Chapter 3

RESULTS AND FINDINGS

Existing Apparatus to Determine Behaviour of Concretes

The existing apparatus needed to determine the behaviour of concrete.

Aside from falling head apparatus, there’s such an existing apparatus used to

determine the behavior of concrete.

Figure 3.1
Slump Cone Apparatus Set
Source: (www.indiamart.com)

Slump Cone Apparatus. This apparatus is used to measure the

workability of fresh concrete, and indirectly, the water-cement ratio of the

concrete mix. The market value of this apparatus ranges from 3400 Indian

Rupee, and it has a peso value of Php 2,508.02 per set. This slump cone

apparatus set (Figure 3.1) is consist of scrub, brushes, scoops, slump test base,
 Results and Findings | 30

slump cones, tamping rods, funnel, and measuring test. A freshly mixed concrete

is placed in the mold in a stipulated number of layers and each rodded a

specified number of times separately with a steel rod. If the concrete settles, we

can say that the particular sample has a slump. Thus the degree of consistency

of concrete ascertained.

Figure 3.2 Gilson 300 Series Concrete Compression Machine

Source: (www.globalgilson.com)

Compressive Strength Machine. It is used to determine the

compressive strength of the concrete. The test of compressive strength is based

on its curing period. Commonly, this compressive strength test is made at

periods 7, 14 and 28 days on specimens prepared and cured under prescribed

ASTM testing procedures. At the end of the curing period each specimen is

placed in the testing machine, and gradually in compressive load is applied until

the specimen fails. The compressive strength testing machine (Figure 3.2) above

is the Gilson 300 Series Concrete compression machine it has a market value of

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 31

$9,058 a peso value of Php 472,057.68. It can apply compressive load up to

1,335kN capacities and meet or exceed the ACI 363 recommendations. This

machine can be outfitted and can accommodate different size of cubes, masonry

prisms, and concrete cylinders. The machine also has an accuracy exceeds ASTM

C39 and E4 requirements, and it has alatchable steel Fragments Guard Doors to

promote safety. To prevent the overextension of the ram the piston of this

machine has a pressure bleed hole. This 300 Series Units feature has a unique

quite controlled operation because of the 1/2 HP system for cooling.

Advantages of the Existing Apparatus

Slump Cone Apparatus

The following are the advantages including the problems encountered in

the Slump Cone apparatus.

Portable. Due to its lightweight it is easy to carry and easy to use. It can

be easily transferred from one place to another. A non-technical person can

perform it without any problem. This can be performed at the construction site

as well as in the laboratory.

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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Figure 3.3 Slump Cone Weight

Source: (m.indiamart.com)
Time efficient. Slump cone test does not demand a long period to get

the result. If we compare it to compressive strength, it requires almost a month

to determine the outcome of compressive strength, but we can obtain slump

value within some minutes. It is very useful to check batch to batch or hour to

hour variation in the materials which will be fed into the mixer. This apparatus is

designed to use for construction sites and laboratories efficiently.

Low Cost. This slump cone apparatus does not require any costly special

equipment. It is a manually operated apparatus and consist of easy to use

materials. The cost of this set of apparatus is 3400 Indian Rupee, and it has a

peso value of Php 2,508.02 per set.

Figure 3.1 Slump Cone Apparatus Set

Source: (www.indiamart.com)

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Compressive Strength Testing Machine

The following are the advantages including the problems encountered in

the Compressive Strength testing machine.

Reliable and Accurate. Long term use with high reliability. It is not

complicated than the manually operated testing machine, because it composed

of metal and fully automated machine. The range of test force measurement

becomes wider, more accurate, more stable. As the electro-hydraulic servo

control valve (Figure3.4) has zero position covering problems in static control,

and also all cylinders have the problem of sealing and friction, the output of the

zero attachment is not linear.

Figure 3.4 Electro-Hydraulic servo control valve

Source:(www.asianproducts.com)

High Technology. Through modernization, many apparatus had been

upgraded. This Gilson 300 Series Compression testing machine(Figure 3.5) has

an automated pro controller, and it has a 1/2HP cooler. It also has safety

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 34

Latchable Steel Fragment Doors(Figure 3.5) to promote safety. And it is dual

purpose equipment it can determine not only the compressive strength but also

it can determine the flexural strength by removing the back door of the

apparatus.

Figure 3.5 Gilson 300 Compression Testing Machine

Source: (www.globalgilson.com)

Durable. This apparatus cannot be easily damaged due to its ability to

resist the explosive cracks of specimen inside the Testing machine. Since this is

fully automated apparatus and it has a full metal build parts and its durability will

long-last.

Low Noise. Due to its complete mechanical setup and well-planned parts

the compression testing machine can minimize the noise by its automated pro

controller (at the top right side of Figure 3.5) it will control the compressor to

slowly compact the concrete specimen to prevent noise and to minimize the

number of bouncing cracks coming from the specimen.

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Disadvantages of the Existing Apparatus

Slump Cone Apparatus

The following are the disadvantages including the problems encountered

in the Slump Cone apparatus.

Size. The slump cone apparatus is limited to concretes with the maximum

size of aggregate. It is not suitable for concrete formed of aggregate higher than

40mm. The test is only suitable for concrete mediums or high workability. For a

specimen, more than one shape can be resulted in confusing the correct result.

If shear slump occurs, it may attain a right slump in the next test (see Figure

3.1)

Inaccuracy. Improper concrete mixing can affect the accuracy of the

apparatus. The output of freshly mixed will collapse, and the right slumps were

not being formed. If the concrete mix is too wet it will become collapse slump

(Figure3.3). Through this error, the inaccurate result will not be recorded, and

the mix will be rejected. Due to the round tamping rod, the measurement will be

affected. It can cause inaccuracy in the measurement of a true slump. It cannot

be minimizing because this material is useful in mixing but not effective on

measuring the deformed height of the slump.

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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Figure 3.6 Collapse Slump

Source:(www.civil.org)

The following are the disadvantages including the problems encountered

in the Compressive Strength testing machine.

Unreliable. Widely variation can be found from one sample of lean mix

and it can be a great confusion to determine the exact result. For a lean mix, it is

unreliable to determine the true slump of a sample may be converted into shear

or collapse easily.

Expensive. Due to its highly automated parts, its cost is expensive. This

apparatus has a market value of $9,058 and has a peso value of Php

472,057.68. (See Figure3.1 and Figure 3.2)

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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Table 3.1 Existing Apparatus with Present Market Values

Existing Apparatus Dollar Peso

Slump Test Apparatus

47.99 931.01

Compressive Strength
Machine

9,058 472,057.68

Table 3.1 shows the summary of existing apparatus and with present

market values with conversion to Philippine peso currency.

Design Factors to Consider in the Development of the Apparatus

The design factors to consider in the development of the Modified Falling

Head Apparatus are on the following factors:

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 38

Size. In terms of size we can use a two different size of pipes in vertical

part we used a 4 inches pipes it is the same as the size of the specimen, and the

lower part is made up of 2 inches of pipes, in Figure 3.2 shows the actual image

of the apparatus. It is the available standard sizes for pipes where the 4 inches

size of pipes it serves as the specimen’s location and the 2 inches size of pipes it

serves as the routing of water to flow continuously.

Capacity. Since there is no pressure involves in the free flow of water we

can only use light materials such as; PVC pipes, PVC joints, and laminated sheets

to construct an apparatus as shown in Figure 2.2.

Characteristics in Determining the Difference between Pervious and

Traditional Concrete

The characteristics to determine the difference between pervious and

traditional concrete are the following:

Compressive Strength. Concrete can resist prescribing loads when

regards of compressive strength. The traditional concrete is advisable to use

than the pervious concrete because of its high compaction factor and a high

percentage of compressive strength (Rajasekhar, 2016).

Figure 3.7 Compressive Strength Testing

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 39

Hydraulic Conductivity. In terms of hydraulic conductivity, the pervious

concrete is very advisable to use than the traditional concrete. Based on the test

result conducted by the researchers it proves and tested that the pervious

concrete has a value of hydraulic conductivity because it has a high percentage

of interconnected voids that the water will allow to pass through (Mater, 2015).

Figure 3.8 Hydraulic Conductivity Testing

The Notable Behaviour and Characteristics of Concretes as Determined

Using the Falling Head Apparatus

The notable behaviour and characteristics of concretes are the hydraulic

conductivity of concrete specimen using the falling head apparatus. The

hydraulic conductivity is the rate of flow under laminar flow conditions through a

unit cross-sectional area of a porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient

(Printice Hall, 2011). The hydraulic conductivity of porous concrete depends on

its water-cement ratio. The proper mixing proportion of concrete will give high

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 40

workability to a concrete. However, in hydraulic conductivity, too much water to

a mixture can provide lower workability to a concrete (Rahmanzadeh et al. (14)).

Table 3.2 Hydraulic Conductivity of Pervious Concrete with Different Size

Aggregates and Water-cement Ratio

Initial Final Hydraulic

Gravel W/C area Area Length Head Head time Conductivity

Size ratio (a) (A) (L) (h1) (h2) (t) K=(aL/At)ln(h1/h2)

mm/sec
30% 10.0 18.0
40% 12.4 14.4
3/8’’ 50% 2500pi 2500pi 100 300 50 15.5 11.6

30% 3.34 53.6

40% 4.01 44.7
3/4” 50% 2500pi 2500pi 100 300 50 5.42 33.1

30% 3.11 57.6

40% 3.27 54.8
G1 50% 2500pi 2500pi 100 300 50 3.47 51.6

Table 3.2 shows the summary results of testing in hydraulic conductivity

test for pervious concrete with a different water-cement ratio (w/c) for different

curing days. Through the test conduct by the researchers, they conclude that the

different water-cement ratio and size aggregates will affect the hydraulic

conductivity of a specimen as the water-cement ratio increases the hydraulic

conductivity of the pervious concrete decreases.

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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 Results and Findings | 41

Figure 3.9 Water-Cement Ratio (w/c) vs. Hydraulic Conductivity (Pervious

concrete)

Figure 3.9 is the graphical representation of the of the results in Table

3.2. It shows the relationship between the hydraulic conductivity and water-

cement ratio is inversely proportional. The figure shows that the hydraulic

conductivity decreases as the water-cement ratio increases. Because of

increasing the amount of water in the mixture, the cement will settle down at the

bottom of the specimens, and it results in a clog the pores spaces.

Table 3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity of Traditional Concrete with Varying Size

Aggregates and Different Water-cement Ratio

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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 Results and Findings | 42

Initial Final Hydraulic

Gravel W/C Area 1 Area 2 Length Head Head time Conductivity

Size ratio (a) (A) (L) (h1) (h2) (t) K=(aL/At)ln(h1/h2)

mm/sec

30% 159.8 0.0212

3/8’’ 40% 2500pi 2500pi 100 300 290 179.6 0.0189

50% 187.5 0.0181

30% 141.8 0.0219

3/4” 40% 2500pi 2500pi 100 300 290 167.4 0.0203

50% 174.3 0.0195

30% 137.1 0.0247

G1 40% 2500pi 2500pi 100 300 290 141.8 0.0239

50% 145..4 0.0233

Table 3.3 shows the summary results of testing in hydraulic conductivity

test for traditional concrete. The varying water-cement ratio and size aggregates

will affect the hydraulic conductivity of a specimen. The bigger the size

aggregates and the lesser the amount of water content of a mixture, The faster

the water passed through the concrete specimen and vice versa.

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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 Results and Findings | 43

Figure 3.10 Water-Cement Ratio (w/c) vs. Hydraulic Conductivity

(Traditional concrete)

Figure 3.10 represents the bar chart of the accumulated result that is

tabulated in Table 3.3. This figure refers to the hydraulic conductivity of the

Traditional concrete. The graphical representation is shown, the relationship

between the hydraulic conductivity and water-cement ratio is inversely

proportional. As the hydraulic conductivity decreases as the water-cement ratio

increases. Because of increasing the amount of water in the mixture, the cement

will settle down at the bottom of the specimens, and it results in a clog the pores

spaces.

Testing

Concrete Mixture Ratio. The tabulated data below shows the concrete

mix proportion with different gavel sizes.

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 Results and Findings | 44

Table 3.4 Concrete Mix Proportion (Traditional Concrete)

Mixture Proportion
Class Gravel Size
Cement: Sand:
Gravel

Class A 1:2:4 3/8’’

Class A 1:2:4 3/4’’

Class A 1:2:4 G1

Table 3.4 shows the same kind of a mixture with their respective

proportion. The ratio proportion of mixture: Class A 1:2:4, with different size of

gravel (Cement: Sand: Gravel); Cement provides strength to the concrete; Sand

eliminates air pockets and spaces between the individual crushed rocks; Gravel

gives concrete its compressive structural integrity.

Table 3.5 Concrete Mix Proportion (Pervious Concrete)

Mixture Proportion
Class Gravel Size
(Cement:
Gravel)

Class A 1:4 3/8’’

Class A 1:4 3/4’’ Table 3.5 shows

Class A 1:4 G1 the same kinds of a

mixture of pervious

concrete with their respective proportion. The ratio proportion of mixture: Class

A 1:4 is used. It means 1 sack of cement is to 4 sacks of gravel.

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Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 45

Since fines are eliminated from pervious concrete. The strength relies on

the bond of the cement paste and its interface with the aggregate. As with

traditional concrete, too little water results into bonding, and too much water will

settle the paste at the base of the pavement, and it clogs the pores spaces

(Neithalath et al., 2010).

The correct amount of water will maximize the strength without

compromising the hydraulic conductivity characteristics of the pervious concrete.

The concepts of hydration and workability will be considered when creating

mixtures of pervious concrete with varying ratios of cement, aggregate, and

water. Water will be added to various mixtures of aggregate and cement in

experiments designed to maximize hydration and optimize compressive yield

strength.

Design Criteria and Requirements of the Apparatus

The tables shown below are the design criteria and requirements of the

developed apparatus. The following materials listed below are the components

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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 Results and Findings | 46

used in assembling a modified apparatus, we only used pipes and improvised

acrylic tube to form a falling head apparatus.

Table 3.6 Dimensions of Each Component of the Falling Head Apparatus

Components Dimension in cm

Improvised Acrylic tube

Internal diameter 10.20

External diameter 10.40

Height 40.00

Vertical Pipe

Internal diameter 9.60

External diameter 10.00

Height 15.00

Horizontal pipe

Internal diameter 4.60

External diameter 5.00

Length 70.00

Table 3.6 shows the dimensions used to design the Modified falling head

Apparatus. The components are composed of the following materials with their

respective dimensions shown in the table.

Improvised Acrylic tube. The improvised acrylic tube is made of a

laminated sheet with an internal diameter of 10.20 cm, the external diameter of

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 47

10.40cm, and a height of 40.00 cm. The laminated sheet is made of transparent

material to measure the head of water.

Vertical Pipes. The vertical pipes are made of 4'' PVC pipes with an

internal diameter of 9.60 cm, the external diameter of 10.00 cm, and a height of

15.00 cm. The vertical pipes serve as the specimens locations.

Horizontal pipes. The horizontal pipes are made of 2'' PVC pipes with an

internal diameter of 4.60 cm, an external diameter of 5.00 cm, and a length

70.00 cm. The horizontal pipes serve as routing of water to flow continuously.

Figure 3.11 Falling Head Apparatus Dimensions

Figure 3.11 shows the elevation view of the falling head apparatus with its

corresponding dimensions. The vertical pipe with an external dimension of 10 cm

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 48

same with the cross-section of the specimen it serves as the part wherein the

specimen is located. The improvised acrylic tube must be transparent to measure

the head of water.

The PVC joint and the horizontal pipe is used to connect the route of

water to flow continuously. By using these following materials, we can build a

cheaper apparatus with the same functions with the existing apparatus. Although

advantageous in some regards this apparatus is only limited for used in a

concrete specimen.

Outlet
PVC valve Specimen location

Bucket Specimens
Stopwatch

Figure 3.12 Modified Falling Head Apparatus

Figure 3.12 show the actual output of the Falling Head Apparatus. The

materials used in the developed apparatus are the following: Laminated sheet,

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
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 Results and Findings | 49

4'' PVC pipe, 2'' PVC pipe, PVC Elbows, Hose clip, and angle bar for the base. The

modified falling head apparatus was designed for concrete specimens. The

existing apparatus is used in determining the hydraulic conductivity of different

soil type.

Comparison of Traditional and Pervious Concrete in terms of:

Compressive Strength with Varying Size Aggregates and

Different Curing Periods. Workability of concrete relies on its compressive

strength. To attain a high percentage of compressibility, we must be considered

its compaction factor. The partial change in mixtures will affect its workability.

The figure below shows the compressive strength of traditional and pervious

concrete.

Figure 3.13 Compressive Strength of Traditional and Pervious Concrete with 3

Days Curing Period

Data shows the result of compressive strength test of traditional are 480,

490, 540, and the pervious concrete is 450, 450, 460. Based on the comparative

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Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 50

result the compressive strength of the traditional concrete higher than the

pervious concrete. The test was conducted at E.B. Testing Center INC. at

Urdaneta City, Pangasinan on November 22, 2018. As we can see, the T3-3

(Traditional Concrete) 3/4 inches size aggregate has a greater value of

compressive strength because this size aggregate can prevent voids that can

cause lowering of strength. The test was conducted at the 3 days curing period

of the specimen, from the results given it shows that the traditional concrete will

provide a high percentage of compressive strength because it is fully compacted

and less porosity. (S. Rogge, 2013)

Figure 3.14 Compressive Strength of Traditional and Pervious Concrete with 7

Days Curing Period

Data shows the result of compressive strength test of traditional are 620,

620, 1160 and the pervious concrete is 450, 510, 550. Based on the comparative

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 51

result the compressive strength of the traditional concrete higher than the

pervious concrete. This test was conducted at E.B Testing Center INC at

Urdaneta City, Pangasinan on November 26, 2018. The test was conducted at

the 7 days curing period of the specimen, from the results given it shows that

the traditional concrete will give a high percentage of compressive strength

because it is full compacted and less porosity. As the curing day's increases, the

compressive strength of the concrete specimen also increases. As you can see,

the 3/4 inches size of aggregate T6-7(Traditional Concrete) has a higher

compressive strength.

Figure 3.15 Compressive Strength of Traditional and Pervious Concrete with 14

Days Curing Period

Data shows the result of compressive strength test of traditional are 620,

640, 2060 and the pervious concrete is 490, 540, 570. Based on the comparative

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus
 Results and Findings | 52

result the compressive strength of the traditional concrete higher than the

pervious concrete. This test was conducted at E.B Testing Center INC at

Urdaneta City, Pangasinan on November 26, 2018. The test was conducted at

the 14 days curing period of the specimen, from the results given it shows that

the traditional concrete will give a high percentage of compressive strength

because it is full compacted and less porosity. As the curing day's increases, the

compressive strength of the concrete specimen also increases. As you can see,

the 3/4 inches size of aggregate T9-14 (Traditional Concrete) has a higher

compressive strength. The researchers proved that the traditional concrete has

more compressive strength than the pervious concrete. They also conclude that

the 3/4 inches size of aggregates has given a high value of compressive

strength.

Table 3.7 Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete

Curing days Size aggregates Strength(psi)

G1 450
3 3/8’’ 450
3/4’’ 460

G1 450
7 3/8’’ 510
3/4’’ 550
G1 490
14 3/8’’ 540
3/4’’ 570

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Table 3.7 shows the summary results of testing, the different size

aggregates and different curing periods. The following data above shows the

workability of concrete regarding compressive strength. From the result that had

been tested, it proves that a high degree of compressive strength of concrete will

give high workability of concrete to carry prescribe loads. In this case, since the

fine aggregates are eliminated the degree of compaction is decreases, and it

results in a low percentage of compressive strength. (Malhotra, 1976)

Figure 3.16 Curing days vs. Compressive strength (psi)

Figure 3.16 the graphical representation shows the result in Table 3.7, it

shows the direct relationship between the curing days and compressive strength.

The figure shows the compressive strength will increases as the curing days also

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 Results and Findings | 54

increases. The curing periods of the concrete specimen is one factor affecting

the properties of hardened the concrete.

Table 3.8 Compressive Strength of Traditional Concrete

Curing days Size aggregates Strength(psi)

G1 480
3 3/8’’ 490
3/4’’ 540
G1 570
7 3/8’’ 620
3/4’’ 1160
G1 620
14 3/8’’ 640
3/4’’ 2060

Table 3.8 shows the summary results of testing, the different size

aggregates and different curing periods. The following data above shows the

workability of concrete regarding compressive strength. From the result that had

been tested, it proves that a high degree of compression strength of concrete

will give high workability of concrete. (Malhotra, 1976)

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Figure 3.17 Curing days vs. Compressive strength (psi)

Figure 3.17 the graphical representation shows the result in table 3.8, it

shows the direct relationship between the curing days and compressive strength.

As we seen in the figure, the compressive strength will increases as the curing

days also increases. The curing periods of the concrete specimen is one factor

affecting the properties of hardened the concrete.

Comparison Between Pervious Concrete and Traditional Concrete Using Modified Falling
Head Apparatus