ISSN: 0011-9342

Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 628-637

Design a Rectangular Patch Antenna using

Python

Dr Yogini Dilip Borole 1, Dr. Pratik Gite 2, Dr.Mithra Venkatesan 3, Dr. Anurag Shrivastava 4,
Er. Naveen Mukati 5
Assistant Professor 1,2, Associate Professor 3, Principal and Professor 4
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering 1,3, CSE Department 2, Department
of Electronics & Communication Engineering 4,5
G H Raisoni Institute Of Engineering and Technology,Pune 1, IPSA-IES, Indore 2, Dr.D.Y.Patil
Institute of Technology,Pimpri 3, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science Indore 4,
Prestige Institute of Engineering Management and Research , Prestige Vihar, Vijay Nagar 5

Abstract:

An inset fed rectangular shaped microstrip patch antenna is built in this paper. Agilent ADS
(Advanced Digital Simulation) is used to further simulate the designed antenna structure.Simulation
programme (Design System). The patch is made from a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of
1.6 mm RT Duroid 5880 substrate. The simulation outcome validates the theoretical aspects of the
ISM Band and python.

Keywords— RT Duroid 5880 ;inset fed; microstrip patch.

INTRODUCTION

An antenna is a component that emits or receives radio waves. Microstrip antennas, also known as
microstrip patch antennas (MSA), have a number of benefits, including their compact size.The
advantages of printed circuit technology over traditional microwave antennas include height, light
weight, low expense, low volume, and ease of fabrication. As a result, they are commonly used in
many functional applications such as aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, rocket, telephone, GPS, RFID, Wi-
Max, and radar. On the dielectric layer, the radiating components and feed lines are normally photo
engraved. MSAs have drawbacks such as poor radiation efficiency, low gain, high Q, short impedance
bandwidth, and so on.

The antenna properties are regulated by all of the parameters in a rectangular patch antenna
configuration (L, W, h, permittivity). As a result, in order to comprehend the design phase, this page
provides a general idea of how the parameters influence results. First, as seen here, the duration of the
patch L determines the resonant frequency. This is valid in general, except for more complex
microstrip antennas that weave through - the duration of the microstrip's longest path determines the
lowest operating frequency. The following equation (1) shows the association between resonant
frequency and patch length:

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Design Engineering Issue: 5 | Pages: 628-637

---------------1

Second, the input impedance and radiation pattern are regulated by the width W. The smaller the input
impedance, the larger the patch becomes. The Permittivity of the Permittivity of the Permittivity of
the

The fringing fields are regulated by the substrate; lower permittivities result in broader fringes and
hence better radiation. The antenna's bandwidth is increased by lowering the permittivity. With a
lower permittivity rating, the performance improves as well. Through higher permittivities, the
antenna's impedance rises. Higher permittivity values cause the patch antenna to be "shrinked." The
manufacturers of mobile phones, in particular, have little room and want the antenna to be a half-
wavelength long. Using a substrate with a very high permittivity is one process. To demonstrate, the
following equation (1) can be solved for L:

----------------2

As a result, increasing the permittivity by a factor of four reduces the duration needed by a factor of
two. Higher permittivity values are commonly used in antenna design. Miniaturization is a term used
to describe the process of shrinking The bandwidth is often regulated by the height of the substrate h;
raising the height raises the bandwidth.

ANTENNA DESIGN

The design of inset fed rectangular patch antenna with its dimensions is shown below:

Fig 1: Design of rectangular patch antenna

Dimensions of Inset fed Rectangular patch antenna:

Solution frequency 2.45 GHz

Patch dimension along x 48.4 mm

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Patch dimension along y 40.49 mm

Substrate thickness 1.6 mm

Substrate dimension along x 82.2

Substrate dimension along y 120.83

Inset distance 12.215 Inset gap 2.465

Feed width 4.93 Feed length 37.298

Specific antennas in an array are commonly referred to as "elements." To calculate the array's output,
each element's field contribution must be added together. For my first investigation, I decided to use a
rectangular microstrip patch feature, and this post will go into the model I used.

A microstrip or patch antenna is a low-profile antenna that has many benefits over other antennas: it is
lightweight, cheap, and simple to incorporate with corresponding electronics since it can be printed
directly onto a circuit board.

A patch antenna is made up of a conductive patch with a width of W and a length of L that sits on top
of a substrate (i.e. a dielectric circuit board) with a thickness of h and a relative permittivity of Er.
Following that, the substrate is placed on top of a conductive ground plane.

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carries the far-field energy transfer into a closed-form solution. This is a model is often used for
microstrip antennas and is referred to as the “cavity/line” in other antenna texts. The patch is modelled
as two radially-extending slots, with a nominally 50% of the loss between them. Completely
described in the Arrayc Design Patch.m and CalcOfOp.m files. It's a great place to check out for
additional information, especially if you want to know more about antenna theory.

For the model being utilised, the components are not coupled to each other. Scan angles which are
near together may have a negative impact on array efficiency. Additionally, it is thought that the
ground plane is infinite, which results in the model only being true for angles between 0o and 360
degrees. Although the approximation is theoretically quick, due to the limitations, the model yields a
general understanding of an array efficiency.

The formulas for far-field radiation:The far-field formulas are:

--------------- 3

-----------------4

--------------------- 5

------------------6

------------------7

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Using these equations allows us to create the following Python function to calculate the total E-field
pattern for the patch as a function of theta and phi:

import
math
from math import cos, sin, sqrt, atan2, acos

def PatchFunction(thetaInDeg, phiInDeg, Freq, W, L, h, Er):

"""
Taken from Design_patchr
Calculates total E-field pattern for patch as a function of theta and phi
Patch is assumed to be resonating in the (TMx 010) mode.
E-field is parallel to x-axis
W......Width of patch (m)
L......Length of patch (m)
h......Substrate thickness (m)
Er.....Dielectric constant of substrate
Refrence C.A. Balanis 2nd Edition Page 745
"""
lamba = 3e8 / Freq

theta_in = math.radians(thetaInDeg)
phi_in = math.radians(phiInDeg)

ko = 2 * math.pi / lamba

xff, yff, zff = sph2cart1(999, theta_in, phi_in) # Rotate coords 90 deg about x-axis to match
array_utils coord system with coord system used in the model.
xffd = zff
yffd = xff
zffd = yff
r, thp, php = cart2sph1(xffd, yffd, zffd)
phi = php
theta = thp

if theta == 0:
theta = 1e-9 # Trap potential division by zero warning

if phi == 0:
phi = 1e-9

Ereff = ((Er + 1) / 2) + ((Er - 1) / 2) * (1 + 12 * (h / W)) ** -0.5 # Calculate effictive dielectric constant for
microstrip line of width W on dielectric material of constant Er

F1 = (Ereff + 0.3) * (W / h + 0.264) # Calculate increase length dL of patch length L due

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to fringing fields at each end, giving total effective length Leff = L + 2*dL
F2 = (Ereff - 0.258) * (W / h + 0.8)
dL = h * 0.412 * (F1 / F2)

Leff = L + 2 * dL

Weff = W # Calculate effective width Weff for patch, uses standard Er

value.
heff = h * sqrt(Er)

# Patch pattern function of theta and phi, note the theta and phi for the function are defined differently to theta_in
and phi_in
Numtr2 = sin(ko * heff * cos(phi) / 2)
Demtr2 = (ko * heff * cos(phi)) / 2
Fphi = (Numtr2 / Demtr2) * cos((ko * Leff / 2) * sin(phi))

Numtr1 = sin((ko * heff / 2) * sin(theta))

Demtr1 = ((ko * heff / 2) * sin(theta))
Numtr1a = sin((ko * Weff / 2) * cos(theta))
Demtr1a = ((ko * Weff / 2) * cos(theta))
Ftheta = ((Numtr1 * Numtr1a) / (Demtr1 * Demtr1a)) * sin(theta)

# Due to groundplane, function is only valid for theta values : 0 < theta < 90 for all phi
# Modify pattern for theta values close to 90 to give smooth roll-off, standard model truncates H-plane at
theta=90.
# PatEdgeSF has value=1 except at theta close to 90 where it drops (proportional to 1/x^2) to 0

rolloff_factor = 0.5 # 1=sharp, 0=softer

theta_in_deg = theta_in * 180 / math.pi # theta_in in Deg
F1 = 1 / (((rolloff_factor * (abs(theta_in_deg) - 90)) ** 2) + 0.001) # intermediate calc
PatEdgeSF = 1 / (F1 + 1) # Pattern scaling factor

UNF = 1.0006 # Unity normalisation factor for element pattern

if theta_in <= math.pi / 2:

Etot = Ftheta * Fphi * PatEdgeSF * UNF # Total pattern by pattern multiplication
else:
Etot = 0

return Etot

def sph2cart1(r, th, phi):

x = r * cos(phi) * sin(th)
y = r * sin(phi) * sin(th)
z = r * cos(th)

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return x, y, z

def cart2sph1(x, y, z):

r = sqrt(x**2 + y**2 + z**2) + 1e-15
th = acos(z / r)
phi = atan2(y, x)

return r, th, phi

Fig 2: E&H-Plane plot

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Fig 3: Patch Surface Plot

RESULT

The return loss of inset fed rectangular patch antenna according to the base paper consulted is -38dB.

The return loss of inset fed rectangular patch antenna has been obtained -21.966 dB

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Fig 4: Figure shows the return loss of inset fed rectangular patch antenna

Radiation pattern of inset fed rectangular patch antenna showing the polar plot of gain and radiated
power is shown below. The gain obtained by the polar plot is 7.05257dB and the radiated power is
0.00193318W.

Fig 5: Polar plot of gain

Fig 6: Polar plot of radiated power

The radiation pattern of inset fed microstrip patch antenna as obtained in 3D structure can be shown
as in fig.5. This structure is in the shape of an apple and the far field cut can be shown as:

Fig 7: Far field cut shown in radiation pattern

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The antenna parameters thus obtained by the analysis of inset fed rectangular patch antenna is shown
in table below. these parameters are obtained by analysing the antenna on Agilent ADS software

CONCLUSION

an Agilent-specific inset fed rectangular patch antenna is modelled and simulated using the ADS
Program Tools simulation software The computer-generated result reveals that the engineered antenna
would be able to provide expanded reception. prepared to work in the industrial service band The
designed return loss is less than that of the antenna is seen in the foundation, which indicates that it's
possible for antenna losses to be underestimated in that configuration. We would have to do some
more expansion in order to increase the results.

REFERENCES

[1] D. Orban and G.J.K. Moernaut, The Basics of Patch Antennas, Orban Microwave Products
[2] David M. Pozar, “ Microstrip Antennas ”, Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 80, No 1, p.p. 79- 91,
January 1992.
[3] Tauheed Qamar, Naseem Halder, Mohd. Gulman Siddiqui, Vishal Varshney, “SSimulation and
analysis of slot-coupled patch antennaat different frequencies using HFSS” Amity School of
Engineering And Technology, Amity University, Noida, U.p, India.
[4] Fan Yang, Xue-Xia Zhang, Xiaoning Ye, and Yahya Rahmat-Samii, “Wide-Band E-Shaped Patch
Antennas for Wireless Communications” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.
49, no. 7, July 2001
[5] Rajendra R. Patil, Vani R. M, P.V. Hunagund, “Antenna miniaturization techniques for wireless
applications” Dept. of E&CE, Appa Institute of Engineering & Technology, Gulbarga-585103,
Karnataka, India.,
[6] Amit Kumar Gupta1 , R.K. Prasad2 , Dr. D.K. Srivastava3, “Design and development of dual e-
shaped microstrip patch antenna for bandwidth and gain enhancement “ Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering 1, 2 Madan Mohan Malaviya Engineering College, Gorakhpur,
INDIA 3 Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhansi, INDIA
[7] Pradeep Kumar, Neha Thakur, Aman Sanghi, "Micro strip Patch Antenna for 2.4 GHZ Wireless
Applications" International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 4
Issue 8- August 2013

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