Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh.

Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Welded Connections
Introduction
Welding is a materials joining process in which two or more parts are joined at their
contacting surfaces by a suitable application of heat and/or pressure.
Many welding processes are accomplished by heat alone, with no pressure applied;
others by a combination of heat and pressure; and still others by pressure alone, with no
external heat supplied.
In some welding processes a filler material is added to facilitate joining. The assemblage
of parts that are joined by welding is called a WELDMENT.
Welding is most commonly associated with metal parts, but the process is also used for
joining plastics.

Its commercial and technological importance derives from the following:

 Welding provides a permanent joint. The welded parts become a single entity.
 The welded joint can be stronger than the parent material if a filler metal is used
that has strength properties superior those of the parents, and if proper welding
techniques are used
 Welding is usually the most economical way to join components in terms of
material usage and fabrication costs. Alternative mechanical methods of
assembly require more complex shape alterations (e.g., drilling of holes) and
addition of fasteners (e.g., rivets or bolts). The resulting mechanical assembly is
usually heavier than a corresponding weldment.
 Welding is not restricted to the factory environment. It can be accomplished in
the field

Although welding has the advantages indicated above, it also has certain limitations and
disadvantages:
 Most welding operations are performed manually and are expensive in terms of
labor cost. Many welding operations are considered ‘‘skilled trades, ‘and the
labor to perform these operations may be scarce.
 Most welding processes are dangerous because they involve the use of high
energy.
 Since welding accomplishes a permanent bond between the components, it
does not allow for convenient disassembly.
 The welded joint can suffer from certain quality defects that are difficult to
detect. The defects can reduce the strength of the joint.
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
The most common welding processes are shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). The
shielded metal arc welding process, also called stick welding, is a manual process and is
the most common type of weld. In this process, a coated electrode is used to heat both
the base metal and the tip of the electrode, whereby part of the electrode is deposited
onto the base metal. As the coating on the electrode dissolves, it forms a gaseous shield
to help protect the weld from atmospheric impurities.

The weld joint

Welding produces a solid connection between two pieces, called a weld joint. A weld
joint is the junction of the edges or surfaces of parts that have been joined by welding.
The weld joints are classified into two types:
1) Types of joints; and
2) Types of welds used to join the pieces.

TYPES OF JOINTS
There are five basic types of joints for bringing two parts together for joining.

a) Butt joint. In this joint type, the parts lie in the same plane
and are joined at their edges.

b) Corner joint. The parts in a corner joint form a right angle

and are joined at the corner of the angle.

c) Lap joint. This joint consists of two overlapping parts.

d) Tee joint. In a tee joint, one part is perpendicular to

the other in the approximate shape of the letter ‘‘T.’’

e) Edge joint. The parts in an edge joint are parallel with at

least one of their edges in common, and the joint is made
at the common edges
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
Types of Welding

The two most common types of welds are the fillet weld and the groove weld.
 Fillet welds are generally triangular in shape and join together members that are
usually at right angles to each other. Fillet welds are usually the most economical
since they require very little surface preparation and can be used in virtually any
connection configuration.

(a) Inside single (b) Outside single (c) Double fillet (d) Double fillet
fillet corner joint fillet corner joint lap joint tee joint.

 Groove welds are used to fill the groove between the ends of two members. Groove
welds can be made in joints that are classified as square, bevel, V (or double-bevel),
U, J, or flare V (or flare bevel).

 Another type of welding is a Plug welds and slot welds are used for attaching flat
plates, as shown in Figure below, using one or more holes or slots in the top part and
then filling with filler metal to fuse the two parts together. Plug welds are placed in
around holes and slots welds are place in elongated holes. In each case, the weld
meatal is place in the hole up to a certain depth (partial penetration or full
penetration). The penetration depth of plug or slot weld is difficult to inspect
visually, so such welds are not often preferred

(a) Plug (b) Slot

weld weld.we
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Plug and slot welds are used to:

1- Transmit shear in lap joint

2- Connect components of built up members (such as web doubter plates) to prevent
buckling.
3- To conceal connection for steel that are exposed to architectural reason
4- To add strength to connection with fillet welds
5- Neither plug nor slot welds should be used where tension force is normal to the
plane pf the faying surface
6- Nor should they be used to support cyclical loads

Type of welding specification

A. Gas welding.
B. Electrical welding.
C. Flux arc welding
D. Plasma Welding & Cutting

Gas welding Electrical welding Flux arc welding Plasma Welding & Cutting

Abbreviation

 AWS : American Welding Society

 SMAW: Shielding Meatal Arc Wielding ( most common used)
 AWD : Arc welding Design
 FCAW : Flux Cored Arc welding
 GTAW : Gas tungsten arc welding

Welding Materials (Electrode):

Welding is the process of uniting two metal parts by

melting the materials at their interface so that they
will bond together. A filler material is typically used to
join the two parts together. The parts being joined
are referred to as base metal and the filler is referred
to as weld metal. Since structural welding is typically
done by an electrical arc process, the weld metal is
typically supplied via weld electrodes, sometimes
known as welding rods.
The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Process
Electrodes
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

 The tensile strength of the weld electrode can be 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120
ksi.
• The corresponding electrodes are specified using the nomenclature E60XX,
E70XX, E80XX, and so on. This is the standard terminology for weld electrodes.
• The strength of the electrode should match the strength of the base metal.
• If yield stress (Fy ) of the base metal is ≤ 60 - 65 ksi, use E70XX electrode.
If yield stress (Fy ) of the base metal is ≥ 60 - 65 ksi, use E80XX electrode
 E70XX is the most popular electrode used for fillet welds made by the SMAW
method
 The XX is a number of more importances to the welder than the engineer.
Generally the XX is the current type AC or DC & the type of coating.

Welds symbols

Weld symbols are commonly used to identify the required weld properties used in the
connection design. Symbols have been standardized by the American Welding Society;
they are summarized in Table shown below of the AISCM.

Fillet welds are the most commonly specified welds, and will be used as the basis
for the following discussion.

The standard symbol is an arrow pointing to the weld or joint, with a horizontal line
forming the tail of the arrow. The triangular shape indicates a fillet weld, but for all
welds, the vertical line of the weld symbol is always to the left. Above and below the
horizontal line, information about the weld is given.

Field welded symbol

Filet weld at far side Welded all around symbol

Tall
Filet weld at near side

Arrow to the loin

If the information is below the horizontal line, then the welded joint is on the near side
of the arrow. If the information is above the horizontal line, then the welded joint is on
the opposite side.

 The size of the weld is stated first on the left side of the weld-type symbol, then the
length and spacing of the weld is placed to the right of the weld-type symbol.
 A circle at the intersection of the horizontal line and arrow indicates that the weld is
around the entire joint.
 A flag at this location indicates that the weld is to be made in the field.
 The absence of the flag indicates that the weld should be performed in the shop.
 At the end of the horizontal line, any special notes can be added
As shown in the fig below
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
Design of fillet welds

 Fillet welds are most common and used in all structures.

 The design and analysis of fillet welds is based on the assumption that the cross
section of the weld is a 45o right triangle, as shown in Figure

 The size of a fillet weld is denoted w and is the length of one of the two equal
sides of this idealized cross section.
 Standard weld sizes are specified in increments of ⁄16 inch.
 Although a length of weld can be loaded in any direction in shear, compression,
or tension, a fillet weld is weakest in shear and is always assumed to fail in this
mode.

AISC consideration for welded connections

A particle design for welded connection consideration of such details as maximum and
minimum weld size and lengths, the requirements for fillet welds are found in AISC J2-2b

Effective Area of Fillet Welds

Effective area: the effective area of a fillet weld shall be the effective length multiple by
the effective throat. The effect throat of fillet weld shall be the shortest distance from
the root to the face of the diagrammatic weld
.

A eff = w x cos45 xℓw

A eff = w x 0.707 xℓw asumme ℓw = 1 in
𝑖𝑛2
A eff = 0.707w
𝑖𝑛
Where:
W= size of fillet weld
ℓw= length of the fillet weld
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
Size of Fillet Welds
 Minimum allowed size of fillet welds: the minimum size of fillet welds shall not
be less than size shown in Table J2.4 (AISCM p. 96 depending on the thinner part
joined). This means that the weld needs to be big enough to heat the base
material sufficient to create a good bond between the base metal and the weld
metal.

 Maximum allowed size of fillet welds: The specification limits the weld size :

if t < ¼" w= t
if t > ¼" w= t-1/16

Where t is the thickness of the part

Note
- For minimum size of fillet weld use thinner parts (tmin.)
- For maximum size of fillet weld use thickness of the parts
- For fillet welds other than those along edge as shown below. Base on the shear
strength of the base
There is No Max. Size specified .In these and all other case, the meatal

Max. Size is be used in the strength compotation would that

limited by the base meatal shear strength of the base meatal
shear strength.

 Minimum effective length : The minimum effective length of fillet welds

designed on the basic of strength shall be not less than four times the nominal
size, or else the size of the weld shall be considered not exceed ¼’’ of its
effective length

ℓ𝑤 ≥ 4𝑤 , 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 , 𝑤𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ℓ𝑤/4

 When the longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in end connections of a flat-bar
tension members, the length of each fillet weld shall not be less than the
perpendicular distance between them , this is to prevent shear lag, which occurs
when not all parts of connected member are fully engaged in tension
ℓ𝑤
ℓ𝑤 ≥ 𝐵
𝐵

ℓ𝑤
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
 The maximum length of fillet weld is un limited , expect for end –load fillet load
with a length up to 100 times the leg dimension, it is permitted to take the
effective length equal to actual length
ℓ𝑤

ℓ𝑤
- If ℓw ≤ 100 w Then β= 1 (No reduction factor is used)
Or ℓw/w < 100

- If ℓw >100 w and <300w

Then β= 1.2 -0.002 (ℓw/w) ≤1.0
Or 300w < ℓw > 100w
300 < ℓw/w > 100

- If ℓw >300 w Then β= 0.60

- Or ℓw /w > 300

ℓ𝑤𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝛽ℓ𝑤
 End Returns
When a welded extends to the end of the member, it is sometimes continued
around the corner, as shown in the Fig, below. The primary reason for this
continuation called end returns, is to ensure that weld maintained over the full
length of the weld

2𝑤
2𝑤

2𝑤

2𝑤

 Lap joint
For lab joint the main amount of lab joint shall be five times the thickness of
thicker part joined, but not less than 1 in
5 t max
Min. lab joint distance = Max. Value of
1.0 in Lab joint distance

 Intermittent fillet welds

It’s used when the strength required is less than the developed by a continuous
fillet of minimum size of intermittent fillet welds is
4w
ℓw for each weld segments = Max. Value of
1.5 in
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

Design strength of weld according to AISC

The design strength (ɸRn) and allowable strength (Rn/Ω) of welds shall be the lower
value of the base metal and weld strength determined according to the limit state of
tensile rupture, shear rupture or yielding as follows:

Weld Shear Strength

𝑓𝑣 = 𝑃/𝐴
𝑓𝑣 = 𝐹𝑤 = 0.6𝐹𝐸𝑥𝑥
𝐴 = 𝐴𝑤 = 0.707𝑤ℓ𝑤
𝑃 = 𝑅𝑛

𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑤 𝑥0.707𝑤 𝑥 ℓ𝑤

From AISCM, Table J2.5, the nominal strength of a fillet weld in shear is Fw=0.6 FEXX
Where:
FEXX is the electrode strength and
Fw is the nominal weld strength, ksi.

𝑹𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝑭𝑬𝒙𝒙 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝒘 𝓵𝒘
ɸ= 0.75 (LFRD)
Ω= 2.0 (ASD)

 For Base Metal Shear Strength

𝟎. 𝟔 𝒇𝒚 (𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈) = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒇𝒚 𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒏. ɸ=1.0(LFRD), Ω=1.5(ASD)

Rn= min value of
𝟎. 𝟔 𝒇𝒖 (𝑹𝒖𝒑𝒕𝒖𝒆𝒓) = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒇𝒖 𝒕 𝒎𝒊𝒏. ɸ=0.75(LFRD), Ω=2.0 (ASD)

ɸRn min base

Use min value (ɸRn) kip/in (LRFD)
ɸRn weld

Rn/Ω min base

Rn/Ω weld Use min value (Rn/Ω) kip/in (ASD)
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
 For linear group loaded in plane through the center of gravity
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑤 𝑥𝐴𝑤 ℓ𝑤
ɸ= 0.75 (LFRD)
Ω= 2.0 (ASD)
𝐵 θ
𝐹𝑤 = 0.6𝐹𝐸𝑥𝑥 ( 1 + 0.5 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 (𝜃))
ℓ𝑤
If the load is parallel to the weld direction that mean
θ= 0 that lead to 𝐹𝑤 = 0.6𝐹𝐸𝑥𝑥
Where:
𝐹𝐸𝑥𝑥 = electrode classification number (ksi)
θ= angle of loading measured from the longitudinal axis (degree)
Aw= effective area of weld =0.707ℓw

The following Table shows the shearing strength for several values of θ,

 For fillet weld groups concentrically loaded and consisting of elements that are
oriented both longitudinally and transversely to the direction of applied load, the
combined strength (Rn) of the fillet weld group shall be determined as the grater of

𝑃𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛𝑤ℓ + 𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡
ℓ𝑤
𝑃𝑛 = 0.85𝑅𝑛𝑤ℓ + 1.5𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡 Larger values

ɸ= 0.75 (LFRD) 𝐵
Ω= 2.0 (ASD)
Where:
ℓ𝑤
𝑅𝑛𝑤ℓ = the total nominal strength of longitudinal loaded fillet welds
𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡= the total nominal strength of transversely loaded fillet welds
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
Example
A flat bar use as a tension member is connected to a gusset, as shown below. The welds are
3/16’’ fillet welds made with E70xx electrodes. The connected parts are A36 steel material.
Assume that the tensile strength of member is adequate and determine the allowable
strength of weld connection, used LRFD method 3/16’’
E 70
4 ‘’
Solution
4 ′′ Plate (1/4 x4)
Steel fy fu Gusset plate 3/8 ‘’

A36 36 58
weld fu
E70xx 70
4′′
Weld Shear Strength
E 70
3/16’’
4 ‘’
𝑅𝑛 = 𝐹𝑤 𝑥0.707𝑤
Fw= 0.6FExx=0.6 fu= 0.6 x70
𝑅𝑛 = 0.6𝑥70 𝑥0.707𝑥3/16 =5.567 kip/in
ɸ𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑥5.567 = 4.175 𝑘𝑖/𝑖𝑛
 For Base Metal Shear Strength

ɸ 0.6 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) = 1𝑥 0.6𝑥36𝑥0.25 = 5.4 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑖𝑛 control

ɸRn= min value of
ɸ0.6 𝑓𝑢 (𝑅𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑒𝑟) = 0.75𝑥 0.6𝑥58𝑥0.25 = 6.525 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑖𝑛

ɸRn min base=5.4 kip/in

ɸRn weld = 4.175 kip/in Use min value (ɸRn=4.175 kip/in)

ℓw 4
= = 21.3 < 100 𝛽=1
w 3/16

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑥∑ℓ𝑤𝛽
=4.175x (4+4) x1 =33.4 kip

Resolve the above example if the plate is welded at full contacted parts
E 70
3/16’’
4 ‘’

ɸRn=4.175 kip/in Gusset plate 3/8 ‘’ 4 ′′ Plate (1/4 x4)

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤ℓ + ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = 0.85ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤ℓ + 1.5ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡 Larger values
4′′

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤ℓ + ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡 E 70

3/16’’
= 4.175x (4+4)+4.175x 4 =50.1 kip 4 ‘’

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = 0.85ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤ℓ + 1.5ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑤𝑡

=4.175x0.85x (4+4) +4.175x 1.5x (4) =53.44 kip control

Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
Resolve the above example by use ASD method
Weld Shear Strength
Rn=5.567 kip/in
Rn/Ω=5.567/2.0= 2.7835 kip/in

 For Base Metal Shear Strength

Yielding (Shear): Rn/Ω =0.6fytmin/Ω= 0.6x36x1/4 /1.5 =3.6 kip/in control
Rupture: Rn/Ω =0.6futmin/Ω= 0.6x58x1/4 /2 = 4.35 kip/in
Rn/Ω= 2.7835 kip/in control
Rn/Ω =3.6 kip/in
Pn/Ω= 3.6x8=22.3 kips

For all connected parts

Pn/Ω= Rnwℓ/Ω + Rnwt/Ω =2.784x 8+2.784x4= 33.408 kips

Pn/Ω=0.85 Rnwℓ/Ω +1.5 Rnwt/Ω =0.85x2.784x 8+1.5x2.784x4= 35.635 kips control

Pn/Ω= 35.635 kips

Example

Determine the design strength of ¼ ‘’ fillet weld formed by the shield meatal arc welding
(SMAW) and E70 electrodes; assume the load is to be applied parallel to the weld length use
LRFD method. If
E 70
1/4’’
1- ℓw= 20 in
2- ℓw= 30 in Gusset plate 3/8 ‘’ ℓ𝑤 Plate (1/4 x4)

Solution
1- ℓw= 20 in
Steel fy fu
A36 36 58
weld fu ℓ𝑤

E70xx 70 E 70
1/4’’

Weld Shear Strength

ɸ𝑅𝑛 = ɸ 𝐹𝑤 𝑥0.707𝑤
ɸ𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑥0.6𝑥70 𝑥0.707𝑥1/4 = 5.567 kip/in
 For Base Metal Shear Strength

ɸ 0.6 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) = 1𝑥 0.6𝑥36𝑥0.25 = 5.4 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑖𝑛 control

ɸRn= min value of
ɸ0.6 𝑓𝑢 (𝑅𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑒𝑟) = 0.75𝑥 0.6𝑥58𝑥0.25 = 6.525 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑖𝑛

ɸRn min base=5.4 kip/in

ɸRn weld = 5.567 kip/in Use min value (ɸRn=5.4kip/in)
ℓw 20
= = 80 < 100 𝛽=1
w 1/4
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑥∑ℓ𝑤𝛽
= 5.4x (20+20) x1 =216 kip

2- ℓw= 30 in
ℓw 30
= = 120 300 < 120 > 100
w 0.25
ℓ𝑤
𝛽 = 1.2 − 0.002 ( ) = 1.2 − 0.002𝑥120 = 0.96
𝑤
ɸ𝑃𝑛 = ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑥∑ℓ𝑤𝛽
= 5.4x (30+30) x0.96 =311. kip

Example

Check the weld size and determine the design strength of the connection controlled by
welding connection only. The tension member is plate (3/8x4) and it’s welded to a ½ in.
thickness of gusset plate by using E70xx electrodes, use A572G50 steel material

Steel fy fu 1/4’’
E 70

A572G50 50 65 5’’

weld fu Gusset plate1/2 ‘’ 5 ′′ Plate (3/8 x4)

E70xx 70
Sect. plate (3/8x4)
Check weld limitation
3/8 𝑖𝑛 (𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
Tmin. = 5′′
½ 𝑖𝑛 (𝑔𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒) E 70
5’’ 1/4’’

Go to table j (2.4)

Wmin.= 3/16 in

The thickness of the part= 3/8 in. 3/8’’

3/8 > ¼
Wmax= t -1/16 = 3/8 -1/16 =0.3125= 5/16 ‘’
Wmin .< w actual < wmax. 1/2 ‘’

3/16 < ¼ < 5/16

The fillet size is Ok
ℓw 5
= = 20 < 100 𝛽=1
w 1/4
ℓw > B ok
5< 4 ok
Weld Shear Strength
ɸ𝑅𝑛 = ɸ 𝐹𝑤 𝑥0.707𝑤
Design of Steel Structure Welded Connections Dr. Kamal Sh. Mahmoud
Civil Engineering / Fourth stage
ɸ𝑅𝑛 = 0.75𝑥0.6𝑥70 𝑥0.707𝑥1/4 = 5.567 kip/in
 For Base Metal Shear Strength

ɸ 0.6 𝑓𝑦 (𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔) = 1𝑥 0.6𝑥50𝑥3/8 = 11.25 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑖𝑛

ɸRn= min value of
ɸ0.6 𝑓𝑢 (𝑅𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑒𝑟) = 0.75𝑥 0.6𝑥65𝑥3/8 = 10.968 𝑘𝑖𝑝/𝑖𝑛 control

ɸRn min base=10.968 kip/in

ɸRn weld = 5.567 kip/in Use min value (ɸRn=5.567kip/in)
ɸPn= ɸRnx∑ℓwβ
=5.567 x(5+5)x1=55.67 kip

Re solve the above example if the load is applied at 45 o and 90o

θ=45 o
ɸRn= Fwx (1+0.5 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 (𝜃))
ɸRn= 0.75x0.6x70xAwx (1+0.5 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 (45)) 5′′
ɸRn= 0.75x0.6x70x0.707x1/4x (1+0.5 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 (45)))
=5.567x(1+0.5 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 (45)) 4′′ θ= 45
= 7.22 kip/in
5 ′′
ℓw 5
= = 20 < 100 𝛽=1
w 1/4

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑥∑ℓ𝑤𝛽
= 7.22x (5+5) x1 =72.22 kips

θ=90 o
ɸRn= Fwx (1+0.5 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 (𝜃))
ɸRn= 0.75x0.6x70xAwx (1+0.5 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛1.5 (90)) 5′′
1.5 (90))
ɸRn= 0.75x0.6x70x0.707x1/4x (1+0.5 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛
4′′ θ= 90
=5.567x (1+0.5)
= 8.3503 kip/in
5 ′′
ℓw 5
= = 20 < 100 𝛽=1
w 1/4

ɸ𝑃𝑛 = ɸ𝑅𝑛𝑥∑ℓ𝑤𝛽
= 8.3505x (5+5) x1 =125.257 kips