Human Performance and Behavior

Total 1099
Questions
human performance and behavior

HUMAN FACTORS: BASIC CONCEPTS - Human Factors in Aviation
Question Between which components is an interface mismatch causing disturbance of the biological rhythm, thus
leading to reduced human performance?
Choices Answers Correct
A Liveware- Environment A
B Liveware - Hardware
C Liveware - Software
D Liveware - Liveware
Ref All
Question Between which components is an interface mismatch causing an error of interpretation by using an old three-
point altimeter?
A Liveware - Environment
B Liveware - Software
C Liveware - Hardware C
Ref All
Question A pilot is skilled when he:
Choices 1. trains or practises regularly

2. knows how to manage himself/herself
3. possesses all the knowledge associated with his aircraft
4. knows how to keep resources in reserve for coping with the unexpected
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 4 A
B 1, 2, 3, 4
C 1, 2
D 2, 3, 4
Ref All
Question The percentage of oxygen in the air at an altitude of approximately 34,000 ft is:

A 21% A
B 5%
C 10.5%
D 42%
Ref All
Question A flight crew licence holder has completed a two-day stay at a hospital. What must he/she do before flying
as a crewmember?
A Informs the authority in writing
B Seek advice of the authority or AME B
C Wait until his/her common sense says that he/she is fit for flight
D Not fly before he/she is released by an AME
Ref All
Question Ergonomics are associated with:

A communications
B cognition
C the human/workplace interface C
D information processing
Ref All
Question In 1972, a psychologist named Edwards presented a concept of the interface between flight crew and other
parts of the airspace environment. What is this concept called and the names of those elements involved:
A The SHEL Concept: Software, hardware, economy and liveware
B The SHEL Concept: Software, hardware, environment and liveware B
C The SHEL Concept: Software, harmony, environment and location
D The SHEL Concept: Software, hardware, environment and location
Ref All
Question What are the main sources of radiation at height?

A Galactic (Cosmic) caused by galactic particles and Solar radiation caused by solar flares A
B Ionisation of the layers in the atmosphere due to the bombardment of Galactic (Cosmic) radiation
C Solar radiation caused by solar flares and Nuclear radiation caused by the earth's natural
radiation
D Galactic (Cosmic) and Nuclear radiation which are both caused by the earth's natural radiation
Ref All
Question Who in the Aviation Industry is responsible for flight safety:

Question Who in the Aviation Industry is responsible for flight safety:
A Aircrew
B Everyone involved B
C Aircrew and Ground Crew
D Management, Aircrew, Ground crew and ATC personnel
Ref All
Question The rate of accidents in commercial aviation (excluding sabotage and acts of terrorism):

A has improved considerably over the last fifteen years
B is approximately 1 accident per million airport movements B
C is a long way short of the safety level of road transport
D represents about fifty accidents around the world every year
Ref All
Question As a cause of accidents, the human factor:

A which is cited in current statistics, applies to the flight crew and ATC only
B has increased considerably since 1980 the percentage of accident in which this factor has been
involved has more than tripled since this date
C is cited in approximately 70 to 80% of aviation accidents C
D plays a negligible role in commercial aviation accidents. It is much more important in general
aviation
Ref All
Question The errors resulting from an irrational indexing system in an operations manual are related to an interface
mismatch between:
A Liveware Hardware
B Liveware - Software B
C Liveware - Environment
Ref All
Question Which of the following human error rates can be described as both realistic and pretty good, after
methodical training:
Question Which of the following human error rates can be described as both realistic and pretty good, after
methodical training:
A 1 in 10000 times
B 1 in 1000 times
C 1 in 100 times C
D 1 in 100000 times
Ref All
Question Analysis of accidents involving the human factor in aviation shows that:

A there is hardly ever a single cause responsible A
B only front-line operators are involved
C only pilot training will make it possible to improve the situation
D failure of the human factor is always connected with technical breakdowns
Ref All
Question Vibrations can cause blurred vision. This is due to tuned resonance oscillations of the:

A photosensitive cells
B eyeballs B
C optic nerve
D crystalline lens
Ref All
Question Most accidents are mainly caused by lack of:

A good maintenance of aircraft
B good judgement B
C physical skills
D interpersonal relations
Ref All
Question The distribution of primary causes of accidents in the worldwide jet aircraft commercial fleet shows that
human error is involved in:
A all cases, one way or another
B about 90% of cases
Question The distribution of primary causes of accidents in the worldwide jet aircraft commercial fleet shows that
human error is involved in:
C about 55% of cases
D about 70% of cases D
Ref All
Question The trend in aeroplane hull-loss rate over the last three decades seems to be related to:

A the number of engines
B the manufacturer
C the crew C
D the year of manufacture
Ref All
Question In the initial phase of flight training the relationship between confidence and expertise can be described
as:
A the pilot is competent enough to fly the aircraft at this stage, but does neither have a great A
deal of confidence in his/her abilities nor in the whole system
B the pilot is sufficiently competent to fly and knows at this stage what he can and cannot do
C during this learning stage, the pilot is very near to achieving full potential knowledge of the
machine
D the pilot has a sphere of expertise which is reduced to daily use of his skills
Ref All
Question Between which components is an interface mismatch responsible for deficiencies in conceptual aspects of
warning systems?
A Liveware - Liveware
B Liveware - Hardware
D Liveware - Software D
Ref All
Question With regard to the level of automation of behaviour in the attention mechanism, we know that:

A the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the less it frees resources
B the less behaviour is automated, the less it requires attention and the more it frees resources
Question With regard to the level of automation of behaviour in the attention mechanism, we know that:
C the more behaviour is automated, the less it requires conscious attention and thus the more it C
frees mental resources
D the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the more it frees resources
Ref All
Question As a result of automation in cockpits:

A man-man communication has been significantly improved
B co-ordination between the members is facilitated by the provision of more precise and more
important information
C communication and co-ordination have clearly improved in man-man and man-machine relations
D communication and co-ordination call for an even greater effort on the part of the crew members D
Ref All
Question Why must flight safety considerations consider the human error mechanism?
Choices 1. It is analysis of an incident or accident which will make it possible to identify what error has been
committed and by whom. It is the process whereby the perpetrator is made responsible which may lead to
elimination of the error
2. If we have a better understanding of the cognitive error mechanism, it will be possible to adapt
procedures, aircraft interfaces, etc
3. It is error management procedure which enables us to continuously adjust our actions. The better we
understand the underlying mechanism of an error, the better will be our means for detecting and adapting
future errors
4. Since error is essentially human, once it has been identified by the use of procedures, a person will be
able to anticipate and deal with it automatically in the future
The correct statement(s) is (are):

Answers Correct
A 2 and 4
B 3 and 4
C 2 and 3 C
D 1 and 4
Ref All
Question The elements of the SHEL model are:

A Software, hardware, electronics and liveware
Question The elements of the SHEL model are:
B Software, hardware, environment and liveware B

C Shareware, hardware, education and limitations
D Shareware, hardware, environment and limitations
Ref All
Question Which is true regarding the interaction between various elements of the SHEL model?

A Temperature, pressure, humidity, noise and time of day can all be reflected in performance and
also in well being
B Proficiency testing should be done on an individual basis to avoid SHEL element mismatch
C Information processing can be stimulated by mind sets and vigilance
D The liveware is the hub of the SHEL model; therefore the non-human components should be adapted D
and matched to this central component
Ref All
Question A pilot using a checklist is an example of the interaction within the SHEL Concept of:

A L and S A
B L and L
C L and H
D L and E
Ref All
Question Between which components, with reference to the SHEL Concept, covers pilot misinterpretation of the old
three-point altimeter?
A Liveware - Liveware
B Liveware - Software
D Liveware - Hardware D
Ref All
Question With reference to the SHEL Model, S represents:

A Software (which includes check lists) A
Question With reference to the SHEL Model, S represents:
B Security (which includes Safety)

C Self-awareness (which includes Safety)
D Symbology (which includes safety)
Ref All
Question Records of radiation are normally kept for flights above:

A 40,000 feet
B 45,000 feet
C 49,000 feet C
D 55,000 feet
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The effects of Galactic radiation:

A decreases with altitude
B increases with altitude B
C is unaffected by altitude
D remains steady up to 49,000 ft and thereafter increases
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Galactic Radiation is:

A steady and reasonably predictable A
B unsteady and reasonably predictable
C steady but unpredictable
D unsteady and unpredictable
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Following a rapid decompression at 30,000 feet, the time of useful consciousness would be about:

A 5 to 10 minutes
B 10 to 12 minutes
C between 45 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds C
Question Following a rapid decompression at 30,000 feet, the time of useful consciousness would be about:
D 3 to 5 minutes
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Physiological problems due to increasing altitude are caused by:

A accelerations
B disorientation B
C decreased atmospherical pressure C
D increased atmospherical pressure
Ref ATPL AND H
Question In airline operations decompression sickness symptoms:

A may develop when being decompressed from MSL to 15,000 ft
B may develop after a decompression from 7000 ft cabin pressure altitude to 30000 ft flight B
altitude
C appear only in air crew, previously engaged in diving activities
D may affect people with defect tympanic membrane
Ref ATPL AND H
Question At a high altitude flight (no cabin pressure system available), a pilot gets severe flatulence due to
trapped gases. The correct counter-measure is:
A perform valsalva manoeuvre
B descend to lower altitude B
C use supplemental oxygen
D climb to a higher altitude
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Decompression sickness symptoms may develop due to:

A cabin pressure loss when flying at higher altitudes (above 18000 ft) A
B sudden pressure surges in the cabin at altitudes below 18000 ft
C emergency descents after a cabin pressure loss
D fast flights from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure area when flying an un-pressurised
Question Decompression sickness symptoms may develop due to:
Ref ATPL AND H

Question The risk of a barotraume of the middle ear is more likely to occur:

A with colds and slow ascents
B with colds and fast climbs
C with colds and rapid descents C
D after a decompression
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Decompression symptoms are caused by:

A low carbon dioxide pressure of inhaled air
B dissolved gases from tissues and fluids of the body B
C low oxygen pressure of inhaled air
D release of locked gases from joints
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Affinity to haemoglobin is best with:

A oxygen
B nitrogen
C carbon monoxide C
D carbon dioxide
Ref ATPL AND H
Question A pilot, climbing in a non-pressurised aircraft and without using supplemental oxygen will pass the critical
threshold at approximately:
A 38,000 ft
B 16,000 ft
C 17,000 ft
D 21,000 ft D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Symptoms of decompression sickness:

A are only relevant when diving
B are bends, chokes, skin manifestations, neurological symptoms and circulatory shock B
C can only develop at altitudes of more than 40,000 ft
D are flatulence and pain in the middle ear
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The following may occur during gradual depressurisation between 12000 and 18000 ft:

A sudden visual hyperacuity associated with headache
B a rapid decrease in blood pressure which will lead to headache and also to a loss of co-
ordination
C a loss of co-ordination associated with fatigue and headache C
D a rapid decrease in blood pressure leading to considerable somnolence
Ref ATPL AND H
Question After a rapid decompression at 35000 ft, the time of useful consciousness is about:

A 5 minutes
B 15 seconds or less
C 30 to 60 seconds C
D 10 minutes
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Decompression sickness can be prevented by:
Choices 1. avoiding cabin altitudes about 18000 ft

2. maintaining cabin pressure below 8000 ft when flying at high altitudes
3. performing physical exercises before and during the flight
4. breathing 100% oxygen and 30 min prior and during the flight
Answers Correct
A 1, 2 and 4 are correct A
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct
C 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
D only 3 is correct
Ref ATPL AND H
Question After a rapid decompression at an altitude of 30,000 ft the first action of the pilot shall be:

A maintaining aircraft control and preventing hypoxia (use of oxygen mask) A
B informing ATC
C informing the cabin crew
D preventing panic of the passengers
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Short term memory can already be affected when flying as low as:

A 12000 ft
B 8000 ft B
C 15000 ft
D 20000 ft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Which of the following statements concerning barotrauma are correct? They are:

A due to pressure differentials between gases in hollow cavities on the body and the ambient A
pressure
B more likely to occur during ascent then during a rapid descent
C caused by an increase in the partial pressure of oxygen associated with a decrease in altitude
D mainly associated with a sink rate which exceeds the ability of the body to balance its internal
pressures
Ref ATPL AND H
Question With regard to the humidity of air in current in a pressurised cabin, we know
that it:
Choices
1. varies between 40 and 60%
3. may cause dehydration effecting the performance of the crew
4. has no special effects on crew members
Answers Correct
A 2, 3 A
B 1, 3
C 2, 3, 4
D 1, 4
Question With regard to the humidity of air in current in a pressurised cabin, we know
that it:

3. may cause dehydration effecting the performance of the crew
4. has no special effects on crew members
Ref ATPL AND H
Question With regard to decompression sickness associated with flight, we know that:

A scuba diving does not pose any problem for a subsequent flight
B age, obesity and scuba diving are risk factors B
C sex is the prime risk factor, with two out of every three women being sensitive to it
D physical activity after decompression reduces the risks of compression sickness symptoms to
appear
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Daltons law explains the occurrence of:

A creeps
B bends
C decompression sickness
D altitude hypoxia D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question After a cabin pressure loss in approximately 35,000 ft the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) will be
approximately:
A 10 - 15 seconds
B 30 - 90 seconds B
C 3 - 4 minutes
D 5 minutes or more
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression sickness occur?

A Only the prompt supply of oxygen is necessary
Question Which is the procedure to be followed when symptoms of decompression sickness occur?
B Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as possible B

C Only medical treatment is of use
D Descend to the lowest possible level and wait for the symptoms to disappear before climbing
again
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Barotrauma caused by gas accumulation in the stomach and intestinals can lead to:

A decompression sickness
B pressure pain or flatulence B
C barosinusitis
D barotitia
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Symptoms caused by gas bubbles in the lungs, following a decompressions are called:

A leans
B bends
C creeps
D chokes D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Decompression sickness may occur as from:
Choices 1. an altitude of more than 18000 ft

2. an altitude of more than 5500 ft
3. a rate of climb of more than 500 ft/min exceeding 18000 ft
4. a temperature of more than 24oC
Answers Correct
A 1, 3 A
B 2, 3
C 1, 3, 4
D 2, 4
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Pain in the joints caused by gas bubbles following a decompression is called:
Question Pain in the joints caused by gas bubbles following a decompression is called:

A chokes
B bends B
C creeps
D leans
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What is the Time of Useful Consciousness for a rapid decompression at 25,000 ft?

A About 30 seconds
B About 18 seconds
C Between 25 seconds and 1 minute 30 seconds
D Between 3 and 5 minutes depending on the physical activities of the subjected pilot D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The atmospheric pressure at 18,000 feet altitude is half the atmospheric pressure at sea level. In
accordance with this statement
D the oxygen percentage of the air at that altitude will drop by one half also
D the oxygen saturation of the blood at that altitude will drop by 50% too
D the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will also drop to ½ of the pressure of oxygen at D
sea level
D the partial oxygen pressure at that altitude will be doubled
Ref ATPL AND H
Question TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) is:

A the time between the start of hypoxia and death
B the time before becoming unconscious at a sudden pressure loss
C the time after pressure loss until decompression sickness sets in
D the length of time during which an individual can act with both mental and physical efficiency D
and alertness; measured from the moment at which he is exposed to hypoxia
Ref ATPL AND H
Question When flying above 10000 feet hypoxia arises because:
Question When flying above 10000 feet hypoxia arises because:

A the composition of the air is different from sea level
B the composition of the blood changes
C the partial oxygen pressure is lower than at sea level C
D the percentage of oxygen is lower than at sea level
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Breathing 100% oxygen at 38,000 ft is equivalent to breathe ambient air at:

A 18,000 ft
B 10,000 ft B
C 8,000 ft
D 14,000 ft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question At what altitude (breathing 100% oxygen without pressure) could symptoms of hypoxia be expected?

A Approximately 10 to 12000 ft
B 22,000 ft
C Approximately 35,000 ft
D Approximately 38 to 40,000 ft D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question You can survive at any altitude, provided that:

A 21% oxygen is available in the air you breathe in
B pressure respiration is guaranteed for that altitude
C the temperature in the cabin does not drop below 10oC
D enough oxygen, pressure and heat is available D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question To safely supply the crew with oxygen, at which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus
pressure after a rapid decompression?
A Approximately 14,000 ft
Question To safely supply the crew with oxygen, at which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen plus
pressure after a rapid decompression?
B Approximately 20,000 ft
C Approximately 45,000 ft
D Approximately 38,000 ft D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Breathing 100% oxygen will lift the pilot's physiological safe altitude to approximately:

A 10,000 ft
B 22,000 ft
C 45,000 ft
D 38,000 ft D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia at altitude are:

A breathlessness and reduced night vision
B euphoria and impairment of judgement B
C hyperventilation
D sensation of heat and blurred vision
Ref ATPL AND H
Question One of the most frequent symptom(s) of decompression sickness emerging after a decompression in airline
operation:
A are the bends A
B are the chokes
C is a shock
D are neurological damages to the CNS
Ref ATPL AND H
Question At what altitude (threshold for compensatory reactions) does the human organism start with remarkable
measures to compensate for the drop in PO2 when climbing? At about:
A 8000 to 9000 ft
B 9000 to 10000 ft
C 10000 to 12000 ft
Question At what altitude (threshold for compensatory reactions) does the human organism start with remarkable
measures to compensate for the drop in PO2 when climbing? At about:
D 6000 to 7000 ft D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Breathing pure oxygen (without pressure) will be sufficient up to an altitude of:

A 38,000 ft A
B 45,000 ft
C 60,000 ft
D 80,000 ft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The time between inadequate oxygen supply and incapacitation is called TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness).
It
A varies individually and depends on cabin pressure altitude A
B is the same amount of time for every person
C is not dependent on physical or psychological pressure
D varies individually and does not depend on altitude
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Pain in the Joints (bends), which suddenly appear during a flight, are symptoms of:

A hypoxia
B decompression sickness B
C barotraumas
D air-sickness
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving equipment (>10 m depth):

A is forbidden for the flight crew, because it leads to hypoxia
B can cause decompression sickness even when flying at pressure altitudes below 18,000 ft B
C prevents any dangers caused by aeroembolism (decompression sickness) when climbing to altitudes
not exceeding 30,000 ft
D has no influence on altitude flights
Question Flying immediately following a dive with SCUBA diving equipment (>10 m depth):
Ref ATPL AND H

Question After a decompression at high altitude:

A temperature in the cockpit will increase
B pressure differentials will suck air into the cabin
C nitrogen gas bubbles can be released in the body fluids causing gas embolism; bends and chokes C
D automatically oxygen is deployed into the cabin
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The symptoms caused by gas bubbles under the skin following a decompression are called:

A leans
B bends
C chokes
D creeps D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Henry's Law explains the occurrence of:

A hyperventilation
B diffusion
C decompression sickness C
D hypoxia
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Air at an altitude of 18,000 ft contains approximately:

A 10% oxygen
B 5% oxygen
C 15% oxygen
D 21% oxygen D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Symptoms of decompression sickness:

A always begin immediately after the decompression during the flight
B normally take 2 or 3 days to appear after exposure to a hypobaric atmosphere
C disappear on landing and never appear again
D sometimes can appear with a delay after the airplane is on the ground D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The barometric pressure has dropped to ½ of the pressure at sea level at:

A 18,000 ft A
B 10,000 ft
C 25,000 ft
D 30,000 ft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Altitude-hypoxia, when breathing ambient air, should not occur (indifferent phase)

A between 3000 m and 5000 m
B between 5000 m and 7000 m
C below 3000 m C
D up to 5000 m
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The Bends as a symptom of decompression sickness consists of:

A pain in the thorax and a backing cough
B CNS-disturbances
C loss of peripheral vision
D pain in the joints D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms. How long
should you wait until your next flight?
A 36 hours
Question You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms. How long
should you wait until your next flight?
B 24 hours
C 12 hours C
D 48 hours
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The following actions are appropriate when faced with symptoms of decompression of sickness:climb to higher
leveldescent to the higher of 10000 ft or MSA and land as soon as possiblebreathe 100% oxygenget medical
Choices advice about recompression after landing
Answers Correct
A 1 and 3 are correct
C 1 and 4 are correct
D 2, 3 and 4 are correct D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Incapacitation caused by barotraumas from gaseous expansion after decompression at high altitude may be
associated with the following part(s) of the body:the digestive tractthe earsthe eyesthe sinuses
A 1, 2, 3
B 1 B
C 2, 3, 4
D 2, 4
Ref ATPL AND H
Question You are crossing the Alps in a non-pressurised aircraft at an altitude of 15,000 feet. You do not use the
oxygen mask because you feel fine. This is unsafe, because:
A the blood pressure can get too high
B your judgement could be impaired B
C the blood pressure can get too low
D you will get the bends
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The cabin pressure in airline operation is:

A always equivalent to sea level
B normally not exceeding 6000 to 8000 feet B
Question The cabin pressure in airline operation is:
C normally not exceeding 2000 to 3000 feet

D normally not exceeding 4000 to 5000 feet
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What are the main clinical signs of hypoxia during explosive decompression?

A Headaches, fatigue, somnolence, palpitations
B Increase in heart and respiratory rates, euphoria, impairment of judgement, memory disorders B
C Increase in heart rate, decrease in body temperature impairment of judgement
D Headaches, articular pain, speeding-up of the respiratory rate, memory disorders
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The volume percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 30,000 feet remains at 21% but the partial pressure
of oxygen:
A decreases with decreasing barometric pressure A
B remains constant, independent from altitude
C increases by expansion
D decreases significantly with lower temperatures
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The procedure to be followed in the event of decompression when flying above 10,000 ft must:

A allow for the rapid supply of oxygen in order to prevent the pilot becoming hypoxic A
B allow for a rapid descent independent from sufficient supply of oxygen in order to prevent
disorders due to hypoxia
C make it possible to prevent hyperventilation owing to the inhalation of 100% oxygen
D make it possible to eliminate the risk of fogging due to the sudden pressure changes
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according to:physical activity of the subjected crewthe experience
of the pilot on the type of aircraft in questionthe strength and time of decompressionthe cabin temperature
A 4
B 1, 3 B
C 1, 2
Question The Time of Useful Consciousness may vary according to:physical activity of the subjected crewthe experience
of the pilot on the type of aircraft in questionthe strength and time of decompressionthe cabin temperature
D 3, 4
Ref ATPL AND H
Question During a climb, we can observe the following with regard to the partial oxygen pressure:

A an increase up to 10,000 ft followed by a sudden pressure drop above that altitude
B an increase which is inversely proportional to the decrease in atmospheric pressure
C an identical decrease to that for atmospheric pressure C
D a decrease which is three times faster than the decrease in atmospheric pressure
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What is the average Time of Useful Consciousness after a rapid decompression at 40,000 ft?

A About 40 seconds
B More than 1 minute
C About 12 seconds C
D Between 20 seconds and 1 minute
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What is decompression sickness?

A A frequent disorder in commercial aviation due to the pressurisation curve of modern aircraft
B A disorder which is solely encountered below 18,000 ft
C The formation of air bubbles in bodily tissues, with no consequences for people's capabilities
D A sickness resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in bodily tissues and fluids after a D
cabin pressure loss at high altitude
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The circulatory system, among other things, allows for:
1. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Choices 2.transportation of information by chemical substances
Answers Correct
A both are false
B 1 and 2 are correct B
C 1 is correct and 2 is false
Question The circulatory system, among other things, allows for:
1. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
2.transportation of information by chemical substances
D 1 is false and 2 is correct
Ref ATPL AND H
Question In the event of rapid decompression the first action for the flight deck crew is:

A descent to the higher of 10,000 ft or MSA
B transmit mayday call
C carry out check for structural damage
D don oxygen masks and ensure oxygen flow D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question A barotraumas of the middle ear is?

A an acute or chronic trauma of the middle ear caused by a difference of pressure on either side A
of the ear drum
B a dilation of the Eustachian tube
C an infection of the middle ear caused by rapid decompression
D a bacterial infection of the middle ear
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Trapped intestinal gases can cause severe pain. When is this the case:

A Only in pressurised aircraft when flying at higher flight levels
B During descent as well as during climb, when the cabin pressure altitude is exceeding 2000 ft
C More frequent when flying above 18000 ft in a non-pressurised aircraft C
D At lower altitudes
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The ozone-layer is situated in the:

A troposphere
B stratosphere B
C mesosphere
Question The ozone-layer is situated in the:
D mesosphere and troposphere

Ref ATPL AND H
Question Flying immediately after SCUBA diving involves the risk of getting:

A decompression sickness without having a decompression A
B hyperventilation
C hypoxia
D stress
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Pain in the middle ear during descent may be eased by:

A levelling off and possibly climbing A
B blocking the affected ear with the palm of your hand
C increasing the rate of descent
D using an oxygen mask
Ref ATPL AND H
Question A barotraumas of the middle ear (aerotitis):

A is more likely when the pilot is flying with a respiratory infection and during descent A
B is only caused by large pressure changes during climb
C causes severe pain in the sinuses
D is to be expected during rapid decompressions, but an emergency descent immediately following
the decompression will eliminate the problem
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The total air pressure at 33,700 ft is 190 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen?

A 148 mmHg
B 380 mmHg
C 2.8 mmHg
D Approximately 38 mmHg D
Question The total air pressure at 33,700 ft is 190 mmHg. What is the partial pressure of oxygen?
Ref ATPL AND H

Question How is sufficient oxygen provided above 40,000 feet?

A By breathing ambient air
B By breathing O2
C By breathing 100% O2 with positive pressure C
D By breathing 100% O2 and wearing full-pressure suit
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What is TUC?

A Time of Useful Consciousness
B Total Useful Consciousness
C The same as (EPT) expected performance time
D Both A and C are correct D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question How long TUC can be expected after a loss of cabin pressure at 37000 feet?

A 18 sec A
B 15 sec
C 10 sec
D 5 sec
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What is ozone?

A A toxic gas A
B A gas product of uncompleted combustion
C Oxygen that has oxidised
D A high altitude gas combination of oxygen and nitrox, which can impair respiratory functions
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The purpose of cabin pressurisation system is:

A Reduce gastrointestinal, trapped gas, middle ear, and sinus problems
B To allow the crew and passengers to move about freely in a comfortable environment, unencumbered
by oxygen masks or other life support equipment
C To prevent hypoxia
D All of the above (A, B and C are all correct) D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question After a cabin pressure loss at approximately 35000 ft the TUC (Time of Useful Consciousness) will be
approximately:
A 10-15 seconds
B 30-40 seconds B
C 3-4 minutes
D 5 minutes or more
Ref ATPL AND H
Question At which altitude is it necessary to breathe 100% oxygen under pressure after a rapid decompression?

A Approximately 50000 ft
B Approximately 14000 ft
C Approximately 20000 ft
D Approximately 40000 ft D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Breathing 100% oxygen at 40000 ft is equivalent to breathing ambient air at:

A 14000 ft
B 8000 ft
C 10000 ft C
D 18000 ft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Decompression sickness/illness is characterised by:

Question Decompression sickness/illness is characterised by:
A negligible symptoms that need no attention or therapy

B muscle pains in small muscles such as the finger and toe muscles, which are also known as the
chokes
C over-saturated nitrogen gas molecules in the body tissues C
D headache and dizziness caused by oxygen bubbles due to the low partial pressure of oxygen
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Expanded abdominal air following rapid decompression at 30,000 feet:

A is usually not dangerous because only the partial pressure of the oxygen affects the nervous
system
B may be dangerous causing great pain B
C will not cause pain if you evacuate the air via the mouth
D can be reduced if you take drinks with high contents of carbon dioxide before take-off
Ref ATPL AND H
Question How does an increase in altitude affect the haemoglobin oxygen saturation?

A As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation will remain constant at 57% from 24,000
ft
B As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation increases
C As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation decreases C
D As altitude increases, the haemoglobin oxygen saturation will remain constant at 97.5% from
10,000 ft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Is it possible to survive depressurised flight at 40,000 feet for more than 10 minutes?

A No - because the partial pressure of oxygen in the lung alveoles at 40,000 feet is lower than
in the blood, causing oxygen to flow backwards from blood to lungs depleting the brain of its
oxygen
B Yes - provided 100% oxygen is immediately available from masks B
C Yes - because the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood is independent of that in the lungs
D No - because the brain can never receive sufficient oxygen at 40,000 feet even with an oxygen
mask
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Ozone in the air of a pressurised cabin can be eliminated by:

A avoiding flights along the equator
B ozone-converters B
C climbing to altitudes above 45,000 ft
D spraying detergents
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The primary symptom of decompression sickness/illness is:

A red coloured cheeks and lips
B the Chokes
C the Bends C
D neurological damages to the CNS
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Up to what altitude is blood oxygen saturation reduction unlikely to affect a pilot's judgement?

A 20,000 ft
B 10,000 ft B
C 25,000 ft
D 30,000 ft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What is the approximate Time of Useful Consciousness for a seated pilot following a rapid decompression at
35,000 ft?
A 3 seconds
B 12 seconds
C 5 minutes
D 45 seconds D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What is the effect of increasing altitude on the total pressure and partial pressure of the main gases in
the atmosphere?
A The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will remain constant
Question What is the effect of increasing altitude on the total pressure and partial pressure of the main gases in
the atmosphere?
B The total pressure remains constant and the partial pressures will decrease
C The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will increase
D The total pressure will decrease and the partial pressures will decrease D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question You suffered a rapid decompression without the appearance of any decompression sickness symptoms. What
should you do before flying?
A delay your next flight for 8 hours
B nothing, you may fly immediately
C seek prompt aero-medical advice C
D seek aero-medical advice only if the symptoms become apparent
Ref ATPL AND H
Question In civil air transport, linear accelerations (Gx):
1. do not exist
Choices 2. have slight physiological consequences
3. may, in the case of pull-out, lead to loss of consciousness
4. cause sensory illusions on the pitch axis
Answers Correct
A 2, 4 A
B 1
C 3, 4
D 3
Ref All
Question The following applies for the physical properties of gases:

A at sea-level a gas has 1/3 of the volume it would have at 27,000 ft A
B at an altitude of 18,000 ft a gas volume is three times as large as it would be at sea level
C a water vapour saturated gas at 34,000 ft has 6 times its volume as it would have at sea-level
D at an altitude of 63,000 ft water will boil at temperature of 65oC
Ref All
Question The chemical composition of the earth's atmosphere (ICAO standard atmosphere) is:

Question The chemical composition of the earth's atmosphere (ICAO standard atmosphere) is:
A 71% nitrogen, 28% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide

B 78% nitrogen, 28% oxygen, 0.9% carbon dioxide, 0.03% argon
C 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% carbon dioxide, 0.03% argon
D 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide D
Ref All
Question Hypoxia can be prevented when the pilot

A is using additional oxygen when flying above 10,000 feet A
B is relying on the body's built in warning system recognising any stage of hypoxia
C is swallowing, yawing and applying the Valsalva method
D will not exceed 20,000 ft cabin pressure altitude
Ref All
Question The rate and depth of breathing is primarily regulated by the concentration of:

A oxygen in the cells
B water vapour in the alveoli
C nitrogen in the air
D carbon dioxide in the blood D
Ref All
Question With a heart rate of 72 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 ml the cardial output is about:

A 5 litres/min A
B 6 litres/min
C 7 litres/min
D 8 litres/min
Ref All
Question Which of the following factors may have an influence on medical disqualification?

A High blood pressure only
B High and low blood pressure as well as a poor condition of the circulatory system B
Question Which of the following factors may have an influence on medical disqualification?
C Blood pressure problems cannot occur in aircrew because they always can be treated by in-flight
medication
D Low blood pressure only
Ref All
Question The effect of hypoxia to vision:

A can only be detected when smoking tobacco
B is usual stronger with the cones
C is stronger with the rods C
D does not depend on the level of illumination
Ref All
Question What is meant by metabolism?

A Information exchange
B The transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism B
C Transfer of chemical messages
D Exchange of substances between the lung and the blood
Ref All
Question Inhaling carbon monoxide can be extremely dangerous during flying. Which of the following statement(s)
is/are correct?
A Carbon monoxide increases the oxygen saturation in the blood
B Carbon monoxide is odourless and cannot be smelled B
C With increasing altitude the negative effects of carbon monoxide poisoning will be compensated
D Small amounts of carbon monoxide are harmless
Ref All
Question Flying at pressure altitude of 10000 ft, a pilot, being a moderate to heavy smoker, has an oxygen content in
the blood equal to an altitude:
A lower than 10000 ft
B of 10000 ft
C above 10000 ft C
Question Flying at pressure altitude of 10000 ft, a pilot, being a moderate to heavy smoker, has an oxygen content in
the blood equal to an altitude:
D of 15000 ft when breathing 100% oxygen
Ref All
Question What could cause hyperventilation?

A Extreme low rate of breathing
B Abuse of alcohol
C Fear, anxiety and distress C
D Fatigue
Ref All
Question Gases of physiological importance to man are:

A oxygen and carbon dioxide A
B nitrogen and carbon dioxide
C oxygen and carbon monoxide
D oxygen, nitrogen and water vapour
Ref All
Question Carbon monoxide in the human body can lead to:
Choices 1. loss of muscular power

2. headache
3. impaired judgement
4. pain in the joints
5. loss of consciousness
Answers Correct
A 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
C 1, 2, 3 and 5 are correct C
D 1, 2, 3, 4 are correct
Ref All
Question Which of the following symptoms could a pilot get, when he is subjected to
hypoxia?
Choices
1. Fatigue
2. Euphoria
Question Which of the following symptoms could a pilot get, when he is subjected to
hypoxia?
1. Fatigue
2. Euphoria
3. Lack of concentration
4. Pain in the joints
5. Sensation of suffocation
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
B 4 and 5 are correct
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct C
D Only 5 is false
Ref All
Question Haemoglobin is:

A dissolved in the plasma
B in the platelets
C in the red blood cells C
D in the white blood cells
Ref All
Question Equalisation of pressure is limited between the middle ear and the ambient, when:

A barotraumas exists in the sinuses
B the nose is pinched
C you breath through the mouth
D the Eustachian tube is blocked D
Ref All
Question The volume of air being exchanged during a normal breathing cycle (tidal volume) is about:

A 150 ml of air
B 350 ml of air
C 500 ml of air C
D 75 ml of air
Question The volume of air being exchanged during a normal breathing cycle (tidal volume) is about:
Ref All
Question What is hypoxia?

A A state characterised by an excessive supply of oxygen which may be due to maladjustment of the
mask
B The total absence of oxygen in the air
C The respiratory symptom associated with altitude decompression sickness
D Any condition where the oxygen concentration of the body is below normal limits or where the D
oxygen available to the body cannot be used due to some pathological condition
Ref All
Question Decompression sickness occurs in association with exposure to reduced atmospheric pressure. The evolution
of bubbles of nitrogen coming out of solution in body tissues can be derived from:
A Dalton law
B Boyle Mariottes law
C Henrys law C
D Gay Lussacs law
Ref All
Question Under normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse from the blood to the alveoli:

A nitrogen
B carbon monoxide
C carbon dioxide C
D oxygen
Ref All
Question The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is:

A the excess pressure caused by inhaling
B dependent on the pressure gradient between the participating gases during respiration B
C independent from the partial pressures of the participating gases
D depending on the active transportation of nitrogen into the alveoli
Question The momentum of gas exchange in respiration is:
Ref All
Question Hypoxia can occur because:

A you are hyperventilating A
B you are getting too much solar radiation
C you inhale too much nitrogen
D the percentage of oxygen is lower at altitude
Ref All
Question The normal rate of breathing of an adult at rest is about:

A 16 cycles per minute A
B 4 cycles per minute
C 32 cycles per minute
D 72 cycles per minute
Ref All
Question Gaseous exchange in the human body depends on:
Choices 1. diffusion gradients between the participating gases

2. permeable membranes
3. partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus air
4. acid-base balance in the blood
Answers Correct
A 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
B 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct B
C 2 and 3 are false
D only 1 is correct
Ref All
Question Of the following alternatives, which objective effects are due to positive
acceleration (+ Gz)?
Choices
1. Decrease in heart rate
2. Pooling of blood into lower parts of the body
3. Drop in blood pressure above heart-level
4. Downward displacement or deformation of soft or mobile organs
Question Of the following alternatives, which objective effects are due to positive
acceleration (+ Gz)?
1. Decrease in heart rate

2. Pooling of blood into lower parts of the body
3. Drop in blood pressure above heart-level
4. Downward displacement or deformation of soft or mobile organs
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3
B 2, 3, 4 B
C 1
D 1, 3, 4
Ref All
Question The earth’s atmosphere consists of different gases in various concentration.
Match the following:
Choices
1. nitrogen A 0.03%
2. oxygen B 0.92%
3. carbon dioxide C 20.95%
4. rare gas D 78.10%
Answers Correct
A 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A
B 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C
C 1C, 2B, 3A, 4D
D 1D, 2C, 3A, 4B D
Ref All
Question The atmosphere contains the following gases:

A 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases
B 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases
C 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon monoxide, rest: rare gases C
D 78% helium, 21% oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, rest: rare gases
Ref All
Question Which phenomenon is common to hypoxia and hyperventilation?

A Tingling sensations in arms or legs A
Question Which phenomenon is common to hypoxia and hyperventilation?
B Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger-nails)

C Severe headache
D Euphoria
Ref All
Question You can overcome hyperventilation by breathing into a plastic or paper bag. The intention is:

A to raise the level of CO2 in the blood as fast as possible A
B to prevent you from exhaling too much oxygen
C to increase the amount of nitrogen in the lung
D to reduce blood pressure
Ref All
Question Smoking cigarettes reduces the capability of the blood to carry oxygen. This is because:

A carbon monoxide in the smoke of cigarettes assists diffusion of oxygen in the alveoli
B haemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide that it has for oxygen B
C carbon monoxide increases the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
D the smoke of one cigarette can cause an obstruction in the respiratory tract
Ref All
Question In order to get rid of excess nitrogen following scuba diving, subsequent flights should be delayed:

A 3 hours after non-decompression diving
B 24 hours B
C 36 hours after any scuba diving
D 48 hours after a continuous ascent in the water has been made
Ref All
Question A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33,700 ft is equivalent of breathing air at:

A 10,000 ft
B Sea level B
C 8,000 ft
Question A human breathing 100% oxygen at 33,700 ft is equivalent of breathing air at:
D 21,300 ft
Ref All
Question Hypoxia is a situation in which the cells:

A have a shortage of oxygen A
B are saturated with nitrogen
C are saturated with oxygen
D have a shortage of carbon dioxide
Ref All
Question One of the substances present in the smoke of cigarettes can make it significantly more difficult for the
red blood cells to transport oxygen and as a consequence contributes to hypoxia. Which substance are we
Choices referring to:
Answers Correct
A Carbon monoxide A
B Carbonic anhydride
C Tar
D Carbon dioxide
Ref All
Question In the following list you will find several symptoms listed for hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning.
Please mark those referring to carbon monoxide poisoning:
A Headache, increasing nausea, dizziness A
B High levels of arousal, increased error proneness
C Euphoria, accommodation problems, blurred vision
D Muscular spasms, mental confusion, impairment of hearing
Ref All
Question If somebody starts breathing faster and deeper without physiological need:

A the blood turns more alkaline A
B the blood turns more acid
C the acid-base balance of the blood will not change
D the blood pressure in the brain will rise significantly
Question If somebody starts breathing faster and deeper without physiological need:
Ref All
Question On ascent the gases in the digestive tract will:

A expand A
B be absorbed by tissues and blood
C stay the same
D shrink
Ref All
Question The symptoms of hyperventilation are caused by a:

A surplus of CO2 in the blood
B surplus of O2 in the blood
C shortage of CO in the blood
D shortage of CO2 in the blood D
Ref All
Question A pilot who is hyperventilating for a prolonged period of time may even get unconscious. Hyperventilation
is likely to occur, when:
A there is an increased blood flow to the brain
B there is a low CO-pressure in the blood
C he is flying a tight turn
D the pilot is emotionally aroused D
Ref All
Question When the pressureceptors signal a lowering of the blood-pressure there are
adaptation mechanisms which result in:
Choices
1. an increase of respiratory activity
2. the arteriols to constrict
3. an increase of cardiac output
4. the heart rate to rise
Answers Correct
A 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false A
B 1, 3 and 4 are correct, 2 is false
Question When the pressureceptors signal a lowering of the blood-pressure there are
adaptation mechanisms which result in:
1. an increase of respiratory activity

2. the arteriols to constrict
3. an increase of cardiac output
4. the heart rate to rise
C 1, 2 and 4 are correct, 3 is false
D 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false
Ref All
Question During running your muscles are producing more CO2, raising the CO2 level in the blood. The consequence is:

A cyanosis
B hyperventilation (the rate and depth of breathing will increase) B
C hypoxia
D vertigo
Ref All
Question Tolerance to decompression sickness is decreased by:
Choices 1. SCUBA-Diving
2. Obesity
3. Age
4. Body height
Answers Correct
A All are correct
B 1, 2 and 3 are correct B
D 1, 2, and 4
Ref All
Question Which symptom of hypoxia is the most dangerous for conducting safe flight?

A Dizziness
B The interference of reasoning and perceptive functions B
C Lack of adaptation
D Adaptation
Ref All
Question When exhaling, the expired air contains:

A more oxygen than the inhaled air
B more carbon dioxide that the inspired air B
C less water vapour than the inhaled air
D more nitrogen than the inhaled air
Ref All
Question The heart muscle is supplied with blood from:

A the auricles
B the coronary arteries B
C ventricles
D the pulmonary veins
Ref All
Question Anxiety and fear can cause:

A spatial disorientation
B hyperventilation B
C hypoxia
D hypoglycaemia
Ref All
Question Fatigue and permanent concentration:

A increase the tolerance to hypoxia
B do not affect hypoxia at all
C lower the tolerance to hypoxia C
D will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying below 15,000 feet
Ref All
Question Hyperventilation causes:

A acidosis
Question Hyperventilation causes:
B an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood

C hypochondria
D a lack of carbon dioxide in the blood D
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements is correct? The blood-pressure which is measured during flight medical
checks is the pressure:
A in all the blood-vessels of the body (representing the pressure in the whole body)
B in the muscles of the upper arm
C in the artery of the upper arm (representing the pressure at heart level) C
D in the veins of the upper arm
Ref All
Question A good method to treat hyperventilation is to:

A don an oxygen mask
B execute the valsalva manoeuvre
C talk oneself through the relevant procedure aloud to emotionally calm down and reduce the rate C
of breathing simultaneously
D close the eyes and relax
Ref All
Question Barotrauma of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis):

A is only caused by the flying sport, not by the diving sport
B is an irritation of sinuses by abuse of nose sprays
C is only caused by colds and their effects
D is caused by a difference in pressure existing between the sinus cavity and the ambient air D
Ref All
Question Oxygen, combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by:

A white blood cells
B platelets
Question Oxygen, combined with haemoglobin in blood is transported by:
C red blood cells C

D blood plasma
Ref All
Question A pressurised cabin helps to prevent:
Choices 1. decompression sickness

2. the problem of expansion of gases in the intestines
3. hypoxia
4. coronary disease
Answers Correct
A 1, 2 and 4 are correct
D 1, 3 and 4 are correct
Ref All
Question Blood-pressure depends on:
Choices 1. the cardiac output

2. the resistance of the capillaries (peripheral resistance)
Answers Correct
A 1 is correct 2 is false
C 1 is false 2 is correct
D 1 and 2 are both false
Ref All
Question Hyperventilation is:

A a decreased lung ventilation
B a too high percentage of nitrogen in the blood
C an increased lung ventilation C
D a too high percentage of oxygen in the blood
Ref All
Question When the pilot suffers from hypothermia (loss of cabin heating):
Question When the pilot suffers from hypothermia (loss of cabin heating):

A his need for oxygen will be increased as long as he stays conscious A
B his oxygen need will not be affected
C his oxygen need will be reduced giving him a better tolerance to hypoxia at higher altitudes
D his oxygen need will be raised and his tolerance to hypoxia will be Increased
Ref All
Question Where is the critical threshold at which a pilot not using oxygen reaches the critical or lethal zone? It
starts at:
A 18,000 ft
B 21,000 ft B
C 25,000 ft
D 38,000 ft
Ref All
Question When oxygen is being transferred from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide from the body cells into
the blood, it is called:
A ventilation
B external respiration
C internal respiration C
D hyperventilation
Ref All
Question Barotrauma of the middle ear is usually accompanied by:

A noises in the ear
B dizziness
C a reduction in hearing ability and the feeling of increasing pressure C
D pain in the joints
Ref All
Question Tunnel vision (loss of peripherical vision) can be observed if a pilot is subjected to more than:

A +3.5 Gx
Question Tunnel vision (loss of peripherical vision) can be observed if a pilot is subjected to more than:
B -3.5 Gz
C +3.5 Gz C
D -3.5Gy
Ref All
Question Which statement is correct?

A Oxygen diffusion from the lungs into the blood does not depend on partial oxygen pressure
B The blood plasma is transporting the oxygen
C The gradient of diffusion is higher at altitude than it is at sea-level
D Oxygen diffusion from the blood into the cells depends on their partial oxygen pressure gradient D
Ref All
Question In relation to hypoxia, which of the following paraphrase(s) is (are) correct?

A This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen saturation in the blood while
hyperventilating
B This is a condition of lacking oxygen in the brain causing the circulatory system to compensate
by decreasing the heart rate
C Hypoxia is often produced during steep turns when pilots turn their heads in a direction
opposite to the direction in which the aircraft is turning
D This is a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues, D
leading to mental and muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor judgement and slow
reactions
Ref All
Question The type of hypoxia which occurs at altitude is explained by:

A Daltons law A
B Boyle Mariottes law
C Henrys law
D Grahams law
Ref All
Question An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood leads to:

A a reduction of red blood cells
B a decrease of acidity in the blood
C shortness of breath C
D an improving resistance to hypoxia
Ref All
Question Among the factors which affect acuity are:

A Smoking, colour blindness and angular distance from the fovea
B Hypoxia, age and angular distance from the fovea B
C Colour blindness, alcohol and angular distance from the fovea
D Colour blindness, visibility and angular distance from the fovea
Ref All
Question Large amounts of carbon dioxide are eliminated from the body when hyperventilating. This causes the blood

A to accelerate the oxygen supply to the brain
B to turn more acid thus eliminating more oxygen from the haemoglobin
C to become more alkaline increasing the amount of oxygen to be attached to the haemoglobin at C
lung area
D not to change at all
Ref All
Question Which statement applies to hypoxia?

A you may become immune to hypoxia when exposed repeatedly to hypoxia
B carbon monoxide increases the tolerance of the brain to oxygen deficiency
C sensitivity and reaction to hypoxia varies from person to person C
D it is possible to prognose when, how and where hypoxia reaction starts to set in
Ref All
Question Hyperventilation can cause unconsciousness, because:

Question Hyperventilation can cause unconsciousness, because:
A oxygen saturation of the blood is increased and the brain will be supplied with more blood than
normal
B oxygen saturation of the blood is decreased
C not enough time is left to exchange oxygen in the lungs
D blood circulation to the brain is slowed down D
Ref All
Question Carbon monoxide poisoning:

A is more likely to occur in aeroplanes where the cabin heat is technically supplied by coating A
the exhaust
B is more likely to occur in aeroplanes with twin-engines because of high engine efficiency
C only occurs in jet-driven aeroplanes
D occurs only above 15 degrees OAT
Ref All
Question The occurrence of pain in the joints (bends) during decompression can be explained by the principle that:

A the quantity of a gas dissolved in a fluid is proportional to the pressure of that gas above the A
fluid (Henrys Law)
B a volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure of this gas at constant temperature
(Boyles law)
C the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the
separate gases (Daltons Law)
D the molecules of a gas will move from an area of higher concentration or partial pressure to an
area of lower concentration or partial pressure (law of diffusion)
Ref All
Question Why is hypoxia especially dangerous for pilots flying solo:

A The pilot may lose control when he is using the oxygen mask
B Hypoxia does not cause a loss of control in steering the plane
C Hypoxia improves vision at night, so the pilot will have no indication of danger
D Since the first signs of hypoxia are generally hard to detect (hypoxia of the brain), the solo D
pilot may not be able to react in time (ie. Activate his emergency oxygen system)
Ref All
Question You climb from 0 to 50000 ft and measure the decrease of the pressure per 5000 ft. The absolute difference
in barometric pressure is greatest between:
A 10000 ft and 15000 ft
B 5000 ft and 10000 ft
C 0 ft and 5000 ft C
D 45000 ft and 50000 ft
Ref All
Question The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the alveoli can be described by:

A Boyles Law
B the law of diffusion B
C Daltons Law
D Henrys Law
Ref All
Question Which of the following could a pilot experience when he is hyperventilating?
Choices 1. Dizziness
2. Muscular spasms
3. Visual disturbances
4. Cyanosis
Answers Correct
C 1 is false, all others are correct
D 2 and 4 are false
Ref All
Question Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is 98%. This saturation
decreases with:
Choices
1. decreasing air pressure
2. carbon monoxide poisoning
3. increasing altitude
4. increasing air pressure
Answers Correct
Question Saturation of oxygen in the blood at sea level is 98%. This saturation
decreases with:
1. decreasing air pressure

3. increasing altitude
4. increasing air pressure
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct, 4 is false C
Ref All
Question Inertia in the direction head => feet will cause the blood-pressure in the brain to:

A remain constant
B decrease B
C increase
D first increase, then decrease
Ref All
Question Which of the following measures can reduce the chance of a black-out during positive G-manoeuvres?

A Breathing oxygen
B A tilt back seat B
C Sit in upright position and keep relaxed
D Hyperventilation
Ref All
Question According to the ICAO standard atmosphere, the temperature lapse rate of the troposphere is approximately:

A -2oC every 1000 feet A
B 10oC every 100 feet
C 2oC every 1000 metres
D constant in the troposphere
Ref All
Question What counter-measure can be used against a barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis)?

Question What counter-measure can be used against a barotrauma of the middle ear (aerotitis)?
A Stop climbing, start descent

B Increase rate of descent
C Close the mouth, pinch the nose tight and blow out thereby increasing the pressure in the mouth C
and throat. At the same time try to swallow or move lower jaw (Valsalva)
D Pilots should apply anti-cold remedies prior every flight to prevent barotraumas in the middle
ear
Ref All
Question The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is:

A lower than in the blood A
B almost the same as in the atmospheric air
C higher than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
D lower than the pressure of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric air
Ref All
Question Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving (compressed gas mixtures, bottles) (>10m depth):

A should be avoided because hypoxia may develop
B can be performed without any danger
C are allowed, if 38000 ft are not exceeded
D are forbidden D
Ref All
Question The Effective Performance Time or Time of Useful Consciousness after a decompression at 35000 ft is:

A after decompression to 30000 feet and taking 100% oxygen via an oxygen mask
B after decompression at high altitude and not taking additional oxygen in time B
C if his rate of climb exceeds 5000 ft/min
D if he is flying an un-pressurized airplane at an altitude of 15000 ft and breathing 100%
oxygenRef: allAns: B14942. The Effective Performance Time or Time of Useful Consciousness after
a decompression at 35000 ft is: A - approximately 3 minutes
D between 30 and 60 seconds
D approximately 5 minutes
D less than 20 seconds
Question The Effective Performance Time or Time of Useful Consciousness after a decompression at 35000 ft is:
Ref All
Question The transfer of oxygen from the alveoli to the blood can be described by:

A Boyles Law
B the law of diffusion B
C Daltons Law
D Henrys Law
Ref All
Question What could be symptoms of hypoxia (when flying without oxygen) above 12000 ft?

A Headache, thirst, somnolence, collapse
B Headache, fatigue, dizziness, lack of co-ordination B
C Euphoria, headache, improvement in judgement, loss of consciousness
D Trembling, increase in body temperature, convulsions, slowing of the rate of breathing
Ref All
Question Early symptoms of hypoxia could be:
Choices 1. euphoria
2. decreased rate and depth of breathing
3. lack of concentration
4. visual disturbances
Answers Correct
B 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
C 1, 2 and 3 are correct
Ref All
Question Which of the following is/are symptom(s) of hypoxia?

A Pain in the joints
B Lack of concentration, fatigue, euphoria B
C Low blood pressure
Question Which of the following is/are symptom(s) of hypoxia?
D Excessive rate and depth of breathing combined with pains in the chest area
Ref All
Question The blood-pressure depends on:
Choices 1. the work of the heart

2. the peripheral resistance
3. the elasticity of the arterial walls
4. the blood volume and viscosity
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct A
Ref All
Question When suffering from Hypoxic Hypoxia, short-term memory impairment starts at approximately:

A 10,000 ft
B 12,000 ft B
C 14,000 ft
D 16,000 ft
Ref All
Question The thin walls of capillaries are permeable for:

A protein
B platelets
C gases C
D red blood cells
Ref All
Question The respiratory process consists mainly of:

A the diffusion of oxygen through the respiratory membranes into the blood, transportation to the A
cells, diffusion into the cells and elimination of carbon dioxide from the body
Question The respiratory process consists mainly of:
B the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of carbon monoxide
C the transportation of oxygen to the cell and the elimination of nitrogen
D the transportation of carbon dioxide to the cell and elimination of oxygen
Ref All
Question Which of the following applies to carbon monoxide poisoning?

A The human body shows no sign of carbon monoxide poisoning
B inhaling carbon monoxide leads to hyperventilation
C Several days are needed to recuperate from a carbon monoxide poisoning C
D A very early symptom for realising carbon monoxide poisoning is euphoria
Ref All
Question Which of the following is true concerning carbon monoxide?

A It has no physiological effect when mixed with oxygen
B It is always present in the lungs
C It is to be found in the smoke of cigarettes lifting up a smokers physiological altitude C
D It combines 5 times faster to the haemoglobin than oxygen
Ref All
Question In the alveoli gas exchange takes place (external respiration). Which gas will diffuse from the blood into
the lungs?
A Carbon monoxide
B Carbon dioxide B
C Ambient air
D Oxygen
Ref All
Question Oxygen in the blood is primarily transported by:

A the blood plasma
B attaching itself to the haemoglobin in the red blood plasma
C attaching itself to the haemoglobin in the white blood cells C
Question Oxygen in the blood is primarily transported by:
D the haemoglobin in the red blood cells D

Ref All
Question A symptom comparison for hypoxia and hyperventilation is:

A altitude hypoxia is very unlikely at cabin pressure altitudes above 10000 ft
B symptoms caused by hyperventilation will immediately vanish when 100% oxygen is given
C cyanosis 9blue colour of finger-nail and lips) exists only in hypoxia C
D there are great differences between the two
Ref All
Question Hypoxia can also be caused by:

A a lack of nitrogen in ambient air
B too much carbon dioxide in the blood
C increasing oxygen partial pressure used for the exchange of gases
D a lack of red blood cells in the blood or decreased ability of the haemoglobin to transport D
oxygen
Ref All
Question When consciously breathing fast or hyperventilating due to high arousal or overstress, the carbon dioxide
level in the blood is lowered, resulting in :
A a delay in the onset of hypoxia when flying at high altitudes
B the activation of the respiratory centre, which in turn causes hypoxia
C less oxygen to be diffused into the cells C
D a poor saturation of oxygen in the blood
Ref All
Question With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress:

A finger nails and lips will turn blue (cyanosis)
B more oxygen will reach the brain
C peripherical and scotopic vision will be improved
D an increased amount of carbon dioxide is exhaled causing muscular spasms and even D
Question With hyperventilation, caused by high levels of arousal or overstress:
Ref All
Question What event can cause a hyperventilation (not required by physical need)?
Choices 1. Pressure breathing

2. Anxiety or fear
3. Overstress
4. Strong pain
5. Jogging
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are correct
B 1 and 5 are both false
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 5 is false C
D Only 2 and 3 are correct
Ref All
Question During flight all crew members have one or more of the following symptoms:
Choices 1. blue lips

2. mental disturbances
3. tingling sensations in arms and/or legs
4. reduction of peripheral vision. Which is the possible cause?
Answers Correct
A Hypothermia
B Glaucoma
C Hypoxia C
D Hypoglycaemia
Ref All
Question The total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the gases which
compose the mixture corresponds to:
A Grahams law
B Daltons law B
C Henrys law
D Boyle Mariottes law
Ref All
Question Which symptom does not belong to the following list:
Question Which symptom does not belong to the following list:

A leans A
B bends
C chokes
D creeps
Ref All
Question Hyperventilation is:

A a reduction of partial oxygen pressure in the brain
B an accelerated heart frequency caused by an increasing blood pressure
C an accelerated heart frequency caused by a decreasing blood pressure
D a normal compensatory physiological reaction to a drop in partial oxygen pressure (ie when D
climbing a high mountain)
Ref All
Question The first effect to be noticed on gradual exposure to high positive radial acceleration is:

A loss of consciousness
B grey-out B
C black-out
D red-vision
Ref All
Question Dry air is a mixture of gases. Their volume percentage is about:

A 18% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 2% other gases
B 21% oxygen, 78% nitrogen, 1% other gases B
C 19% oxygen, 80% nitrogen, 1% other gases
D 25% oxygen, 74% nitrogen, 1% other gases
Ref All
Question One of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety is:

Question One of the most dangerous symptoms of hypoxia concerning flight safety is:
A hyperventilation, causing emotional stress

B reduced co-ordination of limb movements, causing the pilot to spin
C cyanosis, reducing then pilots ability to hear
D impaired judgement, disabling the pilot to recognise the symptoms D
Ref All
Question Hypoxia effects visual performance. A pilot may:

A get colour blindness accompanied by severe headache
B get blurred and/or tunnel vision B
C have a reduction of 25% in visual acuity at 8000 ft AGL
D be unable to maintain piercing vision below 5000 ft AGL
Ref All
Question Changes in ambient pressure and accelerations during flight are important physiological factors limiting the
pilots performance if not taken into consideration. Linear accelerations along the long axis of the body:
A are of no interest when performing aerobics
B change blood pressure and blood volume distribution in the body B
C will have an effect on blood pressure and blood flow if the accelerative force acts across the
body at right angles to the body axis
D will not stimulate any of the vestibular organs
Ref All
Question A pilot who smokes will lose some of his capacity to transport oxygen combined with haemoglobin. Which
percentage of his total oxygen transportation capacity would he give away when he smokes one pack of
Choices cigarettes a day?
Answers Correct
A 5 - 8% A
B 0.5 - 2%
C 12 - 18%
D 20 - 25%
Ref All
Question Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is toxic because:

Question Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is toxic because:
A it disturbs gaseous diffusion at the alveoli capillary membrane

B it competes with oxygen in its union with haemoglobin B
C it prevents the absorption of food from the digestive tract
D it prevents the excretion of catabolites in the kidneys
Ref All
Question It is inadvisable to fly when suffering from a cold. The reason for this is:

A swollen tissue in the inner ear will prevent the air from ventilating through the tympanic
membrane
B swollen tissue in the Eustachian tube will cause permanent hearing loss
C pain and damage to the eardrum can result, particularly during fast descents C
D gentle descents at high altitude can result in damage to the ear drum
Ref All
Question The normal rate of breathing is:

A 32 to 40 cycles a minute
B 60 to 100 cycles a minute
C 20 to 30 cycles a minute
D 12 to 16 cycles a minute D
Ref All
Question A pilot can overcome hyperventilation by:

A the use of drugs stabilising blood pressure
B depending on instruments
C increasing the rate and depth of breathing to eliminate harmful carbon dioxide
D controlling the rate and depth of breathing, breathing into a bag or speaking with a loud voice D
Ref All
Question If someone hyperventilates due to stress his blood will get:

A more alkaline A
Question If someone hyperventilates due to stress his blood will get:
B less saturated with oxygen

C more saturated with carbon dioxide
D more acid
Ref All
Question Boyles law is directly applicable in case of:

A hyperventilation with increasing altitude
B the occurrence of decompression sickness at high altitude
C the occurrence of hypoxia with increasing altitude
D the expansion of trapped gases in the human body with increasing altitude D
Ref All
Question You should not dispense blood without prior information from your flight surgeon. The most important reason
for this advise is:
A you are more susceptible to hypoxia after a blood donation A
B the chance you get the bends is higher after blood donation
C your blood pressure is too low after blood donation
D your heart frequency is too low after blood donation
Ref All
Question Hyperventilation is due to an excessive rate of breathing and can produce the following symptoms:

A blue finger nails and lips
B dizziness, tingling sensation in the fingers and toes, nausea and blurred vision B
C reduced heart rate and increase in visual acuity
D a state of overconfidence and reduced heart rate
Ref All
Question Which component(s) is/are transporting the oxygen in the blood?

A Haemoglobin in the red blood cells A
B White blood cells
C Plasma
Question Which component(s) is/are transporting the oxygen in the blood?
D Blood fat
Ref All
Question The normal arterial blood-pressure of a healthy adult is (systolic/diastolic):

A 80/20 mm Hg
B 120/80 mm Hg B
C 180/120 mm Hg
D 220/180 mm Hg
Ref All
Question The pressureceptors are located in:

A the lungs
B the intestines
C the heart
D the carotid and aortic arterial vessels D
Ref All
Question What is the procedure above 10,000 ft altitude when faced with explosive decompression:

A Don an oxygen mask and descend to below 10,000 ft A
B First inform ATC
C Descend to below 10,000 ft and signal an emergency
D Check the cabin altitude, don an oxygen mask and maintain level flight
Ref All
Question How can a pilot increase his tolerance to +Gz?

A Take an upright seat position
B tighten shoulder harness
C Tightening of muscles, ducking the head and perform a kind of pressure breathing C
D Relax the muscles, ducking the head and lean upper body forward
Ref All
Question What type of acceleration has the most significant physiological effect upon the pilot?

A Transverse acceleration (+Gy)
B Linear acceleration (+Gx)
C Radial acceleration (+Gz) C
D Combined linear and transverse acceleration
Ref All
Question The main function of the red blood cells is:

A the cellular defence of the organism
B to participate in the process of coagulation of the blood
C to transport oxygen C
D to contribute to the immune response of the organism
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements concerning hypoxia is correct:

A It has little effect on the body, because the body can always compensate for it
B it is never a problem at altitudes below 25,000 ft
C It activates the senses and makes them function better
D It Is a potential threat to safety D
Ref All
Question What are the main limits of short-term memory? It is:
1.very sensitive to interruptions and interference
Choices 2,difficult to access
3.limited in size
4.subject to a biochemical burn-in of information
Answers Correct
A 1, 3, 4 A
B 1, 2, 3
C 2, 3
D 2, 4
Ref All
Question The following occurs in man if the internal body temperature increases to 38oC:

A impairment of physical and mental performance A
B apathy
C considerable dehydration
D nothing significant happens at this temperature. The first clinical signs only start to appear
at 39oC
Ref All
Question Euphoria can be a symptom of hypoxiaSomeone in an euphoric condition is more prone to error

A 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
B 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
C 1 and 2 are both not correct
D 1 and 2 are both correct D
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements are correct?
Choices 1. Modern aircraft allow for 50 – 60% relative humidity in the cabin air under any conditions of flight,
which is satisfactory for the body
2. Thirst is a belated symptom of dehydration
3. Dehydration may lead to clinical manifestations such as dizziness and fatigue
4. Drinking excessive quantities of water must be avoided since resistance to periods of low hydration will
otherwise be lost
Answers Correct
A 1, 4
B 2, 3 B
C 2, 3, 4
D 1, 2, 4
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements about hypothermia is correct?

A Vasodilation is the only regulant which is capable of reducing body temperature
B Evaporation is more effective when ambient humidity is high
C Performance is not impaired by an increase in body temperature to 40oC or more
Question Which of the following statements about hypothermia is correct?
D Complete adaptation to the heat in a hot country takes about a fortnight D

Ref All
Question Which data compose the ICAO standard atmosphere?DensityPressureTemperatureHumidity

A 1, 2, 3 A
B 1, 2, 4
C 2, 3, 4
D 3, 4
Ref All
Question In the pulmonary artery there is:

A oxygen poor and carbon dioxide poor blood
B oxygen rich and carbon dioxide poor blood
C oxygen rich and carbon dioxide rich blood
D oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich blood D
Ref All
Question The part of blood without cell is called:

A serum
B water
C plasm C
D lymph
Ref All
Question Changes in blood-pressure are measured by:

A arteriols
B adrenal glands
C pacemakers
D pressureceptors D
Ref All
Question The primary factor to control the rate and depth of breathing is the:

A partial pressure of nitrogen
B partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
C total air pressure in the blood
D pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood D
Ref All
Question The severity of hypoxia depends on the:
Choices 1. rate of decompression

2. physical fitness
3. flight level
4. individual tolerance
Answers Correct
B 1 and 3 are correct, 2 and 4 are false
Ref All
Question Which of the following symptoms can indicate the beginning of hypoxia?
Choices 1. Blue lips and finger nails

2. Euphoria
3. Flatulence
4. Unconsciousness
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question Which measure(s) will help to compensate hypoxia?
Choices 1. Descend below 10,000 ft

2. Breathe 100% oxygen
3. Climb to or above 10,000 ft
4. Reduce physical activities
Answers Correct
Question Which measure(s) will help to compensate hypoxia?
1. Descend below 10,000 ft

2. Breathe 100% oxygen
3. Climb to or above 10,000 ft
4. Reduce physical activities
B Only 1 is correct
C 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
Ref All
Question During final approach under bad weather conditions you are getting uneasy, feel dizzy and get tingling
sensations in your hands. When hyperventilating you should:
A descend
B apply the Valsalva method
C use the oxygen mask
D control your rate and depth of breathing D
Ref All
Question The rate and depth of breathing is primarily controlled by:

A the amount of nitrogen in the blood
B the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood B
C the total atmospheric pressure
D the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood
Ref All
Question Grey out can be observed if a pilot is subjected to more than:

A +3 Gz A
B +3 Gx
C -3 Gz
D +3 Gy
Ref All
Question The atmosphere is a mixture of gases and the largest part is:
Question The atmosphere is a mixture of gases and the largest part is:

A Oxygen
B Nitrogen B
C Helium
D Hydrogen
Ref All
Question How much of the air is occupied by oxygen?

A 78.0%
B 78.08%
C 17%
D 20.94% D
Ref All
Question How much of the air is occupied by nitrogen?

A 76%
B 21%
C 78.08% C
D 20.94%
Ref All
Question Which statement about partial pressure is correct?

A Partial pressure decreases approximately 2% per 1000 feet
B One can calculate the partial pressure of a gas in a mixture by using Boyles law
C The sum of the partial pressure of individual gases, in a mixture of gases, is equal to the C
total pressure
D Partial pressure of oxygen in air is always approximately 20
Ref All
Question The pressure at 18,000 ft is lower than at sea level. How much lower is it approximately?

Question The pressure at 18,000 ft is lower than at sea level. How much lower is it approximately?
A ½ A
B 1/3
C ¼
D 75% of the pressure at sea level
Ref All
Question The effects of Boyles law can cause:

A Hypoxia
B Evolved gas disorders
C Trapped gas disorders C
D Bends
Ref All
Question Which law explains evolved gas problems?

A Henrys law A
B Daltons law
C Charles law
D Boyles law
Ref All
Question A balloon is often used to illustrate the effects of which gas law:

A Henrys law
B Daltons law
C Charles law
D Boyles law D
Ref All
Question What is the purpose of respiration?

A Intake of N2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process
B Intake of CO2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process B
Question What is the purpose of respiration?
C Intake of CO2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process
D Intake of NO2, which the living cells need for the metabolic process
Ref All
Question What controls the volume of breathing?

A Receptor cells in the brain A
B Pharynx
C Angina
D Alveoli in the lungs
Ref All
Question What are the main components of the respiratory system?

A Oral-nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, capillaries and alveoli
B Oran-nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and alveoli B
C Oral-nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, lungs, capillaries and alveoli
D Oral-nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, lungs, bronchi and alveoli
Ref All
Question What is hypertension?

A A blockage of the coronary artery
B A blockage of the blood supply to part of the brain
C A symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle
D A physiological condition involving increased pressure on the arterial walls D
Ref All
Question What is the most correct regarding hypoxia?

A It is an abnormal reduction of the haemoglobin content of the red blood cells
B It is the result of insufficient oxygen in the blood stream B
C It causes chest pain
D It is caused by too much CO2 in the air
Question What is the most correct regarding hypoxia?
Ref All
Question Hypoxia is the result of:

A High barometric pressure at higher altitudes
B Excessive nitrogen in the blood stream
C Decreasing amount of oxygen as your altitude increases C
D Both A and B are correct
Ref All
Question Why is hypoxia particularly dangerous during flights with one pilot?

A Symptoms of hypoxia may be difficult to recognise before the pilots reactions are affected A
B Night vision may be so important, that the pilot cannot see other aircraft
C The pilot may not be able to control the aircraft even if using oxygen
D During multi-crew operation, one pilot can fly while the other puts on his/her oxygen mask
Ref All
Question Which statement best defines hypoxia?

A An abnormal increase in the volume of air breathed
B A state of oxygen deficiency in the body
C A condition of gas bubble formation around the joints or muscles
D A condition of too low CO2 level in the blood D
Ref All
Question What is angina?

A Angina is a symptom of too high oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually caused by enlarged
coronary arteries
B Angina is a symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually caused by narrowing or
obstruction of lung alveoli
C Angina is a symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the brain, usually caused by narrowing or
obstruction of the coronary artery
D Angina is a symptom of reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle, usually caused by narrowing or D
Question What is angina?
Ref All
Question What is heart infarct?

A A heart infarct is a blockage of the coronary vein
B A heart infarct is a blockage of the coronary artery; it will almost always lead to a heart B
attack
C A heart infarct is a blockage of the coronary artery; it will seldom lead to a heart attack
D A heart infarct is the same as a heart attack
Ref All
Question What is a stroke?

A A stroke occurs when blood supply to a certain part of the brain is cut off A
B A stroke is a blood vessel rupture in the brain and internal bleeding will cause too high
internal pressure
C A stroke is caused by angina to the heart
D A stroke occurs when blood supply to a certain part of an alveoli is cut off
Ref All
Question The purpose of the red blood cells is to:

A Transport CO2, nutrients and hormones
B Fight infection
C Clot blood
D Transport oxygen D
Ref All
Question List the four major types of hypoxia, which are classified according to the cause of the hypoxia.

A Hypoxic, hypaemic, stagnant and histotoxic A
B Hypoxic, hypaemic, hyperventic and histotoxic
C Anaemic, angina, stroke and seizure
D Altitude, CO, hyperventilation and self-induced
Question List the four major types of hypoxia, which are classified according to the cause of the hypoxia.
Ref All
Question How does CO affect O2 carriage in the blood?

A By killing red blood cells
B By killing white blood cells
C By binding to the haemoglobin before O2 does C
D By splitting the O2 to CO2
Ref All
Question What is hyperventilation?

A Excessive rate and depth of respiration leading to abnormal loss of CO2 from the blood A
B A condition which prevents the diffusion of O2 from the lungs to the bloodstream
C Elevated arterial blood pressures, both systolic and diastolic
D A reduction in the O2 carrying abilities of the blood
Ref All
Question A person should be able to overcome the symptoms of hyperventilation by:

A Increasing the breathing rate, in order to increase ventilation
B Slowing the breathing rate and increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the body B
C Refraining from the use of alcohol and over-the-counter drugs such as antihistamines and
tranquilisers
D A and C are correct
Ref All
Question What are the risks of high altitude cosmic radiation to crew member?

A Prolonged headaches and fatigue
B Eye damage
C Impaired hearing
D Cancer and children born with defects D
Ref All
Question How much of our knowledge is acquired through sight?

A 85%
B 75% B
C 65%
D 90%
Ref All
Question How much of our knowledge is acquired through hearing?

A 13% A
B 25%
C 35%
D 45%
Ref All
Question Among the functions below, which is the most sensitive to hypoxia?

A Hearing
B Motor co-ordination
C Night vision C
D Speech
Ref All

A a decrease of acidity in the blood
B an increased respiratory rate B
C a reduction of red blood cells
D an improving resistance to hypoxia
Ref All
Question At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is
approximately:
A 75 litres/min
Question At rest the cardiac output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is
approximately:
B 450 ml/min
C 45 litres/min
D 5 litres/min D
Ref All
Question Below 70000 ft, what gas makes up the major part of the atmosphere?

A Ozone
B Oxygen
C Carbon dioxide
D Nitrogen D
Ref All
Question Blood pressure depends on:
Choices 1. the cardiac output

2. the resistance of the capillaries
Which of the following lists all the correct answers?

Answers Correct
A 1 and 2 are both false
B 1 is correct 2 is false
C 1 is false 2 is correct
D 1 and 2 are correct D
Ref All
Question By long duration acceleration, we mean that it lasts more than:

A 20 seconds
B 1 second B
C 1 minute
D 5 minutes
Ref All
Question Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in flight:

Question Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning in flight:
A presents an extremely dangerous situation as the blood may not be able to carry sufficient A
amounts of oxygen to vital cells and tissues of the body
B can be cured by breathing into a plastic bag to retain the carbon monoxide
C is usually harmless because oxygen is more easily attached to haemoglobin than carbon monoxide
to a magnitude of 200 times
D is a complication when hyperventilating and requires its own special and individual treatment
Ref All
Question Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning leads to hypoxia because:

A CO is far less easily attached (200 times) to haemoglobin that oxygen
B CO in blood displaces oxygen from the blood corpuscles impairing oxygen transport B
C accumulation of CO in blood leads to hyperventilation and thus to hypoxia
D the increasing amounts of CO in the lung alveoles gradually reverses oxygen diffusion
Ref All
Question Carbon Monoxide is particularly dangerous because:
Choices 1. It is initial symptoms are not alarming

2. It is colourless
3. It is odourless
4. It is highly toxic
5. Its effects are cumulative
Answers Correct
A all of the above A
B 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
C 2, 3 and 4 only
D 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
Ref All
Question Carbon monoxide poisoning can be treated by:

A increasing the amount of oxygen being physically dissolved in the blood A
B decreasing the amount of oxygen being combined with the haemoglobin in the blood
C increasing the amount of nitrogen being physically dissolved in the blood
D breathing into a paper bag
Ref All
Question CO (carbon monoxide) present in the smoke of cigarettes can lead to:
Choices 1. reduction of time of useful consciousness

2. hypoxia at a lower altitude than normal
Answers Correct
A 1 and 2 are both correct A
B 1 is correct, 2 is false
C 1 is false, 2 is correct
Ref All
Question Define Hypoxia and explain why living tissues require oxygen.

A Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require A
oxygen for oxidation of carbohydrates from food to produce energy
B Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen to coagulate the blood in case of infection
C Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
oxygen to fight infection or invading bacteria
D Hypoxia is the lack of sufficient oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues which require
carbon dioxide for metabolism
Ref All
Question During hyperventilation:

A acidity level of the blood is reduced A
B alkalinity level of the blood is reduced
C oxygen concentration of the blood is below normal
D nitrogen concentration of the blood is above normal
Ref All
Question Flights immediately after SCUBA-diving, using compressed gas, to depths greater than 10 metres:

A can be performed without any danger
B are to be avoided because of the possibility of decompression sickness B
C are allowed if you fly no higher than 38,000 ft
D should be avoided because hypoxia may develop
Ref All
Question Free running circadian rhythms normally have a cycle of approximately:

A 25 hours A
B 6 hours
C 8 hours
D 36 hours
Ref All
Question Haemoglobin has an affinity for carbon monoxide of ___ times over oxygen.

A 50 - 75
B 210 - 250 B
C 5 - 10
D 500 - 1000
Ref All
Question How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported throughout the body?

A Diffusion
B Oxidisation
C Circulation C
D Metabolism
Ref All
Question How is oxygen mainly transported in the blood?

A Plasma
B White blood cells
C Haemoglobin in the red blood cells C
D Blood fat
Ref All
Question How will hyperventilation cause the acid-base balance of the blood to be affected?

A Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of
Question How will hyperventilation cause the acid-base balance of the blood to be affected?
B Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic
acid to rise
C Hyperventilation causes too much CO2 to be removed from the blood causing the level of carbonic C
acid to fall
D Hyperventilation causes too much oxygen to be removed from the blood causing the level of
carbonic acid to rise
Ref All
Question Hypoxia is:

A often produced during steep turns when pilots turn their heads in a direction opposite to the
direction in which the aircraft is turning
B a condition of lacking oxygen in the brain causing the circulatory system to compensate by
decreasing the heart rate
C a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen to meet the needs of the body tissues, leading C
to mental and muscular disturbances, causing impaired thinking, poor judgement and slow
reactions
D a physical condition caused by a lack of oxygen saturation in the blood while hyperventilating
Ref All
Question Hypoxic hypoxia may be caused by:
Choices 1. climbing to a high altitude without using additional oxygen

2. malfunction in the oxygen supply system
3. loss of cabin pressurisation at high altitude

Answers Correct
A 1, 2 and 3 A
B 1 and 3
C 2 and 3
D 1 and 2
Ref All
Question If a stop-over is more than 24 hours, the correct action is to:

A No adjustment is necessary
B Stay on home time and, on arrival, move to the new time
C Stay on home time
Question If a stop-over is more than 24 hours, the correct action is to:
D Move to the new time as soon as possible D

Ref All
Question List the constituent parts of the blood and state their function.

A Red cells carry oxygen, white cells are involved in immunity and platelets coagulate blood A
B Red cells carry oxygen, white cells coagulates blood and platelets are involved in immunity
C Red cells coagulate blood, white cells are involved in immunity, and platelets carry oxygen
D Red cells are involved in immunity, white cells carry oxygen and platelets coagulate blood
Ref All
Question One of the dangers of extreme cold is that:

A sleepiness occurs very quickly with a feeling of agitation
B sleepiness occurs very slowly with a feeling of alertness
C sleepiness occurs associated with a feeling of contentment or apathy C
D it degrades the fatty tissues of the body
Ref All
Question One of the earliest and most significant features of Hypothermia (extreme cold) is:

A apathy A
B aggression
C anxiety
D aggression and anxiety
Ref All
Question Out of the list of possible measures to counteract hyperventilation, the most effective measure is:

A breathe into a plastic or paper bag A
B hold breath
C avoid strenuous flight manoeuvres
D speak soothingly and get the person to breathe slowly
Ref All
Question Pilots should not take antihistamines because they may cause:
1. Drowsiness and dizziness
Choices 2. Hypoglycaemia
3. Hyperventilation
4. Flatulence
Answers Correct
A only 1 A
B 3 and 4
C 2, 3 and 4
D 1 and 3
Ref All
Question Positive g will cause the blood flow to the brain to:

A decrease A
B remain constant
C increase
D first increase, then decrease
Ref All
Question Preventing hypoxia at altitude is achieved by:

A hyperventilating to increase the intake of oxygen, trading oxygen for carbon dioxide
B reducing the contents of carbon dioxide by filtering the cabin air
C pressurising the air inside the aircraft to maintain oxygen saturation in blood of 30%
D pressurising the air inside the aircraft to achieve oxygen saturation in blood of more than 90% D
Ref All
Question The blood in the pulmonary artery is:

A lacking in oxygen and rich in carbon dioxide A
B lacking in both oxygen and carbon dioxide
C rich in oxygen and lacking in carbon dioxide
D rich in both oxygen and carbon dioxide
Ref All
Question The body obtains its energy from:

A minerals, carbohydrates and vitamins
B minerals and vitamins
C carbohydrates, protein and fats C
D protein and vitamins
Ref All
Question The circulation of blood:
Choices 1. transports oxygen to the body cells

2. withdraws waste products from the cells
3. conveys nutrients to the cells

Answers Correct
A 1 and 3
B 2 and 3
C 1, 2 and 3 C
D 1 and 2
Ref All
Question The exchange of gases between the alveoli and the blood is due to:

A changes in atmospheric pressure
B diffusion B
C inspiration
D physical exercise
Ref All
Question The General Adaptation Syndrome is associated with the:

A CNS (Central Nervous System)
B NIHL (Noise Induced Hearing Loss)
C ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) C
D PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
Ref All
Question The human circadian rhythm is based on a cycle of about:

A 48 hours
B 1.5 hour
C 12 hours
D 24 hours D
Ref All
Question The changes in atmospheric gas pressure with altitude are:

A rises with altitude
B non-linear, with a higher rate of change at lower levels B
C decreases in a linear manner with altitude
D decreases more slowly at lower altitudes compared with at higher levels
Ref All
Question The low level of humidity found in a pressurised aircraft cabin:

A should be compensated for by breathing in to a paper bag
B should be compensated for by drinking water before one gets thirsty B
C requires a regular supply of water only for those who are in poor health. Healthy people
compensate for this naturally
D should be compensated for by a regular supply of coffee or tea
Ref All
Question The normal rate of breathing when at rest is:

A 32 to 40 cycles a minute
B 25 to 30 cycles a minute
C 12 to 20 cycles a minute C
D 60 to 100 cycles a minute
Ref All
Question The symptoms of hypoxia include:

Question The symptoms of hypoxia include:
A Visual disturbances, lack of concentration, euphoria A

B Nausea and barotitis
C Dull headaches and bends
D Dizziness, hypothermia
Ref All
Question The total gas volume of the lung is the sum of:
Choices 1. tidal volume

2. inspiratory reserve volume
3. expiratory reserve volume
4. residual volume
Which of the following lists the correct combination?

Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 A
B 1 and 2
C 2 and 3
D 1, 2 and 3
Ref All
Question Under normal circumstances, which gas will diffuse from the blood into the lungs?

A Oxygen
B Ambient air
C Carbon dioxide C
D Carbon monoxide
Ref All
Question What is meant by metabolism?

A Information exchange
B The generation and utilisation of energy by the body's cells and tissues B
C Transfer of chemical messages
D Exchange of substances between the lung and the blood
Ref All
Question What is the name of the functional connection between neurones?

A Occlusion
B By-pass
C Interconnection
D Synapse D
Ref All
Question What law(s) governs the oxygen transfer at the alveoli?

A Gas Diffusion Laws A
B Charles
C Henry's
D Boyle's
Ref All
Question When a pilot suffers from hypothermia (eg. after loss of cabin heating) his/her demand for oxygen will be:

A initially increased A
B unaffected
C reduced giving a better tolerance to hypoxia at higher altitudes
D raised leading to an increased tolerance to hypoxia
Ref All
Question When flying above 10,000 feet hypoxia arises because:

A the partial oxygen pressure is below the critical value of 55 mm/Hg A
B the composition of the blood changes
C the composition of the air is different from sea level
D the percentage of oxygen is lower than at sea level
Ref All
Question When hyperventilating you should:

A descend
Question When hyperventilating you should:
B control your rate and depth of breathing B

C apply the Valsalva method
D use the oxygen mask
Ref All
Question Which gas most readily combines with haemoglobin?

A oxygen
B nitrogen
C carbon monoxide C
D carbon dioxide
Ref All
Question Which of the following gases is fundamentally responsible for decompression sickness?

A O2
B Nitrogen B
C Carbon dioxide
D Sodium
Ref All
Question Which of the following laws explains bubbles of nitrogen coming out of solution in body tissues due to a
decrease in atmospheric pressure?
A Henry's law A
B Boyle's law
C Dalton's law
D Gay Lussac's law
Ref All
Question Which part of the ear could be affected due to air pressure changes during climb and/or descent?

A The cochlea
B The semi-circular canals
C The Eustachian tube and the tympanic membrane (ear drum) C
Question Which part of the ear could be affected due to air pressure changes during climb and/or descent?
D The sacculus and utriculus

Ref CPL A AND ATPL A
Question To optimise ones night-vision performance, it is necessary:
Choices 1. to spend some time getting adapted to low levels of illumination

2. to increase the instrument panel lighting by reducing the cockpit lighting
3. not to focus on the point to be observed
4. to avoid blinding
Answers Correct
A 2
B 2, 3, 4
C 1, 2, 3
D 1, 3, 4 D
Ref All
Question Angular accelerations are picked up in the inner ear by:

A the semi-circular canals A
B the tympanum
C the saccule and the ultricle
D the cochlea
Ref All
Question Which of the following illusions are brought about by conflicts between the
visual system and the vestibular system?
Choices
1. Illusions concerning the attitude of the aircraft
2. Auto-kinetic illusion (fixed point viewed as moving)
3. Illusions when estimating the size and distance of objects
4. Illusions of rotation
Answers Correct
A 1, 4 A
B 2, 3, 4
C 2
D 3, 4
Ref All
Question What should a pilot do if he has no information about the dimensions of the runway and the condition of the
terrain underneath the approach? He should:
A make an instrument approach and be aware of the illusory effects that can be induced A
B be aware that approaches over down-sloping terrain will make him believe that he is higher than
actual
C make a visual approach and call the tower for assistance
D be aware that approaches over water always make the pilot feel that he is lower than actual
height
Ref All
Question A pilot, accelerating or decelerating in level flight may get:

A the illusion to turn
B the feeling of rotation
C the illusion of climbing or descending C
D the impression of stationary objects moving to the right or left
Ref All
Question The vestibular organ:

A reacts to linear/angular acceleration and gravity A
B gives the impression of hearing
C reacts to pressure changes in the middle ear
D reacts to vibrations of the cochlea
Ref All
Question Flying a co-ordinated level turn will:

A make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure along the body's vertical axis
B first give the impression of climb, then the impression of descent
C make the blood being pooled in the head
D make the body's pressure receptors feel an increased pressure along the body's vertical axis D
Ref All
Question During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your acuity of vision has decreased. In this case you
can increase your acuity by:
Question During a night flight at 10,000 feet you notice that your acuity of vision has decreased. In this case you
can increase your acuity by:
A dim the instrument lights
B closing one eye
C scanning sectors of the field of vision
D breathing extra oxygen through the oxygen mask D
Ref All
Question The Seat-of-the-Pants Sense is including receptors in the:

A utriculus and sacculus
B semi-circular canals
C muscles, tendons and joints sensitive to the position and movement of body parts C
D skin of the breech only
Ref All
Question The semi-circular canals monitor:

A angular accelerations A
B relative speed
C horizontal and vertical accelerations
D gravity
Ref All
Question Which flight-manoeuvre will most likely induce vertigo? Turning the head while:

A banking A
B descending
C climbing
D flying straight and level
Ref All
Question Why should a pilot turn his attention to the instruments when approaching on a snowed up, foggy or cloudy
winter day? Because:
A perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast A
Question Why should a pilot turn his attention to the instruments when approaching on a snowed up, foggy or cloudy
winter day? Because:
B his attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions
C the danger of a greying out will make it impossible to determine the height above the terrain
D pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information
Ref All
Question Presbycusis causes loss of:

A High tones A
B Low tones
C Both equally
D Can be prevented by ear plugs
Ref All
Question The part(s) of the eye responsible for night vision:

A are rods and cones
B are the cones
C are the rods C
D is the cornea
Ref All
Question The Leans or Somatogyral illusion can be caused by:

A going into a turn to quickly
B bunting the aircraft
C prolonging a turn C
D a carrier take-off
Ref All
Question Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight:

A when flying in and out of clouds and the pilot maintains good instrument cross check
B if the brain receives conflicting information and the pilot does not believe the instruments B
C when flying in light rain below the ceiling
Question Spatial disorientation will be most likely to occur during flight:
D when flying in bright sunlight above a cloud layer

Ref All
Question The fovea:

A is an area in which rods predominate
B is sensitive to very low intensities of light
C is an area in which cones predominate C
D is the area responsible for night vision
Ref All
Question Coriolis illusion, causing spatial disorientation is the result of:

A undergoing positive G
B simultaneous head movements during aircraft manoeuvres B
C gazing in the direction of a flashing light
D normal deterioration of the semi-circular canals with age
Ref All
Question The risk of getting a spatial disorientation is growing, when:

A the pilot is buckled too tight to his seat and cannot sense the attitude changes of the aircraft
by his Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense
B there is contradictory information between the instruments and the vestibular organs B
C the pilot is performing an effective instrument cross-check and is ignoring illusions
D information from the vestibular organ in the inner ear are ignored
Ref All
Question The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled by:

A the lens
B the ciliary body
C the cornea
D the pupil D
Question The amount of light which strikes the retina is controlled by:
Ref All
Question You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 27m), to an international airport (runway width 45m). On
reaching your destination there is a risk of performing a:
A high approach with overshoot A
B high approach with undershoot
C low approach with overshoot
D low approach with undershoot
Ref All
Question The most probable reason for spatial disorientation is:

A to rely on instruments when flying in and out of clouds
B the lack of attention to the vertical speed indicator
C a poor instrument cross-check and permanently transitioning back and forth between instruments C
and visual references
D to believe the attitude indicator
Ref All
Question The time required for complete adaptation is:

A for day and night: 30 min
B for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of illumination 30 minutes
C for high levels of illumination 10 sec and for full dark adaptation 30 min C
D for night 10 sec and for day 30 min
Ref All
Question Rising the perceptual threshold of a sensory organ means:

A a lesser selectivity
B a greater sensitivity
C a greater selectivity
D a lesser sensitivity D
Ref All
Question Dizziness and tumbling sensations, when making head movements in a tight turn, are symptoms of:

A Pilot's vertigo A
B Flicker-vertigo
C Nystagmus
D Oculogravic illusion
Ref All
Question Approaches at night without visual references on the ground and no landing aids (eg. VASIS) can make the
pilot believe of being:
A higher than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting
B higher than actual altitude with the risk of landing short (ducking under) B
C lower than actual altitude with the risk of overshooting
D lower than actual altitude with the risk of ducking under
Ref All
Question One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is:

A fat
B protein
C sugar
D water D
Ref All
Question A pilot, trying to pick up a fallen object from the cockpit floor during a tight turn, experiences:

A auto kinetic illusion
B coriolis illusion B
C barotraume
D pressure vertigo
Ref All
Question Empty field myopia is caused by:

A lack of distant focal points A
Question Empty field myopia is caused by:
B atmospheric perspective
C ozone at altitude
D flying over mountainous terrain
Ref All
Question What impression do you have when outside references are fading away (eg. fog, darkness, snow and vapour)?

A Objects seem to be much bigger than in reality
B Objects seem to be closer than in reality
C It is difficult to determine the size and speed of objects C
D There is no difference compared with flying on a clear and sunny day
Ref All
Question Although we have a field of vision of more than 180o it is important during flight to use the scanning
technique, because:
A it is tiring to look continually in the same direction
B only in the foveal area resolution is good enough to see an object clearly B
C good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min)
D red vision, both during the day and at night
Ref All
Question Rods (scotopic visual cells) allow for:

A precise vision of contours and colours
B good, virtually instantaneous night-vision (scotopic vision)
C good night-vision after adaptation to darkness (30 min) C
D red vision, both during the day and at night
Ref All
Question Which problem may occur, when flying in an environment of low contrast (fog, snow, darkness, haze)? Under
these conditions it is:
A difficult to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects A
B impossible to detect objects
C no problem to estimate the correct speed and size of approaching objects
Question Which problem may occur, when flying in an environment of low contrast (fog, snow, darkness, haze)? Under
these conditions it is:
D improbable to get visual illusions
Ref All
Question The photosensitive cells being responsible for night vision are called:

A the rods A
B the cones
C the foveas
D the corneas
Ref All
Question The vestibular system is composed of:
Choices 1. two ventricles

2. a saccule
3. an utricle
4. three semi-circular channels
Answers Correct
A 2, 3
B 1, 4
C 2, 3, 4 C
D 1, 3, 4
Ref All
Question The area in front of a threshold descends towards the threshold. Possible danger is:

A approach is lower than normal and may result in a short landing
B to drop far below the glide path
C approach is higher than normal and may result in a long standing C
D to misjudge the length of the runway
Ref All
Question Hypoxia will effect night vision:

A at 5000 ft A
B less that day vision
Question Hypoxia will effect night vision:
C and causes the auto-kinetic phenomena

D and causes hyperventilation
Ref All
Question The impression of an apparent movement of light when stared at for a relatively long period of time in the
dark is called:
A oculografic illusion
B white out
C oculogyral illusion
D auto-kinesis D
Ref All
Question What is the name for the sensation of rotation occurring during flight and which is caused by multiple
irritation of several semi-circular canals at the same time?
A Sudden incapacitation
B Pilot's vertigo B
C Seat-of-the-Pants illusions
D Graveyard spin
Ref All
Question During sustained positive G-forces the order of symptoms you can expect is:

A unconsciousness, black-out, tunnel vision and grey out
B grey-out, tunnel vision, black-out and unconsciousness B
C black-out, grey-out tunnel vision and unconsciousness
D grey-out, unconsciousness, black-out and tunnel vision
Ref All
Question A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism on stimulation of receptors is called:

A reflex A
B data processing
C control system
D change of stimulation level
Question A stereotype and involuntary reaction of the organism on stimulation of receptors is called:
Ref All
Question All pilots are going to suffer some hearing deterioration as part of the process of growing old. The
effects of aging:
A are to cut out the high tones first A
B are to cut out all tones equally
C are to cut out the low tones first
D will not affect a pilot's hearing it he is wearing earplugs all the time
Ref All
Question Sensory input to the Seat-of-the-Pants sense is given by:

A subcutaneous pressure receptors and kinaesthetic muscle activity sensors A
B pressure of the heart on the diaphragm
C blood rushing into legs
D acceleration of the stomach (nausea)
Ref All
Question Once we have constructed a mental model we tend:

A to give undue weight to information that confirms the model A
B to alter that model unnecessarily frequently
C to give equal weight to contradicting and confirming information
D to give undue weight to information that contradicts the model
Ref All
Question The group of tiny bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) are situated in:

A the inner ear
B the middle ear B
C the outer ear
D the maxillary sinus
Ref All
Question What should a pilot do to keep his night vision (scotopic vision)?

A Avoid food containing high amounts of vitamin A
B Not smoke before start and during flight and avoid flash-blindness B
C Wait at least 60 minutes to night-adapt before he takes off
D Select meals with high contents of vitamin B and C
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements is correct?

A Hearing is the sense which collects most information in man
B 70% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel B
C 40% of information processed by man enters via the visual channel
D The kinaesthetic channel provides the most important information for flying
Ref All
Question What is understood by air-sickness?

A An illness caused by evaporation of gases in the blood
B A sensory conflict within the vestibular system accompanied by nausea, vomiting and fear B
C An illness caused by reduced air pressure
D An illness caused by an infection of the middle ear
Ref All
Question To prevent the auto-kinetic phenomena, the following can be done:

A turn down cabin light and shake head simultaneously
B look out for additional references inside and/or outside the cockpit using peripheral vision B
also
C fixate the source of light, first with one eye, then with the other
D look sideways to the source of light for better fixation
Ref All
Question Disorientation is more likely to occur when the pilot is:
Choices 1. flying in IMC

2. frequently changing between inside and outside references
1. flying in IMC
3. flying from IMC into VMC
4. having a cold
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question 1. In case of conflicting information you can always trust your Seat-of-the-
Pants-Sense
Choices 2. In case of conflicting information between the sensory organs and the
instruments you must believe the instruments
Answers Correct
A 1 is correct, 2 is false
B 1 is false, 2 is correct B
D 1 and 2 are false
Ref All
Question Which part of the vestibular apparatus is affected by changes in gravity and linear acceleration?

A The Eustachian tube
B The sacculus and utriculus B
C The semi-circular canals
D The cochlea
Ref All
Question In order to get colour vision, it is necessary:
1. for there to be considerable amount of light (ambient luminosity)
Choices 2. at night to look at the point to be observed at an angle of 15o
3. to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light
4. to avoid white light
Answers Correct
A 3
Question In order to get colour vision, it is necessary:
1. for there to be considerable amount of light (ambient luminosity)
2. at night to look at the point to be observed at an angle of 15o
3. to allow the eye a period of time to get used to the light
4. to avoid white light
B 2
C 1 C
D 4
Ref All
Question Vibrations within the frequency band of 1/10 to 2 Hertz are a factor contributing to air-sickness, because
they:
A upset the vestibular apparatus A
B interfere with those of their own blood thus causing circulation problems
C interfere with the frequencies of the central nervous system
D make the stomach and its contents vibrating at the same frequency
Ref All
Question Why does a deficiency in vitamin A cause night-blindness?

A Vitamin A deficiency interrupts the oxygen supply to the photosensitive cells
B Accommodation is destroyed
C Vitamin A is essential to the regeneration of visual purple C
D The transfer of light stimulus from the rods to a nerve impulse depends on vitamin A
Ref All
Question A shining light is fading out (ie. when flying into fog, dust or haze). What kind of sensation could the
pilot get?
A The source of light moves away from him A
B The light source will make the pilot believe that he is climbing
C The source of light stands still
D The source of light is approaching him with increasing speed
Ref All
Question The so-called Seat-of-the-Pants sense is:

Question The so-called Seat-of-the-Pants sense is:
A not suitable for spatial orientation when outside visual references are lost A
B only to be used by experienced pilots with the permission to fly in IMC
C useful for instrument and contact flight
D the only sense a pilot can rely on when flying in IMC
Ref All
Question The mechanism of accommodation is caused by:

A the functioning of the muscles of the eye
B the elasticity of the optic nerves
C the functioning of the ciliary muscle around the lens C
D the diameter of the pupil
Ref All
Question When spinning an aircraft, the predominating type of acceleration will be:

A vertical acceleration
B radial acceleration
C linear acceleration
D angular acceleration D
Ref All
Question Which part of the inner ear is responsible for the perception of noise?

A The Eustachian tube
B The semicircular canals
C The sacculus and utriculus
D The cochlea D
Ref All
Question Pilot's vertigo:

A is the sensation to keep a rotation after completing a turn
B is the condition of dizziness and/or tumbling sensation caused by contradictory impulses to the B
C is the sensation of climbing caused by a strong linear acceleration

D announces the beginning of airsickness
Ref All
Question Auto-kinesis is:

A the automatic adjustment of the crystalline lens to objects situated at different distances
B the phenomenon of spinning lights after the abuse of alcohol
C the change in diameter of the pupil, when looking in the dark
D the apparent movement of a static single light when stared at for a relatively long period of D
time in the dark
Ref All
Question The human ear is capable of perceiving vibrations between the frequencies

A 20000 - 40000 Hz
B 0 - 16 Hz
C 16 - 20000 Hz C
D 30 - 15000 dB
Ref All
Question Scanning at night should be performed by:

A avoiding food containing Vitamin A
B scanning with one eye open
C concentrated fixation on an object (image must fall on the fovea centralis)
D slight eye movements to the side of the object D
Ref All
Question To prevent vertigo in flight we should

A keep breathing normally
B look towards the sides when we make a turn
C breathe deeply but control the respiratory frequency
Question To prevent vertigo in flight we should
D not move the head suddenly while we are turning D

Ref All
Question When stopping the rotation of a spin we have the sensation

A of the sharp dipping of the nose of the aircraft
B of turning in the same direction
C that we are starting a spin into the opposite direction C
D of the immediate stabilisation of the aircraft
Ref All
Question The proprioceptive senses (Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense):

A can neither be used for motor co-ordination in IMC and VMC
B is a natural human instinct, always indicating the correct attitude
C can be used, if trained, to avoid spatial disorientation in IMC
D give wrong information, when outside visual reference is lost D
Ref All
Question When flying through a thunderstorm with lightning you can protect yourself
from flash blindness by:
Choices
(a) turning up the intensity of cockpit lights
(b) looking inside the cockpit
(c) wearing sunglasses
(d) using face blinds or face curtains when installed
Answers Correct
A (c) and (d) are correct, (a) and (b) are false
B (a), (b) and (c) are correct, (d) is false
C (a) and (b) are correct, (c) and (d) are false
D (a), (b), (c) and (d) are correct D
Ref All
Question How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight?

A Establish and maintain a good instrument cross check A
Question How can a pilot prevent spatial disorientation in flight?
B Always try to catch outside visual cues

C Rely on good situational awareness believing your natural senses
D Rely on the kinaesthetic sense
Ref All
Question Orientation in flight is accomplished by:
Choices 1. eyes
2. utriculus and sacculus
3. semi-circular canals
4. seat-of-the-pants-sense
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3, and 4 are correct A
B only 1 and 4 are correct
D 2, 3 and 4 are false, only 1 is correct
Ref All
Question What can a pilot do to avoid Flicker vertigo when flying in the clouds?

A Engage the autopilot until breaking the clouds
B Dim the cockpit lights to avoid reflections
C Switch strobe-lights off C
D Fly straight and level and avoid head movements
Ref All
Question The requirement of good sunglasses is to:

A eliminate distortion in aircraft windshields
B fit to the pilot's individual taste
C absorb enough visible light to eliminate glare without decreasing visual acuity, absorb UV and C
IR radiation and absorb all colours equally
D increase the time for dark adaptation
Ref All
Question Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover
from a spin? He will get the illusion of:
Question Without visual reference, what illusion could the pilot get, when he is stopping the rotation to recover
from a spin? He will get the illusion of:
A spinning into the same direction
B spinning into the opposite direction B
C straight and level flight
D climbing and turning into the original direction of the spin
Ref All
Question Positive linear acceleration when flying in IMC may cause a false sensation of:

A vertigo
B pitching down
C apparent sideward movement of objects in the field of vision
D pitching up D
Ref All
Question Which procedure is recommended to prevent or overcome spatial disorientation?

A tilt your head to the side to get better information from the semi-circular canals
B Rely entirely on the indications of the flight instruments B
C Rely on the Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense
D Get adapted to low levels of illumination before flying and use off-centre vision all the time
Ref All
Question With vertigo the instrument panel seems to tumble. This is due to:

A conflicting information between the semi-circular canals and the hympanic membrane
B tuned resonance caused by vibration
C the coriolis effect in the semi-circular canals C
D oxygen deficiency
Ref All
Question The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to:

A constant speed only
Question The otoliths in the inner ear are sensitive to:
B angular acceleration
C angular speed
D linear acceleration and gravity D
Ref All
Question The semi-circular canals detect:

A sound waves
B angular accelerations B
C linear accelerations
D changes in arterial pressure
Ref All
Question Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
Choices 1. The retina has rods on its peripheral zone and cones on its central zone
2. The retina has cones and the crystalline lens has rods
3. The rods allow for night vision
4. The cones are located on the peripheral zone of the retina
Answers Correct
A 2, 3
B 1
C 1, 3 C
D 4
Ref All
Question We know that, in the mechanism of sight, the retina allows for:

A the acquisition of the visual signal and its coding into physiological data A
B the acquisition of the visual signal and the accommodation process
C binocular vision
D the analysis of visual signals
Ref All
Question The PNS passes information from:

Question The PNS passes information from:
A the brain to the sensory stores through sensory nerves

B sensory inputs to the CNS through sensory and motor nerves B
C the brain to all parts of the body through sensory and motor nerves
D the brain to all parts of the body through sensory nerves
Ref All
Question When accelerating forward the otoliths in the utriculus/sacculus will:

A A – give the illusion of banking
B B – give the illusion of climbing (body tilting backwards, nose of the a/c going up) B
C C – give the illusion of straight and level flight
D D – give the illusion of descending (body tilting downwards to towards nose of the airplane
going down)
Ref All
Question When turning in IMC, head movements should be avoided as much as possible. This is a prevention against:

A pressure vertigo
B auto-kinesis
C oculogyral illusion
D coriolis illusion D
Ref All
Question Visual disturbances can be caused by:
1. hyperventilation
Choices 2. hypoxia
3. hypertension
4. fatigue
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question Which is the audible range to human hearing?

A Between 16 Hz and 20 KHz A
B Between 16 MHz and 20000 MHz
C Between 16 KHz and 20 KHz
D Between 16 Hz and 20 MHz
Ref All
Question When flying at night the first sense to be affected by a slight degree of hypoxia is the:

A proprioceptive sensitivity
B cochlea
C sense of balance
D vision D
Ref All
Question Flickering light when reflected from spinning rotor blades:

A can cause spatial disorientation and/or nausea, when looked at for a longer period of time A
B can be neglected
C can be avoided when the strobe-lights are switched on
D should be avoided, because it may destroy the optical nerve
Ref All
Question We know that transverse accelerations (Gy):
Choices 1. are above all active in turns and pull-outs

2. are present during take-off and landing
3. are rare during routine flights
4. often lead to loss of consciousness
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3
B 1, 4
C 2, 3
D 3 D
Question We know that transverse accelerations (Gy):
1. are above all active in turns and pull-outs

2. are present during take-off and landing
3. are rare during routine flights
4. often lead to loss of consciousness
Ref All
Question The retina of the eye:

A only regulates the light that falls into the eye
B filters the UV-light
C is the muscle, changing the size of the crystalline lens
D is the light-sensitive inner lining of the eye containing the photoreceptors essential for D
vision
Ref All
Question When the optical image forms in front of the retina; we are talking about:

A myopia A
B hypermetropia
C presbyopia
D astigmatism
Ref All
Question Which of the following symptoms can mark a beginning to hyperventilation?

A Slow heart beat
B Slow rate of breathing
C Cyanosis (blueing of lips and finger nails)
D Dizzy feeling D
Ref All
Question Among the factors which affect night vision are:

Question Among the factors which affect night vision are:
A Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking and alcohol A

B Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking alcohol and lack of Vitamin C
C Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking, alcohol and lack of Vitamin D
D Age, cabin altitudes above 8000 ft, smoking, alcohol and lack of Vitamin E
Ref All
Question The Eustachian tube serves for the pressure equalisation between:

A nose and pharyngeal cavity and external atmosphere
B frontal, nose and maxillary sinuses
C middle ear and external atmosphere C
D sinuses of the nose and external atmosphere
Ref All
Question Barodontalgia:

A arises only at higher altitudes and after decompression
B even arises with healthy teeth
C arises in combination with a cold and very high rates of descent
D arises especially with irritations of the sensitive tissues close to the root of a tooth D
Ref All
Question The semi-circular canals of the inner ear monitor:

A relative speed and linear accelerations
B movements with constant speeds
C angular accelerations C
D gravity
Ref All
Question The proprioceptive senses (seat-of-the-pants-sense) are important for motor co-ordination. They:

A allow the pilot to determine the absolute vertical at flight condition
B are important senses for flight training in IMC
Question The proprioceptive senses (seat-of-the-pants-sense) are important for motor co-ordination. They:
C are completely unreliable for orientation when flying in IMC C

D indicate the difference between gravity and G-forces
Ref All
Question Illuminated anti-collision lights in IMC:

A can cause colour illusions
B will improve the pilot's depth perception
C will affect the pilot's binocular vision
D can cause disorientation D
Ref All
Question A pilot is used to land on small and narrow runways only. Approaching a larger and wider runway can lead
to:
A a flatter than normal approach with the risk of ducking under
B the risk to land short of the over-run
C an early or high round out C
D a steeper than normal approach dropping low
Ref All
Question A pilot approaching an upslope runway:

A is performing a steeper than normal approach, landing long
B establishes a higher than normal approach speed
C establishes a slower than normal approach speed with the risk of stalling out
D may feel that he is higher than actual. This illusion may cause him to land short D
Ref All
Question What misjudgement may occur if an airplane is flying into fog, snow or haze?

A Objects will appear bigger in size than in reality
B Objects seem to move slower than in reality
C Objects seem to be further away than in reality C
D Objects will appear closer than they really are
Question What misjudgement may occur if an airplane is flying into fog, snow or haze?
Ref All
Question Depth perception when objects are close (>1m) is achieved through:

A seeing with two eyes (binocular vision) A
B good visibility only
C visual memory only
D the blind spot at the retina
Ref All
Question Adaptation is:

A the reflection of the light at the cornea
B the adjustment of the crystalline lens to focus light on the retina
C the adjustment of the eyes to high or low levels of illumination C
D the change of the diameter of the pupil
Ref All
Question A pilot is used to land on wide runways only. When approaching a smaller and/or narrower runway, the pilot
may feel he is at a:
A greater height and the impression of landing short
B lower height and the impression of landing slow
C greater height than he actually is with the tendency to land short C
D lower than actual height with the tendency to overshoot
Ref All
Question A pilot approaching a runway which is narrower than normal may feel he is at a greater height than he
actually is. To compensate he may fly a:
A higher than normal approach with the tendency to overshoot
B flatter than normal approach with the tendency to undershoot B
C compensatory glide path and land long
D compensatory glide path and stall out
Ref All
Question Tuned resonance of body parts, distressing the individual, can be caused by:

A acceleration along the longitudinal body axis
B angular velocity
C vibrations from 1 to 100 Hz C
D vibrations from 16 Hz to 18 kHzghh
Ref All
Question What does not impair the function of the photosensitive cells?

A Fast speed A
B Oxygen deficiency
C Acceleration
D Toxic influence (alcohol, nicotine, medication)
Ref All
Question The fovea centralis is:

A where the optic nerves come together with the pupil
B the area of best day vision and best night vision
C the area of best day vision and no night vision at all C
D the area of the blind spot (optic disc)
Ref All
Question Which of the following components belong to the middle ear?

A Ossicles A
B Otoliths
C Endolymph
D Semi-circular canals
Ref All
Question Through which part of the ear does the equalisation of pressure take place, when altitude is changed?

A External auditory canal
Question Through which part of the ear does the equalisation of pressure take place, when altitude is changed?
B Eustachian tube B
C Cochlea
D Tympanic membrane
Ref All
Question What could the crew do in order to avoid air-sickness with passengers?
Choices 1. Avoid turbulences

2. Avoid flying through rough weather
3. Seat passenger close to the centre of gravity
4. Give pertinent information
Answers Correct
D Only 4 is correct
Ref All
Question The Vestibular Apparatus consists of the:

A Cochlea and auditory nerve
B Eustachian tube and the semi-circular canals
C Semi-circular canals, Utricles and Saccules C
D Eustachian tube and the pinna
Ref All
Question The probability to suffer from air-sickness is higher, when:

A the passenger has taken anti-motion sickness remedies prior to flight
B the student is motivated and adapted to the specific stimuli of flying
C the student has good outside visual reference
D the passenger or student is afraid and/or demotivated to fly D
Ref All
Question Being pressed into the seat can cause illusions and/or false reactions in a pilot lacking visual contact to
the ground, because this sensation:
A will not stimulate the seat-of-the-pants sense
B corresponds with the sensation a pilot gets when starting a climb or performing a level turn B
C corresponds with the sensation a pilot gets, when flying straight and level or starting a
descent
D makes the pilot to pull up the nose to compensate for level flight
Ref All
Question Which sensations does a pilot get when he is rolling out of a co-ordinated level turn?

A Flying straight and level
B Climbing
C Turning into the original direction
D Descending and turning into the opposite direction D
Ref All
Question How can spatial disorientation in IMC be avoided? By:

A maintaining a good instrument cross check A
B believing your body senses only
C moving the head into the direction of the resultant vertical
D looking outside whenever possible ignoring the attitude indicator
Ref All
Question How can a pilot overcome a vertigo, encountered during a real or simulated
instrument flight?
Choices
1. Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross check
2. Always believe the instruments; never trust your sense of feeling
3. Ignore arising illusions
4. Move the head sidewards and back and forth to shake-off illusions
Answers Correct
A Only 4 is correct
Question How can a pilot overcome a vertigo, encountered during a real or simulated
instrument flight?
1. Establish and maintain an effective instrument cross check

2. Always believe the instruments; never trust your sense of feeling
3. Ignore arising illusions
4. Move the head sidewards and back and forth to shake-off illusions
D 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false

Ref All
Question A pilot is prone to get vertigo, as visibility is impaired (dust, smoke, snow). What is the correct action
to prevent vertigo?
A Concentrate on the vertical speedometer
B Depend on information from the semi-circular canals of the inner ear, because those are the only
ones giving correct information
C Depend on the instruments C
D Reduce rate of breathing until all symptoms disappear, then breathe normal again
Ref All
Question Vertigo is the result of:

A Oculogyral illusion
B Autokinetic illusion
C Elevator illusion
D Coriolis effect D
Ref All
Question Starting a co-ordinated level turn can make the pilot believe to:

A descent
B turn into the opposite direction
C increase the rate of turn into the same direction
D climb D
Ref All

A the impression of climbing when banking
B is a sensation of rotation during flight due to multiple irritation of several semi-circular B
canals at the same time
C the impression of flying straight and level while the aircraft is spinning
D a sudden loss of visual perception during flight due to multiple irritation of the utriculus and
sacculus at the same time
Ref All
Question The so-called Coriolis effect (a conflict in information processing in the brain) in spatial disorientation
occurs:
A on stimulating the saccule and the utricle of the inner ear
B on stimulating the cochlea intensely
C when no semi-circular canal is stimulated
D on stimulating several semi-circular canals simultaneously D
Ref All
Question When accelerating in level flight we could experience the sensation of a:

A climb A
B descent
C turn
D spin
Ref All
Question The intensity of a sound is measured in:

A cycles per second
B curies
C decibels C
D hertz
Ref All
Question The phenomenon of accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of
the following?
Question The phenomenon of accommodation, which enables a clear image to be obtained, is accomplished by which of
the following?
A The retina
B The rods
C The cones
D The crystalline lens D
Ref All
Question The cupula in the semi-circular canal will be bent, when a rotation begins. This is because:

A the cupula will stay in place and give the correct impression
B the fluid (endolymph) within the semi-circular canal lags behind the accelerated canal walls B
C the fluid (endolymph) will precede the accelerated canal walls
D the cupula will bend on constant angular speeds
Ref All
Question Auto-kinetic illusion is:

A an illusion in which a stationary point of light, if stared at for several seconds in the day, A
may without a frame of reference appear to move
B the sensation during a radial acceleration of seeing a fixed reference point moving into the
opposite direction of the acceleration
C a conflict between the visual system and bodily sensations
D poor interpretation of the surrounding world
Ref All
Question The available cognitive resources of the human brain:

A are limited but make it possible to easily perform several tasks at the same time
B are virtually unlimited
C allow for twin-tasks operation without any loss of effectiveness
D are limited and make it impossible to perform two attentional tasks at the same time D
Ref All
Question . Perceptual conflicts between the vestibular and visual systems are:
1. classic and resistant when flying in IMC

Question . Perceptual conflicts between the vestibular and visual systems are:
Choices 1. classic and resistant when flying in IMC

2. sensed via impressions of rotation
3. sensed via distorted impressions of the attitude of the aircraft
4. considerable during prolonged shallow turns under IMC
Answers Correct
A 3, 4
B 2, 3, 4
C 1, 3
D 1, 2, 3, 4 D
Ref All
Question During flight in IMC, the most reliable sense which should be used to overcome illusions is the:

A visual sense, interpreting the attitude indicator A
B seat-of-the-pants-sense
C vestibular sense
D visual sense by looking outside
Ref All
Question Excessive exposure to noise damages:

A the eardrum
B the semi-circular canals
C the ossicles
D the sensitive membrane in the cochlea D
Ref All
Question Visual perception of depth at close to medium distance is primarily due to:

A interactions between cones and rods
B binocular vision B
C peripheral vision
D the high sensitivity of the retina
Ref All
Question Which part of the vestibular apparatus is responsible for the impression of angular acceleration?

A The sacculus and utriculus
B The cochlea
C The semi-circular canals C
D The Eustachian tube
Ref All
Question When you stare at a single light against the dark (eg. an isolated star) you will find the light appears to
move after some time. This phenomenon is called:
A black hole illusion
B auto kinetic phenomenon B
C coriolis illusion
D leans
Ref All
Question Which of the following provides the basis of all perceptions?

A The separation of figure and background
B The intensity of the stimuli B
C The aural or visual significance attributed in short term memory
D The aural or visual significance attributed in long term memory
Ref All
Question The ability of the human eye to read alphanumeric information (piercing vision):

A is limited to daytime using the rod cells
B is limited to the foveal area of the retina B
C is almost equally shared by the entire retina
D is governed by peripheral vision over an area of approximately 20 degrees of angle
Ref All
Question Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when:

A stress and motivation are medium
Question Fixation or tunnel vision is primarily to be expected when:
B stress and motivation are low

C stress is high C
D stress is medium
Ref All
Question Glaucoma is:

A disturbed adaptation
B disturbed colour vision
C high intra-ocular pressure C
D disturbed night vision
Ref All
Question What would be the effect if in a tight turn one bends down to pick up a pencil?

A Coriolis effect A
B Barotrauma
C Vertigo
D Inversion Illusion
Ref All
Question How is haze affecting your perception?

A Objects seem to be further away than in reality
B Objects will give better contrast
C Haze makes the eyes to focus at infinity
D Objects seem to be closer than in reality D
Ref All
Question The eye can adjust to:

A high levels of illumination in 10 minutes and darkness in 1 hour
B high levels of illumination in 10 seconds and darkness in 30 minutes B
C high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 minutes
Question The eye can adjust to:
D high levels of illumination in 30 minutes and darkness in 10 seconds

Ref All
Question With regard to illusions due to perceptive conflicts, it may be said that they:

A originate from a conflict between instrument readings and external visual perceptions
B are mainly due to a sensory conflict concerning perception of the vertical and the horizontal B
between the vestibular and the visual system
C are caused by the absence of internal visual cues exclusively
D are caused by a conflictual disagreement concerning attitudinal perception between the various
members of a crew
Ref All
Question Among the factors that increase tolerance to long duration g forces are:

A Correct use of pilot's harness and tensing of abdominal muscles
B Bending forward or supine body position and tensing of abdominal muscles B
C Anti-g suits and correct use of pilot's harness
D Tensing the leg muscles and correct use of pilot's harness
Ref All
Question Man possesses a system for maintaining his internal equilibrium in the face of variations brought about by
external stimulations. This internal equilibrium is called:
A Homeostasis A
B Heterostasis
C Isothermy
D Metastasis
Ref All
Question Which of the following systems are involved in the appearance of motion
sickness?
Choices
1. Hearing
2. The vestibular system
3. Vision
4. The propibceptive senses Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense
5. The gastrointestinal system
Question Which of the following systems are involved in the appearance of motion
sickness?
1. Hearing
2. The vestibular system
3. Vision
4. The propibceptive senses Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense
5. The gastrointestinal system
Answers Correct
A 1, 3, 4, 5
B 1, 2, 5
C 2, 3, 4 C
D 1, 2, 3
Ref All
Question In the absence of external reference points, the sensation that the vehicle in which you sitting is moving
when it is in fact the vehicle directly alongside which is moving is called:
A somato-gravic illusion
B illusion of relative movement B
C auto-kinetic illusion
D cognitive illusion
Ref All
Question What is the main problem caused by positive (+Gz) accelerations?

A A pooling of blood in the lower portions of the body, and hence less blood available A
B An improvement of peripheral vision
C An increase in blood pressure in the upper part of the body (above heart- level)
D Hyperoxygenation of the blood which may lead to sensory disorders
Ref All
Question With regard to central vision, which of the following statements are correct?
Choices 1. It is due to the functioning of rods

2. It enables details, colours and movement to be seen
3. Its very active both during the day and at night
4. It represents a zone where about 150,000 cones per mm are located to give high resolution capacity
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 4
Question With regard to central vision, which of the following statements are correct?
1. It is due to the functioning of rods

2. It enables details, colours and movement to be seen
3. Its very active both during the day and at night
4. It represents a zone where about 150,000 cones per mm are located to give high resolution capacity
B 2, 3, 4
C 1, 3
D 2, 4 D
Ref All
Question The inner ear is able to perceive:
Choices 1. angular acceleration

2. linear acceleration
3. noise
Answers Correct
B 2 is correct, 1 and 3 are both false
C 1 and 2 and 3 are correct C
D 2 and 3 are correct, 1 is false
Ref All
Question Angular accelerations are perceived by:

A the otholits
B the receptors in the skin and the joints
C the semi-circular canals C
D the cochlea
Ref All
Question Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in IMC may give the illusion of:

A descending
B yawing
C spinning
D climbing D
Ref All
Question The physiological effects of accelerations to the human body depend on:
Choices 1. the duration of the G-forces

2. the onset rate of the G-forces
3. the magnitude of the G-forces
4. the direction of the G-forces
Answers Correct
B 1 and 4 are correct, 3 is false
D 1, 2, 3 are correct, 4 is false
Ref All
Question If you are subjected to an illusion during night flying you should:

A rely on instruments A
B use your oxygen mask
C dim the cockpit lighting
D scan the surroundings
Ref All
Question The Black hole phenomenon occurs during approaches at night and over water, jungle or desert. When the
pilot is lacking of visual cues other than those of the aerodrome there is an illusion of:
A being too low, flying a steeper approach than normal
B being too close, landing long
C being too high and too far away, dropping low and landing short C
D climbing
Ref All
Question Linear acceleration when flying straight and level in IMC may give the illusion of:

A descending
B yawing
C spinning
D climbing D
Ref All
Question Galucoma:
Choices 1. can lead to total blindness

2. can lead to undetected reduction of the visual field
3. reduces visual acuity in its final stage
Answers Correct
A 1, 2 and 3 are false
D 1 is correct
Ref All
Question The Eustachian tube connects:

A the semi-circular canals
B the auditory duct and the inner ear
C the middle ear and the inner ear
D the middle ear and the throat D
Ref All
Question When focussing on near objects:

A the cornea gets smaller
B the shape of lens gets more spherical B
C the pupil gets larger
D the shape of lens gets flatter
Ref All
Question The peripheral vision is important for:

A detecting moving objects A
B colour vision
C visual acuity
D binocular vision
Ref All
Question The ability of the lens to change its shape is called:

A adaptation
B accommodation B
C binocular vision
D depth perception
Ref All
Question If you are disorientated during night flying you must:

A rely on instruments A
B check your rate of breathing - do not breathe too fast
C descend
D look outside
Ref All
Question The kinaesthetic sense does not orient an individual to his surroundings, but informs him of:

A the relative motion and relative position of his body parts A
B a touch on the skin
C the condition in the body itself
D our surroundings
Ref All
Question How many words can we hear and speak per minute?

A Listen to 700 and speak 500
B Listen to 125 and speak 900
C Listen to 900 and speak 125 C
D Speak 500 and listen to 700
Ref All
Question Trapped gas disorders of the ears can be caused by:

A Flying when you have a cold A
Question Trapped gas disorders of the ears can be caused by:
B Flying after deep scuba diving with decompression

C Flying at too high altitude without supplemental oxygen
D Too hard equalisation of the pressure in your outer ear
Ref All
Question What is the main purpose of the central nervous system?

A The control of human emotions
B The control of human emotions including love, hate, fear, anger and sadness
C To take care of the body-s reception of stimuli, the transmission of nerve impulses and the C
activation of muscle mechanisms
D The activation of the body's muscles
Ref All
Question The conducting elements of the nervous system cells are called:

A Neurones A
B Nerve conductors
C Nervates
D Irises
Ref All
Question The nervous system cells are capable of:

A Slow generalised activity
B Stimulating the rate of recognition
C Efficient and rapid activity
Ref All
Question List the brain's most important parts:

A Fovea, cerebrum, cerebellum, and the brain stem
B Cerebellum, brain stem and cornea
Question List the brain's most important parts:
C Reflex centre, cerebellum and the brain stem

D Brain stem, cerebellum and cerebrum D
Ref All
Question Which part of the body acts as a reflex centre for the co-ordination of equilibrium?

A The Fovea
B The brain stem
C The cerebellum C
D The cerebrum
Ref All
Question What is the cornea?

A Optic eye discs
B The source of the day blind spot
C A clear portion of the eye where the light passes through C
D The lens of the eye
Ref All
Question The iris main purpose is to:

A Control the size, or diameter of the pupil A
B Initiate nerve impulses
C Transmit impulses via the optic nerve
D They let light into the eye
Ref All
Question What is the day blind spot?

A The optic nerve has no rods and cones which creates a blind spot A
B The fovea has no rods and cones which creates a blind spot
C An area around the fovea is over-stimulated by bright daylight which creates a day blind spot
D The day blind spot is caused by the lack of rods on the iris
Question What is the day blind spot?
Ref All
Question Why are the eyes more sensitive (better night vision), after 30- 45 minutes in a dark environment?

A The pupil is expanded and the lodopsin level is increased, improving night sensitivity
B Light bleaches out visual purple (rhodopsin)
C For night vision to take place, visual purple must build up in the rods
D B and C are correct D
Ref All
Question What is rhodopsin?

A A chemical called visual purple which sometimes is present in rod cells A
B A chemical always present in rod cells
C A chemical sometimes present in cone cells
D A chemical called visual purple always present in cone cells
Ref All
Question What is referred to as stereoscopic vision?

A The ability to focus both eyes on a single object A
B Motion parallax
C Apparent foreshortening
D The lack of ability to focus both eyes on a single object
Ref All
Question Myopia is commonly called:

A Farsightedness
B Nearsightedness B
C Nutritional deficiency
D Colour blindness
Ref All
Question Which system(s) should be trusted during flight through clouds and instrument meteorological conditions
(IMC)?
A Visual A
B Vestibular
C Proprioceptive
D Combined function of all senses
Ref All
Question The vestibular system:

A Consists of the outer, middle and inner ear
B Is the body's motor and gravity sensing organs B
C Should always be trusted to judge an aeroplane's attitude
D Is the body's sound, motion and gravity sensing organ
Ref All
Question what is the purpose of the semi-circular canals?

A Sense linear (vertical) acceleration and gravity
B Transform sound to nerve impulses
C Sense angular acceleration C
D Both A and C are correct
Ref All
Question What is the purpose of the otolith organs?

A Sense linear (vertical) acceleration and gravity A
B Transform sound to nerve impulses
C Sense angular acceleration
D Both A and C are correct
Ref All
Question The small sacs located in the vestibule are:

A Chalk-like crystals called otoliths A
Question The small sacs located in the vestibule are:
B Sacs with sensory hairs

C Crystals in the semi-circular canals
D Both B and C are correct
Ref All
Question A forward acceleration, without visual reference, can cause:

A An illusion of a turn in the opposite direction
B An illusion of backward tilt because it results in backward displacement of the otolithic B
membranes
C An illusion of descent, because it results in backward displacement of the otolithic membranes
D Alternobar illusion
Ref All
Question Select the angular accelerations that can be sensed by the semi-circular canals:

A climb or descend
B Acceleration or deceleration
C Roll
D Roll, pitch and yaw D
Ref All
Question How is a roll change sensed?

A Roll change is sensed by chalk-like crystals, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve
impulses transmitted to the brain
B The middle ear senses roll, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the nerve impulses
transmitted to the brain
C Hairs in the semi-circular canals sense fluid motion caused by roll, the vestibular nerve is C
stimulated and the nerve impulses transmitted to the brain
D The roll is sensed by hairs in the Eustachian tube, the vestibular nerve is stimulated and the
nerve impulses transmitted to the brain
Ref All
Question What does the proprioceptive system do?

Question What does the proprioceptive system do?
A React to sensation from pressure on skin, joints and muscles

B Sense yaw motion
C Sense the movements that have to the term seat-of-the-pants flying
Ref All
Question What is a pre-determined opinion?

A A dominating crew member may have a very strong opinion of how to do a task and not be willing
to listen to suggestions
B The tendency to see or hear what we expect; this is also called mind sets
C A plan or opinion is made before the flight is conducted C
D Pilots with pre-determined opinions are planning ahead; they often play the what if game to be
prepared for the unexpected
Ref All
Question Presbycusis is type of hearing loss which can be caused by:

A Ageing A
B High noise
C Damaged or fatigued sensory hair cells
D B and C are correct
Ref All
Question Greyout occurs in case of:

A +gY
B -gZ
C +gX
D +gZ D
Ref All

A is the condition of dizziness and/or tumbling sensation caused by contradictory impulses to the A
centre nervous system (CNS)
B is the sensation to keep a rotation after completing a turn
C is the sensation of climbing caused by a strong linear acceleration
D announces the beginning of airsickness
Ref All
Question A Graveyard-Spin is:

A a spin manoeuvre that should only be performed by well trained pilots
B a fatal accident caused by a state of spinning the fluid in the brain
C a spin in which the pilot, on recovery, tends to re-enter the spin due to the somatogyral C
illusion where the vestibular system no longer senses radial acceleration
D an illusion caused by misperception of being higher than you really are when performing a spin.
Thus the recovery tends to be dangerously low
Ref All
Question A pilot accustomed to landing on a wide runway may find, when approaching to a narrow runway, that he/she is
at a:
A lower height and the impression of landing slow
B lower than actual height with the tendency to over-shoot
C greater height and the impression of landing short
D greater height than he actually is with the tendency to land short D
Ref All
Question A pilot may get the illusion of low altitude on approach although the aircraft is on the correct glide path:

A on night approaches only
B when the runway is unusually narrow
C when the runway is wider than he is used to C
D depending on the approach speed of the aircraft
Ref All
Question Among the factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are:

Question Among the factors which can cause illusions while taxiing are:
A distance from the edge of the taxiway and taxi lighting

B visibility and distance
C relative movement and cockpit height above the ground C
D distance from the edge of the taxiway and cockpit lighting
Ref All
Question An illusion of obtaining greater height above ground can occur when:

A accelerating at low altitude
B suddenly flying over small trees after prolonged flying over tall trees B
C decelerating at low altitude
D flying over high terrain in low visibility
Ref All
Question At which altitude (within the indifferent zone) may a degradation of night vision occur?

A 5000m - 7000m
B 3000m - 5000m
C From approximately 1600m C
D up to 5000m
Ref All
Question Auto-kinesis can give the pilot the impression that:

A lights are further away than in fact they are
B the aircraft is climbing
C lights from ships are stars
D a star is another aircraft D
Ref All
Question Conductive hearing loss can be caused by:
Choices 1. damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by infection or trauma
2. a damage of the auditory nerve
3. an obstruction in the outer ear
4. a ruptured tympanic membrane
1. damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by infection or trauma

3. an obstruction in the outer ear
Answers Correct
D 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
Ref All
Question Does noise (above 90 dbs) improve performance?

A Never A
B Depends upon the awareness of the individual
C Sometimes
D Yes
Ref All
Question During poor weather conditions a pilot should fly with reference to instruments because:

A his attention will be distracted automatically under these conditions
B perception of distance and speed is difficult in an environment of low contrast B
C the danger of a greying out will make it impossible to determine the height above the terrain
D pressure differences can cause the altimeter to give wrong information
Ref All
Question Flying a co-ordinated level turn will

A make the seat-of-the-pants sense feel a decreased pressure along the body's vertical axis
B first give the impression of climb, then the impression of descent
C make the blood being pooled in the head
D make the body's pressure receptors feel an increased pressure along the body's vertical axis D
Ref All
Question Generally, the time required for dark adaptation is:

A 10 sec
B 30 min B
C 1/10 sec
D 10 min
Ref All
Question How can vertigo be prevented in conditions of good visibility?

A By looking at the horizon A
B By closing the eyes momentarily
C By looking approximately 5o to one side of an object
D by avoiding blinking
Ref All
Question Hypoxia can affect night vision

A less than day vision
B at approximately 5000 ft B
C and causes the auto-kinetic phenomena
D and causes the Coriolis Effect
Ref All
Question If warned of an imminent thunderstorm:

A no specific action is advised with regards to the adjustment of the brightness of cockpit lights
B cockpit lights should be dimmed
C cockpit lights should be turned off
D cockpit lights should be turned up D
Ref All
Question Illusions that pilots experience in conditions of fog or mist are that:

A Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to steep approaches
Question Illusions that pilots experience in conditions of fog or mist are that:
B Objects appear closer than they really are and lead to shallow approaches
C Objects appear further away than they really are and lead to shallow approaches C
D Objects appear further away than they really are and can lead to steep approaches
Ref All
Question Night vision is significantly reduced (ie. a loss of more than 25%) at 15,000 ft in which stage of hypoxia?

A Clinical manifestation phase
B Indifferent
C Compensatory C
D Anaemic phase
Ref All
Question Night vision:

A requires up to 30 minutes to reach its best performance A
B requires 5 minutes to reach its best performance
C is insensitive to short duration light sources
D is insensitive to lightning flashes in storms
Ref All
Question On approach, by day, in snowy conditions, without reference to glide slope information:

A there is a risk of you underestimating your speed
B judgement of height is extremely difficult B
C estimation of height and distance is not a problem for a well-trained pilot
D there is a risk of you entering a spin
Ref All
Question On experiencing a vestibular illusion in straight and level flight, it is recommended that:

A you avoid head movements and rely on your instruments A
B you tilt your head to the side opposite to the turn to nullify the stimulus causing the illusion
C you close your eyes for a moment so that the occulo-vestibular conflict disappears
Question On experiencing a vestibular illusion in straight and level flight, it is recommended that:
D you rely on your sensations only, as humans are much more reliable than flight instruments
Ref All
Question One of the waste products of the metabolic process in the cell is:

A carbon dioxide A
B protein
C sugar
D fat
Ref All
Question Perceptional illusions are:

A never caused by the brain's ability to distort normal sense inputs
B usually not serious except in bad weather
C abnormal and indicate weakness in one or more of the senses
D normal and can be prevented by trusting instrument read-out D
Ref All
Question State the conditions which cause the black hole effect and the danger to flight safety

A The 'black hole effect' can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an
airfield which can create the illusion that the aircraft is at a higher altitude than it is,
leading to a high approach being flown
B The 'black hole effect' can be caused by flying over featureless terrain on the approach to an
leading to a high approach being flown
C The 'black hole effect' can be caused by flying over water at night on the approach to an C
leading to a low approach being flown
D The 'black hole effect' can be caused by flying under instruments with poor cockpit lighting and
can lead to disorientation
Ref All
Question Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is called:

Question Stimuli must be of a certain strength for the receptors to pick them up. This is called:
A Sensory threshold A
B Sensory filter
C Sensory strength
D Sensory volume
Ref All
Question The Seat-of-the-Pants-Sense:

A can be used, if trained, to avoid disorientation in space
B is a natural human instinct which will always indicate the correct body position in space
C can give false inputs to body orientation when visual reference is lost C
D can be used as a reference for determining attitude when operating in visual and instrument
meteorological conditions
Ref All
Question The 5 human senses tend to adapt

A This statement is untrue. Touch is the exception
B This statement is true B
C This statement is untrue. None adapt
D This statement is untrue. Only sight adapts (ie night flying)
Ref All
Question The approximate time required for complete adaptation of the eye to the surrounding light is:

A for night 10 sec and for day 30 min
B for high levels of illumination 10 minutes and for low levels of illumination 30 minutes
C for day and night: 30 min
D for both day and night: 30 min D
Ref All
Question The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates:

A reflexes, body temperature and reasoning
Question The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates:
B motor programmes and reflexes

C reflexes only
D sweating, arterial pressure, body temperature and the General Adaptation Syndrome D
Ref All
Question The cornea and the crystalline lens of the eye:

A allow for the regulation of the amount of light admitted into the eye
B keep the retina clean and healthy
C cause the convergence of light rays on to the retina C
D permit the reception and conversion of visual stimuli to images interpreted by the brain
Ref All
Question The damaging effects of noise on the pilot depends on:
Choices 1. The intensity of the noise

2. The frequency of the noise
3. The exposure time to noise
4. Proper use of the headset in the cockpit
Which of the following lists al the correct statements?

Answers Correct
A 1 and 4
B 2, 3 and 4
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 C
D 3 only
Ref All
Question The fovea is:

A the area of best day vision and best night vision
B the area of the blind spot (optic disc)
C where the optic nerves come together with the pupil
D the area of best day vision and of reduced value at night D
Ref All
Question The human vestibular system performs spatial orientation by:

A measuring linear and radial acceleration within the inner ear A
B comparing the body's position to gravity over the tympanic membrane
C comparing linear and radial speeds of the body to the attitude of the aircraft
D measuring fluid movements in the tympanic membrane of the middle ear
Ref All
Question The ossicles (the malleus, incus and stapes) are:

A located in the inner ear
B located in the middle ear B
C located in the outer ear
D are not located in the ear
Ref All
Question The proprioceptors do not orient an individual to his/her surroundings, but informs him/her of:

A the condition in the body itself
B a touch on the skin
C our surroundings
D the relative motion and relative position of his body parts D
Ref All
Question The somatogravic illusion gives the pilot a false impression of:

A descending and turning to the left
B climbing or descending B
C climbing and turning to the right
D descending and turning to the right
Ref All
Question The system which controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, etc over which there is no voluntary control is:

A the local nervous system
Question The system which controls breathing, digestion, heart rate, etc over which there is no voluntary control is:
B the autonomic nervous system B

C the critical nervous system
D non-existent, as all these functions are under conscious control
Ref All
Question the time an eye needs to adapt fully to the dark is about:

A 10 minutes
B 5 minutes
C 25 - 30 minutes C
D 10 seconds
Ref All
Question To prevent empty field myopia at higher altitudes:

A it is recommended that a pilot focuses on an object known to be approximately one metre away
B it is recommended that a pilot uses short sharp scans, or periodically focuses on a distant B
object such as a wing tip or cloud edge
C one should concentrate only on instruments
D one should book an appointment with an ophthalmologist as soon as possible
Ref All
Question Vision of terrain relief (eg. hills, valleys, etc)

A is based on binocular vision at short distances and the rules of proportion and perspective for A
objects that are further away
B is impossible with only one eye
C is possible at only at distances over 200m due to binocular vision
D is impossible if a pilot wears sunglasses
Ref All
Question What are the main parts of the Central Nervous System and where is vision processed?

A The brain and spinal chord are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the retina
Question What are the main parts of the Central Nervous System and where is vision processed?
B The brain and the brain stem are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the
cerebellum
C the brain and the brain stem are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the optic
nerve centre
D The brain and spinal chord are the main parts of the CNS and vision is processed at the cortex D
Ref All
Question What can cause spatial disorientation?

A Reference to well-defined external visual references such as the horizon
B Damage to the receptor cells in the eyes
C False perception of orientation of the aircraft with respect to spatial references C
D Flying in clear daylight conditions
Ref All
Question what factors can lead to a deterioration in vision?
Choices 1. Hypoxia
2. Smoking
3. Poor diet, lacking Vitamin A
4. Exposure to bright lights
Which of the following lists all the correct statements?
Answers Correct
A 2 and 3
B 1 and 3
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 C
D 1, 3 and 4
Ref All
Question What human function is most sensitive to lack of oxygen?

A Motor co-ordination
B Night vision B
C Hearing
D Touch
Question What human function is most sensitive to lack of oxygen?
Ref All
Question What is the correct action to counteract vertigo?

A Concentrate on the vertical speed indicator
B Reduce rate of breathing until all symptoms disappear, then breathe again normally
C Believe the instruments C
D Rely on the information from the semi-circular canals, since these will be transmitting correct
information
Ref All
Question When might a pilot have the sensation of a nose-low attitude?

A When climbing at greater than 2000 ft/min
B During linear acceleration
C When turning (angular acceleration)
D When decelerating in straight, horizontal flight D
Ref All
Question When scanning, how does the eye move and how is smooth vision achieved?

A The eyes move in short jerky movements called saccades. Smooth vision is created by the
cerebellum
B The eyes move in short jerky movements called saccades. Smooth vision is achieved in the visual B
cortex
C The eyes move in short jerky movements which last for approximately 1/3 of a second. Smooth
vision is achieved by the optic nerve centre
D The eyes move in short jerky movements which last for several seconds. Smooth vision is
achieved by the cerebellum
Ref All
Question When the weather is foggy, on approach, a pilot may get a feeling of:

A his/her visual field shrinking (ie tunnel vision)
B the airfield being further away than actually is B
C his/her eyes focusing on infinity
Question When the weather is foggy, on approach, a pilot may get a feeling of:
D aircraft altitude being lower than it actually is

Ref All
Question Which counter-measure can a pilot use against a barotraumas of the middle ear?

A Stop chewing and swallowing movements
B Increase the rate of descent
C Stop descending, climb again and then descend with reduced sink rate C
D Use drugs against a cold
Ref All
Question While flying VFR wings level on top of clouds at 10,000 feet, your artificial horizon indicates a 20 degree
bank.
A No attitude correction is needed since you know that your vision is more reliable than the
instrument with regards to spatial orientation
B You pull the circuit breaker to the artificial horizon knowing that perceptional illusions
called leans might severely impair your control of the aircraft
C You take the proper action by leaning toward the lower end of the artificial horizon, thus
compensating for the perceptional illusion
D You trust the instrument and level off according to the instrument read-out D
Ref All
Question You fly VFR from your home base (runway width 45m) to a small airfield (runway width 25m). On reaching your
destination there is a risk of performing a:
A low approach with undershoot A
B high approach with overshoot
C high approach with undershoot
D low approach with overshoot
Ref All
Choices 1. flying in IMC

4. approaching over still water at night
1. flying in IMC
4. approaching over still water at night
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question After SCUBA diving (more than 30 feet of depth) you have to wait a period of time before flying again. This
period is at least:
A 48 hours
B 12 hours
C 6 hours
D 24 hours D
Ref All
Question Healthy people are usually capable to compensate for a lack of oxygen up to:

A 15,000 feet
B 10,000 to 12,000 feet B
C 20,000 feet
D 25,000 feet
Ref All
Question The sleep pattern is closely associated with:

A Heart rate
B Adrenal gland
C Blood pressure
D Body temperature D
Question The sleep pattern is closely associated with:
Ref All
Question How can you determine if a person is suffering a barotraumas of the sinuses of the nose (aerosinusitis) or
the middle ear (aerotitis)?
A Barotrauma of the middle ear will not affect hearing
B Aerosinusitis will never develop during descent
C Hearing difficulties will normally accompany aerotitis C
D There is no difference
Ref All
Question Astigmatism is normally caused by:

A A lack of accommodation
B A lack of vitamin A
C A lack of empty field
D A mis-shapened cornea D
Ref All
Question To reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, exercise should be:

A double the resting heart rate of at least 20 minutes, three times a week A
B avoided since raising the heart rate shortens the life of the heart
C double the resting heart rate for at least an hour, five times a week
D triple the resting heart rate for 20 minutes, once a week
Ref All
Question Concerning the effects of drugs and pilot's performance:

A the primary and the side effects have to be considered A
B the side effects only have to be considered
C medication has no influence on pilot's performance
D only the primary effect has to be considered; side effects are negligible
Ref All
Question The body loses water via:
1. the skin and the lungs
Choices 2. the kidneys
Answers Correct
A both are false
B 1 is correct and 2 is not correct
C 1 is not correct and 2 is correct
D 1 and 2 are correct D
Ref All
Choices 1. Smokers have a greater chance of suffering from coronary heart disease
2. Smoking tobacco will raise the individuals physiological altitude during flight
3. Smokers have a greater chance for lung cancer
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question A slight lack of co-ordination which can make it difficult to carry out delicate and precise movements
occurs when the level of alcohol in the blood is exceeding:
A 0.15% blood alcohol
B 0.1% blood alcohol
C 0.05% blood alcohol C
D 0.2% blood alcohol
Ref All
Question Presbyopia is:

A myopia
B short sightedness
C far sightedness linked with age C
D high intraocular pressure
Question Presbyopia is:
Ref All
Question At rest the cardial output (the quantity of blood the heart pumps in one minute) of an adult is
approximately:
A 450 ml/min
B 5 litres/min B
C 45 litres/min
D 75 litres/min
Ref All
Question The Eustachian tube is the passage way between the:

A sinuses and the pharynx
B nose, pharynx and inner ear
C nose, pharynx and the external auditory canal
D nasopharynx and the middle ear D
Ref All
Question Having a serious cold, you are going to fly. What can you expect:

A bends
B pain in the sinuses B
C chokes
D hypoxia
Ref All
Question Exchange of gases between the body and the environment takes place at the:

A central nervous system
B heart
C muscles
D lungs D
Ref All
Choices 1. damage to the ossicles in the middle ear caused by infection or trauma
3. an obstruction in the auditory duct
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question Visual acuity during flight at high altitudes can be affected by:
Choices 1. anaemia
2. smoking in the cockpit
4. hypoxia
Answers Correct
D 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct D
Ref All
Question Noise induced hearing loss is influenced by

A the intensity of the noise but not its duration
B the duration of a noise but not its intensity
C the suddenness of onset of a noise
D the duration and intensity of a noise D
Ref All
Choices 1. Hypothermia affects physical and mental abilities

2. Man has effective natural protection against intense cold
1. Hypothermia affects physical and mental abilities

2. Man has effective natural protection against intense cold
3. Shivering makes it possible to combat the cold to a certain extent, but uses up a lot of energy
4. Disorders associated with hypothermia appear at a body temperature of less than 35oC
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3
B 1, 3, 4 B
C 2, 4
D 2, 3, 4
Ref All
Question Which of the following is most true?

A Regular exercise is an impediment to losing weight since it increases the metabolic rate
B Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, but the most efficient way to lose weight is B
by reducing caloric consumption
C Regular exercise is beneficial to general health, and is the only effective way to lose weight
D Regular exercise and reduction in caloric consumption are both essential in order to lose weight
Ref All
Question The consumption of medicines or other substances may have consequences on
qualification to fly for the following reasons:
Choices
1. The disease requiring a treatment may be cause for disqualification
2. Flight conditions may modify the reactions of the body to a treatment
3. Drugs my cause adverse side effects impairing flight safety
4. The effects of medicine do not necessarily immediately disappear when the treatment is stopped
Answers Correct
A 3 and 4 are false, 1 and 2 are correct
D Only 2 is false
Ref All
Question Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may:
Question Alcohol, when taken simultaneously with drugs, may:

A intensify the effects of the drugs A
B compensate for side effects of drugs
C show undesired effects only during night flights
D increase the rate of alcohol elimination from the blood
Ref All
Question Which of the following applies when alcohol has been consumed?

A Small amounts of alcohol increase visual performance
B Drinking coffee at the same time will increase the elimination rate of alcohol
C Even after the consumption of small amounts of alcohol, normal cautionary attitudes may be lost C
D Acute effects of alcohol cease immediately when 100% oxygen is taken
Ref All
Question Disturbances of pressure equalisation in air-filled cavities of the head 9nose, ear etc) are called:

A ebulism
B hypoxia
C hyperventilation
D barotrauma D
Ref All
Question Alcohol metabolism (elimination rate):

A depends on whether you get some sleep in between drinks
B is approximately 0.3% per hour
C is approximately 0.015% per hour and cannot be expedited C
D definitely depends on the amount and composition of food which has been eaten
Ref All
Question Please mark the counter-measure a pilot can use against a barotraumas of the middle ear (aerotitis):

A stop descending, climb again and then descend with reduced sink rate A
Question Please mark the counter-measure a pilot can use against a barotraumas of the middle ear (aerotitis):
B increase the rate of descent

C stop chewing and swallowing movements (Valsalva)
D use drugs against a cold
Ref All
Question Barotrauma of the middle ear most likely will occur:

A when climbing
B in sudden steep turns
C when descending rapidly C
D during a long high altitude flight
Ref All
Question Sunglasses with variable filtration (phototrope glasses):

A are ideal, as long as there are no polarisation effects
B are advantageous for pilots
C can have disadvantages when used in the cockpit due to the dependence on ultraviolet light which C
is screened by the cockpit glass
D are generally forbidden for pilots
Ref All
Question Which is correct:
Choices 1. Paradoxic sleep refreshes the brain, memory and body

2. Paradoxic sleep decreases during the night
Answers Correct
A 1 and 2
B 1 only
C 2 only
D Neither D
Ref All
Question Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities:
Question Alcohol, even when taken in minor quantities:

A can make the brain cells to be more susceptible to hypoxia A
B will stimulate the brain, making the pilot resistant to hypoxia
C will have no effect at all
D may improve the mental functions, so that the symptoms of hypoxia are much better to be
identified
Ref All
Question When assessing an individual’s risk in developing coronary artery disease, the
following factors may contribute:
Choices
1. obesity
2. distress
3. smoking
4. family history
Answers Correct
A Only 3 is correct, 1, 2 and 4 are false
Ref All
Question Which statement is correct regarding alcohol in the human body:

A Judgement and decision making can be affected even by a small amount of alcohol A
B A small amount of alcohol increases visual acuity
C An increase of altitude decreases the adverse effect of alcohol
D When drinking coffee, the human body metabolises alcohol at a faster rate than normal
Ref All
Question The carcinogen (a substance with the ability to produce modifications in cells which develop a cancer) in
the bronchi of the lungs is:
A tar A
B nicotine
C carbon monoxide
the bronchi of the lungs is:
D lead
Ref All
Question Drugs against allergies (antihistamines), when taken by an aviator can cause
the following undesirable effects:
Choices
1. Drowsiness, dizziness
2. Dry mouth
3. Headaches
4. Impaired depth perception
5. Nausea
Answers Correct
A only 3, 4 and 5 are correct
C only 1 is correct
D 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are correct D
Ref All
Question Cigarette smoking has particular significance to the flyer, because there are long-term and short-term
harmful effects. From cigarette smoking the pilot can get:
A a mild carbon monoxide poisoning increasing the pilot's tolerance to hypoxia
B a suppressed desire to eat and drink
C a mild carbon monoxide poisoning decreasing the pilot's tolerance to hypoxia C
D a mild carbon dioxide poisoning increasing the pilot's tolerance to hypoxia
Ref All
Question Glaucoma is characterised by:
Choices 1. disturbed light adaptation

2. progressive narrowing of the visual field
3. insidious onset and concealed progression
4. an increase in intro-ocular pressure
Answers Correct
C 2, 3 and 4 are correct, 1 is false C
Question Glaucoma is characterised by:
1. disturbed light adaptation

2. progressive narrowing of the visual field
3. insidious onset and concealed progression
4. an increase in intro-ocular pressure

Ref All
Question Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is caused by:

A pressure differences on both sides of the ear drum
B a blocked Eustachian tube
C damage of the sensitive membrane in the cochlea due to over-exposure to noise C
D reduced mobility of the ossicles
Ref All
Question Which of the following mechanisms regulate body temperature when exposed
to extreme high environmental temperatures?
Choices
1. Shivering
2. Vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels
3. Sweating
4. Vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels
Answers Correct
A 2, 3
B 1, 3, 4
C 3, 4 C
D 1
Ref All
Question Adverse effects of carbon monoxide increase as:

A air pressure increases
B altitude decreases
C altitude increases C
Question Adverse effects of carbon monoxide increase as:
D relative humidity decreases

Ref All
Question The chemical substance responsible for addiction to tobacco is:

A carbon monoxide
B tar
C the combination of nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide
D nicotine D
Ref All
Question A large number of medical preparations can be bought without a doctor's prescription. In relation to using
these preparations, which of the following is correct:
A the side effects of these types of preparations are sufficiently negligible as to be ignored by
pilots
B they will cause a condition of over-arousal
C a pilot using any of these preparations should get professional advice from an aviation medical C
specialist if he intends to fly and self-medicate at the same time
D they have no side effects which would give problems to a pilot during flight
Ref All
Question A passenger complains about a painful inflated belly at 8000 feet. You advise
him to:
Choices
1. unbuckle and massage the belly
2. stand up and let go the gases out of the intestines
3. eat less gas forming food and avoid carbohydrated beverages before flight in the future
4. drink a lot of water throughout the flight
Answers Correct
C 1 and 3 not advisable
D only 4 is correct
Ref All
Question We can observe the following in relation to a state of hypothermia:

A a rapid fall in ambient temperature
B a substantial increase in internal body temperature whereas peripheral temperature at the skin
is stable
C reasoning problems as soon as body temperature falls below 37oC C
D greater capacity for adaptation than in a hot atmosphere
Ref All
Question The following can be observed when the internal body temperature falls below 35oC:

A shivering, will tend to cease, and be followed by the onset of apathy A
B the appearance of intense shivering
C mental disorders, and even coma
D profuse sweating
Ref All
Question The retina allows for the acquisition of colours as a result of the:

A rods located in its central par
B crystalline lens
C rods located in its peripheral zone
D cones located in its central part D
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements are correct:
Choices 1. Scuba diving may be practised without restriction

2. Many medicines have effects which are incompatible with flight safety
3. An adequate amount of fluid should be drunk when flying
4. Diet has no repercussion on health
Answers Correct
Question Which of the following statements are correct:
1. Scuba diving may be practised without restriction

2. Many medicines have effects which are incompatible with flight safety
3. An adequate amount of fluid should be drunk when flying
4. Diet has no repercussion on health

Ref All
Question Our body takes its energy from:
Choices 1. minerals
2. protein
3. carbohydrates
4. vitamins
Answers Correct
A 1, 3
B 2, 3 B
C 1, 2, 3, 4
D 1, 4
Ref All
Question Carbon monoxide is always present in the exhaust gases of engines. If a pilot is exposed to carbon
monoxide, which of the following responses is correct?
A Carbon monoxide can only affect pilots if they are exposed to them for a long period of time
B When exposed to carbon monoxide for a long period of time, the body will adapt to it and no
adverse physical effects are experienced
C Carbon monoxide is easily recognised by odour and taste
D A short exposure to relatively high concentrations of carbon monoxide can seriously affect a D
pilot's ability to operate an aircraft
Ref All
Question What is peer pressure?

A pressure caused by too much information
B Self-imposed pressure by trying to live up to others performance or expectation B
C Self-imposed pressure by trying to prepare for flight test examinations
Question What is peer pressure?
D A situation where an individual is pressured to perceive (peer-pressured) to understand a

complicated task
Ref All
Question What is dysbarism?

A Dysbarism refers to the various medical problems caused by gas expansion induced by decreased A
barometric pressure
B A meter used to measure pressure and volume changes
C The combined effects of Boyles and Daltons Law
D Dysbarism refers to the various medical problems caused by body chemical imbalance
Ref All
Question What may predispose a person for a heart attack?

A Smoking, high cholesterol level, diet or blood pressure A
B Smoking, asthma, alcohol use and high blood pressure
C Age and stress
D Family history of asthma, smoking, over exertion and weight
Ref All
Question The phenomena called empty-field myopia is a problem for pilots when:

A Wearing polarised lenses
B Scanning for traffic at night (night blind spot)
C Attempting to scan for traffic in a featureless sky C
D An object appears to have different shapes when viewed at varying distances
Ref All
Question Astigmatism is:

A A condition caused by an equal curvature of the cornea
B An error in refraction in which the lens of the eye does not focus an image directly on the
retina
C A result of the normal ageing process
Question Astigmatism is:
D A condition caused by an unequal curvature of the lens of the eye D

Ref All
Question What is astigmatism?

A The inability to focus different meridians simultaneously (eg. cannot see vertical antenna and A
horizontal wires at the same time)
B Cannot see one or more colour
C Cannot focus well on an object far away
D Reduced vision of only one eye
Ref All
Question What is presbyopia?

A The lack of ability to resolve shapes and fine details of an object
B A result of the normal ageing process
C Presbyopia causes the lens to harden
D Both B and C are correct D
Ref All
Question How can a poor diet influence vision?

A Vitamin D is essential for night vision
B Vitamin C is an essential element in the build-up of conedospin (visual purple) in the cone
cells. Without this, night vision is degraded
C Vitamin A is an essential element in the build-up of rhodopsin (visual purple); without this, C
night vision is degraded
D A correct blood sugar level is an essential element in the build-up of conedospin (visual
purple) in the cone cells; without this, night vision is degraded
Ref All
Question How can noise damage hearing?

A Noise can fatigue the hearing rod cells and cause noise induced loss of hearing
B Exposure to loud noise may fatigue the hair cells so much that they need several hours of quiet
before they can revert to their normal state
Question How can noise damage hearing?
C If noise exposure is loud enough or continues too long, these hair cells may not return to their
normal state
Ref All
Question A pilot should not fly immediately after donating blood because:

A your heart rate is too low after blood-donation
B the chance you get the bends is higher after blood-donation
C your blood-pressure is too low after blood-donation
D you have an increased susceptibility to fainting D
Ref All
Question Alcohol degrades:

A stage 3 and 4 sleep
B slow wave sleep
C stage 2 sleep
D paradoxical sleep D
Ref All
Question Among the measures that a pilot should taken when in an area where gastro-intestinal upsets are endemic is:

A avoidance of cooked fruits
B avoidance of cooked meats
C avoidance of ice in cold drinks C
D avoidance of curries or gassy foods
Ref All
Question Among the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are:

A Difficulty in focussing on near-by objects
B Double vision and puffiness around the eyes
C Severe eye and head aches
Question Among the symptoms of hypoglycaemia are:
D Headache and lack of concentration D

Ref All
Question Approximately how long will a blood/alcohol level of 60 mgm/100 ml take to return to normal?

A 4 hours A
B 20 hours
C 12 hours
D 1 hour
Ref All
Question Barotrauma is caused by an increase or decrease in the volume of the gases contained in the body's cavities.
Which, in practice, are the most frequent locations of such problems?
A Facial sinuses, middle ear and dental cavities A
B Inner ear, facial sinuses and stomach
C Facial sinuses, outer ear and stomach
D Dental cavities, outer ear and eyes
Ref All
Question By what action could the pressure gradient between the middle and the outer ear be balanced?

A By breathing in
B By swallowing B
C By breathing out
D By coughing
Ref All
Question Caffeine may cause an increase in cardiac rate, restlessness/nervousness, insomnia, anxiety and intestinal
irritability. Excessive consumption is considered to be in excess of:
A 40-65 mg/day
B 3 mg/day
C 250 mg/day C
D 150 mg/day
Ref All
Question Cataract is caused by:

A A clouding of the lens A
B Lack of mobility of the cornea
C A lack of accommodation at the cornea
D A mis-shapened cornea
Ref All
Question Disruptions of pressure equalisation in air-filled cavities of the head (nose, ear etc) are called:

A hypoxia
B embolism
C barotraumas C
D hyperventilation
Ref All
Question Equalisation of air pressure between the outer and the middle ear is:

A more important during climb because the lower pressure within the middle ear can damage the
tympanic membrane
B impossible during descent because the pressure within the middle ear is higher than in the
ambient air
C important to prevent pain and loss of hearing during flight C
D difficult to achieve when pressure changes are at a low rate
Ref All
Question Even at normal cabin altitudes (ie. around 8000 ft) you can get severe abdominal pain and flatulence after
eating gas forming foods or fizzy drinks. The correct counter-measure is:
A climb to a higher altitude
B descend to a lower altitude B
C perform - valsalva manoeuvre
D use supplemental oxygen
Ref All
Question Excessive intake of aspirin can cause:
Question Excessive intake of aspirin can cause:

A Memory impairment
B Sensory loss
C Fits
D Gastric bleeding D
Ref All
Question Flying a non-pressurised light aircraft at 9,000 feet your passenger develops blue lips:

A you will attempt to calm him/her and occupying the passenger with suitable tasks
B you supply him with extra oxygen, but do not reduce altitude as the partial pressure of oxygen
never results in symptoms below 10,000 feet
C assuming he is hyperventilating you order him to stop breathing while you supply additional
oxygen
D assuming he is suffering from hypoxia you reduce altitude and supply him/her with oxygen D
Ref All
Question Glaucoma is due to:

A Excess light on the eyeball
B Drop in pressure of the liquid around the eye
C Damage to the eyeball due to high altitude
D increase in pressure of the liquid within the eye D
Ref All
Question Having a cold or an infection of the upper respiratory tract you:

A should not fly because the congestion of the frontal sinuses may cause great pain which can A
seriously affect your ability to control yourself and the aircraft
B may accept to fly an ambulance flight because 'Sinus squeeze' is rare and represents a minor
danger to aviation
C must be careful when flying because the infection may cause hyperglycaemia
D should not fly because the infection may cause hypoxia due to congestion in the nose
Ref All
Question Hepatitis 'A' is transmitted through:

A bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin
B droplets in the air caused by the breath of an infected person
C insect bites
D food or water which has been contamined D
Ref All
Question Cholera can be transmitted through:

A insect bites
B Droplets in the air caused by the breath of an infected person
C Food or water which has been contaminated C
D Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin
Ref All
Question In order to avoid hypoglycaemia:

A a pilot should not take snacks between meals
B a pilot should never eat sugar or sweets
C peanuts are recommended because of their high energy value
D a pilot should eat regularly and ensure he/she has a balanced diet D
Ref All
Question In tropical zones, it is recommended that:

A one eats raw vegetables
B one uses ice cubes in cold drinks
C cold drinks be taken from sealed containers C
D one eats fruit without peeling them, to ensure a supply of vitamins
Ref All
Question In-flight incapacitation of a pilot is most frequently caused by:

A behavioural disorders
Question In-flight incapacitation of a pilot is most frequently caused by:
B chronic pulmonary disorders

C cardio-vascular disorders
D acute gastrointestinal disorders D
Ref All
Question Loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens due to ageing occurs in:

A astigmatism
B myopia
C hypermetropia
D presbyopia D
Ref All
Question Medical conditions such as high blood pressure, coronary problems and diabetes are associated with:

A cholera
B anorexia nervosa
C obesity C
D hypoxia
Ref All
Question Physical exercise in high temperatures (tropical climates) may:

A cause the pilot to collapse, due to an excess of fluid in the body
B cause painful muscle and abdominal cramps B
C increase a pilot's resistance to decompression sickness
D cause dysentery
Ref All
Question Presbyopia causes a:

A lack of Vitamin A
B decrease of accommodation B
C lack of empty field
Question Presbyopia causes a:
D mis-shapened cornea
Ref All
Question Smoking 3 cigarettes in 1 hour at sea level will:

A not affect night vision when flying at sea level
B cause a lower degree of hypoxic tolerance B
C increase your G-tolerance considerably by increasing blood pressure
D prevent serious hyperventilation due to sedation effect of nicotine
Ref All
Question Tetanus is transmitted through:

A Food or water which has been contaminated
B Droplets in the air caused by the breath of an infected person
C Insect bites
D Bacteria in the form of spores via a puncture in the skin D
Ref All
Question The ability to withstand g forces is reduced by a number of factors, among these factors are:

A Hypoxia, fatigue and vibrations
B Low blood sugar, obesity and hypoxia B
C Smoking, obesity and vibrations
D Physical fitness, heat and hypotension
Ref All
cigarettes is:
A tar A
B nicotine
C carbon monoxide
D lead
Ref All
Question The dry atmosphere of the flight deck may caused dehydration, which may lead to a reduction in the ability
to pay attention. To prevent this, it is appropriate to:
A drink tea
B drink plenty of coffee
C drink cool cola drinks
D drink sufficient non-carbonated liquids D
Ref All
Question . The following course of action must be taken if gastrointestinal or
cardiopulmonary complaints or pain arise before take-off:
Choices
1. take the standard medicines and advise the doctor on returning from the flight
2. assess your own ability to fly, if necessary with the help of the doctor
3. if in doubt about fitness to fly – do not fly
4. reduce the cabin temperature, and drink before you are thirsty so as to avoid dehydration
Answers Correct
A 2, 3 A
B 1, 3
C 1, 4
D 1, 2, 4
Ref All
Question The following three conditions will decrease your G-tolerance:

A cold, 30 degrees backward tilted sitting position, short body (short stature)
B obesity, alcohol, sleep deprivation B
C loss of body fluids, full stomach, 20 degrees backward tilted sitting position
D old age, short body (short stature), an empty stomach
Ref All
Question The most dangerous type of incapacitation in flight is one that:

A develops slowly and gradually (insidious) A
B occurs very quickly
C is not severe in its effect
D is temporary
Question The most dangerous type of incapacitation in flight is one that:
Ref All
Question The organ which metabolises alcohol from the body is the:

A liver A
B spleen
C pancreas
D kidneys
Ref All
Question The phases of General Adaptation Syndrome are:

A Emergency, Medical and Recovery
B Alarm, Resistance and Exhaustion B
C Emergency, Resistance and Exhaustion
D Alarm, Resistance and Recovery
Ref All
Question To avoid incapacity due to gastro-intestinal problems, it is recommended that a simple, easily digested meal
before boarding the aircraft should be accompanied by:
A wine or beer
B non-carbonated water B
C carbonated water
D no drinks, as fluids are not important
Ref All
Question To prevent gastro-intestinal problems in tropical climates you should:
Choices 1. not eat salad or raw vegetables

2. always peel fruit
3. only eat food that has been properly cooked
4. avoid ice cream

Question To prevent gastro-intestinal problems in tropical climates you should:
1. not eat salad or raw vegetables

2. always peel fruit
3. only eat food that has been properly cooked
4. avoid ice cream
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3 and 4 A
B 1 and 2
C 1, 2 and 3
D 2 and 4
Ref All
Question Trace elements should be obtained through:

A a balanced diet A
B vitamin pills
C eating plenty of meat and vegetables
D dairy products and vegetables
Ref All
Question What diseases can be associated with contaminated water?

A Hydrophobia, Cholera, Dysentery
B Tetanus, Typhoid, Cholera
C Tetanus, Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery
D Typhoid, Cholera, Dysentery D
Ref All
Question What is meant by presbycusis?

A Gradual loss of hearing with age A
B Total loss of hearing in one ear due to use of a headset in the cockpit
Question What is meant by presbycusis?
C Total loss of hearing in both ears due to disease

D Gradual onset of long-sightedness with age
Ref All
Question When considering the eating habits of pilots:

A a heavy supper is best
B low fibre and low protein/carbohydrate diet is ideal
C breakfast should bring about 25% of the daily calorie intake C
D high intake of chocolate is recommended before flight to prevent reactional hypoglycaemia
Ref All
Question Which scanning technique should be used when flying at night?

A Look directly at the object
B Look to the side 910 - 15 deg) of the object B
C Blink your eyes
D Look with one eye
Ref All
Question A passenger complains about a painful inflated belly at 8000 feet. You advise
him to:
Choices
1. press his stomach in gently
2. stand up in order to release the gases out of the intestines
3. eat less gas forming food and avoid carbonhydrated beverages before
Answers Correct
A 1 and 3 not advisable
B 2, 3 are correct
D only 4 is correct
Ref All
Question Divided attention is the ability:
1. To execute several mental activities at almost the same time (ie. when switching attention from outside
Question Divided attention is the ability:
Choices 1. To execute several mental activities at almost the same time (ie. when switching attention from outside
the aircraft to the airspeed indicator on the instrument panel)
2. To monitor the progress of a motor programme (ie flying or taxiing the airplane) on a relatively
subconscious level, while making a radio call at the same time 9requiring a rather conscious level)
3. To select information and check if it is relevant to the task in hand. At the same time no other
operation can be performed
4. To delegate tasks to the co-pilot while concentrating on the procedures
Answers Correct
A Only 3 is false
D 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false D
Ref All
Question The first stage in the information process is:

A the recognition of information
B selective attention
C perception
D sensory stimulation D
Ref All
Question Working memory:

A is sensitive to interruptions which may erase all or some of its content A
B is unlimited in size
C is unlimited in duration
D varies considerably in size between an expert pilot and a novice pilot
Ref All
Question Which of the following characteristics apply to short-term memory?
Choices 1. It is limited in time and size

2. It is unlimited in time and limited in size
3. It is stable and insensitive to disturbance
4. It is limited in time and unlimited in size
Question Which of the following characteristics apply to short-term memory?
1. It is limited in time and size

2. It is unlimited in time and limited in size
3. It is stable and insensitive to disturbance
4. It is limited in time and unlimited in size
Answers Correct
A 3, 4
B 1, 3
C 1 C
D 2, 3
Ref All
Question The capacity of the short-term memory is

A unlimited
B very limited - only one item
C about 30 items
D about 7 items D
Ref All
Question The cocktail party effect is:

A the ability to drink too much at social gathering
B the ability to pick up relevant information unintentionally B
C the tendency to believe information that reinforces our mental model of the world
D the tendency not to perceive relevant information
Ref All
Question According to Wickens theory, the human brain has:

A processing capabilities which function at peak level when different tasks call for the same
resources
B unlimited information-processing resources
C cognitive resources which are centred on action
Question According to Wickens theory, the human brain has:
D different reservoirs of resources depending on whether one is in the information-gathering, D

information-processing or action phase
Ref All
Question What are the main signs indicating the loss of vigilance?
Choices 1. Decrease in sensory perception

2. Increase in selective attention
3. Sensation of muscular heaviness
4. Decrease in complacency
Answers Correct
A 2, 4
B 1, 4
C 2, 3
D 1, 3 D
Ref All
Question The human information processing system is highly efficient compared to computers because of its:

A speed
B flexibility B
C working memory capacity
D independency from attention
Ref All
Question What is the main adverse effect of expectations in the perception mechanism?

A Expectations often guide the focus of attention towards a particular aspect, while possible A
alternates are neglected
B They always lead to routine errors
C The unconscious mechanism of attention leads to focus on all relevant information
D The attention area is enlarged, thus it will lead to an uncertainty in regard to necessary
decisions
Ref All
Question Mental schemes correspond to:
Question Mental schemes correspond to:

A daily planning of probable dangerous situations
B the memorisation of regulatory procedures associated with a particular situation
C memorised procedures which develop and change rapidly during change- over to a new machine
D memorised representations of the various procedures and situations which can be reactivated by D
the pilot at will
Ref All
Question In the short-term-memory, information is stored for approximately

A 20 seconds A
B 5 minutes
C 1 hour
D a couple of days
Ref All
Question Working memory enables us, for example:

A to remember our own name
B to store a large amount of visual information for about 0.5 seconds
C to ignore messages for other aircraft
D to remember a clearance long enough to write it down D
Ref All
Question The main limit(s) of long-term is (are):

A the data storage time
B the quantity of data which may be stored
C the instantaneous inputting in memory of all information collected during the day, which comes
to saturate it
D Data retrieval as a result from a loss of access to the stored information D
Ref All
Question Concerning the capacity of the human long-term memory
Question Concerning the capacity of the human long-term memory

A it is structurally limited in terms of storage capacity, but unlimited in terms of storage time
B its storage capacity is unlimited B
C it is structurally limited in terms of storage time but not in terms of capacity
D its mode of storing information is passive, making memory searches effective
Ref All
Question What is divided attention?

A Difficulty of concentrating on a particular objective
B Ease of concentrating on a particular objective
C Alternative management of several matters of interest C
D The adverse effect of motivation which leads to one's attention being dispersed
Ref All
Question 1. Adaptation is a new state of equilibrium after having coped with a
stressful situation
Choices 2. An individual’s prospect of the situation and his/her abilities to cope
with it will determine the type and strength of stress
Answers Correct
B 1 is correct, 2 is false
C 1 is false, 2 is correct
Ref All
Question Learning is called each lasting change of behaviour due to:

A drug influence
B innate mechanisms
C maturation
D practice and experience D
Ref All
Question The development of procedures makes pilots more effective and more reliable in their actions. This is
called:
A procedural consistency A
B mental model
C knowledge-based behaviour
D procedural confusion
Ref All
Question The quality of learning:

A is promoted by feedback on the value of one's own performance A
B depends on long-term memory capacity
C is independent of the level of motivation
D is independent of age
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements about long-term memory are correct?
Choices 1. Information is stored there in the form of descriptive, rule-based and schematic knowledge
2. The period of time for which information is retained is limited by the frequency with which this same
information is used
3. It processes information quickly and has an effective mode of access in real time
4. Pre-activation of necessary knowledge will allow for a reduction in access time
Answers Correct
A 1 and 4 are correct A
D 2 and 4 are correct
Ref All
Question In an abnormal situation the pilot has an apparently correct explanation for the problem. The chance that
he/she now ignores or devalues other relevant information, not fitting into his/her mental picture is:
A decreasing
B the same, no matter if he/she has already made up his/her mind
C not applicable with old and experienced pilots
D increasing D
Ref All
Question The readiness for tracing information which could indicate the development of a critical situation:

A makes no sense because the human information processing system is limited anyway
B is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the aircraft
C is necessary to maintain good situational awareness C
D is responsible for the development of inadequate mental models of the real world
Ref All
Question Conscious perception:

A relates to the correct recognition of colours
B relies upon the development of intuition
C involves the transfer of information from the receptor to the brain only
D is a mental process involving experience and expectations D
Ref All
Question Motivation is a quality which is often considered vital in the pilots work to maintain safety:

A a high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in complete
safety
B is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the aircraft
C is necessary to maintain good situational awareness C
Ref All
Question The ability of detecting relevant information which is not presented in an actively monitored input channel
is known as:
A attention A
B perception
C sensation
D appreciation
Ref All
Question Illusions of interpretation (cognitive illusions) are:

A due mainly to a conflict between the various sensory systems
B associated with the task of mental construction of the environment B
C due mainly to a poor interpretation of instrumental data
D solely induced in the absence of external reference points
Ref All
Question How can the process of learning be facilitated?

A By increasing the psychological pressure on the student
B By reinforcing successful trials B
C By punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials
D By reinforcing errors
Ref All
Question To facilitate and reduce the time taken to access information in long-term memory, it is helpful to:

A structure irrelevant information as much as possible before committing it to memory
B mentally rehearse information before it is needed B
C avoid to rehearse information which we know we will need soon
D learn and store data in a logical and structured way
Ref All
Question The maximum number of unrelated items that can be stored in working memory is:

A about 30 items
B unlimited
C about 7 items C
D very limited - only 3 items
Ref All
Question Information stays in the short-term memory:

A less than 1 second
Question Information stays in the short-term memory:
B from 5 to 10 minutes
C around 24 hours
D about 20 seconds D
Ref All
Question Motor programmes are:

A stored routines that enable patterns of behaviour to be executed only under continuous conscious
control
B stored routines that enable patterns of behaviour to be executed without continuous conscious B
control
C rules that enable us to deal with novel situations
D rules that enable us to deal with pre-conceived situations
Ref All
Question Which of the following tasks are possible to do simultaneously without mutual interference?

A Read and listen attentively
B Maintain manual straight and level flight and solve a problem B
C Listen attentively and solve a problem
D Talk and rehearse a frequency in working memory
Ref All
Question Mental training, mental rehearsal of cognitive pre-training is called the inner, ideomotor simulation of
actions.
A It is most important for the acquisition of complex perceptual motor skills A
B It is most important for self-control
C It is most effective, if it is practiced on an abstract level if imagination
D It is more effective than training by doing
Ref All
Question Mental training is helpful to improve flying skills:

A only at a certain level of flying experience
Question Mental training is helpful to improve flying skills:
B at all levels of flying proficiency B

C only for student pilots
D only for instructor pilots
Ref All
Question A selective attentional mechanism is required:

A because of the limitations of the sense organs
B because of limitations in our store of motor programmes
C because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker and working memory C
D because the capacity of the long term memory is limited
Ref All
Question Long-term memory is an essential component of the pilot's knowledge and expertise:

A Long-term memory stores knowledge on a temporary basis
B because of limitations in our store of motor programmes
C because of the limited capacity of the central decision maker and working memory C
D because the capacity of the long term memory is limited
Ref All
Question In order to provide optimum human performance it is advisable to:

A establish strategies for planning, automating and managing resources (in real time) A
B plan a maximum of objectives and non-automated actions
C avoid powerful behaviour expedient of automating tasks
D plan future actions and decisions at least a couple of days in advance
Ref All
Question The acquisition of expertise comprises three stages (Anderson model):

A automatic, cognitive and knowledge
B cognitive, associative and autonomous B
C cognitive, associative and knowledge
Question The acquisition of expertise comprises three stages (Anderson model):
D associative, autonomous and expert

Ref All
Question The gestalt laws formulates:

A basic principles governing how objects are mentally organised and perceived A
B basic principles governing the relationship between stress and performance
C basic principles governing the effects of habit and experience
D basic principles regarding to the relationship between motivation and performance
Ref All
Question Which of the following are the most favourable solutions to manage phases of
reduced or low vigilance (hypovigilance)?
Choices
1. Healthy living
2. Use of amphetamines
3. Reducing the intensity of the light
4. Organising periods of rest during the flight
Answers Correct
A 1, 4 A
B 1, 2
C 1, 3
D 3, 4
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements concerning hypovigilance is correct?
Hypovigilance:
A tends to occur at the end of the mission as a result of a relaxation in the operators attention
B only affects certain personality types
C may occur at any moment of the flight C
D essentially occurs several minutes after the intense take-off phase
Ref All
Question What are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance
(hypovigilance)?
Question What are the main factors which bring about reduced or low vigilance
(hypovigilance)?
Choices
1. The monotony of the task
2. Tiredness, the need for sleep
3. A lack of stimulation
4. Excessive stress
Answers Correct
A 1, 3
B 3, 4
C 1, 2, 3 C
D 2, 4
Ref All
Question What are the main strategies for adapting to time constraints?

A The preparation of action and time management
B The prioritisation of tasks and the application of procedures
C The preparation of action and the application of procedures
D The preparation of action and the prioritisation of tasks D
Ref All
Question In problem-solving, what determines the transition from rules-based activities to a knowledge-based
activity?
A The unsuitability of the known rules for the problem posed A
B Attentional capture
C Knowledge of rules which apply to the problem posed
D The unsuitability of the automated action
Ref All
Question Under what circumstances will a pilot change from automated level to rule-based level?

A When detecting, that an automated behaviour will no longer lead to the intended outcome A
B Failure of all the known rules
C The appearance of a situation or problem which is unknown and completely new
D An automated cognitive check procedure
Question Under what circumstances will a pilot change from automated level to rule-based level?
Ref All
Question Getting uneasy will effect:
Choices 1. attention
2. concentration
3. memory
4. prudence
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question Whilst flying a co-ordinated turn, most of your activity is:

A skill based behaviour A
B coping behaviour
C knowledge based behaviour
D rule based behaviour
Ref All
Question The choice of the moment you select flaps depending on situation and conditions of the landing is:

A always automated behaviour
B skill based behaviour B
C knowledge based behaviour
D pressure based behaviour
Ref All
Question Which of the following are primary sources of motivation in day-to-day
professional life?
Choices
1. Being in control of one’s own situation
2. Fear of punishment
3. Success (achievement of goals)
Question Which of the following are primary sources of motivation in day-to-day
professional life?
1. Being in control of one’s own situation

2. Fear of punishment
3. Success (achievement of goals)
4. Social promotion, money
Answers Correct
A 3, 4
B 1, 2, 3
C 1, 2, 3, 4 C
D 2, 4
Ref All
Question What are the various factors which guide attention?
Choices 1. The level of automation of behaviour

2. Response time
3. The salience of the information
4. Expectations
Answers Correct
A 1
B 2, 4
C 1, 3, 4 C
D 4
Ref All
Question With regard to short-term memory, we can say that:

A it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and is limited in its capacity for A
storing and retaining data
B it is made up of everyday information for immediate use, and is limited in terms of the time for
which it retains data but not in its storage capacity
C it mainly contains procedural knowledge
D it is a stable form of working memory, and thus not very sensitive to any disturbance
Ref All
Question 1. Lively information is easier to take into consideration for creating a mental
picture than boring information
Choices 2. The sequence in which information is offered is also important for the use
the pilot makes of it
Answers Correct
B 1 and 2 are both not correct
C 1 is correct
D 2 is correct
Ref All
Question How can optimum arousal and vigilance be obtained?

A Optimum arousal and vigilance are best obtained among two assertive crew members
B Experts believe that arousal and performance are related by an inverted V- shaped curve. Deep B
sleep is at one end, extreme panic the other. Both result in poor performance. Optimum arousal
and vigilance are obtained at the mid-point between the two
C Experts believe that arousal and performance are related by an inverted V- shaped curve. Both
result in poor performance. Optimum arousal and vigilance are obtained during low workload
D Optimum vigilance, in its most acute forms, is an extremely agitated condition. It is normally
only obtained in a state of panic or near panic
Ref All
Question Select the correct definition of vigilance:

A Vigilance has always been important in aviation. A vigilant is one that does not require
consistent monitoring without lapses in attention
B A vigilant task is one that requires consistent monitoring without lapses in attention. B
Vigilance is simply defined as sustained attention
C A vigilant task is one that requires assertive behaviour
D The reception of the elements in the environment within a volume of space and time, the
comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future
Ref All
Question Give an example of vigilance:

A Dividing your attention between technical and non-technical duties
B A vigilant crew member notifies the entire crew of a problem
Question Give an example of vigilance:
C An example of vigilance would be to continuously scan for other aircraft during a long flight C
D An example of vigilance would be when a crew member plans ahead and is anticipating what will or
could happen
Ref All
Question What is hypovigilance?

A Hypovigilance (hypervigilance), is in its most acute forms, an extremely agitated state of panic A
or near panic. It is characterised by indiscriminate attention to all sports of minor and major
threat cues, as the person frantically searches for means of escaping the anticipated danger
B A rapid breathing pattern caused by stress
C A rapid breathing pattern caused by fear
D Both B and C are correct
Ref All
Question Anxiety can affect:
Choices 1. Judgement
2. Attention
3. Memory
4. Concentration
Answers Correct
A 1 only is correct
B All are correct B
C 1, 2 and 4 only are correct
D 1 and 2 only are correct
Ref All
Question In a complex task high levels of arousal

A narrow the span of attention A
B improve performance
C lead to better decision-making
D reduce failures
Ref All
Question Information received from the senses is lost:

A if you choose to store the information in one of the sensory memories (eg. Iconic or Echoic
memories)
B if an additional action takes place (eg. pulling a circuit breaker or extinguishing a warning
light)
C within 10 - 20 seconds unless it is rehearsed and deliberately placed in the Long Term Memory C
D only if you suffer from brain damage or disease
Ref All
Question Name the commonest problem of the Long Term Memory and how would you counteract it?

A Any item can be recalled from the LTM with ease as long as it has been stored correctly
B Unless an item \is recalled regularly, it becomes more and more difficult to retrieve from the B
LTM store
C Facts can be stored in the episodic memory instead of the semantic memory. Careful attention in
learning will counteract this error
D Recent events can become muddled in the LTM. Careful attention to detail associated with memory
bench marking will go a long way towards avoiding this tendency
Ref All
Question Our mental model of the world is based:

A entirely on past experiences
B entirely on the sensory information we receive
C on both our past experiences and the sensory information we receive C
D on both our past experiences and our motor programmes
Ref All
Question The acquisition of a motor programme (skill) will mean that:

A the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the less it frees resources
B the more behaviour is automated, the more it requires attention and the more it frees resources
C the more behaviour is automated, the less it requires conscious attention and thus the more it C
frees mental resources
D the less behaviour is automated, the less it requires attention and the more it frees resources
Ref All
Question The acquisition of a skill comprises three stages (Anderson model):

A cognitive, associative and knowledge
B cognitive, associative and automatic B
C associative, autonomous and expert
D automatic, cognitive and knowledge
Ref All
Question The Cocktail Party Effect is associated with:

A attention mechanisms A
B communications
C cohesion
D adaptation
Ref All
Question The long term memory is influenced by:

A experience, repetition, suggestion, desires and expectations A
B the time of the day, gender, intelligence and blood pressure
C short term memory only
D short term memory and intelligence only
Ref All
Question The main limitation of the long-term memory is:

A the quantity of data which may be stored
B unless information is accessed from time to time, retrieval of information can be difficult B
C if enough information is entered at the same time, saturation may take place
D the data storage time
Ref All
Question The most dangerous characteristic of perception is, that it:

A will only occur under conditions of stress
Question The most dangerous characteristic of perception is, that it:
B will mainly occur under conditions of relaxation

C is extremely resistant to correction C
D can easily be changed
Ref All
Question The phases of learning a Motor Programme are:

A Initial, Interim and Final phases
B Cognitive, Associative and Automatic phases B
C 1st, 2nd and 3rd phases
D Induction, Simulation and Practice phases
Ref All
Question The Skill-based, Rule-based, Knowledge-based Model (Jens Rasmussen) is associated with:

A personality
B risk
C behaviour C
D motor programmes
Ref All
Question What are the main limits of short-term memory?
Choices 1. very sensitive to interruptions and interference

2. difficult to access
3. limited in size
4. information is lost within approximately 20 seconds unless it is actively or deliberately placed?
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3
B 1, 3, 4 B
C 2, 3
D 2, 4
Ref All
Question What are two types of attention?

A Cognitive and intuitive
B Intuitive and behavioural
C Divided and behavioural
D Selective an divided D
Ref All
Question Where on the arousal/performance graph is a pilot best placed to cope with a difficult task without
performance degrading?
A At the breakpoint
B Beyond the breakpoint
C Below the breakpoint C
D at any point on the graph
Ref All
Question The human performance is generally:

A always better in the evening than in the morning
B better very early in the morning
C better when relaxed, independent of the period of day C
D constant throughout the day
Ref All
Question How can man cope with low error tolerant situations?

A By generally avoiding situations in which tolerance to error is low
B By increasing error detection in all circumstances
C by randomly applying a combination of optimum detection, warning and monitoring systems
D By constantly complying with cross-over verification procedures (cross monitoring) D
Ref All
Question The performance of the man machine system is above all:

A a combination in which the pilot must keep the main repetitive tasks and automated systems under
Question The performance of the man machine system is above all:
B a balanced combination between someone actively engaged in his work and automated systems which
serve to control the pilot's workload
C a combination which must make the pilot available for the sphere in which he is most qualified,
namely checking departures from the normal operating range
D a combination which is based on decreasing the pilot's workload and increasing his time for D
supervision
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements best fits the definition of an active error? Active error is:

A produced wither by a front-line operator or by a remote operator and results in a hidden or
latent consequence at a specific moment of the action
B produced by the operator and can be rapidly detected via the effects and consequences which it B
induces on the overall action
C essentially results from the application of a bad rule or the poor application of a good rule by
airplane designers
D rare in front-line actions and difficult to detect owing to the fact that it usually occurs in a
complex system of uncontrolled and involuntary deviations
Ref All
Question The descriptive aspect of errors according to Hollnagels model describes
various directly observable types of erroneous actions which are:
Choices
1. Repetition and omission
2. The forward leap and the backward leap
3. Intrusion and anticipation
4. Intrusion
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 4 A
B 1, 3
C 2, 4
D 1, 2, 3
Ref All
Question It is desirable to standardise as many patterns of behaviour (operating procedures) as possible in
commercial aviation mainly because:
A such behaviour reduces errors even under adverse circumstances A
B this lowers the ability requirement in pilot selection
Question It is desirable to standardise as many patterns of behaviour (operating procedures) as possible in
commercial aviation mainly because:
C this reduces the amount of training required
D it makes the flight deck easier to design
Ref All
Question What are the main consequences of latent errors?
They:
Choices
1. Remain undetected in the system for a certain length of time
2. May only manifest themselves under certain conditions
3. Are quickly detectable by the front-line operator whose mental schemes on the instantaneous situation
filter out formal errors
4. Lull the pilots into security. The correct statement(s) is (are):
Answers Correct
A 2, 3 and 4
B 1 and 2
C 1 and 3
D 1, 2 and 4 D
Ref All
Question When can a system be said to be tolerant to error?When:

A latent errors do not entail serious consequences for safety
B its safety system is too permeable to error
C its safety system has taken account of all statistically probable errors
D the consequences of an error will not seriously jeopardise safety D
Ref All
Question Errors which occur during highly automated actions may result from:
Choices 1. The capture of a poor action sub-programme

2. A mistake in the decision making process
3. The application of a poor rule
4. An action mode error
Answers Correct
A 1, 4 A
B 1, 2
Question Errors which occur during highly automated actions may result from:
1. The capture of a poor action sub-programme

2. A mistake in the decision making process
4. An action mode error
C 3, 4
D 2, 3, 4
Ref All
Question With regard to the average influence of age on pilot performance, it may be said that age:

A has little impact when the pilot is able to compensate for it by his/her flight experience A
B sharply reduces performance without, however, affecting cognitive capabilities
C has a major impact owing to the impairment of memory
D increase in impact as speed of thought and memory deteriorate
Ref All
Question According to Rasmussen's model, errors are of the following type(s) in skill-based control mode:

A creative errors
B routine errors B
C knowledge errors
D handling errors
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements fits best the concept of latent error? Latent errors:

A are mainly associated with the behaviour of front-line operators and are only detected after
advanced problem-solving
B rapidly may be detected via their immediate consequences on the action in progress
C have been present in the system for a certain length of time and are difficult to understand as C
a result of the time lag between the generation and the occurrence of the error
D are rarely made by front-line operators and are consequently readily identified and detected by
the monitoring, detection and warning links
Ref All
Question What are the main characteristics of active errors?
They:
Choices
1. are detectable only with difficulty by first-line operators
2. have rapid and direct consequences on the action in progress
3. are down to first-line operators
4. have an impact on the overall action whose timing may be affected significantly
Answers Correct
A 2, 3 A
B 1, 2
C 3, 4
D 1, 4
Ref All
Question Select the most correct statement about human error.

A To minimise human error, one must first understand its nature A
B The definition of human error as used to improve aviation safety, can put the blame on the
individuals
C Human error can be eliminated
D The skilled pilot will not make human errors
Ref All
Question Give an example of random error:

A A pilot tends to forget to turn off the beacon after his/her flights
B The rifle shoots on a target is to the right side of the centre
C The rifle shoots on a target has not hit the centre. Some hits are too high and some too low C
D A pilot forgot to set the correct altimeter setting causing a controlled flight into terrain
(CFIF) accident
Ref All
Question How can the error chain help pilots to prevent accidents?

A Correct use of the error chain will in itself prevent most accidents
B Recognition of the presence of the elements of the error chain does not in itself eliminate B
the risk of an accident. Instead, it serves as a warning to the crew that they must take
Question How can the error chain help pilots to prevent accidents?
C Recognition of the presence of the elements of the error chain will eliminate the risk of an
accident
D The error chain can help flight crew minimise the effects after a serious error has caused a
problem
Ref All
Question Select the links in the error chain:

A Ambiguity, distractions, non-one flying, no-one looking outside, non- standard procedures,
violating minima, unresolved discrepancies, departure from SOP and incomplete communications
B Ambiguity, distractions, confusion, no-one flying, no-one looking outside, non-standard
procedures, violating minima, unresolved discrepancies, departure from SOP and incomplete
communications
C Ambiguity, distractions, confusion, no-one flying, no-one looking outside, non-standard
communications
D Ambiguity, distractions, confusion, no-one flying, no-one looking outside, fatigue, non-standard D
communications
Ref All
Question Active errors/failures are committed at:

A the human/system interface and have an immediate effect A
B the human/system interface and have a delayed effect
C the system/system interface and have an immediate effect
D the system/system interface and have a delayed effect
Ref All
Question Among the external factors that may contribute to an error, cockpit noise and the restriction of the field
of view due to windscreen design correspond to:
A social factors
B organisational factors
C psychobiological factors
D ergonomic factors D
Ref All
Question An unnoticed way-point error entered in an aircraft data base is an example of:

A Latent failure/error A
B Pro-active failure/error
C Re-active failure/error
D Active failure/error
Ref All
Question Human error rates during the performance of a simple and repetitive task can normally be expected to be
approximately:
A 1 in 50
B 1 in 10 B
C 1 in 100
D 1 in 250
Ref All
Question If one error is allowed to effect a whole system, the system is described as:

A Error tolerant
B Error-prone
C Vulnerable C
D Corrupted
Ref All
Question Mode Error is associated with:

A Hardware
B Automation B
C Check lists
D Vertigo
Ref All
Question Organisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human
error are:
Choices
1. malfunction of technical systems
Question Organisational factors which affect or may have some influence on human
error are:
1. malfunction of technical systems

2. fuel-saving policies
3. rostering
4. weather phenomena
Answers Correct
A 2 and 3 A
B 1 and 4
C 1 and 2
D 3 and 4
Ref All
Question The causes of human error can be abundant and complex. Which of the
following factors could contribute to human error?
Choices
1. Personality
2. Motivation and attitudes
3. Emotional state
4. External environmental factors
Answers Correct
A 2 and 3
B 1, 2 and 3
C 1, 2, 3 and 4 C
D 2, 3 and 4
Ref All
Question The errors of a motor programme are:

A Action Slip and Environmental Capture (Habituation) A
B Habituation and Error of Commission
C Action Slip and Confirmation Bias
Question The errors of a motor programme are:
D Confirmation error and Error of Commission

Ref All
Question Waiting for take-off on the runway, a pilot is informed by the tower that the tail wind component is 12 kt.
According to the manual, the limitation is 10 kt max. The pilot makes a decision to take-off anyway, as the
Choices runway is long. What type of error is?
Answers Correct
A This is neither an error or a violation the pilot is using his initiative
B An error of reasoning
C A decision error
D A violation D
Ref All
Question We generate Mental Models on:

A 3-D vision
B stereopsis
C imagination
D past experience and learning D
Ref All
Question What are the main characteristics of active errors?
They:
Choices 1. are detectable only with difficulty by first-line operators
2. have rapid and direct consequences on the action in progress
3. occur at the human/machine interface
4. lie dormant
Answers Correct
A 1, 4
B 1, 2
C 3, 4
D 2, 3 D
Ref All
Question What is the current approach to human error?

Question What is the current approach to human error?
A Realisation that humans are infallible and that systems/procedures should be designed to
minimise human error
B Realisation that humans are infallible and that systems and procedures should be brought into
line to prevent system/procedural errors
C Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be designed to C
minimise human error
D Realisation that humans are fallible and that systems and procedures should be brought into line
to prevent system, latent and procedural errors
Ref All
Question Which of the following concepts relating to human reliability is true?

A Performance is totally independent of motivation
B Response to a particular stressful influence does not vary from one person to another
C Expectation has no influence on perception
D If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it D
will be
Ref All
Question Which of the following human error rates can be described and pretty good realistic and pretty good after
methodical training?
A 1 in 10,000 times
B 1 in 100 times
C 1 in 1000 times C
D 1 in 100,000 times
Ref All
Question To avoid wrong decisions by the pilot, an aircraft system should at least be able to:

A tolerate the deviation
B report the deviation
C correct the deviation
D report its malfunction D
Ref All
Question CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:
Question CRM (Crew Resource Management) training is:

A intended to develop effectiveness of crew performance by improving attitudes towards flight A
safety and human relationship management
B not intended to change the individuals attitude at all
C intended solely to alter an individuals personality
D is mainly of relevance to pilots with personality disorders or inappropriate attitudes
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Which of the following abilities will not improve efficient decision making on the cockpit?

A Communicational skills and social competence
B Ability to persuade others to follow their own point of view B
C Ability to search for and examine all available information regarding a situation
D Ability to think ahead and specify alternative courses of action
Ref All
Question Which biases relate to human decision making?
Choices 1. Personal experience tends to alter the perception of the risk of an event occurring
2. There is a natural tendency to want to confirm our decision even in the face of facts which contradict it
3. The group to which an individual belongs tends to influence the particular decision
4. There is natural tending to select only objective facts for decision-making purposes
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3 A
B 1, 2
C 3, 4
D 1, 2, 4
Ref All
Question When a pilot is facing a problem during flight he should:

A take as much time as he needs and is available to make up his mind A
B always make up his mind quickly to give himself as much spare time as possible
C avoid making up his mind until the very last minute
Question When a pilot is facing a problem during flight he should:
D make up his mind before consulting other crew members

Ref All
Question In terms of decision-making, the intention to become integrated into the team, to be recognised as the
leader or to avoid conflicts may lead to:
A the improvement of internal risk assessment capabilities
B an authoritarian approach thus demonstrating ones own ability to lead
C the attempt to agree on decisions made by other crew members C
D the suggestion of a sequential solution in which everyone can contribute what he/she knows
Ref All
Question The decision making in emergency situations requires firstly:

A the whole crew to focus on the problem
B speed of reaction
C informing ATC thoroughly about the situation
D distribution of tasks and crew co-ordination D
Ref All
Question Habits and routine can influence decision-making in a way that:

A professional pilots will never question established procedures
B one always wants to see previous experience confirmed by new decisions
C a tendency to select the most familiar solution first and foremost, sometimes to the detriment C
of achieving the best possible result
D one always selects a choice in accordance with the company's usual practices
Ref All
Question The confirmation bias of decision making is:

A a tendency not to look for information which would reassure oneself about a decision
B a tendency not to seek for information which confirms a judgement
C a tendency to ignore that information which indicates that a tendency is poor C
D a tendency to look for facts that confirm expectations before implementing one's decision
Question The confirmation bias of decision making is:
Ref All
Question Judgement is based upon:

A the development of skills from constant practice of flight manoeuvres
B a process involving a pilots attitude to take and to evaluate risks by assessing the situation B
and making decisions based upon knowledge, skill and experience
C the ability to interpret the flight instruments
D a decision making process involving physical sensations and their transfer to manually operate
the aircraft controls
Ref All
Question You are transporting a passenger who has to be at a certain destination for a meeting. The weather forecast
at destination tends to be much worse than expected, so you consider to divert. The businessman offers you
Choices money if you manage to land there at any case. What is your appropriate way of action? You will:
Answers Correct
A divert in any case to demonstrate who is the man in charge aboard
B decide to divert if you think it is necessary B
C see what you can do and ask the co-pilot to tolerate any decision
D continue and think about the nice things you can buy from the money
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements is correct regarding decision making?

A Deciding means applying an automatic procedure
B Deciding means choosing between alternatives B
C Deciding means being able to come up with original solutions
D Deciding means imposing one's point of view
Ref All
Question An excessive need for safety:

A guarantees the right decision making in critical situations
B hampers severely the way of pilot decision making B
C is absolutely necessary for a safe flight operation
D is the most important attribute of a fine pilot
Question An excessive need for safety:
Ref All
Question The assessment of risk in a particular situation will be based on:

A subjective perception and evaluation of situational factors A
B external factors only
C the emergency checklist only
D situational factors only
Ref All
Question Once a pilot has developed a certain way of thinking about a problem he will probably:

A find it difficult to stick to his/her interpretation of the data
B find it easy to interpret the data in different ways
C find it impossible to get out of that way of thinking, whatever happens
D find it difficult to get out of that way of thinking and difficult to try a different D
interpretation of the data
Ref All
Question Murphy's law states:

A Expectation has an influence on perception
B Performance is dependent on motivation
C If equipment is designed in such a way that it can be operated wrongly, then sooner or later, it C
will be
D Response to a particular stressful influence varies from one person to another
Ref All
Question Which problem may be overlooked in the process of making a decision?

A The captain's superior knowledge, justified by his/her status
B Owing to great haste, bypassing analysis of the current actual situation in order to apply the B
decision prepared beforehand
C Preparing decisions often leads to strategies of minimum commitment
D Preparing decisions promotes the appearance of inflexibilities
Question Which problem may be overlooked in the process of making a decision?
Ref All
Question Decision-making is a concept which represents:

A a voluntary and conscious process of selection, from among possible solutions, for a given A
problem
B an automated or automation-like act of applying defined procedures
C an automatic process of selection from among the various solutions to a given problem
D a spontaneous act of seeking the most effective solution in a given situation when faced with a
defined problem
Ref All
Question Which of the following characteristics form part of decision-making on the flight deck?

A A good decision depends on analysis of the situation A
B A decision is only valid in a defined and delimited time
C A good decision can always be reversed if its result does not come up to expectations
D A group decision must always be established prior to action
Ref All
Question Decision-making results in:

A a subjective choice concerning applicable solutions
B a choice between different solutions for achieving a goal B
C a choice always based on the experience of the PIC
D an objective choice concerning applicable solutions for a given end
Ref All
Question What happens in problem-solving when the application of a rule allows for the situation to be resolved?

A A switch is made to knowledge-based mode in order to continue monitoring of the problem
B A second monitoring rule must be applied
C Actions return to an automatic mode C
D A switch is made to knowledge mode in order to refine the results
Question What happens in problem-solving when the application of a rule allows for the situation to be resolved?
Ref All
Question Many pilots think up systems to deal with affairs so they do not have to think up every time what they have
to do:
A this has to be advised against for it reduces flexibility at a moment a problem has to be solved
by improvisation
B this has to be positively appreciated for it increases consistency in action B
C this is dangerous for every situation is different
D this has to be rejected for the company draws the rules and the procedures they have to comply
with
Ref All
Question Which of the following answers includes situational awareness skills?

A Assertiveness
B Combination of tasks and relationships
C Defend, maintain and insist
D Monitor, evaluate and anticipate D
Ref All
Question A pilot meets the ground engineer in charge on the apron. Although the pilot has not been through flight
preparation yet, he nevertheless instructs the engineer as to the amount of fuel to be loaded, since he is
Choices used to flying this route. This behaviour represents:
Answers Correct
A a decision bias due to habits (frequency bias) A
B a bias in selecting data
C a confirmation bias
D a decision bias due to group (social) pressure
Ref All
Question Decisions made by pilots in a cockpit:

A are always irreversible
B remain valid for a limited time only B
C should always be made as quickly as possible
D are automatic when pilots are experts
Question Decisions made by pilots in a cockpit:
Ref All
Question Having made an important decision, a Commander of an aircraft should:

A Always try to make time to explain the reasons for the decision even if it is after landing A
B Explain the reasons for the decision only if time permits in the air
C As the leader of the crew, never need explain the reasons behind the decision
D Explain the reasons for the decision only if asked
Ref All
Question In order to make sound decisions it is important to:

A understand why and how we make decisions A
B avoid situational awareness
C keep a low level of stress by excluding non-verbal communication
D accept that the Captain, because of his/her authority, tends to be correct
Ref All
Question In the decision-making process, confirmation bias results in:

A a tendency to look for approval by other crew-members or by the ATC
B choosing familiar solutions, even if they are not the best ones
C over-estimating the frequency of some events
D a tendency to look for information which confirms the validity of the decision D
Ref All
Question Less experienced pilots differ from experienced pilots in the following way:

A inexperienced pilots refer to information more than experts when carrying out the same task A
B experienced pilots are less routine-minded than young pilots because they know that routine
causes mistakes
C task for task, an expert's workload is greater than that of a novice
D flight planning performance decreases with age, and experience is never sufficient to mask this
deficiency
Question Less experienced pilots differ from experienced pilots in the following way:
Ref All
Question The best method to avoid Confirmation Bias is to:

A precise and careful pre-flight briefings
B Deliberately confirm that the receiver has understood the information that has been passed to
him/her
C Double-check that you have not fitted the ground over which you are passing to your map
D Search for information that will falsify the hypothesis D
Ref All
Question What are the main advantages that the human possesses over those of a machine in the decision making
process?
A The ability to analyse and compare
B The ability to analyse and memorise
C Creativity, innovation, adaptability C
D The ability to reach the most advantageous option from a number of choices
Ref All
Question Which of the following is most likely to be overlooked should a pilot make a rushed decision?

A The skills of air traffic controllers
B Analysis of the actual situation and applying a prepared decision instead B
C Rules and regulations
D The captain's superior knowledge justified by his/her status
Ref All
Question Safety is often improved by applying the principles of CRM, eg:

A expression of one's doubts or different opinion for as long as this doubt cannot be rejected on A
the base of evidence
B unquestioned obedience to all the Captain's decisions
C abstention from any suggestion which might be untimely
D the avoidance of any conflict in order to preserve the crew's synergy
Question Safety is often improved by applying the principles of CRM, eg:
Ref ATPL AND H

Question Which of the following sentences concerning crew performance is correct?

A Mistakes can always be detected and corrected faster by the individual
B To be a member of a team cannot increase one¿s own motivation to succeed in coping with task
demands
C The quality of crew performance depends on the social-competence of individual team members C
D The quality of crew performance is not dependent on social-competence of individual team members
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Co-action is a mode of co-ordination which recommends:

A the application of procedural knowledge in the conduct of specific actions
B a behavioural expedient associated with the de-synchronisation of the co- ordinated actions
C The co-ordinated action of unrelated individual performances in achieving a non-standard task
D The co-ordinated action of all members towards a common objective, in which collective D
performance is proving to be more than the sum of the individual performances
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Doing a general briefing in the pre-flight phase the captain should emphasise:

A to avoid inadequate handling of flight controls
B particular requirements in the field of crew co-ordination due to specific circumstances B
C complete delegation of all duties
D to depart on schedule
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Using a checklist prior to start is a contribution to:

A frustration
B safety because the concentration on the checklist times will draw the pilot's attention to B
flight related tasks, reducing distraction from personal stress
C stress because time pressure prior to take-off is always present
D workload, because using checklists will increase the pilot's workload prior take-off
Question Using a checklist prior to start is a contribution to:
Ref ATPL AND H

Question Informal roles within a crew:

A do not impair the captain's influence
B characterise inefficient crews
C evolve as a result of the interactions that take place among crew members C
D are explicitly set out by the crew
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Of the following statements, which apply to co-ordinated co-operation?
Choices 1. It allows for synergy in the actions between the captain and the pilot
2. It represents the simultaneous execution of a single action by the various members of the crew
3. Communication in this mode has the function of synchronising actions and distributing responsibilities
4. Communication must be essentially focussed on temporal and cognitive synchronisation
Answers Correct
A 1, 2 and 4
B 2 and 3
C 1 and 4
D 1 and 3 D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question What are the advantages of co-ordination?

A Interaction, cognition, redundancy
B Redundancy, exploration, risky shift
C Redundancy, synergy, clarification of responsibility C
D Co-operation, cognition, redundancy
Ref ATPL AND H
Question In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to:
1. Avoid the synchronisation of verbal and non-verbal channels

Question In order to make communication effective, it is necessary to:
Choices 1. Avoid the synchronisation of verbal and non-verbal channels

2. Send information in line with the receivers decoding abilities
3. Always concentrate on the informational aspects of the message only
4. Avoid increasing the number of communication channels, in order to simplify communication
Answers Correct
D only 2 is correct D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Which of the following statements concerning check list is correct?

A The most important items should be placed at the beginning of a check list since attention is A
usually focused here
B The most important items must be placed at the end of check list, allowing them to be kept near
at hand so that they are quickly available for any supplementary check
C The most important items must be placed in the middle of check list so that they come to be
examined once attention is focused but before concentration starts to wane
D All the items of a check list are equally important, their sequence is of no Importance
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Which of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a
check list?
Choices
1. The longer a checklist, the more it must be subdivided into logical parts
2. The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of the checklist
3. Checklists must be designed in such a way that they can be lumped together with other tasks
4. Whenever possible, a panel scan sequence should be applied
5. Critical points should have redundancies
The combination of correct statements is:
Answers Correct
Question Which of the following statements are correct with regard to the design of a
check list?
1. The longer a checklist, the more it must be subdivided into logical parts
2. The trickiest points must be placed in the middle of the checklist
3. Checklists must be designed in such a way that they can be lumped together with other tasks
4. Whenever possible, a panel scan sequence should be applied
5. Critical points should have redundancies

Ref ATPL AND H
Question The use of checklists must be carried out in such a way that:

A their execution is not lumped together with important tasks
B it may be rejected since redundancy in the following checklist will serve as verification
C their execution must not be done simultaneously with other actions C
D their execution may be done simultaneously with other actions
Ref ATPL AND H
Question The planning and anticipation of future actions and situations makes it
possible to:
Choices
1. Create a precise reference framework
2. Avoid saturation of the cognitive system
3. Automate planned actions
4. Activate knowledge which is considered necessary for the period to come
Answers Correct
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Pre-thought action plans may be said to:
Choices 1. Ease access to information which may be necessary

2. Sensitise and prepare for a possible situation to come
3. Be readily interchangeable and can therefore be reformulated at any time during the flight
4. Define a framework and a probable strategy for the encountered situation
Answers Correct
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Action plans (SOPs) in a cockpit must:

A only be tailored to the type of aircraft, regardless of current MCC procedures
B only follow the manufacturers proposals and not reflect individual operators cockpit
philosophies
C be shared by the members of the crew and updates at each modification in order to maintain C
maximum synergy
D be tailored to the individual pilots needs in order to facilitate the normal operation of the
aircraft
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Before take off, a briefing:

A is not necessary when departing from home base because this is routine
B must be done systematically in order to refresh the memory of the crew members and to co- B
ordinate actions
C is not required unless both crew members agree it is essential
D is not necessary if the crew members know each other
Ref ATPL AND H
Question CRM and MCC training are designed to improve:

Question CRM and MCC training are designed to improve:
A Individual efficiency and contribution

B Individual achievement
C The quality of crew performance C
D The quality and a number of individuals performance
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Having interrupted the Captain for a sound reason, the co-pilot should:

A Ensure there is no ATC traffic on the radio that may be causing a possible distraction before
continuing
B Remind him/her of his/her last action before the interruption B
C Repeat the interruption twice so that the Captain¿s attention is focussed on the new information
D Never interrupt his/her Captain at a critical stage of flight
Ref ATPL AND H
Question If the co-pilot continuously feels unfairly treated by the Captain, he/she should:

A point out the problem, concentrate on his/her duties and clarify the matter at a more A
appropriate time
B freeze the communication and thus avoid immediate confrontation
C speak up and point out the possible consequences if the unfair behaviour persists
D internally retire and think positive
Ref ATPL AND H
A very rare
B not usual B
C not applicable with old and experienced pilots
D not possible since correct training should have eliminated this problem
Ref All
Question In a glass-cockpit aircraft, communication between the members of the crew:

Question In a glass-cockpit aircraft, communication between the members of the crew:
A are facilitated from the non-verbal point of view owing to the increased availability which
results from technical lightening of the workload
B will increase as a result of the increase of technical dissemination of information
C will be hampered by the decrease in actions brought about by technical improvements
D does not lose its importance D
Ref All
Question An individually given feedback improves communication. Which of the following rules should a feedback
comply with?
A The receiver of the feedback should immediately justify his behaviour
B The feedback should only be given if requested by the captain
C The feedback should always relate to a specific situation C
D The feedback should not be referred to a concrete situation
Ref All
Question Success in achieving the objectives of a message requires:

A different codes between form and meaning
B differences in contexts for the sending and the receiver
C a form of the message, which should not match the expectation of the receiver
D the matching of verbal, non-verbal and contextual meanings D
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements concerning communication is valid?

A The syntax of communication is of little importance to its success. Only the words uttered are
important
B Professional communication means to exchange information as little as possible
C Professional communication means: using a restricted and specific language, tailored to minimise C
misunderstandings
D Communication must take priority over any other flight activity under all circumstances
Ref All
Question With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say that:

Question With regard to communication in a cockpit, we can say that:
A communication is always sufficiently automated to enable an activity with a high workload

element to be carried out at the same time
B communication uses up resources, thus limiting the resources allocated to work in progress B
C communication is only effective if messages are kept short and sufficiently precise to limit
their number
D all the characteristics of communication, namely output, duration, precision, clarity, etc are
stable and are not much affected by changes in workload
Ref All
Question According to Rasmussen¿s model, errors in rule-based control mode are of the following type(s):

A handling errors
B routine errors
C errors of technical knowledge C
D creative errors
Ref All
Question The team spirit of a cockpit-crew most likely depends on:

A both pilots respecting each other and striving for the same goals A
B both pilots wearing the same uniform
C both pilots flying together very often for a long period
D both pilots having the same political and ideological attitude
Ref All
Question Which of the following responses lists most of the common hazardous thought patterns (attitudes) for pilots
to develop?
A Resignation, confidence, inattention
B Invulnerability, under-confidence, avoidance of making decisions, lack of situational awareness
C Machismo complex, resignation, confidence, self-criticism
D Anti-authority, impulsiveness, invulnerability, resignation, machismo complex D
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit?
Choices 1. Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by the crew
2. there is little delegating of tasks
Question Which of the following statements best characterise a synergetic cockpit?
1. Decisions are taken by the captain, but prepared by the crew

2. there is little delegating of tasks
3. Communications are few in number but precise and geared purely to the flight
4. Fluid, consensual boundaries exist in regard to leadership-style, which fluctuate between authority and
laissex-faire
Answers Correct
A 2, 3
B 1, 3, 4
C 1, 4 C
D 2, 4
Ref All
Question What strategy should be put in place when faced with an anticipated period of time pressure?

A A strategy of preparing decisions A
B A non-sequential strategy
C A strategy of no commitment
D A Laissez-faire strategy
Ref All
Question What does the End Deterioration Effect (Home-it is) mean?

A The tendency to sudden, imperceptible errors shortly before the end of a flight A
B The result of a poor pre-flight planning
C The potential risk of losing orientation after flying in clouds
D The breakdown of crew co-ordination due to interpersonal tensions between captain and co-pilot
Ref All
Question Which of the following solutions represent antidotes to conflicts?
Choices 1. Seeking arbitration

2. Actively listening to other people
3. Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level
4. Becoming aware of cultural influences
Question Which of the following solutions represent antidotes to conflicts?
1. Seeking arbitration
2. Actively listening to other people
3. Abandoning facts so as to move the conversation to a more emotional level
4. Becoming aware of cultural influences
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 4 A
B 1, 2, 3
C 2, 3, 4
D 2, 4
Ref All
Question What distinguishes status from role?

A While role defines via behaviour the functions that must be performed by individuals, status A
defines the enjoyment of a hierarchical position and its recognition by the group
B While role defines the enjoyment of a hierarchical position and its recognition by the group,
status defines via behaviour the functions that must be performed by individuals
C Unlike status, role is fixed and is not modified either by the situation in flight or by the
interactions of a new crew
D Unlike status, role is fixed and is modified either by the situation in flight or by the
interactions of a new crew
Ref All
Question Which behaviour does most likely promote a constructive solution of interpersonal conflicts?

A Active listening A
B Responding with counter-arguments
C Staying to their own point of view
D Giving up their own point of view
Ref All
Question What may become the main risk of a Laissez-faire cockpit?

A Inversion of authority A
B Lack of communication
Question What may become the main risk of a Laissez-faire cockpit?
C Appearance of aggressiveness
D Disengagement of the co-pilot
Ref All
Question The relevance of check procedures during flight becomes even more important when:

A conducting a longer flight than you would normally perform
B flying an aircraft which you have flown recently
C flying an unfamiliar type of aircraft and experiencing mental pressure C
D flying an aircraft which you have flown many times before
Ref All
Question An non-synergetic cockpit:

A is not very dangerous as each person checks everything personally
B is characterised by a highly efficient crew, communicating appropriately with the outside
C always results from an over-relaxed atmosphere
D is characterised by withdrawn crew members and unclear communication D
Ref All
Question An efficient flight deck (synergetic cockpit) will be observed when:

A the Captain delegates the decision making process to other crew members
B the plan of action is defined by the Captain because of his experience level
C decisions are taken by the Captain with the help and participation of the other crew members C
D decisions do not need to be discussed because of a common synergy between the crew members
Ref All
Question What are the most frequent results of an self-centred captain on the flight deck?

A High group performance despite the strained relations
B In a two-pilot flight deck, the co-pilot is ignored and may react by disengaging, showing B
delayed responses or demonstrate the scapegoat effect
C A major risk of authority inversion if the co-pilot is in-assertive
Question What are the most frequent results of an self-centred captain on the flight deck?
D Performance is very poor as self-centred behaviour leads to an increase of co-operation and

efficiency
Ref All
Question A study by NASA has examined the relationships between incidents linked with ground-to-crew communication.
Which of the following factors is the main reason for disturbances in the correct reception of a message?
A Errors in understanding clearance values
B Listening errors B
C Radio failure
D Mother tongue differing from working language
Ref All
Question With regard to the practice of English, which of the following statements is correct?

A Be familiar with normal procedures in English since only this allows for effective management of
any flight's communication
B All pilots should master it because the aeronautical world needs one common language B
C It is necessary and sufficient to have a command of any of the official languages of the ICAO
D The composition of every crew should be geared to a command of the official aeronautical
language of the destination country
Ref All
Question Non-verbal communication:

A should be avoided by all means in the cockpit
B is of no meaning in the cockpit
C is always used intentionally
D supports verbal communication D
Ref All
Question How do you understand the statement (one cannot communicate)?

A The statement above is a misprint
B Each situation requires communication
C You cannot influence your own communication
Question How do you understand the statement (one cannot communicate)?
D Being silent as well as inactive are non-verbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning D
Ref All
Question Which of the following responses is an example of habit reversion (negative habit transfer):

A incorrect anticipation of an air traffic controllers instructions
B turning and aircraft to the left when intending to turn it to the right
C a pilot who has flown many hours in an aircraft in which the fuel lever points forward for the C
ON position, may unintentionally turn the fuel lever into the false position, when flying a
different aircraft, where the fuel lever has to point aft to be in the ON position
D habitually missing an item on the checklist or missing the second item when two items are on the
same line
Ref All
Question What is synergy in a crew?

A The un-co-ordinated action of the crew members towards a common objective
B A behavioural expedient associated with the de-synchronisation of the co- ordinated actions
C The co-ordinated action of unrelated individual performances in achieving a non-standard task
D The co-ordinated action of all members towards a common objective, in which collective D
performance is proving to be more than the sum of the individual performances
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements concerning conflicts is correct?

A Whatever the cause of the conflict, its resolution must necessarily involve an additional party
if it is to be effective
B Conflict management involves the participation of all involved parties in finding an acceptable B
collective solution
C Conflicts are negative in themselves and can only lead to a general detachment of involved
parties
D The emergence of a conflict always results from calling into question the general abilities of
one of the involved parties
Ref All
Question Which statement is correct? Crew decision making is generally most efficient, if all crew members concerned:

Question Which statement is correct? Crew decision making is generally most efficient, if all crew members concerned:
A always ask the captain what to do

B are always task oriented
C are always relationship oriented
D adapt their management style to meet the situational demands D
Ref All
Question During the cruising phase of a short-haul flight the captain starts to smoke a cigarette in the cockpit.
The flying co-pilot asks him to stop smoking because he is a non-smoker. The captain tells him: This is
Choices your problem, and continues smoking. What should the co-pilot do?
Answers Correct
A He should repeat his worries about smoking in the cockpit and should argue with the captain
about this problem until the conflict is solved
B He should learn to accept the captain smoking cigarettes in the cockpit
C He should not further discuss this issue but should come back to this conflict during the de- C
briefing
D He should report the chief pilot about this behaviour of the captain
Ref All
Question What characterises the notion of role?

A The function and behaviour associated with the particular role A
B Only the functions associated with role
C The hierarchical position of the function and the associated behaviour
D The characteristic behaviour associated with the description of the various roles of a
particular status
Ref All
Question Pilots are more easily inclined to take greater risks when:

A making a flight over unfamiliar territory
B they are part of a group of pilots and they feel that they are being observed and admired (eg. B
air shows)
C making decisions independently of others
D they are not constrained by time
Ref All
Question The process of responding to a sender by confirming the reception of a message is called:
Question The process of responding to a sender by confirming the reception of a message is called:

A feedback A
B redundancy
C synchronisation
D transference
Ref All
Question Very high ambition and need for achievement:

A disturb the climate of co-operation A
B fulfil the requirements of stress resistance
C always promote teamwork
D improves the coping process with personal failures
Ref All
Question To maintain good situational awareness you should:
Choices 1. believe only in your own interpretation of the data

2. gather as much data as possible from every possible source before making inferences
3. question whether your hypothesis still fits the situation as events progress and try to make time to
review the situation
4. consider ways of testing your situational hypothesis to see whether it is correct
Answers Correct
B all answers are correct
Ref All
Question During the preparational work in the cockpit the captain notices that his co-pilot on the one hand is rather
inexperienced and insecure but on the other hand highly motivated. Which kind of leadership behaviour most
Choices likely is inappropriate?
Answers Correct
A The captain lets the co-pilot fly and observes his behaviour without any comments A
B The captain flies the first leg by himself and explains each action to the co-pilot in order to
keep him informed about his decisions
C The captain lets the co-pilot fly and gives him detailed instructions what to do
Question During the preparational work in the cockpit the captain notices that his co-pilot on the one hand is rather
inexperienced and insecure but on the other hand highly motivated. Which kind of leadership behaviour most
likely is inappropriate?
D The captain lets the co-pilot fly and encourages him frankly to ask for any support that is
needed
Ref All
Question Young pilots or pilots with little experience of airplanes differ from experienced pilots in the following
way:
A task for task, an expert's workload is greater than a novices one
B flight planning performance decreases with age, and experience is unable to mask this deficiency
C inexperienced pilots refer to information more than experts when carrying out the same task C
D experienced pilots are less routine-minded than young pilots because they know that routine
causes mistakes
Ref All
Question Professional languages have certain characteristics for example:
Choices 1. They use a limited vocabulary

2. They are rich and adapted to the context, which sometimes lead to ambiguities
3. Their grammar is rather complicated and complex
4. Context provides meaning, therefore reduces the risk of ambiguities
Answers Correct
B only 4 is correct
C 1 and 4 are correct C
Ref All
Question An increase in workload usually leads to:

A a shorter and more frequent exchange of information
B a longer and more frequent exchange of information
C a shorter and less frequent exchange of information C
D a longer and less frequent exchange of information
Ref All
Question What are typical consequences of conflicts between crew members?
Choices 1. The quality of work performance decreases as a result of the impoverishment of communications
2. A decrease in the quality of communications
3. In the case of a crew made up of experts, conflicts only result in a deterioration in relations between
the individuals
4. A decrease in the usage of available resources on the flight deck
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question Different non-technical related opinions between pilots from different cultural
backgrounds might be seen in connection with:
Choices
1. The variations of technical training and skills
2. Communication problems
3. Conflicting ways of management
4. Interpersonal problems
Answers Correct
B only 1 is correct
Ref All
Question What are communication qualities of a good briefing? A good briefing must:
Choices 1. Contain as much information and be as comprehensive as possible

2. Be of a standard type so that it can be reused for another flight of the same type
3. Be short and precise
4. Be understandable to the other crew member(s).

Question What are communication qualities of a good briefing? A good briefing must:
1. Contain as much information and be as comprehensive as possible

2. Be of a standard type so that it can be reused for another flight of the same type
3. Be short and precise
4. Be understandable to the other crew member(s).
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question The purpose of action plans which are implemented during briefings is to:

A initiate procedures and reactions for situations that are most likely, risky or difficult during A
the flight
B define general planning of the flight plan
C allow everyone to prepare their own reactions in a difficult situation
D activate a collective mental scheme with respect to non-procedural actions to be carried out
Ref All
Question Once detected, an error will result in cognitive consequences which:

A have virtually no interaction with behaviour
B make it possible to modify behaviour with a view to adaptation B
C destabilise cognitive progress and maintain the error
D are prompted by inductive factors
Ref All
Question Improvement of human reliability should entail:

A in aviation, the elimination of errors on the part of front-line operators
B the elimination of latent errors before they can affect performance
C the analysis of modes of human failures
Question Improvement of human reliability should entail:
D an effort to understand the causes and find means of recovery for errors committed D
Ref All
Question What means can be used to combat human error?
Choices 1. Reducing error-prone mechanisms

2. Improving the way in which error is taken into account in-training
3. Sanctions against the initiators of error
4. Improving recovery from errors and its consequences
Answers Correct
A 2, 3 and 4
B 1, 2 and 4 B
C 3 and 4
D 1 and 2
Ref All
Question What elements establish synergy within the crew?

A Synergy is independent of the natural individual characteristics of the group members
(communication, mutual confidence, sharing of tasks etc)
B It is only the captains status which allows the establishment of synergy within the crew
C Synergy must be built up from the start of the mission (briefing) and be maintained until it C
comes to an end (debriefing)
D Synergy establishes itself automatically within the crew, right through from briefing to
debriefing
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements best characterise a self-centred cockpit?

A While decreasing communication, the independence of each member bolsters the crew¿s energy
B The high level of independence granted to each member by the captain quickly leads to tension B
between the various crew members
C A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew members
D Each member carries out actions and makes choices without explicitly informing the other members
about them
Question Which of the following statements best characterise a self-centred cockpit?
Ref All
Question What is characterised by a Laissez-faire cockpit?

A The captain's authority rules all the actions or decisions associated with the situation
B The high level of independence granted to each member by the captain quickly leads to tension
between the various crew members
C A passive approach by the captain allows decisions, choices and actions by other crew members C
D Each member carries out actions and makes choices without explicitly informing the other members
about them
Ref All
Question What are the most frequent and the least appropriate reactions on the part of a
co-pilot when faced with a highly authoritarian captain?
Choices
1. Self-assertion
2. A scapegoat feeling
3. Delayed reactions to observed discrepancies
4. Disengagement
Answers Correct
A 2, 3, 4 A
B 1, 2
C 3, 4
D 1, 3, 4
Ref All
Question An autocratic cockpit is described by:

A The captain's excessive authority considerably reduces communications and consequently the A
synergy and cohesion of the crew
B Despite the overly strong authority of the captain, everything functions correctly owing to his
natural leadership
C Each of the members chooses what job to do without telling the others and in the belief that
everyone is aware of what he is doing
D The atmosphere is relaxed thanks to the captain who leaves complete freedom to the various
members of the crew
Ref All
Question What optimises crew co-operation?
Choices 1. Sharing and common task

2. Confidence in each other’s capability
3. Precise definition of functions associated with each crew member’s role
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3 A
B 1, 2
C 1
D 2, 3
Ref All
Question What may be the origins of representation errors?
Choices 1. Perception errors

2. The catering for all available information
3. Incorrect information from the observed world
4. The receipt of a bad piece of information
Answers Correct
A 1, 2
B 3, 4
C 2, 3
D 1, 3, 4 D
Ref All
Question Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level?
Choices 1. Omission
3. Attentional capture
4. The poor application of a good rule
Answers Correct
A 3, 4
B 1, 3
C 2, 4 C
D 1, 2
Question Which of the following errors occur at rules-based level?
1. Omission
3. Attentional capture
4. The poor application of a good rule
Ref All
Question If a pilot has to perform two tasks requiring the allocation of cognitive resources:

A the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch to rules-based mode for the two
tasks
B the sharing of resources causes performance on each task to be reduced B
C a person reaches his limits as from simultaneous tasks, and performance will then tail off
D the only way of not seeing performance tail off is to switch to knowledge- based mode for the
two tasks
Ref All
Question The relationship which exists between crew error and flight safety:

A is independent of the operational context, with the latter being identical for any flight
operation
B as been evolving for 40 years and has now become independent of the social and technical system
C is dependent on the social and technical system and also on the operational context created by C
the system
D is a linear relationship which introduces crew training as the main factor
Ref All
Choices 1. It allows for synergy in the actions between the captain and the pilot
Answers Correct
A 1 and 3 A
1. It allows for synergy in the actions between the captain and the pilot
B 1 and 4
C 2 and 3
D 1, 2 and 4
Ref All
Question Discussing private matters in the cockpit:

A can improve team spirit A
B should be avoided by all means in the cockpit
C is appropriate in any phase of flight
D decreases the captain's role of leadership
Ref All
Question . Mark the two most important attributes for a positive leadership style:
Choices 1. dominant behaviour

2. exemplary role-behaviour
3. mastery of communication skills
4. Laissez-faire behaviour
Answers Correct
A 2 and 3 A
B 1
C 4
D 2 and 4
Ref All
Question Define effective communication:

A Effective communication is a transmission of a message from one brain to another
Question Define effective communication:
B Effective communication is a transmission of a message from one brain to another with a minimum B
of change
C Effective communication occurs when one person talks to another person
D Effective communication occurs when one person talks to another person who is listening
Ref All
Question Which factors can influence effective communications?

A Noise and voice
B Workload, noise and voice B
C Voice
D Workload and voice
Ref All
Question How effective communication is depends heavily on _____ (Select the most important factor)

A the influencing factors
B the receiver
C the sender C
D the workload
Ref All
Question Define active listening

A Active listening involves a genuine desire to understand another person¿s perception and
sensitivity to others thoughts and feelings
B Active listening is to listen and either agree or disagree
C Listening and expressing understanding of what another person has said
D A and C are correct D
Ref All
Question Which is an example of an error caused by liveware-handware interface problems?

A A procedure that is not user-friendly
Question Which is an example of an error caused by liveware-handware interface problems?
B Noise interference
C Switches, controls of displays with poor design C
D Mental pressure
Ref All
Question Liveware-liveware interaction is:

A The interface between people A
B The interaction between humans and the non-physical aspects of the system such as procedures
C Involving considerations such as designing seats to fit the sitting characteristics of the human
body
D The interface between humans and the environment
Ref All
Question List the primary function(s) of effective leadership:

A Regulating information flow and decision making
B Regulating information flow, directing and co-ordinating crew activities, motivating crew B
members and decision making
C Setting priorities and making decisions
D Lead the crew at all times
Ref All
Question Define situational awareness:

A The ability to rank tasks according to importance and to solve problems
B The right to have and express your own feelings and ideas
C The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of space and time, the C
comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the near future
D The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of space
Ref All
Question What are the most common situational awareness problem(s)?

A Failure to monitor flight path
Question What are the most common situational awareness problem(s)?
B Distractions caused by malfunctions, radio, checklists, procedures and situations not directly
related to flying the aircraft
C Misunderstandings caused by confusion instructions, phraseology and mindsets
D All of the above D
Ref All
Question ¿Feedback¿ in communication implies that:

A read back of a message is rarely necessary except in the case of specific ATC procedures
B Storing of messages in short time memory is available for later release
C a message is measured and corrected against the original meaning C
D the flight crew do not need to talk all the time because the feedback is automatic
Ref All
Question Non-verbal communication:

A means a sterile cockpit below 10,000 feet
B is unimportant, inherited and cannot be taught
C rarely causes accidents
D constitutes approximately 70% of human communication D
Ref All
Question A Captain running a ¿Laisser-faire¿ cockpit will:

A be an efficient crew member
B make few suggestions or decisions B
C will encourage a ¿sterile¿ cockpit
D fill a vacuum
Ref All
Question A Captain running an Autocratic cockpit is normally:

A Under-worked
B Over-loaded B
Question A Captain running an Autocratic cockpit is normally:
C Efficient
D A good leader
Ref All
Question A leader who demonstrates a democratic and co-operative style will deal with conflict by:

A deciding what to do and pushes his own opinion through
B trying to reconcile all persons involved in the conflict and tries to re- establish a pleasant
and friendly atmosphere within the team
C keeping a neutral position and does not participate in arguing
D trying to clarify the reasons and causes of the conflict with all persons involved D
Ref All
Question A pilot experiences difficulties in the control of his aircraft and consequently omits to monitor the fuel
level. This is caused by:
A hypovigilance
B a lack of attention due to distraction B
C both a lack of attention and a lack of alertness
D this pilot manages his/her attention well
Ref All
Question An authoritative leader of a group will:

A tend never to interfere with the workings of the group and finds delegation easy
B always be a good listener
C be adoptable to different types of groups in any situation
D end to become over-loaded in times of high stress or in an emergency D
Ref All
Question An example of conflict between status and role is:

A a security officer temporarily standing in for a member of the cabin crew
B a Manager interviewing an experienced Captain of an aircraft
C a senior Captain acting as co-pilot to a junior Captain of an aircraft C
Question An example of conflict between status and role is:
D an ATC Controller interviewing an inexperienced Captain

Ref All
Question An experienced pilot:

A prepares thoroughly for a flight and is able to anticipate the majority of possible problems A
B functions exclusively in a reactive manner, as it is not resource-consuming
C seeks complex solutions to problems, thus using his capacities up to 100%
D avoids using automated systems as his experience allows him to perform all tasks manually
Ref All
Question An important aspect of Situational Awareness is:

A When a pilot¿s perception equals reality A
B When the pilot perceives the situation both inside and outside the aircraft
C When the pilot perceives the instant and immediate situation both inside and outside the cockpit
D when a pilot is sure that the situation both inside and outside the aircraft is correct
Ref All
Question Approximately ___ of all communication is achieved by factors other than words (metacommunications):

A 100%
B 30%
C 50%
D 80% D
Ref All
Question Cohesion is a major advantage in times of:

A difficulty A
B achievement
C personal advancement
D success
Ref All
Question Communication efficiency is most sensitive to:

A packaging of sentences
B packaging of words
C packaging of phrases
D workload and interruptions D
Ref All
Question Differences of opinion should be regarded as ____

A Confrontational
B Helpful B
C Having negative influence on the group and are not to be encouraged
D Stressful
Ref All
Question Expressed as a simple mathematical statement when considering a crew of two, good synergy is:

A 1 +/- 1 = <2
B 1 + 1 = <2
C 1 + 1 = >2 C
D 1 - 1 = >2
Ref All
Question How do you understand the statement one cannot communicate?

A No meaningful communication can occur unless it is by verbal means
B Being silent as well as inactive are non-verbal behaviour patterns which express a meaning B
C You cannot influence your own communication
D Communication is always possible
Ref All
Question How would you describe the leadership style of a captain who primarily is interested in a friendly
atmosphere within his crew, who is always constructive and encouraging, who usually compromises in inter-
Choices personal conflicts:
Answers Correct
Question How would you describe the leadership style of a captain who primarily is interested in a friendly
atmosphere within his crew, who is always constructive and encouraging, who usually compromises in inter-
personal conflicts:
A Low task orientation and high relationship orientation A
B High task orientation and low relationship orientation
C High task orientation and high relationship orientation
D Low task orientation and low relationship orientation
Ref All
Question Metacommunication is defined as:

A active listening
B balancing their own ideas and interests with those of the receiver
C having an assessment conversation
D those tools, other than the actual words, which compliment those words in order to communicate D
Ref All
Question One of the major protective measures against illusions is:

A wearing of good quality sun glasses
B regular eye tests
C comprehensive briefing and de-briefing C
D wearing of Polaroid sun glasses
Ref All
Question Planning:

A is unnecessary in the cockpit, as crew members are so highly trained, they will always know what
to do in unusual situations
B allows crew members to anticipate potential risky situations and decide on possible responses B
C in the cockpit typically results in plans that are always easy to modify when things are not as
anticipated
D is dangerous in the cockpit, as it interrupts flight crew creativity
Ref All
Question Select from the following list the advantages of teamwork:
Choices 1. Workload is lessened

2. Conformity to group norm
Question Select from the following list the advantages of teamwork:
1. Workload is lessened
2. Conformity to group norm
3. Flight safety enhanced
4. Risky Shift
5. Work stress is reduced
6. Improved decision-making
Answers Correct
A 1, 3, 5, 6 A
B 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C 1, 3, 4, 5
D 2, 3, 5, 6
Ref All
Question The “ideal” cockpit can be termed as:
Choices
Answers Correct
A Synergistic A
B Laisser faire
C Autocratic
D Co-actional
Ref All
Question The ability to monitor information which could indicate the development of a critical situation:

A is dangerous, because it distracts attention from flying the aircraft
B is necessary to maintain good situational awareness B
C makes no sense because the human information processing system is limited anyway
Ref All
Question The autocratic leadership style is synonymous with:

A an authoritarian style A
B a democratic style
C an anarchic style
Question The autocratic leadership style is synonymous with:
D laissez-faire¿ style
Ref All
Question The behaviour of a leader depends on:

A the authority gradient only
B his/her ability to prevent discussions among the crew members in order to avoid conflict
C the situation, the goals and composition of the group C
D only his/her ability to dominate and be assertive
Ref All
Question The expression ¿when perception matches reality¿ describes:

A Attention
B Vigilance
C Alertness
D Situational Awareness D
Ref All
Question The choice of words and their packaging become more important in the cockpit of an aircraft because:

A Loss of hypertext
B Loss of body language B
C Loss of situational awareness
D Loss of perception
Ref All
Question The three types of Authority Gradient Cockpits are:

A Authoritative, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic
B Autocratic, Laisser-Faire and Synergistic B
C Autocratic, Followership and Synergistic
D Authoritative, Followership and Synergistic
Ref All
Question The use of professional languages offers:

A longer attention span
B quick comprehension and simplified grammar B
C more precise grammar
D better communication even if professionals are not from the same field
Ref All
Question Which is the most likely of the following scenarios which might lead to a conflict between status and role:

A A security officer temporarily standing in for a member of the cabin crew
B A Manager interviewing an experienced Captain of an aircraft
C Two Training Captains flying together C
D A trainee Air Traffic officer working with a senior ATC Controller
Ref All
Question Which of the following describes an autocratic cockpit?

A Despite the overly strong authority of the captain everything functions correctly owing to his A
natural leadership
B The captain¿s excessive authority considerably reduces communications and consequently the B
synergy and cohesion of the crew
C Each of the members chooses what job to do without telling the others and in the belief that
everyone is aware of what he is doing
D The atmosphere is relaxed thanks to a captain who leaves complete freedom to the various members
of the crew
Ref All
Question With too much cohesion, Group think can be:

A positive
B positive and far-reaching
C popular and positive
D negative D
Ref All
Question Within communication, what element suggests that a message has been received and understood?

A Coding
B Feedback B
C Synchronisation
D Encoding
Ref All
Question The most dangerous characteristic of the false mental model is, that it:

A will only occur under conditions of stress
B will mainly occur under conditions of relaxation
C is frequently extremely resistant to correction C
D can easily be changed
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Situations particularly vulnerable to reversion to an earlier behaviour pattern
are:
Choices
1. when concentration on a particular task is relaxed
2. when situations are characterised by medium workload
3. when situations are characterised by stress
Answers Correct
A 2 and 3
B 1 and 2
C 3
D 1 and 3 D
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Incapacitation is most dangerous when it is:

A sudden
B obvious
C insinuating C
D intense
Question Incapacitation is most dangerous when it is:
Ref ATPL AND H

Question Which of the following personal altitudes would be classified as Macho?

A People who are always trying to prove that they are better than anyone else A
B This is the attitude of people who frequently feel the need to do something, anything,
immediately
C People who think what is the use do not see themselves as making a great deal of difference in
what happens to them
D A person who is submissive
Ref ATPL AND H
Question Which of the following statements summarises the impact that motivation may have on attention?

A It increases the mobilisation of energy and thus facilitates the quality of alertness and A
attention
B It only facilitates attention in extreme cases (risk of death)
C Motivation has only a small effect on attention, but it facilitates alertness
D It stimulates attention but may lead to phases of low arousal
Ref All
Question If you approach an airfield VFR at a prescribed altitude, exactly following the approach procedure, and you
encounter no unexpected or new problems you show:
A rule and skill based behaviour
B knowledge based behaviour
C rule based behaviour
D skill based behaviour D
Ref All
Question Human behaviour is determined by:

A biological characteristics, social environment and cultural influences A
B biological characteristics
C the social environment
D cultural influences
Question Human behaviour is determined by:
Ref All
Question A pilot can be described as being proficient, when he/she:

A knows how to invest the maximum resources in the automation of tasks in real time
B is able to reduce his/her arousal to a low level during the entire flight
C has automated a large part of the necessary flight deck routine operations in order to free C
his/her cognitive resources
D is capable of maintaining a high level of arousal during a great bulk of the flight
Ref All
Question Attitudes are defined as:

A the conditions necessary for carrying out an activity
B tendencies to respond to people, institutions or events either positively or negatively B
C the genetic predispositions for thinking and acting
D a synonym for behaviour
Ref All
Question The effectiveness of the individual depends on:

A the total independence with respect to the environment
B the ability to repress the dictates of needs
C the ability to go beyond one¿s own capabilities
D the ability to balance the dictates of the individual's needs and the demands of reality D
Ref All
Question A co-pilot has passed an upgrading course to become a captain. Which psychological consequence is most
likely?
A The increased command authority leads to a higher professionalism
B His/her self-concept is going to be stabilised because of the higher status as a captain
C His/her self-concept is going to change because of new roles and tasks which have to be C
incorporated
D An upgrading does not have any of the mentioned psychological consequences
Question A co-pilot has passed an upgrading course to become a captain. Which psychological consequence is most
likely?
Ref All
Question Contrary to a person¿s personality, attitudes:

A are non-evolutive adaptation procedures regardless of the result of the actions associated with
them
B form part of personality and that, as a result, they cannot be changed in an adult
C are the product of personal disposition and past experience with reference to an object or a C
situation
D are essentially driving forces behind changes in personality
Ref All
Question An ideal professional pilot is in his behaviour:

A rather person than goal oriented
B neither person nor goal oriented
C both person and goal oriented C
D rather goal than person oriented
Ref All
Question Which of the following personally characteristics makes crew decision making most effective?

A Friendliness
B Assertiveness B
C Competitiveness
D General intelligence
Ref All
Question A high level of motivation is related:

A to monotony states
B to high levels of arousal B
C to high levels of intelligence
D to complacency
Question A high level of motivation is related:
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements in regard to motivation is correct?

A Low motivation will guarantee adequate attention management capabilities
B Extremely high, motivation in combination with excessive stress will limit attention management B
capabilities
C Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in a decrease in attention
D Motivation will reduce the task automation process
Ref All
Question The needs of an individual lead to:

A preservation from dangers only if social needs are being satisfied
B no change in his motivation and consequently to the persistence of the individuals behaviour in
regard to the desired outcome
C prolonged suppression of all basic needs in favour of high self- actualisation
D a change in the individuals motivation and consequently to an adaptation of the behaviour D
Ref All
Question Which of the following elements make up the personality of an individual?
Choices 1. Heredity
2. Childhood environment
3. Upbringing
4. Past experience
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3, 4 A
B 1, 2, 4
C 2, 3
D 2, 3, 4
Ref All
Question What is the self-concept?

A A self-defence mechanism to preserve or protect our self-system
Question What is the self-concept?
B All of us have a mental blueprint or picture of ourselves. This blueprint is composed of ideas,
attitudes, values and commitments, which are influenced by our past experiences, our successes
and failures, our triumphs and our humiliations
C It is part of our personality formed in part by way others reacted to us especially during our
formative years
Ref All
Question Psychologists divide behavioural styles into which two basic categories?

A Body language style and verbal style
B Relationship oriented and task oriented B
C Aggressive and submissive
D None of the above are correct
Ref All
Question Select the correct statement about assertive behaviour:

A Assertive behaviour denies the rights of others
B Assertive behaviour helps you get what you want and need B
C Assertive behaviour uses action instead of words
D Assertive behaviour is often weak, hesitant and soft
Ref All
Question It will not happen to me¿ can be used as an example to illustrate which attitude?

A Resignation
B Anti-authority
C Macho
D Invulnerability D
Ref All

A High performers tend to be people who enjoy their work situation; to perform well one must be A
B Culture refers to national difference only

C A vigilant task is one that does not require consistent monitoring without lapses in attention
D Fatigue is a short-term problem because enough sleep will always cure it
Ref All
Question Define relationship oriented behaviour:

A The first consideration is to meet personal needs
B The first consideration is the feelings of others B
C First considerations are given to tasks related to the final goal
D Low relationship oriented traits combined with low task oriented traits
Ref All
Question Describe task oriented behaviour:

A The first consideration is given to the task or goal in the decision making process
B A person who is high task oriented and low relationship oriented is considered to have an
aggressive style of behaviour
C The first consideration is to solve the tasks and duties of others
D Both A and B are correct D
Ref All
Question Stereotypes are preconceptions or prejudices which can lead us to:

A mis-judge individuals even if we have contact with them A
B develop better teamwork by standardising procedures
C communicate non-verbally with a stranger
D act in the same manner in all situations and thus assuring stability
Ref All
Question A person¿s attitudes define a set of learned dispositions (likes and dislikes) which:

A is exactly the same as a person¿s personality
B influence a person's reaction and response to people, situations, etc B
Question A person¿s attitudes define a set of learned dispositions (likes and dislikes) which:
C cannot be modified through training

D do not depend on a person's past experiences
Ref All
Question Although the anticipation of possible events is a good attitude for pilots to acquire, it can sometimes lead
to hazardous situations. With this statement in mind, select the response below which could lead to such a
Choices hazard:
Answers Correct
A anticipating that the weather may deteriorate
B mishearing the contents of a reply from an air traffic controller when a non-standard procedure B
was given but a standard procedure was anticipated
C anticipating that the flight will take longer time than planned
D anticipating the sequence of items on a checklist
Ref All
Question An under-confident and self-effacing co-pilot is promoted to Captain. It is not uncommon for such a person
to have a behavioural pattern which is:
A easy to adapt to the role of Captain
B easy-going but having a reliance on others
C aggressive if challenged by another member of the crew C
D confident and self-assuring because of his/her higher status
Ref All
Question For a normal and healthy person, personality traits are:

A easy changed by an outside influence
B unstable
C easily changeable
D stable D
Ref All
Question Internal conflict within oneself is termed as:

A Intermediate-personal conflict
B Intro-personal conflict
Question Internal conflict within oneself is termed as:
C Inter-personal conflict
D Intra-personal conflict D
Ref All
Question Motivation is an important attribute which contributes to flight safety. Which of the following statements
is correct with regards to motivation?
A A high degree of motivation makes it possible to make up for insufficient knowledge in complete
safety
B Motivation reduces the intensity of sensory illusions
C Excessive motivation leads to stress which adversely affects performance C
D A high degree of motivation lowers the level of vigilance
Ref All
Question Phobic states or obsessional disorders will:

A always result in permanent loss of a flying licence
B may require successful treatment before flying may be permitted B
C result in the loss of a Class 1 medical classification after successful treatment
D require immediate termination of all flying duties
Ref All
Question The lowest level of Maslow's Model of the hierarchy of Human Needs is:

A safety and security needs
B self-esteem needs
C belonging and affection needs
D physiological needs D
Ref All
Question The unique organisation of characteristics which determine the typical or standard behaviour of an
individual is known as:
A heredity
B development
C personality C
Question The unique organisation of characteristics which determine the typical or standard behaviour of an
individual is known as:
D learning
Ref All
Question What is self-concept?

A How you would like to be seen by other people
B How you see yourself B
C How other people see you
D How you would like to see yourself
Ref All
Question Which of the following answers is correct?

A personality is the outward result of behaviour and attitude and is not adaptable
B Personality is the outward result of behaviour and attitude and is adaptable
C Behaviour is the outward result of personality and attitude and is not adaptable
D Behaviour is the outward result of personality and attitude and is adaptable D
Ref All
Question Which of the following are included in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
Choices 1. Freedom from pain and danger

2. Expressions of capacities and talents
3. Self-esteem needs
4. Self-fulfilment needs
5. Physiological needs
Answers Correct
A 3, 4 and 5 only
B 1, 2 and 4 only
C all the above C
D all except 2
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements with regard to motivation is correct?

Question Which of the following statements with regard to motivation is correct?
A Motivation will reduce risk

B Too much motivation may result in hypovigilance and thus in a decrease in attention
C Excessive motivation in combination with high levels of stress will limit attention management C
capabilities
D Low motivation will guarantee adequate attention management capabilities
Ref All
Question Attitudes are defined as:

A tendencies to respond to people, things or events in a particular manner A
B the conditions necessary for carrying out an activity
C the genetic predispositions for thinking and acting
D a synonym for behaviour
Ref All
Question An overstressed pilot may show the following symptoms:
Choices 1. mental blocks, confusion and channelised attention

2. resignation, frustration, rage
3. deterioration in motor co-ordination
4. high pitch voice and fast speaking
Answers Correct
A 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false
Ref All
Question Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilots job. Under which of the following
circumstances does it occur?
Choices
1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan of action and does not immediately have a solution
2. Stress occurs with inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed their individual capabilities
3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not be able to find a solution for the problem he just
is confronted with
Question Stress is a frequent aspect of the pilots job. Under which of the following
circumstances does it occur?
1. Stress occurs whenever the pilot must revise his plan of action and does not immediately have a solution
2. Stress occurs with inexperienced pilots when the situational demands exceed their individual capabilities
3. Stress occurs if a pilot is convinced that he will not be able to find a solution for the problem he just
is confronted with
Answers Correct
B Only 1 is false
D 1 is correct, 2 and 3 are false
Ref All
Question Concerning the relation between performance and stress, which of the following statement(s) is (are)
correct?
A A student will learn faster and better under severe stress
B A moderate level of stress may improve performance B
C Domestic stress will not affect the pilots performance because he is able to leave this type of
stress on the ground
D A well trained pilot is able to eliminate any kind of stress completely when he is scheduled to
fly
Ref All
Question The physiology of stress is now well known:

A the only stress hormone is adrenaline
B stress promotes an increase in physical strength rather than promoting mental performance B
C stress develops in 2 stages: sublimation of performance and then acceleration of heart rate and
increase in vision
D stress slows down the production of sugar by the organism and thereby slows down the heart rate
Ref All
Question In order to overcome an overload of work during the flight, it is necessary to:
Choices 1. Know how to use one’s own reserve of resources in order to ease the burden on the crew
2. Divide up tasks among the crew
3. Abandon automatic mode and instead process as much information as possible consciously
4. Drop certain tasks and stick to high-level priorities
Question In order to overcome an overload of work during the flight, it is necessary to:
1. Know how to use one’s own reserve of resources in order to ease the burden on the crew
2. Divide up tasks among the crew
3. Abandon automatic mode and instead process as much information as possible consciously
4. Drop certain tasks and stick to high-level priorities
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question Stress is a response which is prompted by the occurrence of various stressors. Of these, which can be
called physiological?
A Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation A
B Noise, hunger, conflicts, a death
C Heat, humidity, fatigue, administrative problems
D Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce
Ref All
Question Concentration is essential for pilots:

A It only takes a little willpower to increase one¿s capacity of concentration without limits
B However, capacity of concentration is limited B
C Vigilance is all that is required to be attentive
D All intellectual processes, including very routined ones, make demands on resources and
therefore on one¿s concentration
Ref All
Question Which of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions?
Choices 1. noise
2. interpersonal conflict
3. temperature
4. administrative problem
Question Which of the following physical stimuli may cause stress reactions?
1. noise
2. interpersonal conflict
3. temperature
4. administrative problem
5. hunger
Answers Correct
A 3, 4, 5
B 1, 3, 4
C 1, 3, 5 C
D 2, 3, 5
Ref All
Question The sleep cycles repeat during the course of a night’s sleep.
Choices 1. Each succeeding cycle contains a greater amount of REM-sleep

2. Frequent interruption of the REM-sleep can harm a human being in the long run
Answers Correct
A 1 is correct 2 is not correct
B 1 and 2 are both correct B
C 1 is not correct 2 is correct
D 1 and 2 are both not correct
Ref All
Question Concerning circadian rhythm disruption (jet lag), the effects of adjustment to
destination time:
Choices
1. are longer for western rather than eastern flights
2. are longer for eastern rather than western flights
3. vary little between individuals
4. may vary greatly between individuals
Answers Correct
A 2, 3
B 1, 3
C 1, 4
D 2, 4 D
Question Concerning circadian rhythm disruption (jet lag), the effects of adjustment to
destination time:
1. are longer for western rather than eastern flights

2. are longer for eastern rather than western flights
3. vary little between individuals
4. may vary greatly between individuals
Ref All
Question Please check the following statements:
Choices 1. A stressor causes activation

2. Activation stimulates a person to cope with it
Answers Correct
A 1 and 2 are both not correct
B 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
C 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
D 1 and 2 are both correct D
Ref All
Question A person being exposed to extreme or prolonged stress factors can perceive:

A coping with stress
B distress (stress reactions) B
C eustress
D stressors
Ref All
Question A stress reaction is:

A the specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person
B the non-specific response of the body to every demand placed on a person B
C the non-specific stimuli causing a human body to respond
D the specific stimuli causing a human body to respond
Ref All
Question Stress is above all:

A a phenomenon which is specific to modern man
B a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control
C a response by man to his problems, which automatically leads to a reduction in his performance
D the best adaptation phenomenon that man possesses for responding to the various situation which D
he may have to face
Ref All
Question The effects of sleep deprivation on performance:
Choices 1. increase with altitude

2. decrease with altitude
3. increase with higher workload
4. decrease with higher workload
Answers Correct
C 1 and 3 are correct C
Ref All
Question Stress management programmes usually involve:

A the use of psychoactive drugs
B only the removal of stress
C only the prevention of stress
D the prevention and/or the removal of stress D
Ref All
Question An identical situation can be experienced by one pilot as exciting in a positive sense and by another pilot
as threatening. In both cases:
A both pilots will experience the same amount of stress
B both pilots will lose their motor co-ordination
C the arousal level of both pilots will be raised C
D the pilot feeling threatened, will be much more relaxed, that the pilot looking forward to what
may happen
Question An identical situation can be experienced by one pilot as exciting in a positive sense and by another pilot
as threatening. In both cases:
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements is true?

A Stressors accumulate thus increasing the likelihood of exhaustion A
B Stressors are independent from each other
C Stress should always be avoided under any circumstances
D People are capable of living without stress
Ref All
Question What seems to be the main roles of deep sleep?

A Via physical recovery, it is characterised by an alternation of dream phases and paradoxical
phases
B It is confined to physical recuperation associated with fatigue
C Its main role is associated with activities of memory activities and restoration of attention
capabilities
D It essentially allows for physical recovery and the reconstitution of neuron energy reserves D
Ref All
Question . The resistance phase of stress reaction is characterised by:
Choices 1. activation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

2. testosterone secretion which enables fats to be converted into sugar
3. a sudden fall in stress resistance
4. the appearance of psychosomatic disorders when lasting over a prolonged time
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question Human errors are frequent and may take several forms:

A an error can be described as the mismatch between the pilots intention and the result of his/her A
actions
B an error of intention is an error of routine
C a violation is an error which is always involuntary
D representational errors in which the pilot has properly identified the situation and is familiar
with the procedure
Ref All
Question Workload essentially depends on:

A the pilot's knowledge
B the pilot's experience and the ergonomics of the system
C the current situation, the pilot's expertise and the ergonomics of the system C
D the task and the days parameters (weather report, aircraft load, type of flight, etc)
Ref All
Question 1. Psychosomatic means that a physiological problem is followed by
psychological stress
Choices 2. Psychosomatic complaints hardly occur in professional aviation because of
the strict selection for this particular profession
Answers Correct
A 1 and 2 are both correct
B 1 and 2 are both not correct B
C 1 is correct 2 is not correct
D 1 is not correct 2 is correct
Ref All
Question What is the effect of tiredness on attention?

A It leads to one¿s attention being dispersed between different centres of interest
B It increases the ability to manage multiple matters
C It reduces the ability to manage multiple matters C
D it has no specific effects on attention
Question What is the effect of tiredness on attention?
Ref All
Question The effect of experience and habit on performance:

A is never negative
B is always negative
C can both be beneficial and negative C
D is always beneficial
Ref All
Question What is the most decisive factor in regard to a very demanding stress situation?

A The unexpected outcome of the situation
B The time available to cope with the situation
C The objective threat of the situation
D The subjective evaluation of the situation by the individual D
Ref All
Question During paradoxical sleep:

A the tone of the muscles is similar to that in the waking state
B rapid eye movements can be observed B
C respiration is very regular
D the rhythm of the heart is very regular
Ref All
Question In case of in-flight stress, one should:

A only trust in oneself; being sure to know their own limits
B use all available resources of the crew B
C demonstrate aggressiveness to stimulate the crew
D always carry out a breathing exercise
Ref All
Question The relationship between arousal and flying performance is:

A approximately sinusoidal
B approximately linear increasing
C approximately exponential
D approximately the form of an inverted U D
Ref All
Question The maintenance of man¿s internal equilibrium is called?

A Heterostasis
B Homeostasis B
C Homeothermy
D Poikilothermy
Ref All
Question flying from Frankfurt to Moscow you will have a lay over of 4 days. What time measure is relevant for your
circadian rhythm on the 3rd day?
A ZT (zonal time)
B MEZ (middle European time)
C LT (local time) C
D UTC (universal time co-ordinated)
Ref All
Question Stress may be defined as:

A a normal phenomenon which enables an individual to adapt to encountered situations A
B a poorly controlled emotion which leads to a reduction in capabilities
C a psychological phenomenon which only affects fragile personalities
D a human reaction which one must manage to eliminate
Ref All
Question The organism is mobilised by a process known as:

A GAF General Adaptation Function
Question The organism is mobilised by a process known as:
B NAS - Natural Adaptation Syndrome

C GMS - General Mobilisation Syndrome
D GAS - General Adaptation Syndrome D
Ref All
Question Sleeplessness or the disruption of sleeping patterns:
Choices 1. can lead to symptoms of drowsiness, irritability and lack of concentration

2. will make an individual more prone to make errors
Answers Correct
B 1 is not correct, 2 is correct
C 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
Ref All
Question What are the three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome?

A Alarm, resistance, performance
B Alert, resistance, performance
C Alarm, resistance, exhaustion C
D Alert, resistance, exhaustion
Ref All
Question In relation to the word stress as it affects human beings, which of the following responses is correct?

A Reactive stressors relate purely to a pilot¿s physical condition
B All forms of stress should be avoided
C Stress is a term used to describe how a person reacts to demands placed upon him/her C
D Self-imposed obligations will not create stress
Ref All
Question Check the following statements:
Choices 1. A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely to be aware of personal performance degradation
Question Check the following statements:
1. A person experiencing sleep loss is unlikely to be aware of personal performance degradation

2. Performance loss may be present up to 20 minutes after awaking from a short sleep (nap)
Answers Correct
B 1 is correct
C 2 is correct
Ref All
Question Learning to fly naturally induces stress in a student pilot because he is lacking
experience. Manifestations of this type of stress are:
Choices
1. nervousness and channelised attention
2. being rough at the controls
3. smoke and drink much more alcohol than usual
4. airsickness, lack of sleep
Answers Correct
B 1 and 2 are correct, 3 and 4 are false B
C 1 and 2 are false, 3 and 4 are correct
Ref All
Question The biological reaction to stress is identical regardless of the cause of stress. This mechanism occurs in
three phases and is referred to by Selye as the General Adaptation Syndrome. The sequence is:
A alarm phase - denial phase - exhaustion phase
B alarm phase - resistance phase - exhaustion phase B
C exhaustion phase - resistance phase - adaptation phase
D resistance phase - exhaustion phase - recovery phase
Ref All
Choices 1. Psychosomatic means that mental and/or emotional stressors can be manifested in organic stress reactions
2. Psychosomatic means that a physical problem is always followed by psychological stress
1. Psychosomatic means that mental and/or emotional stressors can be manifested in organic stress reactions
2. Psychosomatic means that a physical problem is always followed by psychological stress
Answers Correct
A 1 is false 2 is correct
B 1 is correct, 2 is false B
C 1 and 2 are false
Ref All
Question In order to completely resynchronise with local time after zone crossing, circadian rhythms require:

A less time when flying from east to west A
B more time when flying from east to west
C about one day per 2.5 hours of time shift
D about one week per 2.5 hours of time shift
Ref All
Question The readjustment of the biological rhythms after a time shift is normally more difficult:

A with flights towards the North
B with flights towards the South
C with flights towards the East C
D with flights towards the West
Ref All
Question What are easily observable indications of stress?

A Lowering of the blood pressure
B Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart
C Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing pain around the heart
D Perspiration, flushed skin, dilated pupils, fast breathing D
Ref All
Question A fatigued pilot:

A considerably increases the ability to concentrate
B will show signs of increased irritability B
C is acting similar as when encountering a state of depression
D will get pre-cordial pain
Ref All
Question The physiological rhythms of a pilot in a new time zone will resynchronise to this new time zone at a rate
of about:
A 1 - 1.5 hours a day A
B 2 - 2.5 hours a day
C 3 - 3.5 hours a day
D 4 - 4.5 hours a day
Ref All
Question The duration of a period of sleep is governed primarily by:

A the amount of time you have been awake
B the number of points you have in your credit/deficit system
C the point within your circadian rhythm at which you try to sleep C
D the duration of your previous sleep
Ref All
Question How should a pilot react, when suffering from chronic stress?

A Attempt to reduce the stress by using a concept which approaches the entire body and improves A
wellness
B Use moderate administration of tranquilisers before flight
C Ignore the particular stressors and increase your physical exercise
D Always consult a psychotherapist before the next flight
Ref All
Question The behavioural effects of stress may include:
Choices 1. manifestation of aggressiveness

2. a willingness to improve communication
Question The behavioural effects of stress may include:
1. manifestation of aggressiveness
2. a willingness to improve communication
3. a willingness for group cohesion
4. a tendency to withdrawal
5. inappropriate gestural agitation
Answers Correct
Ref All
Question The cognitive effects of stress may include:
Choices 1. excessive haste

2. an improvement in memory
3. a complete block: action is impossible
4. a risk of focussing on a particular aspect
5. ease of decision-making
6. an increase in the rate of mistakes
The combination which brings together all correct statements is:
Answers Correct
A 3, 4, 5
B 1, 3, 4, 6 B
C 1, 2, 5
D 2, 3, 5, 6
Ref All
Question What is the effect of stress on performance?
Choices 1. It always reduces performance

2. Optimum performance is obtained with optimum arousal
3. Excessive stress weakens performance
4. Insufficient stress weakens performance
Question What is the effect of stress on performance?
1. It always reduces performance

2. Optimum performance is obtained with optimum arousal
3. Excessive stress weakens performance
4. Insufficient stress weakens performance
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3
B 1, 3, 4
C 1, 2, 4
D 2, 3, 4 D
Ref All
Question Stress appears:
Choices 1. Only in a situation of imminent danger

2. Only when faced with real, existing and palpable phenomenon
3. Sometimes via imagination, the anticipation of a situation or its outcome
4. Because of the similarity with a formerly experienced stressful situation
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 4
B 3, 4 B
C 1, 2
D 2, 3
Ref All
Question Cognitive evaluation which leads to stress is based on :

A the evaluation of the situation and the evaluation of capabilities to cope with it A
B the evaluation of the situation and the state of fatigue of the individual
C the evaluation of the capabilities of the individual and the time available
D the capabilities of the individual and the solutions provided by the environment
Question Cognitive evaluation which leads to stress is based on :
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements concerning stress is correct?

A Stress is a necessary way of demonstrating one¿s own work
B Stress will be evaluated differently depending on whether it improves or reduces performance B
C Stress always creates a state of high tension which decreases cognitive and behavioural
performance
D Stress is evaluated as a positive mechanism only in connection with precise tasks of the kind
encountered in aeronautics
Ref All
Question Acute stress quickly leads to:

A a state of over-activation beyond the control of willpower
B the mobilisation of resources required to cope with the stressor B
C a decrease in the amount of resources mobilised to face the situation
D a permanent state of incapacitation
Ref All
Question What is a stressor?

A psychological problem developed in a situation of danger
B The adaptation response of the individual to his environment
C An external or internal stimulus which is interpreted by an individual as being stressful C
D All external stimulation are stressors since they modify the internal equilibrium
Ref All
Question What triggers stress in humans?

A Always the awareness of an emotion and a physiological activation (eg rapid heart rate)
B The subjective interpretation an individual gives to a situation experienced B
C Objective stimulation from the environment regards of subjective perceptions
D Only strong excitations of the sensory organs: a flash of light, noise, the smell of smoke
Question What triggers stress in humans?
Ref All
Question Which of the following statements concerning tiredness is correct?

A Tiredness is always the result of an intellectual overload
B Tiredness is the consequence of a diminution of performance
C Tiredness is an objective psychophysiological symptom of a reduction in attention capabilities
D Tiredness is a subjective sensation which is reflected in hypovigilance or in poor management of D
intellectual capabilities
Ref All
Question Experiencing stress depends on:

A the fragility of individuals to certain types of stimulation
B the individuals state of tiredness
C the environment of the situation which the individual will live through or is in the process of
living through
D the individual interpretation of the situation D
Ref All
Question Stress is a reaction to adapt a specific situation. This reaction:

A can only be controlled by medical treatment
B is purely physiological and automatic
C may include various psychological and physiological elements which one can learn to manage C
D is always linked to excessive fear
Ref All
Question The individual¿s perception of stress depends on:

A the objective evaluation of the situation and one¿s abilities to cope with it
B the pilot¿s increasing level of arousal
C the conditions of the current situation only
D the subjective evaluation of the situation and one¿s abilities to cope with it D
Question The individual¿s perception of stress depends on:
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Question General Adaptation Syndrome is characterised by the following phases:
Choices 1. alarm
2. alert phase
3. resistance phase
4. exhaustion phase
5. vigilance phase
Answers Correct
A 2, 3, 4
B 1, 2, 4, 5
C 2, 3, 4, 5
D 1, 3, 4 D
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Question 1. REM-sleep becomes shorter with any repeated sleep cycle during the night
2. REM-sleep is more important or the regeneration of mental and physical
Choices functions that all the other sleep stages are.
Answers Correct
A 1 is correct, 2 is not correct
B 1 and 2 are false
C 1 is not correct, 2 is correct C
D 1 and 2 are both correct
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Question According to the different phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome check
the following statements:
Choices
1. During the alarm phase stress hormones (ie. adrenalin) will cause a massive release of glucose into the
blood, an acceleration of pulse and blood pressure as well as an increase in the rate and depth of breathing
2. During the resistance phase the parasympathetic system uses a different type of hormone (cortisol)
assisting to convert fat into sugar thus providing sufficient energy supply to the brain and body cells for
sustained operation
3. During the exhaustion phase the body has to be given time to eliminate the waste products which have been
generated excessively during the two proceeding phases
Answers Correct
Question According to the different phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome check
the following statements:
1. During the alarm phase stress hormones (ie. adrenalin) will cause a massive release of glucose into the
blood, an acceleration of pulse and blood pressure as well as an increase in the rate and depth of breathing
2. During the resistance phase the parasympathetic system uses a different type of hormone (cortisol)
assisting to convert fat into sugar thus providing sufficient energy supply to the brain and body cells for
sustained operation
3. During the exhaustion phase the body has to be given time to eliminate the waste products which have been
generated excessively during the two proceeding phases

D Only 1 is correct
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Question If coping with a stress situation is impossible, one will remain in the state of:

A eustress
B distress B
C adaptation
D hypoxia
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Question The level at which a pilot will experience a situation as stressful:

A depends on the individual¿s perception of available abilities in comparison to the situational A
demands
B does not depend on his capacity to absorb information
C depends on the level of demand but not on individual interpretation of the situational demands
D depends on self-confidence alone
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Question What are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the stress reactions?
Choices 1. increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline secretion

2. an increase in heart rate, respiration and release of glucose
3. a decrease in stress resistance
4. activation of the digestive system
5. secretion of cortisol to mobilise attention
Question What are the characteristics of the alarm phase of the stress reactions?
1. increased arousal level as a result of adrenaline secretion

2. an increase in heart rate, respiration and release of glucose
3. a decrease in stress resistance
4. activation of the digestive system
5. secretion of cortisol to mobilise attention
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B 4, 5
C 1, 2, 3 C
D 1, 4
Ref All
Question In order to minimise the effects of crossing more than 3-4 time zones with a
layover more than 24 hours, it is advisable to:
Choices
1. Adapt as quickly as possible to the rhythm of the arrival country
2. Keep in swing with the rhythm of the departure country for as long as possible
3. Maintain regular living patterns (waking, sleeping, alternation and regular meal pattern)
4. Try to sleep as much as possible to overcome negative arousal effects
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3, 4
B 2, 3 B
C 1, 2
D 2, 4
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Question Define arousal:

A Arousal can be defined as an individual¿s preparedness for a difficult task
B A high arousal level usually indicates either a high level of activity or preparedness for a
high level of activity
C A high level of arousal is usually accompanied by a high level of vigilance and is generally the
opposite of drowsiness or day-dreaming
Question Define arousal:
D All of the above is correct D

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Question A pilot successfully completes a difficult and stressful landing at an aerodrome. The next time a landing
is attempted under the same conditions and at the same aerodrome, is the pilot likely to experience:
A a higher level of stress
B a lower level of stress B
C the same stress level as the first landing
D the pilot should only attempt a landing at the same aerodrome if the conditions are improved
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Question Among the physiological responses to stress are:

A dry mouth, anxiety and sweating
B increased heart rate, apprehension and sweating
C sweating, dry mouth and breathing difficulties C
D anxiety, fatigue and fear
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Question Cognitive Coping is associated with:

A a deliberate removal of the stressor
B eliminating the source of the stressor
C ignoring or rationalising the stress factor C
D taking medicine to relieve the effects of stress
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Question Disturbance of the biological clock is most likely to appear after a:
Choices 1. bad night’s sleep

2. day flight Amsterdam – New York
3. day flight Amsterdam – Johannesburg
4. night flight New York – Amsterdam
Answers Correct
Question Disturbance of the biological clock is most likely to appear after a:
1. bad night’s sleep

2. day flight Amsterdam – New York
3. day flight Amsterdam – Johannesburg
4. night flight New York – Amsterdam
A 2 and 4 are correct A

D 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct
Ref All
Question During the cruise, at night, when the workload is low, it is recommended that:

A the lighting in the cockpit be increased in order to prevent low vigilance A
B the lighting in the cockpit be dimmed in order to reduce visual fatigue
C the lighting in the cockpit be dimmed in order to prevent low vigilance
D only those instruments that are vital to flying the aircraft be lit in order to avoid dividing
one¿s attention
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Question Environmental sources of stress in the cockpit could be:
Choices 1. noise and vibration

2. acceleration
3. radiation
4. extreme temperatures
Answers Correct
A 1 and 4
B 1, 2 and 3
C 2 and 3
D 1, 2 and 4 D
Ref All
Question Fatigue and stress:

A lower the tolerance to hypoxia A
B increase the tolerance to hypoxia
C do not affect hypoxia at all
D will increase the tolerance to hypoxia when flying below 15,000 feet
Ref All
Question General Adaptation Syndrome is characterised by the following phases:
Choices 1. alarm
2. alert phase
3. resistance phase
4. exhaustion phase
5. vigilance phase
Answers Correct
A 2, 3, 4, 5
B 2, 3, 4
C 1, 2, 4, 5
D 1, 3, 4 D
Ref All
Question In order to limit stress when flying, a pilot should:

A drop activities outside work so as to focus on his work better
B forget about bad past experiences
C avoid anticipating events during a flight to manage his workload
D maintain his competence by practicing his professional skills and learning from past experiences D
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Question In the case of changes to circadian rhythms, the re-adjustment to a new time zone:

A occurs immediately, as circadian rhythms do not change depending on direction of flying
B is most rapid when flying eastbound
C is the same in both westbound and eastbound flights
D is most rapid when flying westbound D
Question In the case of changes to circadian rhythms, the re-adjustment to a new time zone:
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Question It is generally considered that the most serious non-professional stressor is:

A loss of a job
B personal injury or illness
C marital separation
D death of a spouse or partner D
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Question Of the following statements regarding stress, which is correct?

A Stress and anxiety are the same in every sense
B Stress and fatigue are synonymous
C Stress may be positive, fatigue is always negative C
D Stress always has a negative effect on performance
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Question Physical stress takes place when:

A the perceived demand is greater than the perceived ability
B the brain can no longer cope due to either quantitative or qualitative overload
C outside conditions put a strain upon the homeostatic mechanisms of the body C
D overload of the neurones in the nervous system
Ref All
Question Physiological stressors include:

A Noise, hunger, conflicts, a death
B Noise, temperature (low or high), humidity, sleep deprivation B
C Heat, humidity, fatigue, administrative problems
D Temperature, hunger, thirst, divorce
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Question Pilot stress reactions:

A are related to an internationally recognised list of stressors where the top- ten items should
be avoided by every means
B seem to be the same for most pilots
C differ from pilot to pilot, depending on how a person manages the particular stressors C
D do not change with the environment or different situations but mainly with the characters
themselves
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Question Select from the following list of environmental stressors:
Choices 1. Heat
2. Humidity
3. Divorce
4. Lack of rest
5. Loss of job
6. Noise
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3, 6
B 1, 2, 6 B
C 1, 2, 4, 6
D 1, 2, 3, 5, 6
Ref All
Question Signs of stress include:

A Perspiration, dry mouth, dilated pupils, fast breathing A
B Lowering of the blood pressure
C Faster, deep inhalation, stabbing pain around the heart
D Rising of the blood pressure, pupils narrowing, stabbing pain around the heart
Ref All
Question Stress is:

A a response by man to his problems, which automatically leads to a reduction in his performance
B a psychosomatic disease that one can learn to control
Question Stress is:
C a mechanism by which an individual can respond to situations which he/she may have to face C
D a phenomenon which is specific to modern man
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Question Stress may cause Regression which can lead to:

A an improvement in performance
B correct actions being forgotten and substituted for procedures learnt in the past B
C a more efficient use of mental capacity
D experimentation and trying out of new ideas
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Question The ¿Break Point¿ is that point after which, if stress continues to rise:

A performance peaks and remains at this level
B performance is enhanced
C performance is degraded C
D performance is initially degraded and is then enhanced
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Question The first cockpit tool that tends to suffer as a result of stress:

A Cockpit synergy
B Cockpit communications B
C Cockpit cohesion
D Cockpit entity
Ref All
Question The normal sleep cycle is approximately every ___ minutes

A 180
B 60
C 120
D 90 D
Question The normal sleep cycle is approximately every ___ minutes
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Question The resistance phase of stress:

A may cause a person to die by stopping the defence mechanisms of the body
B is characterised by the secretion of adrenalin, increased heart rate and bloods pressure
C allows fats to be transformed into sugars, thereby prolonging the mobilisation of energy in the C
body
D is very short duration and is unlikely to give a pilot the opportunity to resolve a problem
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Question The two types of fatigue are:

A Chronic short-term and acute A
B Short-term and oppressive
C Oppressive and negative
D heavy and light
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Question To resynchronise a circadian rhythm, it takes more time after:

A south-north flights
B westbound flights
C north-south flights
D eastbound flights D
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Question What are the effects of excessive stress?

A It increases vigilance for a longer period than stress itself, but may focus attention A
inappropriately
B It reduces vigilance and focuses attention
C It activates resources stored in memory
D it has very little immediate effect on vigilance and attention
Question What are the effects of excessive stress?
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Question What are the main effects of a lack of sleep on performance?

A It increases fatigue and concentration difficulties, but facilitates stress management by
muscular relaxation
B It increases fatigue, reduces concentration and increases the risk of sensory illusions and mood B
disorders
C It causes muscular spasms
D It reduces concentration and fatigue only with sleep loss greater than 48 hours
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Question What seems to be the main role of orthodox sleep?

A It essentially allows for physical recovery A
B it includes physical and mental recuperation associated with fatigue
C Its main role is associated with activities of memory activities and restoration of attention
capabilities
D Via physical recovery, it is characterised by an alternation of dream phases and paradoxical
phases
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Question What strategy should be put in place when faced with an anticipated period of stress?

A A non-sequenced strategy
B A strategy of preparing decisions B
C A Laissez-faire strategy
D A strategy of no commitment
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Question When can the General Adaptation Syndrome activate?

A Responding to boredom
B Responding to Circadian Disrhythmia
C Responding to an imaginary threat C
Question When can the General Adaptation Syndrome activate?
D Responding to Hypovigilance
Ref All
Question When faced with sustained cold temperature, how does the body resist this physical stress:

A By increasing cardiac frequency
B By vasodilatation which permits a greater flow of blood to the periphery
C By speeding up the metabolic rate in the Autonomic Nervous System
D By intense vasoconstriction D
Ref All
Question Which of the following are either cumulative or tend to escalate?
Choices 1. Stress Factors (stressors)

2. Errors
3. The effects of carbon monoxide poisoning
4. Human conflict
5. Colour blindness
Answers Correct
A 2, 3 and 5 only
B 1, 2 and 3 only
C 1 and 2 only
D 1, 2, 3 and 4 D
Ref All
Choices
1. Keep active open communication between man and machine
4. Organising
Answers Correct
A 1, 3
B 1, 2
C 1, 4 C
1. Keep active open communication between man and machine

4. Organising
D 3, 4
Ref All
Question Which of the following list are symptoms of fatigue?
1. Diminished accommodation
Choices 2. Slowed reactions
3. Long-term memory access problems
4. Being over talkative
5. Diminished motor skills
Answers Correct
A 1, 2, 3, 5 A
B 1, 2, 4
C All of the above
D 2, 5 only
Ref All
Question Which of the following list may stress effect?
Choices 1. Attention
2. Concentration
3. Memory
4. Judgement
Answers Correct
B 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct B
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Question Which of the following statements is false?
Question Which of the following statements is false?

A Behaviour is generally the outcome of personality and attitude
B Stress has essentially negative effects and the human will operate efficiently with an absence B
of stress
C Human conflict tends to escalate
D The initial effects of carbon monoxide poisoning are not immediately alarming
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Question Which statement about acute or chronic fatigue is INCORRECT?

A Chronic fatigue may be caused by inadequate recuperation from periods of acute fatigue
B Acute fatigue generally has psychological roots B
C Chronic fatigue may lead to a person being totally apathetic and indifferent to what goes on
around them
D Acute fatigue is felt after a period of significant exertion or emotional excitement
Ref All
Question Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by automatic
systems than by people?
Choices
1. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon
2. Long term controlling of a set value (eg. holding of trajectory)
3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded (eg. holding of flight path)
4. Qualitative decision-making
Answers Correct
A 3, 4
B 2, 4
C 1, 2, 3 C
D 2, 3, 4
Ref All
Question Which of the following drawbacks are associated with automation?
Choices 1. Reduced competence in manually controlling the aircraft

2. Increased likelihood of slips while programming automatic systems
3. Difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick
4. General decrease in technical reliability
Question Which of the following drawbacks are associated with automation?
1. Reduced competence in manually controlling the aircraft

2. Increased likelihood of slips while programming automatic systems
3. Difficulties in adapting to the use of a sidestick
4. General decrease in technical reliability
Answers Correct
A 1, 4
B 1, 2 B
C 2, 3, 4
D 1, 3
Ref All
Question If man is compared with a computer, it can be said that man:

A has less effective means of data collection that the computer
B has less effective means of action (output) than the computer
C has more effective means of action (output) and is above all capable of considerably synergy C
D is relatively limited compared with a computer, that means of data collection or means of action
are referred to
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Question The workload may be said to:
Choices 1. Be acceptable if it requires more than 90% of the crew resources

2. Be acceptable if it requires about 60% of the crew resources
3. Depend on the pilot’s expertise
4. Correspond to the amount of resources available. The combination of correct statements is:
Answers Correct
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Question What would be the priority aim in the design of man-machine interfaces and in the creation of their
application procedures for combating problems associated with human error?
Question What would be the priority aim in the design of man-machine interfaces and in the creation of their
application procedures for combating problems associated with human error?
A To reduce the risks of the appearance or non-detection of errors entailing serious consequences A
B To eliminate the risk of latent errors occurring
C To cater systematically for the consequences of errors in order to analyse their nature and
modify ergonomic parameters
D To put in place redundant alarm systems
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Question What I meant by the term complacency?

A To question possible solutions
B Careless negligence or unjustified self-confidence B
C An agreement between captain and co-pilot due to Crew Resources Management
D Physiological consequences on pilots because of fear of flying
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Question A high degree of cockpit automation may alter the traditional tasks of the pilots in a way, that:

A it is guaranteed that the crew maintains always situational awareness
B the attention of the cockpit crew will become reduced with the consequences of being out of the B
loop
C Crew Co-ordination can be neglected on long haul flights without compromising safety
D the crew can pay more attention to solve the problem in an abnormal situation without monitoring
the automatic systems
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Question How can a pilot avoid automation complacency?

A Always fly the whole flight manually to remain in man-machine loop
B Nothing, because it is system-inherent
C Regard the automatic system as additional crew members that needs to be cross checked as well C
D Always try to enhance your aviation related knowledge during low workload periods
Ref All
Question The use of modern technology applied to glass-cockpit aircraft has:

Question The use of modern technology applied to glass-cockpit aircraft has:
A facilitated feedback from the machine via more concise data for communication on the flight deck A
B considerably improved all the communication facilities of the crew
C reduced the scope for non-verbal communication in inter-personal relations
D improved man-machine communication as a result of flight sensations
Ref All
Question A system is all the more reliable if it offers good detectability. The latter is
the result of:
Choices
1. Tolerance of the various systems to errors
2. The sum of the automatic monitoring, detection and warning facilities
3. The reliability of the Man-Man and Man-Machine links
4. The alerting capability of the Man-Machine interface
Answers Correct
A 3 and 4
B 2 and 4 B
C 1, 2 and 4
D 1 and 3
Ref All
Question Which of the following operations are performed more effectively by people
than by automatic systems?
Choices
1. Qualitative decision-making
2. Waiting for an infrequent phenomenon
3. Monitoring to ensure that certain values are not exceeded
4. Detections of unusual conditions (smell, noise, etc)
Answers Correct
A 3, 4
B 2, 3, 4
C 1, 4 C
D 1, 2
Ref All
Question List advantages of automation:

A Reduced workload, more time to monitor systems, and when managed properly better situational A
awareness
B Easy to learn
C Automation will generally help pilots to make last minute changes
D All of the above are correct
Ref All
Question List automation disadvantages:

A It can be difficult to make last minute changes
B It can be difficult to understand all the modes
C Flight crew can lose situational awareness if they are complacent
D All of the above are correct D
Ref All
Question Define complacency:

A state of over arousal caused by: Stress, high workload and too complicated tasks
B Not paying attention and simply not using the senses properly
C A state of mind that can occur during routine operations
D B and C are correct D
Ref All
Question Too high workload can cause several problems. Which problem has been a contributing factor in many
accidents?
A Loss of situational awareness A
B Poor visual scanning for other aeroplanes
C Hurry up errors
D Incapacitation
Ref All
Question Define automation complacency:

Question Define automation complacency:
A Automation complacency can be caused by systems that are designed too complicated
B Automation complacency occurs when one crew member is programming the automatic system in a
complicated manner. Other crew members may not be able to understand such complicated use of
automation
C Automation complacency may occur because some flights are so completely automated, that pilots
get tired from passive scanning, this can cause automation fatigue
D Boredom and automation complacency may occur because some portions of flights are so completely D
automated, that pilots are loulled into inattention and are either bored or complaced
Ref All
Question What is automation mode awareness?

A It refers to what mode of awareness a crew has during automated flight
B Examples of mode awareness include vigilance and situational awareness
C Being aware of the active mode(s) and understanding the corresponding actions and responses is C
necessary for proper use of the automated system
D A and B are correct
Ref All
Question Which statement about automation is correct?

A Pilots that always use autopilots can become less confident in their own basic airmanship skills
B High performing crews thoroughly discuss FMS and automation usage ahead of automation set up and
especially before arrival
C The new generation of automated aircraft have generally demonstrated an improved safety record
D All of the above are correct D
Ref All
Question One negative aspect of the highly automated cockpit results in:

A pilots disregarding the automatic equipment
B complacency among the crew members B
C constantly high crew overload with regard to the monitoring tasks
D less experienced crews because of more transparent system details
Ref All
Question The level of automation helps to conserve resources. On the other hand, it may result in:

A routine errors (slips) A
B behavioural errors
C decision-making errors
D errors in selecting an appropriate plan of action
Ref All

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Human Performance and Behavior

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human performance and behavior

Choices 1. trains or practises regularly

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The correct statement(s) is (are):

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B Software, hardware, environment and liveware B

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B Security (which includes Safety)

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Choices 1. avoiding cabin altitudes about 18000 ft

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1. varies between 40 and 60%

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B Descend to the lowest possible level and land as soon as possible B

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Choices 1. an altitude of more than 18000 ft

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Ref ATPL AND H

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