Steel connections

PRE PARE D BY RAYAN MOHAMME D

Types of connections
4 types of connections are
1)welded
2)riveted
3)Bolted
4)pinned
Pinned connection
A pin connection works essentially like a lapped joint. It transfers
vertical and horizontal shear loads and cannot resist any bending o
moment (rotational) forces. The amount of load to be transferred
through the joint will determine the size of the bolt and the plate
thickness. The diameter of the bolt must be large enough to have
enough cross sectional area to handle the shear force. The thickne
of the plate must be adequate, when combined with the bolt
diameter, to resist pull through.

Many pin connections might look like they are designed to rotate but do not actually function as points of rotation
for the structure. Often this type of connection is used to simplify erection by allowing for some slight differences
in angles of the members. If the connection need not be stiff, it makes it fairly easy for the ironworkers to slip in the
element. The clear function of these type of connections makes them pretty simple and fun to design as you can
see from the variety of instances pictured below!
Riveted connections
The riveted connections are nowadays obsolete. The understanding of this type of connections for the strength evaluation and rehabilitation for
older structure is essential. While the connection procedure for riveted connections is same as that of the bolted connections.

Clamp action:

When hot driven rivets are properly cooled down then the diameter and shank length get reduced. Because of this, the compress ion of the plat
occurs and that results in friction between the plates, this process is called as clamp action.

Disadvantages of riveted connections are as follows:

It is associated with very high level of noise pollution

There is a need to heat the rivet till red hot color.

Skilled labors are necessary to inspect the connection.

The cost to remove the poorly installed rivet is very high.

The high-cost installation in the connection.

 Welded Connections
Welded connections are direct and efficient means of transferring forces from one member to the adjacent
member. Welded connections are generally made by melting base metal from parts to be joined with weld metal,
which upon cooling form the connection. The welded connections in a majority of the cases may be categorised as
fillet weld or butt (or groove) welds as shown in Fillet welds,, are made against two surfaces of adjacent plates to
join them together.
The merits of the fillet welds are:
no prior edge preparation is necessary,
simple, fast and economical to make, and
does not require very skilled labour.
The demerits of fillet welds are:
not appropriate to transfer forces large in magnitude,
poorer performance under fatigue loading, Fillet weld Butt weld
less attractive in appearance. Butt welds,are made by butting plate surfaces against one another and filling the gap
between contact surfaces with weld metal, in the process fusing the base metal also together. In order to ensure
full penetration of the weld metal, normally the contact surfaces are cambered to obtain gap for the weld metal to
flow easily.
 Types Of Welds
There are 5 main joints used in welding. These are:
•Butt joint
•Corner joint
•Edge joint
•Lap joint
•Tee joint
Surfacing Weld

These are welds composed of one or more strings or weave

beads deposited on an unbroken surface to obtain desired
properties or dimensions.
This type of weld is used to build up surfaces or replace metal on
worn surfaces. It is also used with square butt joints.
Plug Weld

Plug welds are circular welds made through one member of a lap or
tee joint joining that member to the other.
The weld may or may not be made through a hole in the first
member; if a hole is used, the walls may or may not be parallel and
the hole may be partially or completely filled with weld metal.
Such welds are often used in place of rivets.
Fillet Welds
A fillet weld joins two surfaces at an approximate right angle to each
other. There are several types of fillet weld:
Full fillet weld – is a weld where the size of the weld is the same as the
thickness of the thinner object joined together.
Staggered intermittent fillet weld – refers to two lines of intermittent
welding on a joint. An example is a tee joint where the fillet increments
that are in one line are staggered in comparison to the other line.
Chain Intermittent fillet weld – refers to two lines of intermittent fillet
welds in a lap joint or T where the welds in one line are approximately
opposite those in the other line.
 Groove weld

The second most popular type of weld is the groove weld. There are seven basic types of groove welds,
The groove weld refers to beads that are deposited in a groove between two members to be joined.
Bolted Connection
Most commonly used connections include the bolted connections. This
connection has the advantage of flexibility in assembling parts of the
structure as well as dissembling it and which is necessary if there is
inspection or some routine maintenance. This type of connections is
applicable for members subjected to tension or shear or both tension
and shear.
A bolt is a metal pin with a head formed at one end and the shank
threaded at the other end so that nut can be received. Generally, the
bolts are used to connect the pieces of metals by inserting them
through the holes in the metals; at the threaded end, nuts should be
tightened.
The advantages of bolted connections are as follows:

The process of erection of structure can be made faster.

Skilled labours are not necessary.

Connections do not involve the noise.

Requirement of labours is less.

Immediate use of structure is possible in case of bolted connection.

The alternative arrangement of structural members is possible if required.

Lesser working area is required.

The disadvantages of bolted connections are as follows:

The material cost is very high.

Due to the area reduction at the root of the thread and due to concentration of stress, the tensile strength of this type of connection is reduced.

Bolts get loose if it is subjected to vibrations or shocks.

Classification of bolted connections:
The classifications of bolted connections are made on the basis of resultant force transferred, type of force and force mecha nism.
On the basis of resultant force transferred:
Concentric connections: When the load of structural member passes through the CG of the section then this type of connections ar e
made.
Eccentric connections: Whenever the resultant force is acting away from the CG of the connections.
Moment resisting connections: Whenever the connections are subjected to moments.
On the basis of type of force:
The connections are classified as shear connections when the transfer of load occurred through shear. Example: lap joint, but t joint
Tension connection: Whenever the transfer of load occurred through tension on the bolts.
Combined tension shear connections: whenever the bracket connection is used to connect the inclined member to the column of the
structure.
On the basis of force mechanism:
Bearing type connections: To transfer the force bolts bear against the hole
Friction type connections: Due to tensioning of the bolts the force is transferred through friction between the plates.
The design philosophy:
The conventional method to analyze the connection is based on the following conditions:
The deformation of the connection is ignored as the connected elements of the structures is considered as rigid connections
The connectors used to connect different elements of the section behave like linear – elastic way until it fails.
The ductility property of connectors of the structures is unlimited.
In practical situations, the connected sections like angles, gusset plates, etc are flexible deformation occurs at the low in tensity of load
also.