎
Example
Strength of Elements in Tension
Yielding in Gross: Block Shear Failiure:
𝑃𝑛 = 248𝑀𝑃𝑎 250𝑚𝑚 12𝑚𝑚 = 744𝑘𝑁 0.6𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔𝑣 = 0.6 248 150 12 (2) = 535.68𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑢 = 0.9 744𝑘𝑁 = 669.6𝑘𝑁
0.6𝐹𝑢 𝐴𝑛𝑣 = 0.6 400 150 12 (2) = 864𝑘𝑁
Fracture in Net:
400 1.0 250 12
𝑃𝑛 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎 250𝑚𝑚 12𝑚𝑚 = 1200𝑘𝑁 𝑃𝑛 = 535.68𝑘𝑁 +
𝑃𝑢 = 0.75 1200𝑘𝑁 = 900𝑘𝑁 1000
𝑃𝑛 = 1735.68𝑘𝑁