Reinforced Concrete (Khmer)

sikSaKNnamuxkat;ebtugBRgwgedayEdk
Reinforced Concrete DESIGN
GñkniBn§³ M. Nadim Hassoun

Akthem Al-Manaseer
bkERbeday³ etg qay

viTüasßanCatiBhubec©keTskm<úCa
mhaviTüal½ysMNg;sIuvil
qñaM 2010
viTüasßanCatiBhubec©keTskm<úCa Department of Civil Engineering
matika
Contents
I. esckþIepþIm (Introduction)
1>1> rcnasm<½n§BIebtugGarem: ................................................................................................1

1>2> KuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþirbs;ebtugGarem: ........................................................................1
1>3> bnÞúk ............................................................................................................................2
1>4> karRbmUlbnÞúk ..............................................................................................................4
1>5> karbMElgbnÞúk ..............................................................................................................8
1>6> eRKOgbgÁúMénrcnasm<½n§ebtugGarem: ...............................................................................10
1>7> CMhanénkarKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMBIebtugGarem: ....................................................................11
II.lkçN³énebtugGarem:
2>1> ktþaCH\T§iBldl;ersIusþg;ebtug ....................................................................................12
2>2> ersIusþg;rgkarsgát; .....................................................................................................14
2>3> ersIusþg;rgkarTaj ......................................................................................................15
2>4> ersIusþg;rgkarkat; ........................................................................................................15
2>5> m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtug ............................................................................................16
2>5> m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtug ............................................................................................16
2>7> m:UDulénPaBrwg b¤m:UDulkmøaMgkat; ..................................................................................16
2>9> bERmbRmYlmaDrbs;ebtug ...........................................................................................17
2>9>1> karrYmmaD ...............................................................................................................17
2>9>2> karrIkmaDedaykarekIneLIgénkemþA ..........................................................................18
2>10> Creep .......................................................................................................................18
2>11> m:UEDlsRmab;TsSn_TaykarrYmmaD nig creep rbs;ebtug ............................................19
2>11>1> m:UEDl ACI 209....................................................................................................19
matika i T.Chhay
mhaviTüal½ysMNg;sIuvil NPIC
2>11>2> m:UEDl B3 .............................................................................................................21

2>11>3> m:UEDl GL 2000 ...................................................................................................25
2>11>4> m:UEDl CEB 90......................................................................................................27
2>11>5> m:UEDl CEB 90-99 ................................................................................................30
2>12> m:as;maDebtug ..........................................................................................................41
2>12> RbePTEdkeRbIkñúgebtug .............................................................................................42
III. viPaKFñwmebtugGarem:rgkarBt;begáag
Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam
3>1> karsnμt; (Assumption)...............................................................................................44
3>2> RbePTénkar)ak;edaykarBt; nigEdnkMNt;sac;lUteFob ...............................................44
3>2>1> kar)ak;edaykarBt; .................................................................................................44
3>2>2> EdnkMNt;bERmbRmYlrageFobsRmab; tension-controlled section nig compression-
controlled section.................................................................................................45
3>3> emKuNbnÞúk ................................................................................................................47
3>4> emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; ..............................................................................................48
3>5> karEbgEckkugRtaMgsgát;smmUl .................................................................................48
3>6> srésEdkrgkmøaMgTajénmuxkat;ctuekaNEkgrgkarBt; ...............................................50
3>6>1> balanced section ....................................................................................................51
3>6>2> PaKryEdkGtibrma ................................................................................................52
3>6>3> PaKryEdkGb,brma ..............................................................................................57
3>7> muxkat;lμm .................................................................................................................57
3>8> bNþúMénEdk .................................................................................................................61
3>9> muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkmøaMgsgát; ...............................................................62
3>9>1> enAeBlEdksgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield .....................................................................63
3>9>2> enAeBlEdksgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield ................................................................68
3>10> viPaKmuxkat;GkSret T nigmuxkat;GIu I ........................................................................71
3>10>1> TTwgRbsiT§PaB .....................................................................................................72
T.Chhay ii Contents
3>10>2> muxkat;GkSret T RtUv)anKitCaragctuekaNEkg ....................................................73

3>10>3> viPaKmuxkat;ragGkSret T ....................................................................................74
3>11> TMhMénmuxkat;FñwmGkSr T Éeka .................................................................................80
3>11> muxkat;GkSr L páab; ..................................................................................................81
karKNnaFñwmebtugGarem:rgkarkac;begáag
IV.
4>1> km<s;RbsiT§PaBsRmab;Fñwm nigkRmalxNÐ ...................................................................82

4>2> muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarTaj ....................................................................82
4>3> KMlatEdk nigRsTab;karBarEdk ..................................................................................84
4>3>1> KMlatEdk ................................................................................................................84
4>3>2> RsTab;karBarEdk ...................................................................................................85
4>3>2> RsTab;karBarEdk ...................................................................................................86
4>3>4> km<s;Gb,brmarbs;muxkat;ebtug .............................................................................86
4>4>muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarsgát;......................................................................91
4>5> KNnamuxkat;GkSret T ..............................................................................................98
V. viFIKNnaepSgeTot
Alternative Design Methods
5>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction) .........................................................................................105
5>2> emKuNbnÞúk (Load Factors) ......................................................................................105
5>3> emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; (Strength-Reduction Factor φ ) .......................................105
5>4>muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarTaj (Rectangular Sections with Tension
Reinforcement) .........................................................................................................108
5>5> muxkat;ctuekaNCamYynwgEdkrgkarsgát; (Rectangular Sections with Compression
Reinforcement) ........................................................................................................111
5>6> karKNnamuxkat;GkSret (Design of T-Section) .....................................................113
5>7> viFI strut and tie (Strut and Tie Method) ................................................................115
5>7>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction)....................................................................................115
5>7>2> viFIsaRsþKNnatam ACI (ACI Design Procedure) ...............................................118
matika iii T.Chhay
5>7>3> tRmUvkarsRmab;karKNna (Design Requirement) .................................................120

VI. PaBdab nigsñameRbH
6>1> sñameRbHenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMebtug (Deflection of Structural Concrete Members) .........123
6>2> PaBdabxN³ (Instantaneous Deflection) ...............................................................124
6>2>1> m:UDuleGLasÞic (Modulus of Elasticity) .............................................................125
6>2>2> pleFobm:UDuleGLasÞic (Modular Ratio) .............................................................125
6>2>3> m:Um:g;eRbH (Cracking moment) ...........................................................................125
6>2>4> m:Um:g;niclPaB (Moment of inertia) ....................................................................126
6>2>5> lkçN³rbs;muxkat; (Properties of sections) .......................................................130
6>3> PaBdabry³eBlyUr (Long-term Deflection) ............................................................131
6>4> PaBdabGnuBaØat (Allowable Deflection)..................................................................132
6>5> PaBdabEdlbNþalmkBIbnSMbnÞúk (Deflection Due to Combinations of Load) .........132
6>6> PaBdabenAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt; (Cracks in Flexural Members)....................................142
6>7> tRmUvkarrbs;bTdæan ACI Code (ACI Code Requirement) ......................................146
VII. RbEvgEdkbgáb; b¤RbEvgEdkRCYs
7>1> esckþIepþIm .................................................................................................................153
7>2> karbegáItkugRtaMgs¥it..................................................................................................153
7>2>1> PaBs¥itedaykarBt; ..............................................................................................153
7>2>2> karBiesaFsRmab;RbsiT§PaBPaBs¥it........................................................................154
7>3> RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;Taj .......................................................................................156
7>3>1> RbEvgbgáb;mUldæan l ............................................................................................156
d
7>3>2> emKuN ACI Code sRmab;KNna l sRmab;srésEdkrgkarTaj ..........................158

d
7>3>3> rUbmnþsRmYlsRmab; l ..........................................................................................159

d
7>4> RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;sgát; l ...............................................................................161

dc
7>5> segçbkarKNna l kñúgtMbn;Taj.................................................................................162

d
7>6> muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt; ..........................................................................165

T.Chhay iv Contents
7>7> TMBk;; .........................................................................................................................169

7>6> kartEdk....................................................................................................................172
7>7> karbBaÄb;Edk ............................................................................................................174
VIII. kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg
Shear and Diagonal Tension
8>1> esckþIepþIm .................................................................................................................180
8>2> kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;enAkñúgFñwmebtugGarem: ....................................................................180
8>3> kareFVIkarrbs;FñwmedayKμanEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg .............................................................183
8>4> \T§iBlm:Um:g;eTAelIersIusþg;kmøaMgkat; ...........................................................................185
8>5> FñwmmanEdkkmøaMgkat;..................................................................................................188
8>6> tRmUvkarrbs; ACI Code sRmab;karKNnakmøaMgkat;TTwg..........................................191
8>6>1> muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;karKNnaersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgmFüm
Critical section for nominal shear strength calculation........................................191
8>6>2> muxkat;EdkGb,brmasRmab;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg ........................................................191
8>6>3> kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdlTb;edayEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg V ....................................193
s
8>6>4> KMlatEdkkgGtibrma .............................................................................................193

8>6>5> ersIusþg; yield rbs;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg.....................................................................194
8>6>6> TMBk;rbs;Edkkg ....................................................................................................194
8>6>7> EdkkgenAEdlenAEk,rTRm .....................................................................................196
8>6>8> RbEvgRbsiT§PaBrbs;EdkdgErk ..............................................................................196
8>7> karKNnaEdkkgbBaÄr ...............................................................................................196
8>8> segçbviFIsaRsþKNnaEdkkgbBaÄr..............................................................................198
8>9> kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkGefr.........................................................................204
8>10> kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgGgát;Edlmankm<s;ERbRbYl ..........................................208
8>11> Ggát;rgkarBt;CeRmAeRCA ..........................................................................................214
matika v T.Chhay
IX. kRmalxNÐmYyTis
9>1> RbePTkRmalxNÐ ......................................................................................................231
9>2> karKNnaénkRmalxNÐtan;mYyTis ............................................................................232
9>3> EdnkMNt;kñúgkarKNnaEdlGnuelameTAtam ACI CODE .........................................235
9>4> EdksItuNðPaB nigEdkrYmmaD.......................................................................................236
9>5> lMGitsrésEdk ..........................................................................................................237
9>8> karEbgEckbnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐmYyTiseTAFñwmTRm..........................................................238
9>9> RbB½n§kRmalxNÐrnUtmYyTis (One-Way joist Floor System) ...................................243
X. ssrrgkmøaMgcMG½kS
10>1> esckþIepþIm ..............................................................................................................248
10>2> RbePTssr.............................................................................................................248
10>3> kareFVIkarrbs;ssrrgbnÞúkcMG½kS .............................................................................250
10>4> lkçxNÐrbs; ACI Code.........................................................................................250
10>5> smIkarsRmab;KNna ...............................................................................................252
10>6> kmøaMgTajcMG½kS.......................................................................................................253
XI. eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát; nigrgkarBt;
11>1> esckþIepþIm .............................................................................................................255
11>2> karsnμt;sRmab;KNnassr .....................................................................................256
11>3> düaRkamGnþrkmμbnÞúk-m:Um:g; (Load-moment interaction diagram) ..........................257
11>4> karpþl;nUvsuvtßiPaB (Safety provisions)..................................................................259
11>5> Balanced condition – muxkat;ctuekaN ..................................................................261
11>6> muxkat;ssreRkamGMeBIbnÞúkcakp©it (Column sections under eccentric loading)......264
11>7> ersIusþg;rbs;ssrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj
(Strength of columns for tension failure) .............................................................265
11>8> ersIusþg;rbs;ssrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarsgát;
(Strength of columns for compression failure) ....................................................268
11>8>1> dMeNaHRsaysakl,g (Trial solution)................................................................269
T.Chhay vi Contents
11>8>2> dMeNaHRsayviPaKcMnYn (Numerical Analysis Solution) ......................................271

11>8>3> dMeNaHRsayRbEhl (Approximate Solution) ...................................................273
11>9> ]TahrN_sRmab;düaRkamGnþrkmμ (Interaction Diagram Example) ........................275
11>10> ssrmuxkat;ctuekaNCamYyEdkxag (Rectangular columns with side bars) .......276
11>11> lT§PaBRTbnÞúkrbs;ssrmuxkat;mUl (Load Capacity of Circular Columns) .......278
11>11>1 lkçxNÐ Balanced ...........................................................................................280
11>11>2 ersIusþg;rbs;muxkat;mUlsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarsgát;
Strength of circular column for compression failure ...........................................284
11>11>3 ersIusþg;rbs;muxkat;mUlsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj
Strength of circular column for tension failure....................................................285
11>12> karviPaK nigkarKNnassredayeRbIdüaRkam
Analysis and Design of Column Using Charts ....................................................286
11>13> karKNnassreRkambnÞúkcakp©it
(Design of Columns under Eccentric Loading) ...................................................292
11>13>1 KNnassrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarsgát;
(Design of Column for Compression Failure) .....................................................292
11>13>2 KNnassrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj
(Design of Column for tension Failure)...............................................................298
11>14> karBt;tamBIrTis (Biaxial Bending) ..................................................................300
11>15> ssrmUlCamYynwgkarrayEdkesμIeRkamm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTis
Circular Columns with Uniform reinforcement Under Biaxial Bending.............303
11>16> ssrmuxkat;kaer nigctuekaNeRkamm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTis
(Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending) ................................304
11>16>1> viFI; Bresler Reciprocal Method ......................................................................304
11>16>2> viFIExSvNÐbnÞúk Bresler (Bresler Load Contour Method) .................................305
11>17> viFIExSvNÐbnÞúk Parme (Parme Load Contour Method) ......................................305
11>18> smIkarépÞ)ak; (Equation of failure surface) ........................................................312
XII. ssrEvg
12>1> esckþIepþIm .............................................................................................................315
12>2> RbEvgssrRbsiT§PaB (Effective Column Length) Kl ........................................315
u
matika vii T.Chhay

12>3> emKuNRbEvgRbsiT§PaB (Effective Length Factor) K ............................................316

12>4> PaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggát; (Member Stiffness) EI .......................................................321
12>5> EdnkMNt;sRmab;pleFobrlas; (Limitation of The Slenderness Ratio) Kl / r ...321 u
12>5>1> eRKagGt;eyal (Nonsway Frames) ....................................................................321

12>6> viFIKNnabEnßmm:Umg; (Moment-Magnifier Design Method)....................................323
12>6>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction)....................................................................................323
12>6>2> m:Um:g;bEnßmenAkñúgeRKagGt;eyal (Magnified Moments in Nonsway Frames) ..324
12>6>3> m:Um:g;bEnßmenAkñúgeRKageyal (Magnified Moments in sway Frames)................325
XIII. eCIgtag
FOOTINGS
13>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction).......................................................................................335
13>2> RbePTeCIgtag (Types of Footings) .......................................................................336
13>3> karBRgaysm<aFdI (Distribution of soil pressure) .................................................339
13>4> karBicarNakñúgkarKNna (Design Consideration) ................................................341
13>4>1> TMhMeCIgtag (size of Footing).............................................................................341
13>4>2> kmøaMgkat;mYyTis ¬kmøaMgkat;Fñwm¦ Vu1 One-Way Shear (Beam Shear)............342
13>4>3> kmøaMgkat;BIrTis ¬kmøaMgpug¦ Vu1 Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)..............343
13>4>4> ersIusþg;Bt; nigEdkeCIgtag (Flexural Strength and Footing Reinforcement)....345
13>4>5> lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrenARtg;)at (Bearing Capacity of Column at Base) .......347
13>4>6> RbEvgEdkRCYs (Development Length of the Reinforcing bars) ......................349
13>4>7> sRmutDIepr:g;Esül ¬karKNnaeCIgtagkñúglkçxNÐlMnwg¦
Differential Settlement (Balanced Footing Design) ........................................349
13>5> eCIgtagebtugsuT§ (Plain Concrete Footings) ........................................................350
13>6> Combined Footings.............................................................................................362
13>7> eCIgtageRkambnÞúkssrcakp©it (Footings under Eccentric Column Loads) .........370
13>8> eCIgtageRkamm:Um:g;BIrTis (Footings under Biaxial Moment) ...............................372
13>9> kRmalxNÐelIdI (Slabs on Ground)........................................................................375
T.Chhay viii Contents
13>10> eCIgtagenAelIssrRKwH (Footings on Piles) .........................................................379

XIV. CBa¢aMgTb;
Retaining Wall
14>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction)......................................................................................378
14>2> RbePTCBa¢aMgTb; (Types of Retaining Walls) .........................................................378
14>3> kmøaMgenAelICBa¢aMgTb; (Forces on Retaining Walls) ...............................................380
14>4> sm<aFdIGkmμ nigsm<aFdIskmμ (Active and Passive Soil Pressures) ......................381
14>5> \T§iBlénbnÞúkbEnßm (Effect of Surcharge) ..............................................................386
14>6> kmøaMgkkitenAelI)atCBa¢aMgTb; (Friction on the Retaining Wall Base) ....................387
14>7> sßanPaBlMnwgRbqaMgnwgkarRkLab; (Stability against Overturning) ......................388
14>8> smamaRténCBa¢aMgTb; (Proportions of Retaining Walls).......................................389
14>9> tRmUvkarsRmab;KNna (Design Requirement).......................................................390
14>10> karbgðÚrTwk (Drainage) ........................................................................................391
14>11> CBa¢aMgCan;eRkamdI (Basement Walls) .................................................................406
XV. karKNnasMrab;kmøaMgrmYl
Design for Torsion
15>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction) .....................................................................................411
15>2> m:Um:g;rmYlenAkñúgFñwm (Torsional Moments in Beams)..............................................413
15>3> kugRtaMgrmYl (Torsional Moments in Beams) .......................................................413
15>4> m:Um:g;rmYlenAkñúgmuxkat;ctuekaN (Torsional Moments in Rectangular Sections)....416
15>5> kmøaMgpÁÜbrvagkmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgrmYl (Combined Shear and Torsion)....................417
15>6> RTwsþIkarrmYlsRmab;Ggát;ebtug (Torsion Theories for Concrete Members) ............418
15>6>1> Skew Bending Theory ......................................................................................418
15>6>2> Space Truss Analogy ........................................................................................419
15>7> ersIusþg;rmYlénGgát;ebtugsuT§ (Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members)..422
15>8> karrmYlenAkñúgGgát;ebtugBRgwgedayEdk (Torsion in Reinforced Concrete
Memebers (ACI Code Procedure)) .................................................................423
matika ix T.Chhay
15>8>1> sBaØaNTUeTA (General) .....................................................................................423

15>8>2> )a:ra:Em:RtFrNImaRténkarrmYl (Torsional Geometric Parameters) ......................424
15>8>3> m:Um:g;rmYleFVI[eRbH Tcr (Cracking Torsional Moment T ) ................................425
cr
15>8>4> m:Um:g;rmYllMnwg nwgm:Um:g;rmYlRtUvKña (Equilibrium Torsion and

Compatibility Torsion) ....................................................................................428
15>8>5> karkMNt;énersIusþg;m:Um:g;rmYl (Limitation of Tortional Moment Strength) .........429
15>8>6> muxkat;Rbehag (Hollow Section) .......................................................................431
15>8>7> EdkRTnug (Web Reinforcement).........................................................................431
15>8>8> EdkTb;karrmYlGb,brma (Minimum Torsional Reinforcement) .........................433
15>9> segçbviFIsaRsþKNnaeday ACI Code (Summary of ACI Code Procedures) ........433
XVI. FñwmCab; nigeRKag
Continuous Beams and Frames
16>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction) ......................................................................................445
16>2> m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkñúgFñwmCab; (Maximum Moment in Continuous Beams)...............446
16>2>1> eKalkarN_viPaK (Basic Analysis) ......................................................................446
16>2>2> karGnuvtþkardak;bnÞúk (Loading Application)......................................................446
16>2>3> m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrma nigGb,brmaenAkñúgElVg
Maximum and Minimum Positive Moments within a Span ...........................447
16>2>4> m:Um:g;GviC¢manGtibrmaenAelITRm (Maximum Negative Moments at Supports) ...448
16>2>5> m:Um:g;enAkñúgFñwmCab; (Moments in Continuous Beams) .......................................449
16>3> eRKagsMNg;GKar (Building Frames) ....................................................................453
16>4> Portal Frames ........................................................................................................455
16>4>1> cugsnøak;BIr (Two Hinged Ends) ........................................................................455
16>4>2> cugbgáb;BIr (Two Fixed Ends) ............................................................................456
16>5> eRKagTUeTA (General Frames) ................................................................................458
16>6> karKNnasnøak;rbs;eRKag (Design of Frame Hinges)...........................................460
16>6>1> Mesnager hinges ...............................................................................................460
16>6>2> Considère hinges ..............................................................................................462
T.Chhay x Contents
16>7> esckþIepþImBIkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Introduction to Limit Design) ....................473

16>7>1> lkμN³TUeTA (General) .....................................................................................473
16>7> 2> KMniténkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Limit Design Concept) ...................................474
16>7> 3> eKalkarN_énsnøak;)aøsÞic (Plastic Hinge Concept)...........................................475
16>8> emkanicénkar)ak; (The Collapse Mechanism) .......................................................477
16>9> eKalkarN_énkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Principles of Limit Design) .......................477
16>10> Ednx<s; nigEdnTabénemKuNbnÞúk (Upper and Lower Bounds of Load Factors) ..479
16>11> karviPaKsßanPaBkMNt; (Limit Analysis)..............................................................479
16>12> mMurgVilrbs;snøak;)aøsÞic (Rotation of Plastic Hinges) ..........................................484
16>12>1> RbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞic (Plastic Hinge Length) ......................................................484
16>12>2> emKuNEbgEckkMeNag (Curvature Distribution Factor ) .................................486
16>12>3> snÞsSn_énPaBsVit (Ductilty Index ) ...............................................................487
16>12>4> mMurgVilEdlRtUvkar (Required Rotation) ..........................................................488
16>12>5> lT§PaBTb;mMurgVil (Rotation Capacity Provided) .............................................488
16>13> segçbviFIsaRsþkñúgkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt;
(Summary of Limit Design Procedure)...........................................................491
16>14> karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijénm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAkñúgFñwmCab;
Moment Distribution of Negative Moments in Continuous Beams................495
XVII. karKNnakRmalxNÐBIrTis
Design of Two-Way Slabs
17>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction) ....................................................................................507
17>2> RbePTkRmalxNÐBIrTis (Types of Two-Way Slabs).............................................507
17>3> kareRCIserIsRbB½n§kRmalxNÐebtugEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©
Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems..............................................511
17>4> eKalKMnitkñúgkarKNna (Design Concept) ..............................................................512
17>5> ceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal (Column and Middle Strips) ............................514
17>6> kRmas;kRmalGb,brmaedIm,IkMritPaBdab
(Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection) ..............................................517
matika xi T.Chhay
17>7> ersIusþg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;kRmalxNÐ (Shear Strength of Slabs)...........................524

17>7>1> kRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlRTedayFñwm (Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams) ........524
17>7>2> kRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlKμanFñwm (Two-Way Slabs without Beams)........................525
17>7>3> EdkkmøaMgkat;TTWgenAkñúgkRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlKμanFñwm
Shear Reinforcement in Two-Way Slabs without Beams ...............................525
17>8> karviPaKkRmalxNÐBIrTisedayviFIKNnaedaypÞal;
Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method ............................530
17>8>1> karkMNt; (Limitations).......................................................................................530
17>8>2> m:Um:g;sþaTicemKuNsrub (Total Factored Static Moment).....................................530
17>8>3> karEbgEckm:Um:g;tambeNþaykñúgkRmalxNÐ
(Longitudinal Distribution of Moment in Slabs).............................................532
17>8>4> karEbgEckm:Um:g;tamTTwgkñúgkRmalxNÐ
(Transverse Distribution of Moment in Slabs)................................................535
17>8>5> karpþl;rbs; ACI sRmab;\T§iBlrbs;KMrUénkardak;bnÞúk
(ACI Provisions for Effects of Pattern Loading).............................................539
17>8>6> karlMGitsrésEdk (Reinforcement Details) ......................................................540
17>8>7> viFIPaBrwgRkajEdlRtUv)anEktRmUvsRmab;ElVgcug
(Modified Stiffness Method for End Spans) ...................................................540
17>8>8> segçbviFIKNnaedaypÞal; (Summary of the Direct Design Method (DDM)) ....543
17>9> m:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgssr (Design Moments in Column)...........................................567
17>10> karbMElgm:Um:g;minesμIeTAkñúgssr
(Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns).............................................569
17>10>1> karbMElgm:Um:g; (Transfer of Moment) ............................................................569
17>10>3> kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;EdlbNþalBI M f (Shear Stress Due to) M f ...................570
17>11> kRmalxNÐ Waffle (Waffle Slabs) ...................................................................573
17>12> viFIeRKagsmmUl (Equivalent Frame Method)....................................................592
XVIII. CeNþIr
Stairs
18>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction) ......................................................................................606
18>2> RbePTCeNþIr (Types of Stairs)..............................................................................607
T.Chhay xii Contents
XIX. esckþIENnaMBIebtugkugRtaMg
Introduction to Prestressed Concrete
19>1> ebtugeRbkugRtaMg (Prestressed Concrete) ...............................................................634
19>1>1> eKalkarN_énkareFVIeRbkugRtaMg (Principles of Prestressing) ...............................634
19>1>2> karGnuvtþeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñk (Partial Prestressing) ..........................................642
19>1>3> karcat;cMNat;fñak;Ggát;rgkarBt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
(Classification of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members) ...........................646
19>2> smÖar³ nigtRmUvkarsRmab;beRmIbRmas;
(Material and Serviceability Requirement) .....................................................647
19>2>1> ebtug (Concrete) ...............................................................................................647
19>2>2> EdkeRbkugRtaMg (Prestressing Steel) ...................................................................648
19>2>3> EdkBRgwg (Reinforcing Steel) ...........................................................................649
19>3> kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg (Loss of Prestress)................................................................649
19>3>1> Lump-sum losses .............................................................................................649
19>3>2> kMhatbg;edaysar (Elastic Shortening of Concrete) ........................................650
19>3>3> kMhatbg;edaysarkarrYmmaD (Loss Due to Shrinkage) .....................................651
19>3>4> kMhatbg;edaysar creep rbs;ebtug ....................................................................652
19>3>5> kMhatbg;edaysar Relaxation rbs;Edk .............................................................653
19>3>6> kMhatbg;edaysarkmøaMgkkit (Loss Due to Friction)..........................................653
19>3>7> kMhatbg;edaysar Anchor set ...........................................................................655
19>4> viPaKGgát;rgkarBt;begáag (Analysis of Flexural Members)....................................660
19>4>1> kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIlkçxNÐmanbnÞúk niglkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk
Stresses Due to Loaded and Unloaded condition...........................................660
19>4>2> EdnkMNt;sñÚl (Kern Limits) ...............................................................................661
19>4>3> karkMNt;témøéncMNakp©it (Limiting Values of Eccentricity) ...........................662
19>4>4> témøkMNt;émkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞr
(Limiting Values of the Prestessing Force at Transfer) ..................................664
19>5> KNnaGgát;rgkarBt;begáag (Design of Flexural Members).....................................673
matika xiii T.Chhay

19>5>1> sBaØaNTUeTA (General)........................................................................................673

19>5>2> muxkat;ctuekaN (Rectangular Sections) ............................................................675
19>5>3> muxkat;Edlmansøab (Flanged Sections) ............................................................677
19>5>4> EdkBRgwgrgeRbkugRtaMg (Nonprestressed Reinforcement) ..................................677
19>6> m:Um:g;eRbH (Cracking Moment) ...............................................................................680
19>7> PaBdab (Deflection) ..............................................................................................683
19>8> KNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg (Design for Shear) ....................................................685
19>8>1> viFIcMbg (Basic Approach)..................................................................................686
19>8>2> ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;Edlpþl;edayebtug (Shear Strength Provided by Concrete) ....686
19>8>3> EdkkmøaMgkat; (Shear Reinforcement).................................................................689
19>8>4> EdnkMNt; (Limitation) ........................................................................................690
19>9> KNnaCMhandMbUgénGgát;ebtugeRbmugRtaMgrgkarBt;
Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members.....................695
19>9>1> rUbrag nigTMhM (Shapes and Dimensions) .............................................................695
19>9>2> kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigRkLaépÞEdk (Shapes and Dimensions) ...............................695
19>10> kugRtaMgbøúkxagcug (End-Block Stresses) ............................................................698
19>10>1> Ggát;rgkugRtaMgTajmun (Pretensioned Members) .............................................698
19>10>2> Ggát;rgkugRtaMgTajeRkay (Post-tensioned Members) .....................................699
]bsm<½n§ .........................................................................................................................702
T.Chhay xiv Contents

I. esckþIepþIm
1>1> rcnasm<½n§BIebtugGarem:
ebtug Cafμsib,nimitþEdlekIteLIgedaysarkarpSMKñaénsmÖar³CaeRcIndUcCa fμbMEbk xSac; sIum:gt¾ Twk
nigeBlxøHmanTwkfñaMKImI. smÖar³TaMgenHRtUv)anlaybBa©ÚlKñaedaysmamaRtRtwmRtUv Tuk[kkkøayeTACa
ebtug. ebtugCasmÖar³EdleFVIkar)anl¥nwgkarsgát;.
edIm,I[smÖar³eFVIBIebtugGacTb;nwgkarBt;)an luHRtaEtvaRtUv)anBRgwgedaysrésEdk eBlenaH
eK[eQμaHvafa ebtugGarem:. EdkCasmÖar³EdleFVIkar)anl¥nwgkarTaj.
CaTUeTAkñúgkarKNnarcnasm<½n§BIebtugGarem:mYy KWeKRtUvGnuvtþeLIgCaBIrCMhanFM²³
- kMNt;nUvRbePTbnÞúkepSg²EdlGnuvtþmkelIrcnasm<½n§ edayeRbInUvviFIsaRsþRtwmRtUvkñúgkarviPaK
eRKOgbgÁúM.
- kMNt;nUvTMhMmuxkat;EdkénRKb;rcnasm<½n§TaMgGs; [manlkçN³esdækic© edayBicarNaelIsuvtißPaB
sßirPaBkareRbIR)as; nigtYnaTIrbs;eRKOgbgÁúM.
ebtugGarem: CasmÖar³mYyEdleKeRbIR)as;CaTUeTAenAkñúgkarKNnaGKarRKb;RbePT. vaCasmÖar³Edl
pÁúMeLIgedaysmÖar³BIrRbePTKW ebtug nigEdk. eRKOgbgÁúMEdleFVIBIebtugGarem: RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sRmab;RTnUv
bnÞúkeRcInRbePT.
1>2> KuNsm,tþi nigKuNvibtþirbs;ebtugGarem:
ebtugGarem: CasmÖar³EdlRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;y:agTUlMTUlaysRmab;RbePTCaeRcInéneRKOgbgÁúM.
vaRtUv)aneKykmkeRbobeFobCamYynwgEdk sRmab;lkçN³esdækic© nigkarRbtibtþi.
KuNsm,tþirbs;ebtugGarem:RtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
- vamanersIusþg;x<s;kñúgkarsgát; (high compressive strength)
- vaTb;Tl;nwgePøIg)anl¥CagEdk
- vamanGayukalEvgCamYynwgkarEfTaMTab
- sRmab;eRKOgbgÁúMxøHdUcCa TMnb;Twk ssr nigeCIgtag vaCasmÖar³EdlmanlkçN³esdækic©x<s;
- vaGacRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;kMNt;rUbragtamtRmUvkar nigeFVICaeRKOgbgÁúMcak;eRscCamYynwgPaB
dabGb,brma.
esckþIepþIm 1 T.Chhay
KuNvibtþirbs;ebtugGarem:RtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
- vamanersIusþg;TabkñúgkarTajRbEhlCamYyPaKdb;énersIusþg;rgkarsgát;
- vaRtUvkarkarlay karcak; karEfTaM EdlTaMgenHsuT§EtCH\T§iBldl;ersIusþg;rbs;va
- Bum<EdleRbIsRmab;cak;ebtugmantémøx<s;. témøBum<esÞIresμInwgtémøebtug.
- vamanersIusþg;rgkarsgát;TabCagEdkRbEhlCadb;dg EdlCaehtueFVI[muxkat;ssrFMsRmab;
GKareRcInCan;.
- vaekItmansñameRbH EdlbNþalmkBIkarrYmmaD nigkarGnuvtþrbs;bnÞúkGefr.
1>3> bnÞúk
eRKOgbgÁúMrcnasm<½n§RtUv)anKNnaedIm,IRTnUvbnÞúkCak;lak;.
bnÞúkKWCakmøaMgTaMgLayNaEdlGnuvtþmkelIrcnasm<½n§ Edlpþl;nUvsmamaRtmuxkat;rbs;va. CaTU
eTAbnÞúkRtUv)anEckecjCa bnÞúkefr ¬bnÞúkGcl½t¦ nigbnÞúkGefr ¬bnÞúkcl½t¦.
bnÞúkefr (Dead load) EdlrYmmanTm¶n;rbs;rcnasm<½n§ ¬Tm¶n;pÞal;rbs;va¦ nigTm¶n;smÖar³epSg²eTot
EdlmanenAelIeRKOgbgÁúM dUcCa \dækar:U )ayGr ek,Óg CBa¢aMg >>>. bnÞúkefrRtUv)anKNnaCamYynwgkRmitRtwm
RtUvénTMhMrbs;smÖar³ nigTm¶n;maDrbs;va.
bnÞúkGefr (Live load) CabnÞúkTaMgLayNaEdlminEmnCabnÞúkefr. vaCaRbePTbnÞúkEdlmanlkçN³
minnwg b¤rBa¢Üy b¤cl½t. vaGacGnuvtþmkelIeRKOgbgÁúMyWt² Pøam² bBaÄr b¤edk ehIyGaMgtg;sIuetrbs;vaGac
ERbRbYleTAtameBlevla. CaTUeTAbnÞúkGefrrYmman³
- bnÞúkEdlekItBITm¶n;mnusS eRKOgsgðarwm nig]bkrN_smÖar³
- kmøaMgpÁÜbEdl)anBIxül; nig)anBIbERmbRmYlsItuNðPaB
- Tm¶n;rbs;RBilRbsinebIman
- sm<aFrbs;Twk b¤dImkelICBa¢aMgTb;dI
- Tm¶n;rbs;cracrN_mkelIs<an
- kmøaMgpÁÜbDINamicEdl)anBIbnÞúkcl½t b¤bnÞúkb:HTgÁic rBa¢ÜyEpndI b¤karpÞúH
bnÞúkRBilGacERbRbYlcenøaHBI 0.5kN / m → 2kN / m GaRs½yelIGakasFatutamtMbn;.
2 2
bnÞúkxül;GacERbRbYlcenøaHBI 0.75kN / m → 1.5kN / m GaRs½ynwgel,Ónxül;. sm<aFxül;én

2 2
eRKOgbgÁúM F RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnþxageRkam³
F = 0.00064CsV 2
Edl F - sm<aFxül; kN / m 2
T.Chhay 2 Introduction
V- el,Ónxül; m / s
C - emKuNrUbragrbs;GKar enAcenøaHBI 1.2 → 1.3
s
taragTI1³ bnÞúkBRgayesμI
Design live load
Occupancy Content kN / m 2
Assembly hall Fixed seats 2.9
Movable seats 4.8
Hospital Operating rooms 2.9
Private rooms 1.9
Hotel Guest rooms 1.9
Public rooms 4.8
Balconies 4.8
Housing Private house and apartments 1.9
Public rooms 4.8
Institution Classrooms 1.9
Corridors 4.8
Library Reading rooms 2.9
Stack rooms 7.2
Office building Offices 2.4
Lobbies 4.8
Stairs 4.8
Storage warehouses Light 4.8
Heavy 12.0
Yard and terraces 4.8
taragTI2³ dg;sIuet nigdg;sIuetxnic
Density
Material Specific gravity
kg / m 3
Building material
Brick 1.8-2.0 1924
Cement, Portland, loose - 1443
Cement, Portland, set 2.7-3.2 2933
Earth, dry, packed - 1523
Sand or gravel, dry, packed - 1600-1924
Sand or gravel, wet - 1892-1924
Liquids
Oils 0.9-0.94 930
Water (at 4 o c ) 1 1000
Ice 0.88-0.92 898
Metal and mineral
Aluminum 2.55-2.75 2645
Copper 9.0 8913
Iron 7.2 7214
Lead 11.38 11380
Steel, rolled 7.85 7855
Limestone or marble 2.5-2.8 2645
Sandstone 2.2-2.5 2356

Shale or slate 2.7-2.9 2805
Normal weight concrete
Plain 2.2-2.4 2324
Reinforced or prestressed 2.3-2.5 2405
1>4> karRbmUlbnÞúk
edIm,IQaneTAdl;karKNnamuxkat;EdkEdlRtUvkar enAkñúgmuxkat;eRKOgbgÁúM CadMbUgeyIgRtUvRbmUl
bnÞúkTaMgGs;EdlmanGMeBIeTAelIeRKOgbgÁúMenaH. karRbmUlbnÞúkKWeyIgRtUvRbmUlBIelIcuHmkeRkam )ann½yfa
dMbUgeyIgRbmUlbnÞúkelIdMbUl b¤elIkRmalxNÐ bnÞab;mkRbmUlbnÞúkmkelIFñwm rYcehIyRbmUlbnÞúkmkelI
ssr nigcugeRkayRbmUlbnÞúkmkelIRKwH.
bnÞúkTMnajEckCabIRbePTKW³
- bnÞúkBRgayelIépÞ Edlmanxñat (kN / m ) bnÞúkenHmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐ b¤dMbUl. bnÞúkTaMgenHrYm
2
man bnÞúkGefr nigbnÞúkefr ¬rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgTm¶n;pÞal;xøÜn¦.

- bnÞúkBRgayelIRbEvg Edlmanxñat (kN / m) bnÞúkenHmanGMeBIelIFñwm. bnÞúkTaMgenHrYmmanbnÞúkEdl
)anbBa¢ÚnBIkRmalxNÐmkelIFñwmtamsñameRbH 45 bnÞúkrbs;CBa¢aMg nigbnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn. bnÞúkBRgayelI
o
RbEvgmanragCa ctuekaNEkg ctuekaNBñay nigRtIekaN.

- bnÞúkcMcMNuc Edlmanxñat (kN ) bnÞúkenHmanGMeBIelIssr nigRKwH. bnÞúkTaMgenHrYmmanbnÞúkEdl)an
bBa¢ÚnBIkRmalxNÐmkelIFñwmehIybnþbBa¢ÚnmkelIssr nigbnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn.
eRkABIbnÞúkTMnajTaMgenH enAmanbnÞúkedkeTot. eRkamGMeBIénbnÞúkEdl)anGnuvtþeTAelIrcnasm<½n§
eyIgGackMNt;)an nUvkmøaMgkat;TTwg m:Um:g;Bt; >>>.
]TahrN_³ eKmanpÞHmYyEdlmankMBs;1Can; 4m ehIymanTMhMdUcbgðajkñúgrUb³
k> cUrkMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐ S
x> cUrkMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm B1
K> cUrkMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm B2
X> cUrkMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIssr C
dMeNaHRsay
k> kMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐ S
bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐrYmmanbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr
bnÞúkefrman³
S B2 (20×30)
B1(20×45) C (20×20)
A A
B
Slab beam column plane
Tile 1cm
Mortar 4cm
Concrete 12cm
Plastering 2cm
B2
Section A-A
Tile 1cm
Mortar 4cm
Concrete 12cm
Plastering 2cm
B1
Section B-B
- kar:UkRmas; 1cm = 0.01× 22 = 0.22kN / m 2
- )ayGrkRmas; 4cm = 0.04 × 22 = 0.88kN / m 2
- ebtug ¬Tm¶n;pÞal; self weight¦ kRmas; 12cm = 0.12 × 24 = 2.88kN / m 2
- kMe)arbUkkRmas; 2cm = 0.02 × 20 = 0.40kN / m 2
bnÞúkGefr EdlmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐsRmab;pÞH tamtaragxagelI L = 1.9kN / m 2
xageRkamCataragbgðajBIbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐ S KitkñúgmYyÉktþaépÞ
RbePTbnÞúk eQμaHbnÞúk bnÞúk (kN / m ) 2
kar:U 0.22
bnÞúkefr Dead )ayGr 0.88
load (D) ebtugkRmalxNÐ 2.88
kMe)arbUk 0.4
bnÞúkGefr Live bnÞúkGefr 1.9

Load (L)
bnÞúksrub D+L 6.28
x> kMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm B1
Fñwm B1 RTkRmalxNÐ S tamTisEvg
+ bnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn = 0.45 × 0.2 × 24 = 2.16kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaN
+ bnÞúkCBa¢aMg\dæ 10cm= (4 − 0.45) × 0.1 × 20 = 7.1kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaN
+ bnÞúkkRmalxNÐ = 4.38 × (2 − 0.1) = 8.32kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaNBñay
+ bnÞúkGefr = 1.9 × (2 − 0.1) = 3.61kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaNBñay
xageRkamCataragbgðajBIbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm B1 KitkñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvg
RbePTbnÞúk eQμaHbnÞúk bnÞúk (kN / m) ragBRgaybnÞúk
bnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn 2.16 ctuekaN
bnÞúkefr D bnÞúkCBa¢aMg 7.1 ctuekaN
bnÞúkkRmalxNÐ 16.64 ctuekaNBñay
bnÞúkGefr L bnÞúkcl½t 7.22 ctuekaNBñay
S
B2 (20×30)
B1(20×45)
K> kMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm B2
Fñwm B2 RTkRmalxNÐ S tamTisxøI
+ bnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn = 0.3 × 0.2 × 24 = 1.44kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaN
+ bnÞúkCBa¢aMg\dæ 10cm= (4 − 0.3) × 0.1 × 20 = 7.4kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaN
+ bnÞúkkRmalxNÐ = 4.38 × (2 − 0.1) = 8.32kN / m CabnÞúkrayragRtIekaN
+ bnÞúkGefr = 1.9 × (2 − 0.1) = 3.61kN / m CabnÞúkrayragRtIekaN
xageRkamCataragbgðajBIbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm B2 KitkñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvg
RbePTbnÞúk eQμaHbnÞúk bnÞúk (kN / m) ragBRgaybnÞúk
bnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn 1.44 ctuekaN
bnÞúkefr D bnÞúkCBa¢aMg 7.4 ctuekaN
bnÞúkkRmalxNÐ 16.64 RtIekaN
bnÞúkGefr L bnÞúkcl½t 7.22 RtIekaN
X> kMNt;bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIssr C
S B2 (20×30)
B1(20×45) C (20×20)
+ bnÞúkssrCan;elI = [(4-0.12)×0.2×0.2]×24=3.72kN
+ bnÞúkkRmalxNÐCan;elI S = 4.38×4×6=105.12kN
+ bnÞúkCBa¢aMgenAelIFñwm B1 = (6-0.2)×(4-0.45)×0.1×20= 41.18kN
+ bnÞúkCBa¢aMgenAelIFñwm B 2 = (4-0.2)×(4-0.3)×0.1×20=28.12kN
+ bnÞúkFñwm B1 = (6-0.2)×0.2×(0.45-0.12)×24=9.19kN
+ bnÞúkFñwm B 2 = (4-0.2)×0.2×(0.3-0.12)×24=3.28kN
+ bnÞúkGefr = 1.9×(4-0.2)×(6-0.2) = 41.88kN
dUcenHbnÞúksrubEdlmanGMeBIelIssr C = 232.5kN
1>5> karbMElgbnÞúk
edaysarbnÞúkBRgayelIFñwmmanragepSg² EdlnaM[eyIgBi)akkñúgkaredaHRsay dUcenHeyIgeRbI
viFanbMElgbnÞúkenaH[eTACaragctuekaNEkg.
k> karbMElgBIragRtIekaN mkragctuekaNEkg
q qe
2
qe = q
3
x> karbMElgbnÞúkBIragctuekaNBñaymkragctuekaNEkg
q
qe
4 a
qe = q[1 − ( ) 2 ]
3 L
K> karRbmUlbnÞúkBIelIkRmalxNÐmkelIFñwm
edIm,IgayRsYl kñúgkarbMElgbnÞúkBIelIkRmalxNÐmkelIFñwm
eyIgGaceRbInUvrUbmnþxageRkam
S - RbEvgtamTisxøI
L - RbEvgtamTisEvg
S
m=
L
D C
45o 45o
45o 45o
A B
sRmab;FñwmxøI BC
bnÞúkenAelIkRmal = w KitCa kN / m 2
RkLaépÞbnÞúkmkelIFñwm = S4 KitCa m
2
2
bnÞúkmkelIFñwm = Sw
2
→
Sw
3
KitCa kN / m
B C B C
sRmab;FñwmEvg AB
bnÞúkenAelIkRmal = w KitCa kN / m 2
RkLaépÞbnÞúkmkelIFñwm = SL2 − S4 = S4 ( 2 −mm ) KitCa m

2 2
2
Sw 3 − m 2
bnÞúkmkelIFñwm = 3
(
2
) KitCa kN / m ¬bnÞúkBRgayesμI¦
1>6> eRKOgbgÁúMénrcnasm<½n§ebtugGarem:
ebtugGarem:CasmÖar³EdlRtUveKRbIR)as;esÞIrRKb;GKar rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGKarmYyCan; nigeRcInCan;. rcna
sm<½n§énGKarEdleFVIBIebtugGarem:rYmman³
- kRmalxNÐ ( slab ) CaeRKOgbgÁúMbnÞHedk EdlrgnUvbnÞúkbBaÄr k¾dUcCabnÞúkedk. CaTUeTAkRmas;
rbs;kRmalxNÐmanTMhMtUcCagq¶ayebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgbeNþay b¤TTwgrbs;kRmal.
- Fñwm ( beam ) CaeRKOgbgÁúMEdlmanRbEvgEvg edk b¤eRTt CamYynwgTTwg nigCeRmAkMNt;mYy.
tYnaTIcMbgrbs;FñwmKWRTbnÞúkmkBIkRmalxNÐ nigxøÜnvapÞal;.
- ssr ( column ) CaeRKOgbgÁúMd¾sMxan; EdlmantYnaTIRTbnÞúkEdlmkBIFñwm b¤kRmalxNÐ. vaGac
RbQmnwgkmøaMgcMp©it nigkmøaMgcMp©itrYmbBa©Úlm:Um:g;.
- eRKag ( frame ) CaeRKOgbgÁúMEdlpSMeLIgedayman Fñwm nigssr b¤pSMeLIgedayman kRmalxNÐ Fñwm
nigssr. vaGacCaeRKagsþaTickMNt; b¤eRKagsþaTicminkMNt;.
- RKwH ( footing ) rYmman eCIgtag b¤RKwHCab; EdlRTssr nigbBa¢ÚnbnÞúkeTAdIedaypÞal;.
- CBa¢aMg ( wall ) CaeRKOgbgÁúMbnÞHbBaÄr EdlRbQmnwgkmøaMgTMnaj k¾dUcCakmøaMgedk kñúgkrNIdUcCa
CBa¢aMgeRkamdI.
1>7> CMhanénkarKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMBIebtugGarem:
eRkayeBlEdlbøg;sßabtükmμ RtUv)anseRmcTTYlyk visVkrcab;epþImkMNt;nUvRbB½n§rcnasm<½n§d¾l¥
mYy edayFananUvsuvtßiPaB nigsißrPaBrbs;GKar. KMniténkarbegáItKMrUrcnasm<½n§epSg² k¾RtUv)anykmk
BicarNa edIm,ITTYl)anlkçN³esdækic©x<s; edayQrelImUldæansmÖar³ niglkçxNÐdI. CaTUeTA lT§pl
TaMgenHTTYl)anBI³
- begáItCaKMrUrcnasm<½n§eRKOgbgÁúMEdlRTRTg;bnÞúk
- kMNt;nUvRbePTepSg²KñaénbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIGKar
- viPaKrcnasm<½n§eRKOgbgÁúMedayeRbIkMuBüÚT½r b¤edayéd edIm,IkMNt;nUvm:Um:g;Gtibrma kmøaMgkat;TTwg
kmøaMgrmYl kmøaMgtamG½kS nigkmøaMgepSg²eTot
- kMNt;smamaRténeRKOgbgÁúM nigkMNt;nUvbrimaNEdkEdlRtUvkar
- begáItnUvbøg;rcnasm<½n§ nigkarlMGitlkçN³bec©keTsedIm,IeFVIkarsagsg;
II. lkçN³énebtugGarem:
2>1> ktþaCH\T§iBldl;ersIusþg;ebtug
CaTUeTAebtugCasmÖar³ EdlekItBIkarrYmpSMeLIgeday fμbMEbk xSac; sIum:gt¾ nigTwk EtkñúgkrNIxøH Rb
ePTepSg²énTwkfñaMKImIk¾RtUv)anbEnßmedIm,IehtuplepSg². smÖar³TaMgenH)anlaypSMKña rYcRtUv)ancak;cUl
kñúgBum< Tuk[kkrwgedIm,I[ersIusþg;rbs;vaekIneLIgCabnþbnÞab;. ersIusþg;rbs;ebtugvaGaRs½yeTAelIktþaCa
eRcIn ehIyvaGacERbRbYlsRmab;karplitdUcKña. ktþacMbgsMxan;²EdlCH\T§iBldl;ersIusþg;ebtugman³
- pleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾ (water-cement ratio)³ vaCaktþaEdlsMxan;CageK EdlCH\T§iBleTAelIersIu-
sþg;rbs;ebtug. edIm,IseRmcnUvGIuRdakmμrbs;sIum:gt¾ pleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾ EdlRtUvkarcM)ac;RtUvesIμnwg 0.25
KitCam:as;;. pleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾ EdlmantémøFMCag b¤esμInwg 0.35 edayKμanlayTwkfñaMKImI RtUv)aneRbI
sRmab;ebtugedIm,ImUlehtugayRsYleFVIkar. enAeBlEdlpleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾mantémøkan;EtFM enaHersIu-
sþg;ebs;ebtugkan;EtmantémøtUc.
- lkçN³ nigsmamaRténsmasPaBénebtug³ ebtugCakarrYmpSMeLIgeday fμbMEbk xSac; sIum:gt¾ nig
Twk. karekIneLIgnUvbrimaNsIum:gt¾ nigkareRbIR)as;nUvfμbMEbkEdlmanlkçN³ÉksNæan eFVI[ersIusþg;ebtug
ekIneLIg. TwkfñaMKImIiBiessk¾RtUv)anbEnßmedIm,IplitnUvebtugEdlmanKuNPaB nigersIusþg;tamtRmUvkar.
- viFIlay nigkarEfTaM³ kareRbIR)as;nUvm:asIunlayebtug nigry³eBlRtwmRtUvkñúgkarlaysuT§EtCYy
sRmalnUv\T§iBlEdlb:HBal;dl;ersIusþg;ebtug. dUcKña kareRbIR)as;nUvm:asIunbgðab;ebtug (vibrator) edIm,IeFVI
[ebtughab;ENn CYy[PaKryrn§es<atkñúgebtugxiteTArktémøGb,brma. pleFobrn§es<at 5% eFVI[
ersIusþg;ebtugFøak;cuH 30% . karEfTaMebtugk¾CaktþamYyd¾sMxan;Edlman\T§iBlelIersIusþg;rbs;ebtugEdr.
TaMgsMeNIm nigsItuNðPaBsuT§Etman\T§iBledaypÞal;eTAelIGIuRdatkmμrbs;sIum:gt¾. ry³eBlénkarmansM
eNImkan;EtEvg ersIusþg;kan;EtekIneLIg. RbsinebIsItuNðPaBkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarEfTaMekInx<s;CagsItuNð-
PaBkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarcak;ebtug CalT§plebtugmanersIusþg;tamtRmUvkarmun 28éf¶ .
- Gayuebtug³ ersIusþg;rbs;ebtugekIneLIgtamGayurbs;va ehIyGIuRdakmμrbs;sIum:gt¾enAEtbnþrab;Ex.
kñúgkarGnuvtþ ersIusþg;ebtugRtUv)ankMNt;edaykareFVIBiesaFn_eTAelIsMNakKMrUragsIuLaMg b¤KUb enAGayu 7éf¶
nig28éf¶. CaTUeTA ersIusþg;rbs;ebtugenAGayu 28éf¶esμInwg 1.3dgeTA 1.7dgénersIusþg;ebtugenAGayu 7éf¶ .
sRmab;sIum:gt¾B½rElnFmμta ersIusþg;ekIneLIgtameBledayeFobnwgersIusþg;enAGayu 28éf¶RtUv)anbgðajkñúg
taragxageRkam³
T.Chhay 12 Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Gayu 7 éf¶ éf¶

14 28 éf¶ 3 Ex 6 Ex 1 qñaM 2 qñaM 5 qñaM
pleFobersIusþg; 0.67 0.86 1 1.17 1.23 1.27 1.31 1.35
- lkçxNÐénkardak;bnÞúk³ ersIusþg;ebtugrgkarsgát; RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarBiesaFkarsgát;bMEbksM

NakKMrUragsIuLaMg b¤KUbkñúgry³eBlBIr bInaTI. eRkamGMeBIénbnÞúkGcié®nþy_rab;qñaM ersIusþg;ebtugRtUv)ankat;
bnßyRbEhl 30% . eRkamGMeBIénbnÞúkGcié®nþy_ 1éf¶ersIusþg;ebtug)at;bg;RbEhl 10% . kñúgkrNIEdl
rcnasm½<n§rgnUvbnÞúkdEdl² GMeBIDINamic nigGMeBIb:HTgÁic vaRtUv)aneKykmkBicarNakñúgkarKNnaeRKOgbgÁúM
ebtugGarem:.
- rUbrag nigxñatrbs;sMNakKMrU³ xñatTUeTArbs;sMNakKMrUebtugEdleKeRbIsRmab;TsSn_TaynUversIusþg;
ebtugGarem:KW ragsIuLaMgEdlmanGgát;p©it 15cm nigkm<s; 30cm nigragKUbEdlmanRTnug 15cm . enAeBl
EdleKyksMNakKMrUragsIuLaMgmkeFVIBiesaFn_EdlmanxñatepSgKña eKsegáteXIjfaxñatkan;EtFM ersIusþg;kan;
EtFøak;. xageRkamCataragbgðajBIersIusþg;rbs;sMNakKMrUebtugbTdæanEdlmankm<s;esμInwgBIrdgGgát;p©it
eFobnwgxñat 15cm × 30cm .
xñatsIuLaMg cm ersIusþg;eFob
5× 10 1.09
10 × 20 1.06
15× 30 1.00
20 × 40 0.96
30 × 60 0.91
45× 90 0.86
60 × 120 0.84
90 × 180 0.82
eBlxøHsMNakKMrUragsIuLaMgbTdæanminRtUv)anykmkeFIVkarBiesaF. pleFobkm<s;elIGgát;p©itrbs;
sMNakKMrUkan;EtFM ersIusþg;kan;EtTabtamkarkt;sMKal;BIkareFVIBiesaFn_. edIm,ITTYl)annUversIusþg;smmUl
eTAnwgersIusþg;sMNakKMrUbTdæaneKRtUvKuNnwgemKuNkMEn EdlmanbgðajkñúgtaragxageRkam³
pleFobkm<s;elIGgát;p©it 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1.1 1 0.75 0.5
emKuNkMEnersIusþg; 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.7 0.5
ersIusþg;eFobnwgsMNakKMrUbTdæan 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.11 1.18 1.43 2.00
lkçN³énebtugGarem: 13 T.Chhay
TMnak;TMngersIusþg;énsMNakKMrUragsIuLaMg nigragKUbsRmab;ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;epSg² bgðajkñúg

taragxageRkam³
ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;
7 15.5 20 24.5 27 34.5 37 41.5 45 51.5
2
N / mm
pleFobersIusþg;
0.77 0.76 0.81 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.96
sMNaksIuLaMgelIsMNakKUb
CaTUeTAeKsnμt; f 'c (cylinder ) = 0.85 f 'c (cube) = 1.1 f 'c ( prisme)
2>2> ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;
kñúgkarKNna eK)ansnμt;faebtugCasar³FatuEdlrgnUvkugRtaMgsgát; minEmnkugRtaMgTaj. dUecñH
ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;CalkçN³vinic½yä KuNPaBrbs;ebtug. sMNakKMrUsRmab;ykmkeFVIkarBiesaFmanTRmg;Ca
sIuLaMg KUb nigRBIs.
sMNakKMrUEdlmanTRmg; KUbEdlmanRTnug 15cm b¤ 20cm RtUv)aneKeRbIenAcRkPBGg;eKøs
GaLWm:g; nigEpñkxøHrbs;GWr:ub.
sMNakKMrURBIs RtUv)aneRbIenARbeTs)araMg rusSI nigRbeTsdéTeTot ehIyCaTUeTAmanmuxkat;
7 × 7 × 30 b¤ 10 × 10 × 50 edayeKykvaeTAsgát;epþk.
muneKykvaeTABiesaF sMNakKMrURtUv)aneKEfTaMedaysMeNIm nigykeTABiesaFenAGayu 28 éf¶eday

GnuvtþbnÞúkekIneLIgrhUtdl;vaEbk. karEbkrbs;ebtugGacekIteLIgedaysar kugRtaMgTaj kugRtaMgkat;
kugRtaMgsgát; b¤bnSMénkugRtaMgTaMgenH.

karEbkrbs;sMNakKMrUebtugmanbIy:agdUcxageRkam³
a. eRkamGMeBIénkmøaMgsgát;tamG½kS sMNakKMrUGacEbkedaykmøaMgkat;
b. sMNakKMrU)anEbkedaymanlkçN³CaCYr² dUcCaeRcok. karEbkEbbenH ekIteLIgEtcMeBaHebtug
EdlmanersIusþg;x<s;
c. ekIteLIgedaysarbnSMénkmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgeRcok.
2>3> ersIusþg;rgkarTaj
ebtugCasmÖar³RsYy EdlvamanminGacRbQmnwgkugRtaMgTaj)an ehIyvaRtUv)aneKykmkBicarNa
sRmab;bBaðaeRbH kmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgrmYl.
karBiesaFedaypÞal;elIersIusþg;rgkarTajminGaceFVIeTA)an edaykartRmg;min)anl¥ nigbBaða
]bkrN_sRmab;cab;. dUecñHkarBiesaFedayminpÞal; edIm,IQaneTAkMNt;ersIusþg;rgkarTajman karBiesaF
edayeRcok nigkarBiesaFedaykarkac;bM)ak;.
karBiesaFedayeRcok RtUv)aneFVIelIsMNakKMrUragsIuLaMgbTdæan 15× 30cm . sMNakKMrURtUv)andak;
epþk rYceRbIkmøaMgsgát;elIkþaRTnab;rhUtdl;eRcokEbkCaBIrbMENk.
karBiesaFedaykac;bM)ak; RtUv)aneFVIeLIgelIsMNakKMrUragRBIs 15 ×15 × 70cm dak;KgelITRmEdl
mancm¶ay 60cm BIKña ehIyeKeRbIbnÞúkedIm,Ikac;bM)ak;BIr Edlmancm¶ay 10cm BIG½kS.
CaTUeTAersIusþg;rgkarTajmantémøesμInwg 10% énersIusþg;rgkarsgát; mann½yfaersIusþg;rgkarTaj
tUcCagersIusþg;rgkarsgát; 10 dg.
2>4> ersIusþg;rgkarkat;
kmøaMgkat;suT§kRmnwgCYbRbTHenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMebtugGarem:Nas; eRBaHCaTUeTAvaEtgEtekIteLIgeRkam
GMeBIénkmøaMgtamG½kS. eRKOgbgÁúMEdlrgnUvkmøaMgkat;suT§KW)ak;CaBIrcMENk. dUecñHeRKOgbgÁúMebtugRtUvEtrwg
RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgkmøaMgkat;.
ersIusþg;rgkarkat;RtUv)anKitedaymantémøFMCag 20% → 30% énersIusþg;rgkarTaj b¤esμInwg 12%
énersIusþg;rgkarsgát;.
2>5> m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtug
m:UDuleGLasÞic CalkçN³emkanicd¾sMxan;mYyrbs;ebtug Edl)anBIkarBiesaFkarsgát;elIsMNakKMrU
ragsIuLaMg. m:UDuleGLasÞic)anBIpleFobrvagkugRtaMg nigbERmbRmYlrageFob.
unit stress
Ec =
unit strain
xageRkamCarUbmnþsamBaØsRmab;karKNna m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtug
Ec = 0.043w1.5 f 'c
Edl - m:as;maDrbs;ebtug
w
f ' - ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;sMNakKMrUsIuLaMg
c
kñúgkrNI w = 2320kg / m eK)an

3
Ec = 4700 f 'c
2>6> emKuNBr½sug b¤pleFobBr½sug

emKuNBr½sug μ CapleFobrvagbERmbRmYlragtamTTwg nigbERmbRmYltambeNþay. emKuNenH
ERbRbYlcenøaHBI 0.15 → 0.20 . emKuNBr½sugRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;rcnasm½<n§sþaTicminkMNt;. CaTUeTA
sRmab;ebtug eK)ankMNt;ykemKuNBr½sugmFümEdlmantémøesμI 0.18 .
2>7> m:UDulénPaBrwg b¤m:UDulkmøaMgkat;
m:UDulénPaBrwgrbs;ebtugRtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkarxageRkam³
Ec
Gc =
2(1 + μ )
RbsinebI μ = 16 ⇒ G c = 0.43Ec
2>8> pleFobm:UDul
pleFobm:UDul n CapleFobrvagm:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;Edk nigm:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtug.
Es
n=
Ec
edaym:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;Edkmantémøefr E = 200000MPa
s
ehIym:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugGaRs½ynwgersIusþg;rgkarsgát; E
c = 4700 f 'c
⇒n=
42
f'
Edl f ' KitCa MPa .
c
c

2>9> bERmbRmYlmaDrbs;ebtug
ebtugTTYlnUvkarERbRbYlmaDkñúgxN³eBlkkrwg. RbsinebIva)at;sMeNImedaysarrMhYt varYmmaD.
b:uEnþRbsinebIvakkrwgkñúgTwk vanwgrIkmaD. ktþaénkarERbRbYlmaDebtug naM[ekItmankarERbRbYlsMeNIm
RbtikmμKImIrvagsIum:gt¾ nigTwk bERmbRmYlsItuNðPaB nigrgnUvbnÞúk.
2>9>1> karrYmmaD
bERmbRmYlmaDebtugEdlrwg minesμInwgmaDTwkEdl)an)at;bg;enaHeT. rMhYténTwkesrIbegáItnUvkarrYm
maDd¾tictYcbMputesÞIrEtKμan. edaysarEtebtugbnþkarkkrwg TwkRtUv)anhYt ehIymaDénTwksIum:gt¾ERbRbYl
bNþal[ebtugrYmmaD.
ktþaCaeRcInEdlCH\T§iBldl;karrYmmaDrbs;ebtug bNþalmkBIbERmbRmYllkçxNÐsMeNIm³
- brimaNsIum:gt¾ nigTwk³ enAkñúgsmamaRténkarlayebtug kalNabrimaNsIum:gt¾ nigTwkkan;Et
eRcIn karrYmmaDkan;EtxøaMg.
- smasPaB nigPaBm:g;pg;rbs;sIum:gt¾³ sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;eLIgx<s;qab; nigsIum:gt¾kemþAtic mankarrYm
maDxøaMgCagsIum:gt¾Br½ElnFmμta. sIum:gt¾EdlmanlkçN³m:t;pg;Cag rIkmaDCageRkamlkçxNÐ

sMeNIm.
- RbePT brimaN nigcMNat;fñak;fμbMEbk³ TMhMénfμbMEbkkan;EttUc rYmmaDkan;EtxøaMg. brimaNfμbM
Ebkkan;EteRcIn rYmmaDkan;Etkat;bnßy.
- TwkfñaMKImI³ TwkfñaMKImIEdlCYy[ebtugkan;Etrav eFVI[ebtugkan;EtrYmmaD.
- brimaNEdkkñúgebtug³ edaysarkarrYmmaDekItelIeRKOgbgÁúMebtugGarem: kugRtaMgTaj)anekItelI
ebtug ehIymantémøesμIKñanwgkugRtaMgsgát;EdlekItmanelIEdk. kugRtaMgTaMgenHRtUv)anbEnßm

ehIykøayeTACabnÞúk. dUecñH sñameRbHGacekItmanenAkñúgebtug enAeBlNaEdleKeRbIPaKry
EdkeRcIn. karBRgayEdk)anl¥ naM[mankarEbgEckkugRtaMgTajkñúgebtug)anl¥ CYykat;
bnßybERmbRmYlkugRtaMgxagkñúg.
CaTUeTA ebtugrYmmaDxøaMgkñúgGMLúgeBlénkarcab;epþImkarkkrwgdMbUg b:uEnþeRkaymkkarrYmmaDenH
RtUv)ankat;bnßy. témøénkarrYmmaDsrubsRmab;ebtugFmμtaERbRbYlBI 200 ×10 → 700 ×10 . RbsinebI
−6 −6
eRKOgbgÁúMmanTRmbgáb;sgçag kugRtaMgTajekIneLIgRbEhl 10MPa . RbsinebIebtugRtUv)anEfrkSasMeNIm

Cab;lab;kñúgry³eBlmYyc,as;las;eRkayeBlcak; karrYmmaDRtUv)ankat;bnßy. dUecñHvaCakarsMxan;Nas;
EdleKRtUvkarEfTaMebtugsRmab;ry³eBlmYymin[ticCag 7 éf¶.
2>9>2> karrIkmaDedaykarekIneLIgénkemþA
ebtugrIkmaDCamYynwgkarekIneLIgénkemþA ehIyrYmmaDCamYynwgkarfycuHénkemþA. emKuNlUt
kemþArbs;ebtugmantémøRbEhl α = 10 −5 mm
mann½yfaeRKOgbgÁúMmYymanRbEvg 30m lUt)an 10mm
o
c
sRmab;bERmbRmYlkemþA 33 c . RbsinebIeRKOgbgÁúMEdlmanTRmsgçag ehIymin)anBRgwgedayEdk kugRtaMg

o
RbEhl 7MPa GacekIteLIg.

sRmab;rcnasm½<n§ebtugGarem:EdlmanRbEvgEvg eKRtUveFVItMNsRmab;karrIkmaD expansion joint
ral;RbEvg 30m → 60m mYy. tMNenHmanTMhMRbEhl 25mm .
2>10> Creep
Creep KWCakMhUcRTg;RTayrbs;ebtugeRkamvtþmanénbnÞúkGcié®nþy_. kMhUcRTg;RTayenHekIneLIgeTA

tamry³eBlénkardak;bnÞúk.
ebtugCasmÖar³eGLasþÚ)aøsÞic. edaycab;epþImCamYynwgkugRtaMgtUc ebtugekItmanbERmbRmYlrag
eFob)aøsÞicbEnßmBIelIbERmbRmYlrageFobeGLasÞic.
rUb 2>5 bgðajBIsIuLaMgebtugrgbnÞúk. kMhUcRTg;RTayxN³KW ε EdlesμInwgpleFobkugRtaMgelIm:U
1
DuleGLasÞic. RbsinebIkugRtaMgenHenArkSaGMLgú ry³eBlmYy vanwgekItmanbERmbRmYlrageFobbEnßm ε 2
EdlbNþalBI creep. RbsinebIeKdkbnÞúkenHecj bERmbRmYlrageFobeGLasÞic ε nwgRtLb;eTArkPaB

1
edImvij ehIybERmbRmYlrageFobedaysar creep xøHk¾RtLb;eTArkPaBedImEdr EtvaenArkSabERmbRmYlrag

eFob)aøsÞicGcié®nþy_ ε dUcbgðajkñúgrUb. enAkñúgkrNIenH ε = (1 − α )ε Edl α CaGRtaénkarRtLb;eTArk
3 3 2
sPaBedImvijrbs;bERmbRmYlrageFobedaysar creep srub. α mantémøcenøaH 0.1 nig 0.2 .

ktþaEdlCH\T§iBldl; creep rbs;ebtugrYmman³
- kRmitkugRtaMg³ creep ekIneLIgCamYynwgkarekIneLIgénkugRtaMg.
- ry³eBlénkardak;bnÞúk³ creep ekIneLIgCamYynwgry³eBlénkardak;bnÞúk. RbEhlCa 80% én
creep ekItmankñúgGMLúgeBlbYnExdMbUg ehIy 90% ekIteLIgeRkayry³eBlRbEhlBIrqñaM.
- ersIusþg; nigGayurbs;ebtug³ creep nwgmantémøtUcCagRbsinebIvargbnÞúkenAGayucas;.

- lkçxNÐbriyakas³ creep RtUv)ankat;bnßyCamYynwgkarekIneLIgénsMeNIm.
- kRmiténkardak;bnÞúk³ creep ekIneLIgCamYynwgkMeNInénkRmiténkardak;bnÞúk.
- PaKryEdk nigkarBRgaysrésEdkenAkñúgGgát;ebtugGarem:³ creep nigmantémøtUcCagsRmab;Ggát;
EdlmanPaKryEdkx<s; nigmankarBRgaysrésEdk)anl¥.
- TMhMénm:as;ebtug³ creep fycuHCamYynwgkarekIneLIgénTMhMrbs;sMNakKMrU.
- RbePT PaBm:t;pg; nigbrimaNsIum:gt¾³ brimaNsIum:gt¾CH\T§iBly:agxøaMgdl; creep cugeRkayrbs;

ebtug. Creep edaysarsIum:gt¾mantémøFMCag creep rbs;ebtug 15 dg.
- pleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾³ creep ekIneLIgCamYynwgkarekIneLIgénpleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾.
- RbePT nigcMNat;fñak;fμbMEbk³ fμbMEbkEdlmanTMhMdUc²KñanwgeFVI[ebtugENnl¥ ehIyvanwgkat;bnßy
creep.
- RbePTénkarEfTaMebtug³ karEfTaMebtugedaycMhayTwkEdlmansItuNðPaBx<s; k¾dUcCakareRbIR)as;

nUvTwkfñaMKImIRbePT plasticizer nwgkat;bnßybrimaN creep.
Creep minRtwmEtekItmanenAkñúgGgát;rgkarsgát;b:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþvak¾ekItmanenAkñúgGgát;rgkarTaj
Ggát;rgkarBt; nigGgát;rgkarrmYl. pleFobén creep enAkñúgGgát;rgkarTajelI creep enAkñúgGgát;rgkar

sgát;FMCagmYysRmab;BIrs)aþh_dMbUg b:uEnþpleFobenHnwgfycuHsRmab;ry³eBlyUr.
2>11> m:UEDlsRmab;TsSn_TaykarrYmmaD nig creep rbs;ebtug
2>11>1> m:UEDl ACI 209
viTüasßanebtugGaem:ricENnaMm:UEDl ACI 209. m:UEDlenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgdMbUgenAkñúgqñaM 1970.
m:UEDlenHRtUv)aneRbICaeRcInqñaMkñúgkarDIsajrcnasm½<n§ebtug. m:UEDlenHmanlkçN³samBaØkñúgkareRbI Etva
minsUvsuRkit.
karKNnakarrYmmaD
eKGacKNnakarrYmmaDEdleRbIm:UEDl ACI 209 RbsinebIeKsÁal;)a:ra:Em:Rt niglkçxNÐdUcteTA³ viFI
EfTaM ¬ebtugEfTaMedaysMeNIm b¤edaycMhayTwk¦ relative humidity H RbePTsIum:gt¾ rUbragsMNakKMrU
bERmbRmYlrageFobedaykarrYmmaDcugeRkay ε Gayurbs;ebtugeRkayeBlcak; t Gayurbs;ebtugEdl
shu
cab;epþIms¶Üt ¬CaTUeTAeKykGayuenAcugbBa©b;énkarEfTaM¦ t .
c
bERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarkarrYmmaDRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam
ε s (t ) =
(t − tc ) K K ε
b + (t − tc )
ss sh shu
Edl Gayurbs;ebtugeRkayeBlcak; ¬éf¶¦

t=
t = Gayurbs;ebtugEdlcab;epþIms¶Üt ¬éf¶¦
c
b = témøefrkñúgkarkMNt;bERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarkarrYmmaD GaRs½ynwgviFIEfTaMebtug ¬ b = 35
sRmab;ebtugEdlEfTaMedaysMeNIm nig b = 55 sRmab;ebtugEdlEfTaMedaycMhayTwk¦

K = emKuNkMENrUbrag nigTMhMsRmab;karrYmmaD
ss
emKuNkMEN relative humidity sRmab;karrYmmaD

K sh =
ε ¬bERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarkarrYmmaDcugeRkay¦ = 780 × 10 (mm / mm ) ¬sRmab;ebtug

shu
−6
EdlEfTaMedaysMeNIm nigedaycMhayTwk¦
eKGackMNt;emKuNkMENrUbrag nigTMhMsRmab;karrYmmaDdUcxageRkam
⎛V ⎞
K ss = 1.14 − 0.0035⎜ ⎟
⎝S⎠
Edl maDrbs;sMNakKMrU (mm )
V= 3
S = RkLaépÞrbs;sMNakKMrU (mm ) 2
emKuNkMEN relative humidity sRmab;karrYmmaDKW

⎧1.40 − 0.01H sRmab; 40% ≤ H ≤ 80%
K =⎨
⎩ 3.00 − 0.03H sRmab; 81% ≤ H ≤ 100%
sh
Edl H = relative humidity ¬KitCa % ¦

karKNna creep
eKGacKNnabERmbRmYlrageFobGaRs½ybnÞúksrub ε ic (t , t0 ) enAxN³ t rbs;ebtugEdlrgbnÞúkenA
xN³ t CamYynwgkugRtaMg σ efr tamrUbmnþxageRkam³
0
ε ic (t , t0 ) = ε i (t ) + ε c (t , t0 )
Edl ε i (t0 ) =bERmbRmYleGLasÞicedImenAeBlrgbnÞúk
ε (t , t ) = bERmbRmYledaysar creep enAxN³ t ≥ t
c 0 0
σ
ε i (t0 ) =
Ecmt 0
σ
ε c (t , t0 ) = Cc (t )
Ecmt 0
Edl m:UDuleGLasÞicenAGayuénkardak;bnÞúk ¬KitCa MPa ¦

Ecmt 0 =
C (t ) = emKuN creep enAxN³ t

c
CaTUeTA bERmbRmYlGaRs½ybnÞúksrubRtUv)anbgðajedayCab;Tak;TgnwgGnuKmn_ creep J (t, t ) EdltMNag 0
[bERmbRmYlrageFobGaRs½ybnÞúksrubenAxN³ t EdlekIteLIgedaykugRtaMgefrÉktþaEdleFVIGMeBItaMgBI
xN³ t . 0
1 + Cc (t )
J (t , t0 ) =
Ecmt 0
Ecmt 0 = 0.043(γ ) f 'c (t0 )

3/ 2
Edl γ= Tm¶n;maDebtug (kg / m ) 3

f 'c (t0 ) = ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;rbs;ebtugmFümenAGayuEdlrgbnÞúk

f 'c (t0 ) = f cm 28
t0
b + ct0
Edl ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;rbs;ebtugenAGayu 28 éf¶ ¬ MPa ¦
f cm 28 =
b nig c CatémøefrEdlmanbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam.
RbePTsIum:gt¾ ebtugEdlEfTaMedaysMeNIm ebtugEdlEfTaMedaycMhayTwk

I b=4 c = 0.85 b =1 c = 0.95
II b = 2.30 c = 0.92 b = 0.70 c = 0.98
eKGackMNt;emKuN creep Cc (t ) dUcxageRkam

t 0.60
Cc (t ) = Ccu K ch K ca K cs
10 + t 0.60
Edl Ccu = emKuN creep cugeRkay = 2.35
K ch = emKuNkMEN relative humidity sRmab; creep
K ca = emKuNkMENGayuenAeBlrgbnÞúk
K cs = emKuNkMENrUbrag nigTMhMsRmab; creep
emKuNkMEN
viFItMEhTaM t0 ¬éf¶¦ H K ca K ch K cs
EfTaMedaysMeNIm ≥1 ≥ 40% N/A N/A N/A
1.25(t0 ) 1.14 − 0.0035(V / S )
−0.118
≥7 ≥ 40% 1.27 − 0.0067 H
EfTaMedaycMhayTwk ≥1 ≥ 40% 1.13(t0 )
−0.095
1.27 − 0.0067 H 1.14 − 0.0035(V / S )
≥7 ≥ 40% N/A N/A N/A
2>11>2> m:UEDl B3
karKNnakarrYmmaD
)a:ra:Em:RtEdlRtUvkarsRmab;KNnabERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarkarrYmmaDEdleRbIm:UEDl B3 KW
ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;mFümrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28éf¶ lkçxNÐtMEhTaM RbePTsIum:gt¾ relative humidity
brimaNTwkkñúgebtug nigrUbragrbs;sMNakKMrU.
eKGac)a:n;sμanbERmbRmYlrageFobedaykarrYmmaDedayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam
ε s (t ) = (ε shu )(K h )S (t )
Edl bERmbRmYlrageFobedaykarrYmmaDcugeRkay
ε shu =
K = relative humidity sRmab;karrYmmaD
h
S (t ) = GnuKmn_eBlsRmab;karrYmmaD
eKGacKNnabERmbRmYlrageFobedaykarrYmmaDedayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam
ε = −α α [0.019(w) ( f ) + 270]× 10
shu 1 2
2.1
cm 28
−0.28 −6
Edl α = emKuNkMENRbePTsIum:gt¾
1
α = emKuNkMENlkçxNÐtMEhTaM
2
w = brimaNTwk ¬ kg / m ¦ 3
f = ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;rbs;ebtugenAGayu 28 éf¶
cm 28
emKuNkMEN α CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRbePTsIum:gt¾
1
RbePTsIum:gt¾ α1
I 1.00
II 0.85
III 1.10
emKuNkMEN α CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRbePTéntMEhTaM
2
RbePTéntMEhTaM α2
EfTaMedaysMeNIm 0.75
EfTaMedayTwk b¤ H = 100% 0.85
RKbkñúgGMLúgtMEhTaM 1.10
GnuKmn_sMeNImsRmab;karrYmmaD
sMeNIm Kh
H ≤ 98% 1 − (H / 100)
3
H = 100% − 0 .2
98% ≤ H ≤ 100% eFVIGaMgETb:ULasüúglIeNEG‘r

eKGackMNt;GnuKmn_eBlsRmab;karrYmmaD S (t ) tamsmIkarxageRkam³
t − tc
S (t ) = tanh
Tsh
Edl t= GayuebtugeRkayeBlcak; ¬éf¶¦

t = GayuebtugEdlcab;epþIms¶Üt ¬éf¶¦
c
T = karrYmmaDBak;kNþal (shrinkage half-time)

sh
Tsh = 0.085(tc )
−0.08
( f cm 28 )−0.25 [2 K s (V / S )]2
Edl K = emKuNkMENrUbragmuxkat;. eKsnμt; K = 1 RbsinebIRbePTGgát;minRtUv)ankMNt;. tarag
s s
xageRkambgðajBItémørbs; K . s
emKuNkMEN K CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgrUbragmuxkat;
s
rUbragmuxkat; K s
kRmal 1.00
sIuLaMg 1.15
RBIskaer 1.25
EsV‘r 1.30
KUb 1.55
karKNna creep
GnuKmn_ creep RtUv)an[edaysmIkarxageRkam
J (t , t0 ) = q1 + C0 (t , t0 ) + Cd (t , t0 , tc )
Edl q1 = bERmbRmYlrageFobxN³
C (t , t ) = GnuKmn_sRmab; creep EdlpSMeLIgeday aging viscoelastic, nonaging viscoelastic nig
0 0
aging flow.
C (t , t , t ) = GnuKmn_sRmab; drying creep.

d 0 c
0.6
q1 =
Ecm 28
Edl Ecm 28 = m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28 éf¶
Ecm 28 = 4735 f cm 28
eKGackMNt;GnuKmn_ C (t, t ) dUcxageRkam³0 0
C0 (t , t0 ) = q2Q(t , t0 ) + q3 ln 1 + (t − t0 ) [ 0.1
]+ q ln⎛⎜⎜ tt ⎞⎟⎟
4
⎝ 0 ⎠
Edl q2 = )a:ra:Em:Rt aging viscoelastic
Q(t , t0 ) = binomial integral
q3 =)a:ra:Em:Rt nonaging viscoelastic
q = )a:ra:Em:Rt aging flow
4
t = Gayurbs;ebtugenAeBlrgbnÞúk ¬éf¶¦
0
q2 = 185.4(c ) ( f cm 28 )−0.9 × 10−6

0. 5
Edl c brimaNsIum:gt¾ ¬ kg / m ¦ 3
−1 / r (t 0 )
⎡ Q (t )r (t 0 ) ⎤
Q(t , t0 ) = Q f (t0 )⎢1 + f 0 r (t 0 ) ⎥
⎢⎣ Z (t , t0 ) ⎥⎦
Edl Q f (t0 ) =
1
0.086(t0 ) + 1.21(t0 )
2/9 4/9
Z (t , t0 ) =
[
ln 1 + (t − t0 )
0.1
]
t0
r (t0 ) = 1.7(t0 ) +8
0.12
4
⎛ w⎞
q3 = 0.29q2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝c⎠
−0.7
⎛a⎞
q4 = 20.3⎜ ⎟ × 10− 6
⎝c⎠
eKGacKNnaGnuKmn_sRmab; drying creep dUcxageRkam³
Cd (t , t0 , tc ) = q5 e −8 H (t ) − e −8 H (t 0 )
Edl q5 = )a:ra:Em:Rt drying creep
−0.6
0.757 ε shu × 106
q5 =
f cm 28
Edl ε shu = bERmbRmYlrageFobedaykarrYmmaDcugeRkay
⎡⎛ H ⎞ ⎤
H (t ) = 1 − ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ S (t )⎥
⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
⎡⎛ H ⎞ ⎤
H (t0 ) = 1 − ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ S (t0 )⎥
⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
t − tc
S (t ) = tanh
Tsh
t0 − tc
S (t0 ) = tanh
Tsh

Tsh = 0.085(tc )
−0.08
( f cm 28 )−0.25 [2 K s (V / S )]2
2>11>3> m:UEDl GL 2000

karKNnakarrYmmaD
)a:ra:Em:RtEdlRtUvkarsRmab;KNnabERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarkarrYmmaDEdleRbIm:UEDl GL 2000
KWersIusþg;rgkarsgát;mFümrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28éf¶ f relative humidity H Gayurbs;ebtugenAeBl
cm 28
cab;epþImrYmmaD t RbePTsIum:gt¾ nigrUbragrbs;sMNakKMrU.

c
ε s (t ) = ε shu β (h )β (t )
Edl ε shu = bERmbRmYlrageFobedaykarrYmmaDcugeRkay
β (h ) = emKuNkMENsRmab;\T§iBlrbs;sMeNIm
β (t ) = emKuNkMENsRmab;\T§iBléneBl
eKGackMNt; ε edaysmIkarxageRkam
shu
1/ 2
⎛ 30 ⎞
ε shu = (900)K ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 10− 6
⎝ f cm 28 ⎠
Edl K= témøefrEdlGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾
f cm 28= ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;mFümrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28 éf¶
témøefr K EdlCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRbePTsIum:gt¾
RbePTsIum:gt¾ K
I
1.00
II
0.75
III
1.15
eKGackMNt;emKuNkMEN β (h) dUcxageRkam

4
⎛ H ⎞
β (h ) = 1 − 1.18⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
Edl ¬°¦
H = relative humidity
eKGacKNnaemKuNkMEN β (t ) tamrUbmnþxageRkam
1/ 2
⎛ t − tc ⎞
β (t ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
⎝ t − t c + 0 .12 (V / S ) ⎠
Edl t= GayuebtugeRkayeBlcak; ¬éf¶¦
t = Gayurbs;ebtugenAeBlcab;epþImrYmmaD
c
V / S = pleFobmaDelIRkLaépÞ ¬ mm ¦
karKNna creep
GnuKmn_ creep pSMeLIgedayBIrEpñkKW bERmbRmYlrageGLasÞic nigbERmbRmYlrageday creep.
φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1
+
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28
Edl Ecmt 0 = m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugenAeBldak;bnÞúk

E = m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28 éf¶
cm 28
φ (t ,t ) = emKuN creep
0
Ecmt 0 = 3500 + 4300 f cmt 0
Edl f cmt0 = ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;Fmümrbs;ebtugenAeBlrgbnÞúk. eKGackMNt;vadUcxageRkam

t3/ 4
f cmt 0 = f cm 28
a + bt 3 / 4
emKuN a nig b Tak;TgeTAnwgRbePTsIum:gt¾dUcbgðajkñúgtaragxageRkam.
emKuN a nig b EdlCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRbePTsIum:gt¾

RbePTsIum:gt¾ a b
I 2.8 0.77
II 3.4 0.72
III 1.0 0.92
eKGacKNnaemKuN creep φ (t, t ) dUcxageRkam 0
⎡ ⎛ (t − t )0.3 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞0.5 ⎛ t − t ⎞0.5 ⎛ t − t0 ⎞

0. 5
⎤
φ (t , t0 ) = Φ (tc )⎢2⎜⎜ 0 ⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜
⎟
0
(
⎟⎟ + 2.5 1 − 1.086h 2 )
⎜
⎜ t − t + 0.12(V / S ) ⎟
⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ (t − t0 ) + 14 ⎠ ⎝ t0 ⎠ ⎝ t − t0 + 7 ⎠ ⎥⎦
0.3 2
⎝ 0 ⎠
RbsinebI t 0 = tc enaH Φ(t ) = 1 c

0.5
⎡ ⎛ t0 − tc ⎞ ⎤
0. 5
RbsinebI t 0 > tc enaH Φ(tc ) = ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥

⎢⎣ ⎝ t0 − tc + 0.12(V / S ) ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
2
h = H / 100 ¬ H = relative humidity ¬°¦¦

2>11>4> m:UEDl CEB 90
karKNnakarrYmmaD
)a:ra:Em:RtEdlRtUvkarsRmab;KNnabERmbRmYlrageFobedaysarkarrYmmaDEdleRbIm:UEDl CEB 90
KWersIusþg;rgkarsgát;mFümrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28éf¶ f relative humidity H Gayurbs;ebtugenAeBl
cm 28
cab;epþImrYmmaD t RbePTsIum:gt¾ nigrUbragrbs;sMNakKMrU.

c
ε s (t , tc ) = ε cs β s (t , tc )
0
Edl ε cs =0
emKuN notional shrinkage
β (t , t ) = emKuNEdlBN’naBIkarekItmankarrYmmaDCamYynwgeBl
s c
emKuN notional shrinkage KW

ε cs = ε s ( f cm 28 )β RH
0
Edl ε s ( f cm 28 ) = emKuNersIusþg;ebtugénkarrYmmaD
⎡ ⎛ f cm 28 ⎞⎤
ε s ( f cm 28 ) = ⎢160 + 10(β sc )⎜ 9 − ⎟ × 10
−6
⎣ ⎝ 10 ⎠⎥⎦
β RH = emKuN relative humidity énemKuN notional shrinkage EdlmanbgðajenAkñúgtaragxag
eRkam.
emKuN β RH
sMeNIm β RH
40% ≤ H < 90%
− 1.55 × β arh
H ≥ 99%
0.25
β sc = emKuNEdlGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾ EdlmanbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam
f cm 28 = ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;mFümrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28 éf¶
emKuN β sc
RbePTsIum:gt¾ sþg;darGWr:ub sþg;darGaemric β sc

kkrwgyWt SL II 4
kkrwgFmμta b¤elOn R I 5
kkrwgelOn RS III 8
3
⎛ H ⎞
β arh =1− ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100 ⎠
karekItmankarrYmmaDGaRs½ynwgeBlRtUv)ankMNt;tamsmIkarxageRkam
β sc (t − tc ) =
(t − tc )
0.56(he / 4 ) + (t − tc )
2
Edl t= Gayurbs;ebtug ¬éf¶¦

t = Gayurbs;ebtugenAeBlcab;epþImkarrYmmaD
c
h = kRmas;RbsiT§PaBedIm,IKitbBa©ÚlpleFobmaDelIRkLaépÞ
e
eKGackMNt;kRmas;RbsiT§PaB h dUcxageRkam e
2 Ac
he =
u
Edl Ac = muxkat;rbs;Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúM ¬ mm ¦ 2
u = brimaRtrbs;Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúMEdlb:HCamYynwgbriyakas ¬ mm ¦
karKNna creep
GnuKmn_ creep tMNag[kugRtaMgsrubGaRs½ynwgbERmbRmYlrageFobkúñgmYyÉktþakugRtaMg. eKGac
kMNt;vadUcxageRkam.
φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1
+
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28
Edl Ecmt 0 = m:UDuleGLasÞicenAGayuEdlrgbnÞúk

E = m:UDuleGLasÞicenAGayu 28 éf¶
cm 28
0
⎛ 28 ⎞
0.5 S ⎜⎜ 1− ⎟
t ⎟⎠
Ecmt 0 = Ecm 28e ⎝

S= emKuNGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾ ehIyGackMNt;BItaragxageRkam
emKuN S CaGnuKmn_énRbePTsIum:gt¾
RbePTsIum:gt¾ sþg;darGWr:ub sþg;darGaemric S
kkrwgyWt SL II 0.38
kkrwgFmμta b¤elOn R I 0.25
kkrwgelOn RS III 0.20
f cm 28
Ecm 28 = 215003
10
eyIgGackMNt;emKuN creep φ (t,t ) BIsmIkarxageRkam
0
φ (t , t0 ) = φ0 β c (t , t0 )
Edl φ0 = emKuN notional creep
β (t ,t ) = smIkarEdlBN’naBIkarekItman creep GaRs½ynwgeBleRkayeBlrgbnÞúk
c 0
φ0 = φRH β ( f cm 28 )β (t0 )
Edl φRH = emKuNsMeNImbriyasénemKuN notional creep Edl[eday
1 − H / 100
φRH = 1 +
0.163 he / 4
β ( f cm 28 ) = emKuNersIusþg;ebtugénemKuN notional creep Edl[eday

β ( f cm 28 ) =
5.3
f cm 28 / 10
β (t0 ) = emKuNGayuebtugenAeBlrgbnÞúkénemKuN notional creep Edl[eday

β (t0 ) =
1
1 + t00.2
smIkarEdlBN’naBIkarekItman creep GaRs½ynwgeBleRkayrgbnÞúk β (t,t ) RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI 0
smIkarxageRkam
0. 3
⎛ t − t0 ⎞
β c (t , t0 ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ β H + t − t0 ⎠
[
β H = 1.5he 1 + (0.012 H )18 + 250 ≤ 1500 ] éf¶
2>11>5> m:UEDl CEB 90-99

m:UEDl CEB 90-99 RtUv)anEkERbBIm:UEDl CEB90.
karKNnakarrYmmaD
enAkñúgm:UEDlfμIenH karrYmmaDsrubrYmmanbgÁúMénkarrYmmaDeday autogenous nig edaysars¶Üt. enA
kñúgebtug high-performance karrYmmaDeday autogeneous mantémøFM ehIyeKRtUvBicarNavakñúgkar)a:n;
RbmaNkarrYmmaD. viFIfμIenHpþl;nUvkar)a:n;RbmaNkarrYmmaDénebtugFmμta nigebtug high-performance
manlkçN³suRkit.
eKGacKNnabERmbRmYlrageFobedaykarrYmmaDsrubedayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam
ε s (t , tc ) = ε as (t ) + ε ds (t , tc )
Edl enAxN³ t
ε as (t ) = autogenous shrinkage
ε (t, t ) = drying shrinkage enAxN³ t
ds c
eKGacKNna autogenous shrinkage dUcxageRkam

ε as (t ) = ε as ( f cm 28 )β as (t )
0
Edl emKuN notional autogenous shrinkage

ε as ( f cm 28 ) =
0
β (t ) = GnuKmn_edIm,IBN’naeBlevlaEdlekItman autogenous shrinkage

as
eKGacKNnaemKuN notional autogenous shrinkage ε ( f ) dUcxageRkam as 0 cm 28

2.5
⎛ f cm 28 / 10 ⎞
ε as ( f cm 28 ) = −α as ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 10− 6
⎝ 6 + f cm 28 / 10 ⎠
0
Edl emKuNGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾
α as =
= 800 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgyWt
= 700 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgFmμta b¤elOn
= 600 sRmab;sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;x<s;kkrwgelOn
f = ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;mFümrbs;ebtugenAGayu 28 éf¶ ¬ MPa ¦

cm 28
eKGacKNnaGnuKmn_ β (t ) edayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam
as
β as (t ) = 1 − e −0.2 (t )
0.5
Edl t= Gayurbs;ebtug ¬éf¶¦

eKGackMNt; drying shrinkage ε ds (t, tc ) edaysmIkarxageRkam
ε da (t , tc ) = ε ds ( f cm 28 )β RH (H )β ds (t − tc )
0
Edl ε ds ( f cm 28 ) =
0
emKuN notional drying shrinkage
β RH (H ) =emKuNEdlKitBI\T§iBlrbs; relative humidity mkelI drying shrinkage

β (t − t ) = GnuKmn_edIm,IBN’naeBlevlaEdlekItman drying shrinkage
ds c
eKGacKNnaemKuN notional drying shrinkage ε ( f ) BIsmIkarxageRkam ds 0 cm 28
0
[
ε ds ( f cm 28 ) = (220 + 110α ds1 )e −α ds
2
f cm 28 / 10
]10 −6
Edl emKuNEdlGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾
α ds1 =
= 3 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgyWt
= 4 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgFmμta b¤kkrwgelOn
= 6 sRmab;sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;x<s;kkrwgelOn
α = emKuNEdlGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾
ds 2
= 0.13 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgyWt
= 0.11 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgFmμta b¤kkrwgelOn
= 0.12 sRmab;sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;x<s;kkrwgelOn
eKGacKNnaemKuN β (H ) tamrUbmnþxageRkam
RH
⎧ ⎡ ⎛ H ⎞ ⎤ 3
⎪− 1.55⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ sRmab; 10% ≤ H ≤ 99% × β

β =⎨
RH ⎢⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦
s1
⎪
⎩ 0.25 sRmab; H ≥ 99% × β s1
Edl H = Ambient relative humidity (%)
emKuNEdlKitBIkarkkrwgedayxøÜnÉgenAkñúgebtug high-performance
β s1 =
eyIgGackMNt;vadUcxageRkam
0.1
⎛ 35 ⎞
β s1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 1.0
⎝ f cm 28 ⎠
(t − tc )
0.5
⎛ ⎞
eKGacKNnaGnuKmn_ β ds (t − tc ) = ⎜⎜
( )2
+ ( − )
⎟
⎟
⎝ 0 . 56 he / 4 t t c ⎠
Edl tc =GayuebtugenAeBlcab;epþIms¶Üt ¬éf¶¦

= TMhM notional rbs;Ggát; ¬ mm ¦ Edl A CaRkLaépÞmuxkat; ¬ mm ¦ nig u CabrimaRt
2A
h =
e
c
c
2
u
rbs;Ggát;Edlb:HCamYynwgbriyakas ¬ mm ¦
karKNna creep
kugRtaMgsrubGaRs½ynwgbERmbRmYlrageFobkñúgmYyÉktþaénkugRtaMg EdleKGacehAmü:ageTotfa
compliance creep b¤GnuKmn_ creep. eKGackMNt;vaedayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam
φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1
+
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28
Edl Ecmt0 = m:UDuleGLasÞicenAGayurgbnÞúk ¬ MPa ¦

E = m:UDuleGLasÞicenAGayu 28 éf¶
cm 28
0
28
0.5 S
Ecmt 0 = Ecm 28e T
S CaemKuNGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾ nigersIusþg;sgát; ehIyeKGackMNt;vaBItaragxageRkam
emKuN S CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRbePTsIum:gt¾ nigersIusþg;rgkarsgát;

f (MPa )
cm 28
RbePTsIum:gt¾ S
≤ 60 ersIusþg;FMkkrwgelOn 0.20
kkrwgFmμta nigelOn 0.25
kkrwgyWt 0.30
> 60 RKb;RbePT 0.20
f cm 28
Ecm 28 = 215003
10
eKGacKNnaemKuN creep φ (t,t ) BIsmIkarxageRkam 0
φ (t , t0 ) = φ0 β c (t , t0 )
Edl φ0 = emKuN notional creep
β (t ,t ) = smIkarEdlBN’naBIkarekItman creep CamYynwgeBleRkayeBlrgbnÞúk
c 0
φ0 = φRH β ( f cm 28 )β (t0 )
φRH = emKuN relative humidity énemKuN notional creep
⎡ 1 − H / 100 ⎤
φRH = ⎢1 + α1 ⎥α 2
⎣⎢ 0.163 he / 4 ⎦⎥
0.7
⎡ 35 ⎤
Edl α1 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ f cm 28 ⎦
0.2
⎡ 35 ⎤
α2 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ f cm 28 ⎦

β ( f cm 28 ) = emKuNersIusþg;ebtugénemKuN notional creep

β ( f cm 28 ) =
5.3
f cm 28 / 10
β (t0 ) = emKuNGayuebtugenAeBlrgbnÞúkénemKuN notional creep

β (t0 ) =
1
1 + t00.2
α
⎡ 9 ⎤
Edl t0 = t 0 ,T ⎢ + 1⎥ ≥ 0.5 éf¶
⎣ 2 + t 0 ,T
1. 2
⎦
Gayurbs;ebtugenAeBlrgbnÞúk ¬éf¶¦
t0 =
t = Gayurbs;ebtugenAeBlrgbnÞúkEdlEktRmUveTAtamsItuNðPaBrbs;ebtug
0 ,T
sRmab; T = 20 C / t RtUvKñanwg t
o
0 ,T 0
α = emKuNEdlGaRs½ynwgRbePTsIum:gt¾
= −1 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgyWt
= 0 sRmab;sIum:gt¾kkrwgFmμta b¤elOn
= 1 sRmab;sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;FMkkrwgelOn
eKGackMNt;smIkarEdlBN’nakarekItman creep CamYynwgeBleRkayeBlrgbnÞúk β (t,t ) eday 0
eRbIsmIkarxageRkam³
0. 3
⎛ t − t0 ⎞
β c (t , t0 ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ β H + t − t0 ⎠
[
β H = 1.5he 1 + (0.012 H )18 + 250α 3 ≤ 1500α 3 ]
0.5
⎡ 35 ⎤
α3 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ f cm 28 ⎦
]TahrN_ 2>1³ KNnabERmbRmYlragedaysarrYmmaD nig creep compliance sRmab;sMNakKMrUebtugEdl
[xageRkam. eRbIm:UEDl ACI 209.
eK[³ sMeNIm H = 75%
he = 2V / S = 2 Ac / u = 76mm
f cm 28 = 45.2 MPa
w = 207.92kg / m3
w / c = 0.46
a / c = 3.73
t = 35 éf¶
t0 = 28 éf¶
tc = 8 éf¶
γ = 2405kg / m3
sIum:gt¾RbePT III
ebtugEfTaMedaysMeNIm
dMeNaHRsay
karKNnakarrYmmaD
ε s (t ) =
(t − tc ) K K ε
b + (t − tc )
ss sh shu
ε shu = 780 × 10−6 mm / mm

edayebtugEfTaMedaysMeNIm b = 35
V / S = 38mm
⎛V ⎞
K ss = 1.14 − 0.0035⎜ ⎟ = 1.14 − 0.0035(38) = 1.007
⎝S⎠
sRmab; H = 75%
K sh = 1.40 − 0.01H = 1.40 − 0.01(75) = 0.65
ε s (t ) =
(t − tc ) K K ε
b + (t − tc )
ss sh shu
=
(35 − 8) (1.007 )(0.65)(780 ⋅ 10− 6 ) = 222.3 × 10− 6 mm / mm
35 + (35 − 8)
karKNna creep
1 + Cc (t )
J (t , t0 ) =
Ecmt 0
kMNt; E cmt 0
edaysarsIum:gt¾RbePT III nigebtugEfTaMedaysMeNIm b = 2.30 / c = 0.92

f 'c (t0 ) = f cm 28
t0 28
= 45.2 = 45.1MPa
b + ct0 2.3 + 0.92 × 28
Ecmt 0 = 0.043(γ ) f 'c (t0 ) = 0.043(2405) 45.1 = 34058.8MPa
3/ 2 3/ 2
kMNt; C (t )
c
Ccu = 2.35
K ch = 1.27 − 0.0067(H ) = 1.27 − 0.0067(75) = 0.767
K ca = 1.25(t0 ) = 1.25(28)
−0.118 −0.118
= 0.844

K cs = 1.14 − 0.0035(V / S ) = 1.14 − 0.0035(38) = 1.007

t 0.60 350.60
Cc (t ) = C K K K = 2.35 × 0.767 × 0.844 × 1.00 = 0.702
10 + t 0.60 10 + 350.60
cu ch ca cs
1 + Cc (t ) 1 + 0.702
J (t , t0 ) =
1
= = 49.9 × 10− 6
Ecmt 0 34058.8 MPa
]TahrN_ 2>2³ edayeRbIm:UEDl B3 KNnakarrYmmaD nigGnuKmn_ creep sRmab;sMNakKMrUEdl[enAkñúg

]TahrN_ 2>1.
dMeNaHRsay³
KNnakarrYmmaD
ε s (t ) = (ε shu )(K h )S (t )
kMNt; ε shu
edaysIum:gt¾RbePT III α = 1.10 1
edaysarebtugEfTaMgedaysMeNIm α = 1.0 2
ε = α α [0.019(w) ( f )
shu 1 2 + 270]× 10
2.1
cm 28
−0.28 −6
= (1.10 )(1.0 )[0.019(207.92 ) (45.2 ) + 270]× 10 = 827 × 10

2.1 −0.28 −6 −6
mm / mm
kMNt; K h
3 3
sRmab; H = 75% enaH K = 1 − ⎛⎜⎝ 100 H ⎞

⎟ =1− ⎜
⎠
⎛ 75 ⎞
h ⎟ = 0.578
⎝ 100 ⎠
kMNt; S (t )
K = 1.0 edaysareyIgmindwgBIRbePTGgát;
s
Tsh = 0.085(tc )
−0.08
( f cm 28 )−0.25 [2 K s (V / S )]2
= 0.085(8)
−0.08
(45.2)−0.25 [2(1.0)(38)]2 = 160.3
t − tc 35 − 8
S (t ) = tanh = tanh = 0.389
Tsh 160.3
ε s (t ) = (ε shu )(K h )S (t ) = (827 × 10−6 )(0.578)(0.389) = 185.9 × 10−6 mm / mm

KNna creep
J (t , t0 ) = q1 + C0 (t , t0 ) + Cd (t , t0 , tc )
kMNt; q 1
Ecm 28 4735 f cm 28 = 4735 45.2 = 31833.9 MPa
0.6 0.6 1
q1 = = = 18.85 × 10− 6
Ecm 28 31833.9 MPa
kMNt; C (t,t )
0 0
w 207.92
c= = = 452kg / m3
w/ c 0.46
q2 = 185.4(c ) ( f cm 28 )−0.9 × 10−6 = 185.4(452 )0.5 (45.2)−0.9 × 10−6
0. 5
= 127.6 × 10−6
Q f (t0 ) =
1 1
= = 0.182
0.086(t0 ) + 1.21(t0 ) 0.086(28) + 1.21(28)
2/9 4/9 2/9 4/9
Z (t , t0 ) =
[
ln 1 + (t − t0 )
0. 1
] = ln[1 + (35 − 28) ] = 0.150 0.1
t0 28
r (t0 ) = 1.70(t0 ) + 8 = 1.7(28) + 8 = 10.54

0.12 0.12
−1 / r (t 0 )
⎡ Q f (t0 )r (t 0 ) ⎤ ⎡ 0.18210.54 ⎤
−1 / 10.54
Q(t , t0 ) = Q f (t0 )⎢1 + r (t 0 ) ⎥

= 0.182⎢1 + 10.54 ⎥
= 0.148
⎣⎢ Z (t , t0 ) ⎦⎥ ⎣ 0.150 ⎦
4
q3 = 0.29q2 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.29(127.6 × 10− 0.6 )(0.46) = 1.66 × 10− 6

⎛ w⎞ 4
⎝c⎠
−0.7
⎛a⎞
× 10− 6 = 20.3(3.73)
− 0. 7
q4 = 20.3⎜ ⎟ × 10− 6 = 8.08 × 10− 6
⎝c⎠
C0 (t , t0 ) = q2Q (t , t0 ) + q3 ln 1 + (t − t0 ) [ 0.1
]+ q ln⎛⎜⎜ tt ⎞⎟⎟
4
⎝ 0 ⎠
= (127.6 × 10− 6 )(0.148) + (1.66 × 10− 0.6 )ln 1 + (35 − 28) [ 0. 1
]+ (8.08 × 10 )ln⎛⎜⎝ 35
−6 ⎞
⎟
28 ⎠
1
= 22.01 × 10− 6
MPa
KNna C (t, t , t ) ³
d 0 c
−0.6 −0.6
0.757 ε shu × 106 0.757 827 × 106
q5 = = = 297.5 × 10− 6
f cm 28 45.2
S (t ) = 0.389
t0 − tc 28 − 8
S (t0 ) = tanh = tanh = 0.339
Tsh 160.3
⎡⎛ H ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ 75 ⎞ ⎤
H (t ) = 1 − ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ S (t )⎥ = 1 − ⎢⎜1 − ⎟0.389⎥ = 0.903
⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
⎡⎛ H ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ 75 ⎞ ⎤
H (t0 ) = 1 − ⎢⎜1 − ⎟ S (t0 )⎥ = 1 − ⎢⎜1 − ⎟0.339⎥ = 0.915
⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎦
Cd (t , t0 , tc ) = q5 e −8 H (t ) − e −8 H (t 0 )
= (297 × 10− 6 ) e −8× 0.903 − e − 8×0.915 = 2.43 × 10− 6

1
MPa

J (t , t0 ) = q1 + C0 (t , t0 ) + Cd (t , t0 , tc )
= (18.85 × 10− 6 ) + (22.01 × 10− 6 ) + (2.43 × 10− 6 ) = 43.3 × 10− 6

1
MPa
]TahrN_ 2>3³ edayeRbIm:UEDl GL 2000 KNnakarrYmmaD nigGnuKmn_ creep sRmab;sMNakKMrUEdl[

enAkñúg]TahrN_ 2>1.
dMeNaHRsay³
KNnakarrYmmaD
ε s (t ) = ε shu β (h )β (t )
KNna ε shu
edaysIum:gt¾RbePT III K = 1.15

1/ 2
⎛ 30 ⎞
1/ 2
⎛ 30 ⎞
ε shu = (900)K ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 10− 6 = (900)(1.15)⎜ ⎟ × 10− 6 = 843.2 × 10− 6 mm / mm
⎝ f cm 28 ⎠ ⎝ 45.2 ⎠
KNna β (h) ³
4 4
⎛ H ⎞ ⎛ 75 ⎞
β (h ) = 1 − 1.18⎜ ⎟ = 1 − 1.18⎜ ⎟ = 0.627
⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎝ 100 ⎠
KNna β (t ) ³
1/ 2 1/ 2
⎛ t − tc ⎞ ⎛ 35 − 8 ⎞
β (t ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
= ⎜⎜ ⎟
2 ⎟
= 0.367
⎝ t − tc + 0.12(V / S ) ⎠ ⎝ 35 − 8 + 0.12(38) ⎠
ε s (t ) = ε shu β (h )β (t ) = (843.2 × 10−6 )(0.627 )(0.367 ) = 194 × 10−6 mm / mm
KNna creep
φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1
+
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28
KNna E nig E
cmt 0 cm 28
t = 28 éf¶ ⇒ E
0 cmt 0 = Ecm 28
Ecm 28 = 3500 + 4300 f cm 28 = 3500 + 4300 45.2 = 32409.3MPa
KNna φ (t,t ) 0
t0 = 28 > tc = 8 éf¶
0.5 0. 5
⎡ ⎛ t0 − t c ⎞ ⎤
0.5
⎡ ⎛ 28 − 8 ⎞ ⎤
0.5
Φ(tc ) = ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎟
= 0.824
⎢⎣ ⎝ t0 − tc + 0.12(V / S ) ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 28 − 8 − 0.12(38) ⎠ ⎥⎦
2
h = H / 100 = 75 / 100 = 0.75
⎡ ⎛ (t − t )0.3 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞0.5 ⎛ t − t ⎞0.5 ⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ⎤
0. 5
φ (t , t0 ) = Φ (tc )⎢2⎜⎜ 0 ⎟+⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 0

⎟ + 2.5 1 − 1.086h ⎜
2
( ) ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ (t − t0 ) + 14 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ t0 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ t − t0 + 7 ⎟⎠ ⎜ t − t + 0.12(V / S )2 ⎟ ⎥
0.3
⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ (35 − 28)0.3 ⎞ ⎛ 7 ⎞0.5 ⎛ 35 − 28 ⎞0.5 ⎞ ⎤
( )
0. 5
2 ⎛ 35 − 28
= 0.824 2⎜ ⎢ ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ + 2.5 1 − 1.086(0.75) ⎜ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ (35 − 28) + 14 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 35 − 28 + 7 ⎠ ⎝ 35 − 28 + 0.12(38) ⎠ ⎥⎦
0.3
= 0.773
φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1 1 0.773 1
+ = + = 54.7 × 10− 6
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28 32409.3 32409.3 MPa
]TahrN_ 2>4³ edayeRbIm:UEDl CEB 90 KNnabERmbRmYlragedaykarrYmmaD nigGnuKmn_ creep sRmab;

sMNakKMrUEdl[enAkñúg]TahrN_ 2>1.
dMeNaHRsay³
KNnakarrYmmaD
ε s (t , tc ) = ε cs β s (t , tc )
0
KNna ε cs 0
β sc = 8
⎡ ⎛ f cm 28 ⎞⎤
ε s ( f cm 28 ) = ⎢160 + 10(β sc )⎜ 9 − ⎟ × 10
−6
⎣ ⎝ 10 ⎠⎥⎦
⎡ ⎛ 45.2 ⎞⎤
= ⎢160 + 10(8)⎜ 9 − −6 −6
⎟⎥ × 10 = 518.4 × 10 mm / mm
⎣ ⎝ 10 ⎠⎦
sRmab; H = 75%
β RH = −1.55β arh
β arh = 1 − (H / 100 )3 = 1 − (75 / 100 )3 = 0.578
β RH = −1.55β arh = −1.55 × 0.578 = −0.896
ε cs = ε s ( f cm 28 )(β RH ) = (518.4 × 10 −6 )(− 0.896 ) = −464.2 × 10 −6 mm / mm
0
KNna β sc (t − tc )
2 Ac
he = = 76mm
u
β sc (t − tc ) =
(t − tc ) =
(35 − 8) = 0.343
0.56(he / 4 ) + (t − tc ) 0.56(76 / 4 ) + (35 − 8)
2 2
ε s (t , tc ) = (ε cs )β s (t − tc ) = (− 464.2 × 10 −6 )(0.343) = −159.3 × 10−6 mm / mm

0
KNna creep
φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1
+
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28

KNna E nig E
cmt 0 cm 28
t = 28 éf¶ ⇒ E
0 cmt 0 = Ecm 28
f cm 28 45.2
Ecm 28 = 215003 = 215003 = 35548MPa
10 10
KNna φ (t,t ) 0
1 − H / 100 1 − 75 / 100
φRH = 1 + =1+ = 1.586
0.16 he / 4
3 0.163 76 / 4
β ( f cm 28 ) =
5.3 5.3
= = 2.49
f cm 28 / 10 45.2 / 10
β (t0 ) =
1 1
= = 0.488
0.1 + t0
0. 2
0.1 + 280.2
φ0 = φRH β ( f cm 28 )β (t0 ) = (1.586)(2.49)(0.488) = 1.927

[ ] [
β H = 1.5he 1 + (0.012 H )18 + 250 = 1.5(76 ) 1 + (0.012 × 75)18 + 250 = 379 ≤ 1500 ] éf¶
0. 3
⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ⎛ 35 − 28 ⎞
0.3
β c (t , t0 ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.3
⎝ β H + t − t0 ⎠ ⎝ 379 + 35 − 28 ⎠
φ (t , t0 ) = φ0 β c (t , t0 ) = 1.927 × 0.3 = 0.578

φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1 1 0.578 1
+ = + = 44.4 × 10− 6
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28 35548 35548 MPa
]TahrN_ 2>5³ edayeRbIm:UEDl CEB 90 fμI cUrKNnabERmbRmYlragedaykarrYmmaD nigGnuKmn_ creep

sRmab;sMNakKMrUEdl[enAkñúg]TahrN_ 2>1.
dMeNaHRsay³
KNnakarrYmmaD
ε s (t , tc ) = ε as (t ) + ε ds (t , tc )
KNna ε as (t )
α as = 600 sRmab;sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;x<s;kkrwgelOn
2. 5
⎛ f / 10 ⎞
ε as 0 ( f cm 28 ) = −α as ⎜⎜ cm 28 ⎟⎟ × 10− 6
⎝ 6 + f cm 28 / 10 ⎠
2.5
⎛ 45.2 / 10 ⎞ −6 −6
= −600⎜ ⎟ × 10 = −72.6 × 10 mm / mm
⎝ 6 + 45.2 / 10 ⎠
β as (t ) = 1 − e −0.2(t ) = 1 − e −0.2(35 ) = 0.694
0.5 0.5
ε as (t ) = ε as ( f cm 28 )β as (t ) = (− 72.6 × 10−6 )(0.694) = −50.4 × 10−6 mm / mm

0
KNna ε ds (t, tc )
α ds1 = 6 sRmab;sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;x<s;kkrwgelOn
α ds 2 = 0.12 sRmab;sIum:gt¾ersIusþg;x<s;kkrwgelOn
0
[
ε ds ( f cm 28 ) = (220 + 110α ds1 )e
−α ds0 f cm 28 / 10
]× 10 −6
[ ]
= (220 + 110 × 6 )e −0.12 (45.2 ) / 10 × 10−6 = 511.6 × 10 −6 mm / mm
0. 1
⎛ 35 ⎞
0.1
⎛ 35 ⎞
β s1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.97 ≤ 1.0
⎝ f cm 28 ⎠ ⎝ 45.2 ⎠
sRmab; 40% < H = 75% < 99%(0.97) = 96.5%
⎡ ⎛ H ⎞
3
⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 75 ⎞3 ⎤
β RH = −1.55⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = −1.55 ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = −0.896
⎢⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 100 ⎠ ⎥⎦
(t − tc )
0. 5
⎛ ⎞
β ds (t − tc ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ 0.56(he / 4 ) + (t − tc ) ⎠
2
(35 − 8)
0.5
⎛ ⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 0.343
⎝ 0.56(76 / 4 ) + (35 − 8) ⎠
2
ε ds (t , tc ) = ε ds ( f cm 28 )β RH (H )β ds (t − tc )
0
( )
= 511.6 × 10 −6 (− 0.896 )(0.343) = −157.2 × 10 −6 mm / mm
ε s (t , tc ) = ε as (t ) + ε ds (t , tc ) = (− 50.4 × 10−6 ) + (− 157.2 × 10−6 ) = −207.6 × 10−6 mm / mm
KNna creep
φ (t , tc )
J (t , tc ) =
1
+
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28
KNna E nig E
cmt 0 cm 28
t = 28 éf¶ ⇒ E
0 cmt 0 = Ecm 28
f cm 28 45.2
Ecm 28 = 215003 = 215003 = 35548MPa
10 10
KNna φ (t,t ) 0
0.7
⎡ 35 ⎤
0. 7
⎡ 35 ⎤
α1 = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ = 0.836
⎣ f cm 28 ⎦ ⎣ 45.2 ⎥⎦
0.2
⎡ 35 ⎤
0.2
⎡ 35 ⎤
α2 = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ = 0.950
⎣ f cm 28 ⎦ ⎣ 45.2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 − H / 100 ⎤ ⎡ 1 − 75 / 100 ⎤
φRH = ⎢1 + α1 ⎥α 2 = ⎢1 + 0.836⎥ 0.950 = 1.415
⎣⎢ 0.16 he / 4 ⎦⎥ ⎣ 0.16 76 / 4 ⎦
3 3
β ( f cm 28 ) =
5.3 5.3
= = 2.49
f cm 28 / 10 45.2 / 10

α
⎡ 9 ⎤ ⎡ 9 ⎤
t0 = t0 ,T ⎢ + 1⎥ = 2.8⎢ + 1⎥ = 32.5 ≥ 0.5 éf¶
⎣ 2 + t0 ,T ⎣ 2 + 28 ⎦
1.2 1. 2
⎦
β (t0 ) =
1 1
= = 0.475
0.1 + t0 0.2
0.1 + 32.50.2
φ0 = φRH β ( f cm 28 )β (t0 ) = 1.419 × 2.49 × 0.475 = 1.674

0.5
⎡ 35 ⎤
0. 5
⎡ 35 ⎤
α3 = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ = 0.880
⎣ f cm 28 ⎦ ⎣ 45.2 ⎥⎦
[
β H = 1.5he 1 + (0.012 H )18 + 250α 3 ]
[ ]
= 1.5 × 76 × 1 + (0.012 × 75) + 250 × 0.88 = 351 ≤ 1500 × 0.88 = 1320
18
0.3
⎛ t − t0 ⎞ ⎛ 35 − 28 ⎞
0.3
β c (t , t0 ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 0.307
⎝ β H + t − t0 ⎠ ⎝ 351 + 35 − 28 ⎠
φ (t , t0 ) = φ0 β c (t , t0 ) = 1.678 × 0.307 = 0.515

φ (t , t0 )
J (t , t0 ) =
1 1 0.515 1
+ = + = 42.6 × 10− 6
Ecmt 0 Ecm 28 35548 35548 MPa
2>12> m:as;maDebtug
m:as;maDrbs;ebtugFmμtakkrwgEdleRbIR)as;sRmab;GKar nigrcnasm½<n§epSg²eTotGaRs½yeTA
elIkarlay TMhM nigcMNat;fñak;fμbMEbk pleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾ nigersIusþg;rbs;ebtug. xageRkamCam:as;maD
ebtugEdleKGacykmkBicarNa³
- m:as;maDebtugsuT§EdleRbIfμbMEbkTMhM 20mm ERbRbYlcenøaHBI 2320 → 2400kg / m . sRmab; 3
ebtugEdlmanersIusþg;ticCag 280kg / cm = 28MPa témø 2320kg / m GacRtUv)anykmkeRbI. sRmab;

2 3
ebtugEdlmanersIusþg;FMCagenH m:as;maDebtugmantémø 2400kg / m GacRtUv)anykmkeRbI. 3
- m:as;maDebtugsuT§EdleRbIfμbMEbkTMhM 100mm → 150mm ERbRbYlcenøaHBI 2400 → 2560kg / m . 3
témømFümesμInwg 2480kg / m GacRtUv)anykmkeRbI.

3
- m:as;maDebtugGarem: EdlmanPaKryEdk 0.7% → 1.5% mantémøRbEhl 2400kg / m . sRmab; 3
ebtugGarem:EdlmanPaKryEdleRcInCagenH m:as;maDrbs;ebtugRtUv)aneKsnμt;RbEhl 2500kg / m . 3
- m:as;maDebtugRsalERbRbYlBI 320 → 1440kg / m 3
- m:as;maDebtugF¶n;ERbRbYlBI 3200 → 4300kg / m 3
2>13> RbePTEdkeRbIkñúgebtug
EdkEdleRbIenAkñúgebtug manCaeRcInRbePTEdlRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fñak;dUcxageRkam³
- EdkmUl (round bars)³ EdkmUlRtUv)aneRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAkñúgebtug. Ggát;p©itrbs;EdkmUlEdl
eKGacrk)anenAelITIpSarmancab;BI 6mm dl; 36mm bUkrYmCamYynwgGgát;p©itBiessBIrRbePTeTot
KW 45mm nig 57mm . GaRs½yedayépÞxagrbs;va eKEbgEckvaCaBIrRbePTeTotKW Edkrelag
(plain bars) nigEdkfñaMgGMeBA (deformed bars). CaTUeTA EdkrelagRtUv)aneKeRbICaEdkEdlman
tYnaTITI2 (secondary reinforcement) b¤CaEdkkg (stirrups and ties). EdkfñaMgGMeBARtUv)aneK

pliteLIgCaBiessedIm,IbegáInPaBs¥itrvagebtug nigsrésEdk ehIykat;bnßynUvTTwgsñameRbHrbs;
ebtugkñúgtMbn;rgkmøaMgTaj.
Ggát;p©itrbs;Edkrelag Gacvas;)anedayRsYl EtsRmab;EdkfñaMgGMeBA Ggát;p©itrbs;vaeKkMNt;
edayykGgát;p©itrbs;rgVg;Edk Edl)anBImuxkat;rbs;va. épÞxageRkArbs;EdkfñaMgGMeBAmansNæan
CaeRcInRbePTEdlmanbgðajkñúgrUbxageRkam.
- EdksMNaj; (Welded fabrics and mats)³ EdksMNaj;manCaeRcInes‘rIeTAtamRbEvgEdkTTwg nig
EdkbeNþay. CaTUeTAvaRtUv)aneKpSaredaydak;EdkbeNþay nigEdkTTwg[EkgKñaRtg;kEnøgkat;
Kña.
- kabeRbkugRtaMg (Prestressed concrete wires and strands)³ kabeRbkugRtaMgCaRbePTEdkBiess
EdlmanersIusþg;x<s;. kabEdlersIusþg;rgkmøaMgTajx<s;manGgát;p©itCaTUeTA 5mm nig 7mm RtUv
)aneKykmkbegáItCakabeRbkugRtaMg EdlmankabxageRkAR)aMmYyB½T§CMuvij kabmYyEdlmanGgát;
p©itFMCag. ersIusþg;rbs;kabeRbkugRtaMgGtibrmamantémø 1750MPa b¤ 1890MPa .
m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;srésEdk eTaHrgkarTajkþI rgkarsgát;kþI eKkMNt;yk E = 2 ×10 MPa . em

s
5
KuNlUtkemþArbs;srésEdkeKyk α = 10 mm / c dUcemKuNlUtkemþArbs;ebtugEdr.
−5 o

muxkat;Edk (mm) épÞmuxkat;Edk (cm )

2
Tm¶n; (kg / m) brimaRt (cm)
RB6 0.28 0.222 1.89
RB8 0.64 0.499 2.83
DB12 1.13 0.888 3.77
DB16 2.01 1.58 5.03
DB20 2.84 2.23 5.97
DB25 4.91 3.85 7.86
DB28 6.16 4.83 8.80
DB32 8.04 6.31 10.06
III. viPaKFñwmebtugGarem:rgkarBt;begáag
Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beam
3>1> karsnμt; (Assumption)

ebtugGarem:CasmÖar³minEmnrUbFatusac;mYy BIeRBaHvaekIteLIgedaysmÖar³BIrRbePTKW ebtug nig
Edk. dUecñH eRKOgbgÁúMebtugGarem:EdlkMNt;edayersIusþg;cugeRkay RtUvkMNt;tamkarsnμt;xageRkam³
- bERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;ebtug nigEdkRtUvEtmantémødUcKña mann½yfaPaBs¥itrvagebtug nigEdk
mantémøRKb;RKan;.
- bERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;ebtugRtUvEt smamaRteTAnwgcm¶ayBIG½kSNWt
- m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;Edk RtUvEtyk E = 2 ×10 MPa . kugRtaMgrbs;EdkkñúgtMbn;eGLasÞicRtUvEt
s
5
mantémøesμIplKuNrvagbERmbRmYlrageFobCamYynwgm:UDuleGLasÞic.
- muxkat;Rtg;enAEtRtg;eRkayeBlrgkarBt;
- ersIusþg;Tajrbs;ebtugRtUv)anecal BIeRBaHersIusþg;TajebtugmantémøtUcCagersIusþg;sgát;dl;eTA
10 dg ehIysñameRbHrbs;ebtugRtUvsnμt;faKμan\T§iBl nigmü:ageTotmuneBleRbH muxkat;ebtugTaMgmUlman
RbsiT§PaBkñúgkarTb;nwgm:Um:g;xageRkA.
- bERmbRmYlrageFobGtibrmarbs;ebtugkRmitRtwm 0.003
- rUbragénkarBRgaykugRtaMgsgát;rbs;ebtug snμt;manragctuekaNEkg
3>2> RbePTénkar)ak;edaykarBt; nigEdnkMNt;sac;lUteFob
3>2>1> kar)ak;edaykarBt;
eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarBt; Gac)ak;edaybIkrNIGaRs½yeTAnwgPaKryEdkEdl)andak;enAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug³
- EdkGaceTAdl;cMNuc yield munebtugeFVIkardl;ersIusþg;Gtibrma. kñúgkrNIenH kar)ak;bNþalmkBI
sac;lUteFobrbs;EdkmantémøFMCag b¤esμI 0.005 . muxkat;manbrimaNEdktic ehIyRtUv)aneK[eQμaH fa

tension-controlled section .
- EdkGaceTAdl;cMNuc yield GMLúgeBlEdlebtugeFVIkardl;ersIusþg;GtibrmaEdr. muxkat;RtUv)aneK
[eQμaHfa balanced section .

- ebtugGacEbkmuneBlEdlEdkeFVIkardl;cMNuc yield bNþalmkBIPaKryEdkeRcInenAkñúgmuxkat;.
kñúgkrNIenHebtug)aneFVIkardl;ersIusgþ ;Gtibrma ehIymansac;lUteFobGtibrma 0.003 Edr b:uEnþkugRtaMg

T.Chhay 44 Flexural Analysis of Reinforced Concrete
rbs; EdkmantémøticCagersIusþg;KNna Edl f < f . sac;lUteFobrbs;EdkmantémøtUcCag b¤esμI

s y
0.002 . muxkat; enHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa compression-controlled section.
eK)ansnμt;faebtugEbkedaysarkmøaMgsgát; enAeBlEdlbERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;ebtugmantémø
0.003 EtkñúgkarBiesaFtémøenHERbRbYlBI 0.0025 → 0.004 .
kñúgkarKNnaFñwm eKeRCIserIsyk tension-controlled section eday[EdkeFVIkardl;ersIusþg;

KNna (design strength) munebtugEbk. sñameRbHrbs;ebtugrIkFMeLIg² EdlCasBaØaRbkasGasnñmuneBl
ebtugEbk ehIyrcnasm<½n§)ak;Ebk.
kñúgkarKNnaFñwmEdleRCIserIsyk compression-controlled section nig balanced section
ebtugEbkPøam² rcnasm<½n§)ak;EbkmYyrMBicedayKμankarRbkasGasnñ. kareRCIserIsmuxkat;EbbenHRtUv
)aneCosvag.
3>2>2> EdnkMNt;bERmbRmYleFobsRmab; tension-controlled section nig compression-controlled
section
karKNnapþl;[cMeBaHkarKNnaebtugGarem:sRmab; tension-controlled section b¤ compression
controlled section. muxkat;TaMgBIr RtUv)ankMNt;edaybERmbRmYlrageFobrgkarTajsuT§ (net tension
strain (NTS)). elIsBIenHlkçxNÐBIreTot)anekItKW balanced strain condition nig transition region
condition. lkçxNÐTaMgbYnenHRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
- Compression-controlled section Camuxkat;EdlbERmbRmYlrageFobrgkarTajsuT§ (NTS)

sRmab;EdkrgkarTajEpñkxageRkAbMputmantémøtUcCagbERmbRmYlrageFobrgkarsgát; enAeBlEdlbERm
bRmYlrageFobrbs;ebtugrgkarsgát;mantémøesμI 0.003 . krNIenHekIteLIgCaTUeTAcMeBaHssrEdlrgbnÞúk
tamG½kS nigm:Um:g;.
- Tension-controlled section Camuxkat;EdlbERmbRmYlrageFobrgkarTajsuT§ (NTS) sRmab;
EdkrgkarTaj EpñkxageRkAbMputmantémøFMCag b¤esμI 0.005 kñúgkrNIEdlebtugmanbERmbRmYlrageFob
dl;EdnkMNt; 0.003 .
- muxkat;EdlbERmbRmYlrageFobrgkarTajsuT§ (NTS) sRmab;EdkrgkarTajEpñkxageRkAbMput
mantémøsßitenAcenøaH compression-controlled section nig tension-controlled section KWenAcenøaH
0.002 → 0.005 Camuxkat; transition region
viPaKebtugGarem:rgkarBt;begáag 45 T.Chhay
- Balanced strain condition ekItmanenAkñúgmuxkat; enAeBlEdlbERmbRmYlrageFobEdktMbn;Taj

mantémøesμI ε = Ef kñúgxN³Edlebtugrgkarsgát;manbERmbRmYlrageFobmantémøesμI 0.003 .
s
y
Section condition Concrete strain Steel strain Note ( f y = 400MPa)

Compression-controlled 0.003 ε t ≤ f y Es ε t ≤ 0.002
Tension-controlled 0.003 ε t ≥ 0.005 ε t ≥ 0.005
Transition region 0.003 f y E s ≤ ε t ≤ 0.005 0.002 ≤ ε t ≤ 0.005
Balanced strain 0.003 ε s = f y Es ε s = 0.002
Transition region 0.003 0.004 ≤ ε t < 0.005 0.004 ≤ ε t < 0.005

3>3> emKuNbnÞúk
bnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIeRKOgbgÁúMRtUv)anKuNCamYynwgemKuNbnÞúk edIm,IkarBarkar)ak;Pøam² nigpþl;
nUvkarKNnamYyEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©. emKuNbnÞúkGaRs½ynwgRbePTbnÞúk nigkarbnSMbnÞúk. emKuNbnÞúk
sRmab;bnÞúkGefr KW 1.6 ÉemKuNbnÞúksRmab;bnÞúkefr KW 1.2 . dUecñHkarbnSMbnÞúksRmab;bnÞúkGefr nigbnÞúk
efrKW
U = 1 .2 D + 1 .6 L
Edl U - bnÞúkKNna (ultimate load)
L - bnÞúkGefr
D - bnÞúkefr
3>4> emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg;
emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ mantémøtUcCag 1. emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg;GaRs½ynwgRbePTén
eRKOgbgÁúM³
- sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj φ = 0.90
- sRmab;muxkat;rgkarsgát;
k> CamYyEdkkgvNÐ φ = 0.70
x> CamYyEdkkgdac;² φ = 0.65
- sRmab;ebtugsuT§ φ = 0.55
- sRmab;kmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgrmYl φ = 0.75
- sRmab;RTnab;enAelIebtug φ = 0.65
- sRmab;KMrU strut and tie φ = 0.75
3>5> karEbgEckkugRtaMgsgát;smmUl
kugRtaMgEbgEckkñúgebtugrgkarsgát;enAxN³eBl)ak;RtUv)ansnμt;famanragctuekaNEkg ctu-
ekaNBñay ExSekag)a:ra:bUl b¤ragNamYyepSgeTotGaRs½yedaykaryl;RBmKñaenAeBleFVIBiesaFn_.
enAeBlEdlFñwmerobnwg)ak; srésEdk)aneFVIkardl;cMNuc yield mun RbsinebImuxkat;enaHman
brimaNEdktic (under-reinforced section) ehIykñúgkrNIenHsrésEdkeFVIkardl;kugRtaMgKNna (design
stress). EtRbsinebImuxkat;manEdkeRcIn enaHebtugnwgEbkmun ehIybERmbRmYlrageFobRtUv)ansnμt;faesμI
0.003 .
kmøaMgsgát; C ekItmanenAkñúgtMbn;sgát; ehIykmøaMgTaj T ekItmanenAtMbn;TajEdlsßitenARtg;nIv:U

Edk. eKsÁal;TItaMgénkmøaMg T BIeRBaHvamanGMeBIRtYtsIuKñanwgG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;Edk. ÉTItaMgrbs;kmøaMg
C eKGacsÁal;)an luHNaEteKsÁal;maDéntMbn;sgát; ehIyeBlenaHeKGackMNt;)annUvTItaMgTIRbCMuTm¶n;
)an. RbsinebIeKsÁal;TItaMgrbs;kmøaMgTaMgBIr enaHeKGackMNt;nUvRbEvgédXñas; EdlCacm¶ayBIkmøaMgTaj

mkkmøaMgsgát;.
RbsinebIebtugEbk enAeBlbERmbRmYlrageFob ε ' = 0.003 ehIyRbsinebIEdkeFVIkardl;cMNuc
c
yield ¬ f = f ¦ enaHmuxkat;Ca balanced section. kmøaMgsgát; C RtUv)ansMEdgedaymaDénbøúkkugRtaMg

s y
EdlmanragminÉksNæanekItmanelIépÞctuekaNqñÚt bc .

maDénkugRtaMgsgát;snμt;esμI C = bc(α f ' )

1 c
Edl α f ' CakugRtaMgmFüménbøúkkugRtaMgminÉksNæan

1 c
TItaMgrbs;kmøaMgsgát; KWmancm¶ay z BIsrésEpñkxagelIbMputEdlGaccat;TukCaEpñkéncm¶ay c

¬cm¶ayBIsrésEpñkxagelImkG½kSNWt¦.
z = α 2c
sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f 'c ≤ 28MPa .
α1 = 0.72
α RtUv)ankat;bnßyeday 0.04 ral; 7 MPa sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' c > 28MPa .
1
α = 0.425 sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' ≤ 28MPa .

2 c
α RtUv)ankat;bnßyeday 0.025 ral; 7 MPa sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' c > 28MPa .

2
edIm,IsRmYldl;karKNnakmøaMgkñúgénmuxkat; enaH ACI code )anyknUvkugRtaMgEbgEckkñúgmuxkat;

ragctuekaNEkgEdlmantémø 0.85 f ' BRgayesμIelItMbn;sgát;smmUl EdlxNÐedaybnÞat;RsbnwgG½kSNWt
c
EdlmanRbEvg a = β c . 1
β = 0.85 sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' ≤ 28MPa .

1 c
f ' −28
β = 0.85 − 0.05(
1
c
) sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; 28MPa < f ' ≤ 56 MPa .
c
7
β = 0.65 sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' > 56MPa .
1 c
sRmab;muxkat;ragctuekaNEkg RkLaépÞtMbn;sgát;mantémøesμI ba ehIytémøkugRtaMgBRgayesIμKW

0.85 f ' Edlpþl;nUvmaDkugRtaMgsrubesμInwg 0.85 f ' ab ehIyRtUvKñanwgkmøaMgsgát; C . sRmab;muxkat;
c c
epSgBIragctuekaNEkg kmøaMgsrubesμInwgplKuNRkLaépÞtMbn;sgát;CamYynwg 0.85 f ' . c
3>6> srésEdkrgkmøaMgTajénmuxkat;ctuekaNEkgrgkarBt;
PaKryEdkenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtugkñúglkçxNÐ balanced RtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa balanced steel ratio ρ b
EdlCapleFobrvagmuxkat;Edk A nigmuxkat;RbsiT§PaB bd
s
As
ρb =
bd
Edl - TTwgmuxkat;eRKOgbgÁúMtMbn;sgát;
b
d - cm¶ayBIsrésEpñkxageRkAbMputmkTIRbCMuTm¶n;EdkrgkmøaMgTaj ¬km<s;RbsiT§PaB¦
smIkarlMnwgBIr EdlCaeKalkarN_kñúgkarviPaK nigKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMehIymantémøRKb;muxkat; nigRKb;

RbePTbnÞúkKW³
- kmøaMgsgát;RtUvmantémøesμIkmøaMgTaj C = T
- ersIusþg;m:Um:g;Bt;xagkñúg M esμIeTAnwgplKuNrvagkmøaMgsgát; b¤kmøaMgTajCamYynwgédXñas;
n
M = C (d − z ) = T (d − z ) nig M = φM Edl φ emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg;

n u n

kareRbIR)as;nUvsmIkarTaMgenHRtUv)anBnül;sRmab;muxkat;ragctuekaNEkgCamYyEdktMbn;Taj. mux
kat;GacCa balanced section muxkat;EdlmanEdktic muxkat;EdlmanEdkeRcIn GaRs½yedaykareRbIR)as;nUv
PaKryEdk.
3>6>1> balanced section
CMhanTI1³ BIdüaRkambERmbRmYlrageFob eyIg)an

cb 0.003
=
d − cb fy
Es
c 0.003
⇒ b =
d fy
0.003 +
Es
edayCMnYs E s = 200000 MPa
600
⇒ cb = ( )d
600 + f y
CMhanTI2³ BIsmIkarlMnwg eyIg)an

C = T ⇒ 0.85 f 'c ab = As f y
As f y
⇒a=
0.85 f 'c b
Edl a - CaRbEvgbøúkrgkarsgát; mantémøesμInwg β c
1 b
edaysarvaCa balanced section dUecñHPaKryEdkRtUv)aneRbIKW

As
ρb =
bd
⇒ As = ρ b bd
CMnYs A eTAkñúgsmIkarxagelI
s
⇒ 0.85 f 'c ab = ρ bbdf y

0.85 f 'c a 0.85 f 'c
⇒ ρb = = ( β1cb )
f yd f yd
CMnYstémø c b =(
600
600 + f y
)d eTAkñúgsmIkarxagelI eyIg)an
f 'c 600
ρ b = 0.85β1 ( )
f y 600 + f y
CMhanTI3³ BIsmIkarlMnwgénm:Um:g;xagkñúg eyIg)an

M n = C (d − z ) = T (d − z )
sRmab;muxkat;ragctuekaNEkg cm¶ay z = a2
a a
⇒ M n = C (d − ) = T (d − )
2 2
sRmab;muxkat; balanced section b¤muxkat;EdlmanbrimaNEdktic
T = As f y
dUecñH M = A f (d − a2 )
n s y
m:Um:g;kñúgxagelIEdl)anKNna RtUvkat;bnßyedayemKuN φ
As f y
⇒ φM n = φAs f y (d − )
1.7 f 'c b
smIkarenH sresredayCab;GBaØat ρ
ρbdf y ρf y
⇒ φM n = φf y ρbd (d − ) = φf y ρbd 2 (1 − )
1.7 f 'c b 1.7 f 'c
eyIgGacsresrsmIkarxagelIenHCa
φM n = Ru bd 2
Edl R = φf ρ (1 − 1.ρ7ff ' )

u y
y
pleFobrvagRbEvgbøúkkugRtaMgsgát;smmUl a nig km<s;RbsiT§PaBénmuxkat; d

a ρf y
=
d 0.85 f 'c
3>6>2> PaKryEdkGtibrma
PaKryEdkGtibrma ρ EdlGaceRbIenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtugEdlmanEtEdkrgkmøaMgTaj QrelIeKal
max
karN_bERmbRmYlrageFobsuT§enAkñúgEdkrgkmøaMgTaj PaKryEdk balanced nigersIusþg;rbs;Edk.

TMnak;TMngrvagPaKryEdkenAkúñgmuxkat; ρ nigbERmbRmYlrageFobsuT§ ε t
fy fy
0.003 + 0.003 +
ρ
=
Es
ρb 0.003 + ε t
b¤ ε t =(
ρ
Es
) − 0.003
ρb
sRmab; f y = 414 MPa nigsnμt; f y / Es = 0.00207
- sRmab;muxkat;rgkmøaMgTaj ⇒ ε ≥ 0.005 snμt; ε = 0.005 ¬b¤ dc ≤ 0.375 ¦

t t
t
d - cm¶ayBIsrésEpñkxageRkAbMputeTAG½kSEdkTajCYrTI1
t
ρ 0.00507
=
ρb 0.008
kñúgkrNIEdl ρ = ρ max
⇒ ρ max = 0.63375ρ b
PaKryEdkenHeFVI[FñwmmanlkçN³yWtRKb;RKan;munnwg)ak;
Casegçb³
sRmab; f = 276MPa ⇒ ρ = 0.5474ρ
y max b
f y = 345MPa ⇒ ρ max = 0.5905ρ b
f y = 517 MPa ⇒ ρ max = 0.6983ρ b
sRmab;muxkat;rgkmøaMgTaj φ = 0.9
- sRmab;muxkat;enAkñúgtMbn; transition region snμt; ε t = 0.004 ¬minRtUvtUcCag 0.004 ¦
b¤ 0.6 > dc > 0.375
ρ 0.00507
=
ρb 0.007
kñúgkrNIEdl ρ = ρ max t
⇒ ρ max t = 0.724 ρb
sRmab;muxkat;enAkñúgtMbn; transition region φ < 0.9
250
⇒ φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)( )
3
]TahrN_1³ sRmab;muxkat;dUcbgðajkñúgrUb
k> kMNt;muxkat;Edk balanced section
x> muxkat;EdkGtibrmaEdlGnuBaØateday ACI Code sRmab; tension-controlled section nigsRmab;muxkat;
enAkñúgtMbn; transition region
K> TItaMgG½kSNWt nigRbEvgbøúkkugRtaMgsgát;sRmab;muxkat;rgkmøaMgTaj
smμtikmμ³ f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
k> kMNt;muxkat;Edk balanced section
f 'c 600
ρ b = 0.85β1 ( )
f y 600 + f y
eday f ' = 28MPa

c f y = 400 MPa nig β 1 = 0.85
28 600
⇒ ρ b = 0.852 ( ) = 0.030345
400 600 + 400
muxkat;EdkEdldak;kñúgmuxkat;ebtugedIm,I)anlkçxNÐ balanced KW
Asb = ρ b bd = 0.030345 × 40 × 65 = 78.897cm 2

x> muxkat;EdkGtibrmasRmab; tension controlled section
fy
0.003 +
Es
ρ max = ( ) ρb
0.003 + ε t
sRmab; ε t = 0.005
0.005
⇒ ρ max = ρb = 0.625ρ b = 0.625 × 0.030345 = 0.019
0.008
⇒ As max = ρb maxbd = 0.019 × 40 × 65 = 49.4cm 2 sRmab; φ = 0.9
muxkat;EdkGtibrmasRmab;muxkat;kñúgtMbn; transition region
fy
0.003 +
Es
ρ max = ( ) ρb
0.003 + ε t
sRmab; ε t = 0.004
0.005
⇒ ρ max = ρ b = 0.714 ρ b = 0.714 × 0.030345 = 0.0217
0.007
⇒ As max = ρ b maxbd = 0.0217 × 40 × 65 = 56.42cm 2 sRmab; φ = 0.817
K> TItaMgG½kSNWt nigRbEvgbøúkkugRtaMgsgát;sRmab; tension-controlled section
As max f y 49.4 × 400
amax = = = 20.76cm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 40
cm¶ayBIsrésEpñkxagelImkG½kSNWtKW
a 20.76
c= = = 24.42cm
β1 0.85
]TahrN_2³ kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNna nigTItaMgG½kSNWténmuxkat;ctuekaNEkgdUcbgðajkñúgrUbxageRkam.
RbsinebIeKeRbIEdk 3DB30 ersIusþg;ebtug f ' = 20MPa nig f = 400MPa
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
muxkat;Edk 3DB30 ⇒ A = 21.195cm s
2
PaKryEdkeRbIR)as;kñúgebtug ρ = bdA = 30
21.195
× 55
= 0.0128s
PaKryEdk balanced kñúgebtug ρ = 0.85β ff ' ( 600600+ f ) = 0.021675

b 1
c
y y
× 400
RbEvgbøúkkugRtaMgsgát; a = 0.85A ff ' b = 021.85.195
s y
× 20 × 30
= 16.62cm
c
TItaMgG½kSNWt c= =
16.62
a
β1 0.85
= 19.55cm
fy
0.003 +
bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ ρ
εt = (
Es
) − 0.003 = 0.0055 > 0.005
ρb
⇒ tension controlled section ⇒ φ = 0.9
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;xagkñúgKNna
a 16.62
φM n = φAs f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 21.195 × 400 × (55 − ) × 10 −3 = 356.25kN .m
2 2
]TahrN_3³ kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNna nigTItaMgG½kSNWténmuxkat;ctuekaNEkgdUcbgðajkñúgrUbxagelI.
EteKeRbIEdk 3DB32 vij ersIusþg;ebtug f ' = 20MPa nig f = 400MPa c y
dMeNaHRsay³
muxkat;Edk 3DB32 ⇒ A = 24.1152cm s
2
PaKryEdkeRbIR)as;kñúgebtug ρ = bdA = 2430.1152

× 55
= 0.0146
s
PaKryEdk balanced kñúgebtug ρ = 0.85β ff ' ( 600600+ f ) = 0.021675

b 1
c
y y
× 400
s y
× 20 × 30
= 18.91cm
c
TItaMgG½kSNWt c= =
a
18.91
β1 0.85
= 22.25cm
fy
0.003 +
bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ εt = (
ρ
Es
) − 0.003 = 0.0044 < 0.005
ρb
⇒ muxkat;enAkñúgtMbn; transition region ⇒ φ = 0.65 + (ε − 0.002)( 250
3
) = 0.85 t
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNna φM = φA f (d − a2 ) = 0.85 × 24.1152 × 400 × (55 − 162.62 ) ×10

n s y
−3
= 373.43kN .m
sRmab;muxkat;rgkmøaMgTaj ε = 0.005 t

0.005
⇒ ρ max = ρb = 0.625ρ b = 0.625 × 0.021675 = 0.01355
0.008
As max = ρ maxbd = 0.01355 × 30 × 55 = 22.3575cm 2 < 24.1153cm 2
× 400
s y
× 20 × 30
= 17.535cm
c
a 17.535
⇒ φM n = φAs f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 22.3575 × 400 × (55 − ) × 10 −3 = 372.11kN .m
2 2
eyIgeXIjfa témøénersIusþg;mantémøesÞIresμIKña EdleKGacTTYlyk)an.
3>6>3> PaKryEdkGb,brma
RbsinebIm:Um:g;Gnuvtþn_mkelIFñwmmantémøtUc ehIyTMhMénmuxkat;FMCagGVIEdlRtUvkarsRmab;Tb;Tl;nwg
m:Um:g; enaHkarKNnanwgbgðaj[eXIjmuxkat;EdktUc b¤k¾Kμan. RbsinebImindak;srésEdk Fñwmrgm:Um:g;nwgrg
kar)ak;Pøam². ACI Code kMNt;nUvmuxkat;EdkGb,brma A s min
b d nig ≥
f' 1.4
A =
s min
c
w b d w
4f y f y
sRmab;krNIFñwmragGkSr T EdlsøabrgkmøaMgTaj enaHmuxkat;EdkRtUvyktémøtUcCageKrvagsmIkar

xagelI nigxageRkam
f 'c
As min = bw d
2 fy
Edl bw = b sRmab;muxkat;ragctuekaNEkg
bw CaTTwgsøab
3>7> muxkat;lμm
muxkat;EdlmanlkçN³lμm RbsinebIersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúgénmuxkat;FMCag b¤esμIm:Um:g;xageRkA
φM ≥ M . viFIsaRsþGacsegçbdUcxageRkam³
n u
- KNnam:Um:g;xageRkAEdlGnuvtþmkelIeRKOgbgÁúM M u
M u = 1.2M D + 1.6M L
- KNna φM sRmab;muxkat;EdlsrésEdkrgkmøaMgTaj
n
+ RtYtBinitüfa ρ < ρ < ρ min max
+ kMNt; a = nigRtYtBinitü ε sRmab; φ

A f s y
t
0.85 f ' b c
+ kMNt; φM n
a
= φAs f y (d − )
2
- RbsinebI φM n ≥ Mu enaHmuxkat;manlkçN³lμm
]TahrN_4³ eKmanFñwmTRmbgáb;mYyEdlmanRbEvg 2.5m . FñwmenHmanmuxkat;ragctuekaNEkgdUcbgðaj

kñúgrUb. FñwmRTbnÞúkefr EdlrYmmanbnÞúkpÞal;xøÜnrbs;vasrub 22kN / m nigbnÞúkGefr 13kN / m . edayeRbI
f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa cUrepÞógpÞat;fa FñwmenHmansuvtßiPaBRKb;RKan;kñúgkarRTbnÞúkxagelI.
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
bnÞúkKNna
Wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 22 + 1.6 × 13 = 47.2kN / m
m:Um:g;KNna
L2 2.52
M u = Wu = 47.2 = 147.5kN .m
2 2
muxkat;Edk
As = 11.3982cm 2

PaKryEdkenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug
As 11.3982
ρ= = = 0.012256
bd 20 × 46.5
PaKryEdk balanced
f 'c 600
ρ b = 0.85β1 ( ) = 0.030345
f y 600 + f y
RbEvgbøúkkugRtaMgsgát;
As f y 11.3982 × 400
a= = = 9.578cm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 20
TItaMgG½kSNWt
a 9.578
c= = = 11.268cm
β1 0.85
bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§
fy
0.003 +
Es
εt = ( ) − 0.003 = 0.00938 > 0.005 ⇒ tension-controlled section φ = 0.9
ρ
ρb
a 9.578
φM n = φAs f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 11.3982 × 400 × (46.5 − ) × 10− 3 = 171.155kN .m
2 2
muxkat;manlkçN³RKb;RKan;
φM n > M u
]TahrN_5³ eKmanFñwmmuxkat;mYymanRbEvg 6m . FñwmenHmanmuxkat;dUcbgðajkñúgrUb. edayeRbI
f ' = 20MPa nig f = 400 MPa kMNt;bnÞúkGefrrayesμIGnuBaØat. FñwmenHminmanbnÞúkefrGVIeRkABITm¶n;
c y
xøÜnvaeT.
dMeNaHRsay³
Tm¶n;pÞal;rbs;Fñwm
WD = 30 × 52.5 × 10 −4 × 24 = 3.78kN / m
muxkat;Edk
As = 14.71875cm 2
As f y 14.71875 × 400
a= = = 17.32cm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 20 × 20
PaKryEdkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug
As 14.71875
ρ= = = 0.009345
bd 30 × 52.5
PaKryEdk balanced kñúgebtug
f 'c 600
ρ b = 0.85β1 ( ) = 0.021675
f y 600 + f y
bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§
fy
0.003 +
Es
εt = ( ) − 0.003 = 0.0086 > 0.005 ⇒ tension-controlled section φ = 0.9
ρ
ρb
a 17.32
φM n = φAs f y (d − ) = 0.9 ×14.71875 × 400 × (52.5 − ) × 10 −3 = 232.3kN .m
2 2
eday[ M = φM u n
mü:ageTot M = 1.2M u D + 1.6 M L

3.78 × 6 2 W
232.3 = 1.2( ) + 1.6( L × 6 2 ) = 20.412 + 7.2WL
8 8
232.3 − 20.412
WL = = 29.43kN / m
7.2
]TahrN_6³ RtYtBinitümuxkat;dUcbgðajkñúgrUbxageRkam edIm,ITb;Tl;nwg
m:Um:g;KNna 41kN.m . edayeRbI f ' = 20MPa nig f = 235MPa .
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
muxkat;Edk
As = 3.3912cm2
PaKryEdkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug
As 3.3912
ρ= = = 0.00377
bd 20 × 45
PaKryEdkGb,brmaeRbIR)as;enAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug
f 'c 1.4
ρ min = max( , ) = max(0.004756,0.00596) = 0.00596
4 fy fy
⇒ ρ < ρ min
⇒ As min = 0.00596 × 20 × 52.5 = 6.258
dUecñHeKRtUveRbIEdk 3DB18 ⇒ A = 7.63cm
s
2
> 6.258cm 2
As f y 7.63 × 235
a= = = 5.274cm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 20 × 20
a 5.274
φM n = φAs f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 7.63 × 235 × (45 − ) ×10 −3 = 68.4kN .m
2 2
⇒ φM n > M u
dUecñH Edk 3DB18 RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;KNnaxageRkA .
3>8> bNþúMénEdk
enAeBlEdlkarKNnamuxkat;EdkRtUvkarsRmab;ebtugmanbrimaNeRcIn ]TahrN_enAeBlEdl ρ max
RtUv)aneRbI eBlenaHeKBi)akkñúgkarBRgayEdkeTAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug.
ACI Code )anGnuBaØat[EdkbeNþayGacdak;CabNþúMEdl manTRmg;dUcbgðaykñúgrUb. bNþúMénEdk
cab;BIbYnGaceFVIeTA)anedaymanEdkkgB½T§CMuvij. kareFVIbNþúMEdkkgenHk¾GacRbRBwtþeTA)ansRmab;ssr.
bNþúMénEdk RtUv)ancat;TukCaEdkmYyedImsRmab; kMNt;KMlatEdk nigkRmas;karBarebtug. Ggát;p©it

énEdkeTalRtUv)anbMEbkBIRkLaépÞsmmUlrbs;bNþúMEdk.
segçb³ karkMNt;EdkrgkmøaMgTajsRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkg
1> kMNt;PaKryEdkeRbIR)as;enAkñúgebtug ρ = bdA s
2> kMNt;PaKryEdk balanced ρ = 0.85β ff ' ( 600600+ f ) nigPaKryEdkGtibrma

b 1
c
y y
fy
0.003 +
ρ max = (
0.008
Es
) ρb sRmab;muxkat;rgkmøaMgTaj. dUcKña kMNt;PaKryEdkGb,brma
f 'c 1.4
ρ min = max( , )
4 fy fy
3> RbsinebI ρ < ρ < ρ kMNt; a = 0.85A ff ' b / c / ε nig φ = 0.9 . RbsinebI ρ < ρ
min max
s y
t min
c
PaKryEdkEdleRbIR)as;kñúgebtugminRKb;RKan; eTaHCay:agNaPaKryEdkEdleRbIR)as;kñúgebtug
RtUvEt ρ ≥ ρ . RbsinebI ρ ≥ ρ enaH φ < 0.9 .
min max
4> kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;xagkñúgKNna φM = φA f (d − a2 )
n s y
3>9> muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkmøaMgsgát;
enAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug muxkat;EdkEdlTb;nwgm:Um:g;Bt; RtUv)ankMNt;ecjBIbnÞúkxageRkAEdlmanGMeBI
elIeRKOgbgÁúM edayeFVIy:agNa[ersIusþg;m:Um:g;xagkñúgFMCag b¤esμInwgm:Um:g;xageRkA. b:uEnþenAeBlEdlmux
kat;ebtug ¬TTwg nigkm<s;RbsiT§PaB¦ mantémøtUcenaH ρ RtUv)aneRbI. RbsinebIm:Um:g;xageRkAFMCag
max
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;xagkñúg enaHbrimaNEdksgát; nigEdkTajRtUv)anbEnßm.

Edksgát;RtUv)aneRbI enAeBlEdlmuxkat;ebtugRtUv)ankMNt;edaymUlehtusßabtükmμ. pl
RbeyaCn_rbs;Edksgát;KW kat;bnßyPaBdabry³eBlyUr nigedIm,IgayRsYldak;Edkkg.
muxkat;EdkDubmanBIrkrNIEdleKRtUvBicarNa GaRs½yeTAnwgkareFVIrbs;Edkdl;cMNuc yield b¤Gt;.

3>9>1> enAeBlEdksgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield
m:Um:g;xagkñúgGacRtUv)anEckecjCaBIr dUcbgðajkñúgrUb M Cam:Um:g;EdlekItBIkmøaMgsgát;rbs;ebtug

u1
nigkmøaMgTajsmmUlrbs;Edk A sRmab;muxkat;eKal. M Cam:Um:g;bEnßmEdlekItBIkmøaMgsgát;enAkñúg

s1 u2
Edksgát; A' nigkmøaMgTajenAkñúgEdkrgkmøaMgTajbEnßm A .

s s2
m:Um:g; M Cam:Um:g;Edl)anBImuxkat;sRmab;EdkrgkarTajeKal
u1
T1 = Cc ⇒ As1 f y = 0.85 f 'c ab

As1 f y
⇒a=
0.85 f 'c b
a
M u1 = φAs1 f y (d − )
2
fy
0.003 +
karkMNt; M RtUv[ ρ < bd
u1
A
nigtUcCag b¤esμI ρ = ( 0.008E ) ρ sRmab;[muxkat;
1
s1
max
s
b
rgkarTajeKal.
BicarNaelIm:Um:g; M edaysnμt;fa muxkat;Edkrgkarsgát; A' eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield
u2 s
M u 2 = φAs 2 f y (d − d ' )
M u 2 = φA' s f y (d − d ' )
d' - Cacm¶ayBIsrésEpñkxageRkAbMputeTAG½kSEdkrgkarsgát;
kñúgkrNIenH A = A' begáItnUvkmøaMgesμIKña EtTisedApÞúyKña
s2 s
m:Um:g;srub esμInwgplbUkénm:Um:g; M nig M u1 u2
a
φM n = M u1 + M u 2 = φ[ As1 f y (d − ) + A' s f y (d − d ' )]
2
muxkat;EdksrubEdleRbIsRmab;karTajCaplbUkénbrimaNEdk A nig A s1 s2
dUecñH A = A + A = A + A'
s s1 s2 s1 s
⇒ As1 = As − A' s
( A − A's ) f y
⇒a= s
0.85 f 'c b
dUecñHeK)an φM a
= φ[( As − A' s ) f y (d − ) + A' s f y (d − d ' )]
n
2
fy
0 . 003 +
nigeyIgman ρ 1 = ( ρ − ρ ' ) ≤ ρ max = ρ b ( (1)
0 . 008
Es
)
sRmab; f = 414MPa enaH ( ρ − ρ ' ) ≤ 0.63375ρ / φ = 0.9 nig ε = 0.005

y b t
kar)ak;rbs;FñwmbNþalmkBIEdksrubrgkarTajeFVIkardl;cMNuc yield ehIykarEbkPøam²rbs;ebtugRtUv)an

eCosvag.
RbsinebI ρ = (ρ − ρ ' ) > ρ enHmuxkat;sßitenAtMbn; transition region Edl
1 max
fy
0.003 +
( ρ − ρ ' ) ≤ ρ max,t = ρ b (
0.007
Es
) kñúgkrNIenH φ < 0.9 sRmab; M nig φ = 0.9 sRmab; M u1 u2
enaH
eK)an φM = φ[( A − A' ) f (d − a2 )] + 0.9 A' f (d − d ' )
n s s y s y
cMNaMfa ( A − A' ) ≤ ρ bd
s s max,t
enAkñúgtMbn;sgát; kmøaMgEdkrgkarsgát;KW C = A' ( f s s y − 0.85 f 'c )
edayKitfaépÞebtugEdlCMnYsedayépÞEdk A' enaH s
T = As f y = Cc + C s = 0.85 f 'c ab + A' s ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )
⇒ As f y − A' s f y + 0.85 f 'c A' s = 0.85 f 'c ab
eday 0.85 f ' ab = A c s1 fy

⇒ As f y − A' s f y + 0.85 f 'c A' s = As1 f y
EckGgÁTaMgBIrnwg bdf y
⇒ ρ − ρ ' (1 − 0.85
f 'c
fy
) = ρ1 Edl ρ 1 =
As1
bd
≤ ρ max
fy
0.003 +
dUecñH ρ − ρ ' (1 − 0.85 ff ' ) ≤ ρ c
max = ρb (
0.008
Es
) (2)
y
PaKryEdkrgkarTajsrubGtibrma ρ EdleRbIenAkñúgmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg enAeBlEdlEdkrgkar

sgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield
Maxρ = ( ρ max + ρ ' )
mann½yfa muxkat;EdkrgkarTajsrubeRbIenAkñúgmuxkat;ctuekaN enAeBlEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;
cMNuc yield MaxA = bd (ρ + ρ ' )
s max
edIm,I[dwgfa Edkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield eyIgRtUvBinitübERmbRmYlrageFob eday[

fy
ε 's ≥ ε y =
Es
tamrUbxagelI eyIg)an
c 0.003 600
= =
d' fy 600 − f y
0.003 −
Es
600
⇒c=( )d '
600 − f y
eyIgman A f = 0.85 f ' ab

s1 y c
b:uEnþ A = A − A' nig ρ = ρ − ρ '

s1 s s 1
dUecñHeyIg)an ( A − A' ) f
s s y = 0.85 f 'c ab
⇒ ( ρ − ρ ' )bdf y = 0.85 f 'c ab

f 'c a
⇒ ( ρ − ρ ' ) = 0.85( )( )
fy d
eday a = β c = β ( 600600− f
1 1 )d '
y
dUecñH (ρ − ρ ' ) = 0.85β ( ff ' )( dd' )( 600600− f

1
c
)=K
y y
RbsinebI (ρ − ρ ' ) ≥ K enaHEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield.

eyIgeXIjfa enAeBlEdlbrimaNEdkrgkarTajeKal A ekIneLIg enaH T nig C k¾mantémøkan;
s1 1 1
EtFMEdr ehIyG½kSNWtnwgFøak;cuH eBlenaHbERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;Edkrgkarsgát;k¾ekIneLIg rhUtdl;cMNuc

yield.

]TahrN_7³ FñwmctuekaNEkg EdlmanTTwg 30cm nigkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d = 60cm . EdkrgkarTajman

6DB 28 teRmobCaBIrCYr ÉEdkrgkarsgát;man 2 DB 22 . kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;xagkñúgRbsinebIeKeRbI
f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa .

c y
dMeNaHRsay³
muxkat;EdkrgkarTaj A = 36.93cm PaKryEdkrgkarTaj ρ = 3036×.9360 = 0.02052
s
2
muxkat;Edkrgkarsgát; A' = 7.6cm PaKryEdkrgkarsgát; ρ ' = 307×.660 = 0.0042

s
2
muxkat;EdkrgkarTajeKal A = 29.33cm PaKryEdkrgkarTajeKal ρ = 3029×.3360 = 0.01629

s1
2
1
f 'c d ' 600 28 6 600

K = 0.85β1 ( )( )( ) = 0.852 = 0.01517
f y d 600 − f y 400 60 600 − 400
eday (ρ − ρ ' ) ≥ K enaHEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield

sRmab; f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa ⇒ ρ = 0.030345 ⇒ ρ
c y b max = 0.019
eday (ρ − ρ ' ) < ρ ⇒ φ = 0.9

max
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;xagkñúg
a
φM n = φ[( As − A' s ) f y (d − ) + A' s f y (d − d ' )]
2
( As − A's ) f y
⇒a= ⇒ a = 16.43cm
0.85 f 'c b
16.43
⇒ φM n = 0.9[29.33 × 400 × (60 − ) + 7.6 × 400 × (60 − 6)] × 10 −3 = 694.5kN .m
2
viFImü:ageTot epÞógpÞat;faetIEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield b¤enA
a 16.43
c= = = 19.33cm
0.85 0.85
sac;lUteFobEdkrgkarsgát; ε ' = c −c d ' × 0.003 = 1919.33.33− 6 × 0.003 = 0.00207

s
sac;lUteFobrbs;Edk ε = 0.002 y
eday ε ' > ε ⇒ Edkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield

s y
d −c (60 + 6) − 19.33
ε t = ( t )0.003 = × 0.003 = 0.007 > 0.005
c 19.33
b¤ c 19.33
d
=
60
= 0.322 < 0.375
muxkat;EdkrgkarTajsrub
MaxAs = bd ( ρ max + ρ ' ) = 30 × 60 × (0.019 + 0.0042) = 41.76cm 2 > As RtwmRtUv
3>9>2> enAeBlEdksgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield
dUckarbkRsayxagelI RbsinebI (ρ − ρ ' ) < 0.85β ( ff ' )( dd' )( 600600− f 1
c
)=K
y y
enaHEdksgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield eT. enHbgðajfa RbsinebI (ρ − ρ ' ) < K EdkrgkarTajeFVI

kardl;cMNuc yield mun ebtugmanbERmbRmYlrageFobGtibrma 0.003 ehIyEdkrgkarsgát;k¾eFVIkarmindl;
cMNuc yield Edr. pleFob d ' c kan;EtFM mann½yfakalNaeKdak;Edkrgkarsgát;enACitG½kSNWt enaHsac;
lUteFobrbs;Edkrgkarsgát;kan;EttUc.
RbsinebIEdksgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield dMeNaHRsayTUeTAGaceFVIeTA)anedayQrelIeKalkarN_
sþaTic.
c − d' c − d'
ε ' s = 0.003( ) f ' s = E s ε ' s = 600( )
c c
eday[ C c = 0.85 f 'c β1cb
c − d'
C s = A' s ( f ' s −0.85 f 'c ) = A' s [600( )0.85 f 'c ]
c
edaysar T = A f s y = Cc + C s enaH
c − d'
As f y = 0.85 f 'c β1cb + A' s [600( )0.85 f 'c ]
c
⇒ (0.85 f 'c β1b)c 2 + [(600 A' s ) − (0.85 f 'c A' s ) − As f y ]c − 600 A' s d ' = 0
smIkarenHmanTRmg; A c 1
2
+ A2 c + A3 = 0
eRkayeBlKNna c
KNna f ' = 600( c −c d ' )
s KNna a = β c KNna C A' [600( c −c d ' )0.85 f ' ] nigKNna
1 s s c
Cc = 0.85 f 'c β1cb

a
φM n = φ[Cc (d − ) + C s (d − d ' )]
2
enAeBlEdksgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield/ f 's < f y nigEdkTajsrubRtUvkarsRmab;muxkat;
ctuekaNEkgKW³
f 's ρ ' f 's
MaxAs = ρ max bd + A' s = bd ( ρ max + )
fy fy
edayEckGgÁTaMgBIrnwg bd eyIg)anPaKryEdk
MaxAs f'
Maxρ = ≤ ρ max + ρ ' s
bd fy
b¤ (ρ − ρ ' ff ' ) ≤ ρ
s
max
y
kñúgkrNIenH a = A 0f.85− fA'' bf '

s y s s
c
a
φM n = φ[( As f y − A' s f ' s )(d − ) + A' s f ' s (d − d ' )]
2
segçb³ viFIsaRsþviPaKmuxkat;CamYyEdkrgkarsgát;
1> kMNt; ρ / ρ ' / ( ρ − ρ ' ) dUcKñakMNt; ρ / ρ max min
2> kMNt; K = 0.85β ( ff ' )( dd' )( 600600− f )

1
c
y y
3> RbsinebI (ρ − ρ ' ) ≥ K enaHEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;cMNucyar f ' = f . RbsinebI s y
( ρ − ρ ' ) < K enaHEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield f ' < f . s y
4> RbsinebIEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl;cMNuc yield

k> BinitüemIl ρ ≥ ( ρ − ρ ' ) ≥ ρ b¤ ε ≥ 0.005 / eRbI φ = 0.9
max min t
x> kMNt; a = ( A0.85− Af'' )bf s s y
K> kMNt; φM = φ[( A − A' ) f (d − a2 ) + A' f (d − d ' )]

n s s y s y
X> muxkat;EdkrgkarTajGtibrma A EdlGaceRbIenAkñúgmuxkat;KW s
MaxAs = bd ( ρ max + ρ ' ) ≥ As

5> RbsinebIEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield
k> KNnacm¶ayG½kSNWt c edayeRbIsmIkar T = C s + Cc
x> kMNt; f ' = 600( c −c d ' )

s
K> RtYtBinitü (ρ − ρ ' ff ' ) ≤ ρ b¤ MaxA EdlGaceRbIenAkñúgmuxkat; RtUvEtFMCagb¤esμI A

s
max s s
y
Edl)aneRbI
f 's
MaxAs = bd ( ρ max + ρ ' ) ≥ As
fy
X> kMNt; a = A 0f.85− fA'' bf ' b¤ a = β c

s y s s
1
c
g> kMNt; φM = φ[( A f − A' f ' )(d − a2 ) + A' f ' (d − d ' )]

n s y s s s s
]TahrN_8³ kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúgénmuxkat;dUcbgðajkñúgrUb edayeRbI f ' = 35MPa / f = 400MPa . eK c y
eRbIEdkrgkarsgát; 3DB25 Edl A' = 14.72cm nigEdlrgkarTaj 6DB30 Edl A = 42.39cm .

s
2
s
2
dMeNaHRsay³
kMNt; ρ = bdA = 3542×.3957 = 0.02125 / ρ ' = bd
s A'
=
14.72
35 × 57
= 0.00738 / ( ρ − ρ ' ) = 0.01387
s
eday f ' = 35MPa ⇒ β = 0.85 − 0.05( f ' 7−28 ) ⇒ β = 0.85 − 0.05( 35 −7 28 ) = 0.8
c 1
c
1
kMNt; K = 0.85β ( ff ' )( dd' )( 600600− f ) = 0.85 × 0.8( 400

1
c 35 6.5
)( )(
600
57 600 − 400
) = 0.020355
y y
eday (ρ − ρ ' ) < K enaHEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkarmindl;cMNuc yield

f 'c 600
ρ b = 0.85β1 ( ) = 0.0357
f y 600 + f y
0.005
ρ max = 0.0357 = 0.02231
0.008
muxkat;rgkarTaj ⇒ φ = 0.9
( ρ − ρ ' ) < ρ max
kMNt;cm¶ayG½kSNWt c
C = 0.85 f ' ab eday a = β c = 0.8c ⇒ C = 0.85 × 35 × 0.8c × 350 = 8330c
c c 1 c

C s = A' s ( f ' s −0.85 f 'c )

c − d' c − 65 c − 65
eday f ' s = 600(
c
) ⇒ C s = 1472[600(
c
) − 0.85 × 35] = 883200(
c
) − 43792
T = As f y = 4239 × 400 = 1695600 N

c − 65
⇒ 1695600 = 8330c + 883200( ) − 43792
c
⇒ 8330c 2 − 856192c − 57408000 = 0
⇒ c = 149mm = 14.9cm
⇒ a = 0.8 × 14.9 = 11.92cm

c − d' 14.9 − 6.5
kMNt; f ' s = 600(
c
) ⇒ f ' s = 600
14.9
= 339MPa
kMNt; C = 0.85 f ' ab ⇒ C = 0.85 × 35 ×119.2 × 350 = 1241170N = 1241.17kN

c c c
kMNt; C = A' ( f ' −0.85 f ' ) ⇒ C = 1472(339 − 0.85 × 35) = 455216 N = 455.216kN
s s s c s
edIm,IkMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúg eKRtUvKitm:Um:g;eFobG½kSEdkTaj A s
a 0.1192
φM n = φ[Cc (d − ) + C s (d − d ' )] = 0.9[1241.17(0.57 − ) + 455.216(0.57 − 0.065)]
2 2
φM n = 863.38kN .m
RtYtBinitü (ρ − ρ ' ff ' ) ≤ ρ s

max ⇒ (0.02125 − 0.00738
339
400
) = 0.015 < 0.02231
y
kMNt;muxkat;EdkTajGtibrma MaxA = bd (ρ s max + ρ'

f 's
fy
)
MaxAs = 35 × 57(0.02231 + 0.00738

339
400
) = 56.99cm 2 > 42.39cm 2 RtwmRtUv
c
=
14.9
d t 57 + 9 − 6.5
= 0.25 < 0.375 RtwmRtUv
d −c
εt = t
c
0.003 = 0.009 > 0.005 muxkat;rgkarTaj
3>10> viPaKmuxkat;GkSret T nigmuxkat;GIu I
CaFmμtakRmalxNÐ nigFñwmRtUv)aneKcak;CamYyKña edIm,IbegáItCaeRKOgbgÁúMEtmYy (monolithic
structure). kRmalxNÐmankRmas;esþIgCagFñwm. eRkamGMeBIénkugRtaMgBt; EpñkénkRmalxNÐEdlCaEpñk
rbs;FñwmrgnUvkugRtaMgsgát;GaRs½yeTAelITItaMgG½kSNWt. EpñkénkRmalxNÐEdleFVIkarCamYyFñwmRtUv)aneK
[eQμaHfa søab (flange) EdlbgðajkñúgrUbedayépÞ bt . EpñkénFñwmEdlenAsl; EdlbgðajedayépÞ
(h − t )b RtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa RTnug (stem b¤ web).
w
sRmab;muxkat;GkSr I mansøabBIr KWsøabrgkarsgát;EdlcUlrYmeFVIkar nigsøabrgkarTajEdlKμanRb

siT§PaB BIeRBaHvaenABIeRkamG½kSNWt ehIyEdlminRtUv)aneKykvamkKit. dUecñH karviPaK nigkarKNna
Fñwmmuxkat; I manlkçN³dUcKñanwgFñwmmuxkat; T .
3>10>1> TTwgRbsiT§PaB
sRmab;muxkat;GkSr T EdlsøabmanRbEvgEvg kugRtaMgsgát;manragCa):ar:abUl EdltémøGtibrma
sßitenAelIFñwm ehIytémøGb,brmasßitenAcm¶ay x BImuxrbs;Fñwm. ehIykugRtaMgk¾ERbRbYlBIsrésEpñkxag
elIsøab mksrésEpñkxageRkamsøab BIGtibrmamkGb,brma.
témøbERmbRmYlenHGaRs½yeTAnwgTItaMgG½kSNWt.
kugRtaMgsmmUl CakugRtaMgBRgayesμImanGMeBIelITTwgsøabsmmUl b . TTwgRbsiT§PaB b RtUv)an
e e
eKkMNt;edayGnuKmn¾eTAnwg³
- RbelaHElVg s 1
- TTwgRTnug b w
- TMnak;TMngrvagkRmas;kRmalxNÐ nigkm<s;srubrbs;Fñwm
- lkçxNÐTRmrbs;Fñwm ¬samBaØ b¤Cab;¦
- lkçxNÐbnÞúk ¬BRgayesμI b¤cMcMNuc¦
- pleFobrvagRbEvgFñwmcenøaHm:Um:g;sUnü nigTTwgRTnug nigcm¶ayrvagRTnug
)ankMNt;nUvTTwgRbsiT§PaBedaykMNt;yktémøGb,brmaénsmIkarxageRkam³
ACI Code
-b =
L
4
e Edl L CaRbEvgFñwm
- b = 16t + b Edl t kRmas;kRmalxNÐ nig b TTwgRTnug
e w w
- b = b Edl b cm¶ayBIcenøaHG½kSkRmalxNÐ
e
muxkat;ragGkSr T b¤muxkat;ragGkSr I GacRtUvviPaKCaragctuekaNEkg b¤ragGkSr T GaRs½yelITI

taMgG½kSNWt.
3>10>2> muxkat;GkSret T RtUv)anKitCaragctuekaNEkg
kñúgkrNIenH km<s;énbøúkkugRtaMgsmmUl a sßitenAkñúgsøab a ≤ t begáIt)anCaépÞkugRtaMgsgát;esμI
nwg b a . muxkat;ebtugBIeRkamG½kSNWtRtUv)aneKsnμt;faKμanRbsiT§PaB ehIymuxkat;RtUv)aneKKitfaman
e
EdkrgkarTaj Edl)anBnül;BIxagelI edayRKan;EtCMnYs b eday b . e
dUecñH a = 0.85A ff' b s y
c e
nig φM n
a
= φAs f y (d − )
2
RbsinebI km<s; a ekIneLIgeday a = t enaH φM n

t
= φAs f y (d − )
2
kñúgkrNIenH t = 0.85A ff' b b¤ A = 0.85 ff ' b t
s y
s
c e
c e y
sRmab;karviPaKenH A ≤ A nig ε
s s max t ≥ 0.005
3>10>3> viPaKmuxkat;ragGkSret T
kñúgkrNIenH G½kSNWtsßitenAelIRTnug. EpñkxøHrbs;ebtugenAkñúgRTnugmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarTb;Tl;
nwgm:Um:g;xageRkA.
kmøaMgsgát; C = 0.85 f ' [b t + b (a − t )]
c e w
TItaMgrbs; C sßitenAelITIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;épÞragGkSr T enAcm¶ay z BIsrésEpñkxageRkAbMput.

karviPaKmuxkat;ragGkSr T manlkçN³RsedogKñanwgkarviPaKmuxkat;ebtugEdlEdkrgkarsgát;
edaycat;TuképÞebtug (b − b )t smmUleTAnwgEdksgát; A' . karviPaKenHEckecjCaBIrEpñkdUcbgðajkñúg
e w s
rUbxageRkam³
- muxkat;eKalragctuekaNEkg b d nigmuxkat;Edk A . kmøaMgsgát; C

w s1 1 = 0.85 f 'c abw nigkmøaMg
T = A f ehIyRbEvgédXñas; (d − ) .
a
1 s1 y
2
- muxkat;Edlmansøabebtugsgxag 2 × [(b − b )t ] / 2 begáIt)anCakmøaMgsgát;edayKuNCamYy

e w
0.85 f ' nigRbEvgédXñas;esμInwg (d − ) . RbsinebI A Camuxkat;EdkTajEdlbegáItkmøaMgesμInwg

t
c sf
2
kmøaMgsgát;EdlbegáItedayebtugsøabsgxag dUecñH A = 0.85 f ' ft (b − b ) sf
c e w
muxkat;Edksrub A EdleRbIkñúgmuxkat;GkSr T KW³ A = A + A

s s s1 sf
b¤ A = A − A
s1 s sf
muxkat;GkSr T sßitkñúgsßanPaBlMnwg dUecñH C = T / C = T nig C = C + C 1 1 2 2 1 2 = T1 + T2 + T
BicarNaelIsmIkar C = T sRmab;muxkat;eKalctuekaNEkg eK)an

1 1
A f = 0.85 f ' ab b¤ ( A − A ) f = 0.85 f ' ab

s1 y c w s sf y c w
dUecñH a = (0A.85− fA' b) f

s sf y
c w
cMNaMfa b RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt; a .
w
ersIusþg;énm:Um:g;kñúgénmuxkat;CaplbUkénm:Um:g;BIr M nig M u1 u2
φM n = M u1 + M u 2
a a
M u1 = φAs1 f y (d − ) = φ ( As − Asf ) f y (d − )
2 2
( As − Asf ) f y
Edl As1 = As − Asf a= nig
0.85 f 'c bw
t
M u 2 = φAsf f y (d − )
2
a t
φM n = φ[( As − Asf ) f y (d − ) + Asf f y (d − )]
2 2
BicarNaelImuxkat;RTnug b d / sac;lUteFobsuT§ ε GackMNt;BI a / c nig d dUcxageRkam³
w t t
RbsinebI c = βa nig d = h − 6.5cm bnÞab;mk ε = 0.003 (c −cd )

t t
t
sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTajenAkñúg RTnug/ ε ≥ 0.005 . t
karKNnaersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúgsRmab;muxkat;GkSr T b¤muxkat;GkSr I
GacKNnaedayeRbIsmIkarxagelI EteKcaM)ac;RtUvRtYtBinitülkçxNÐxageRkam³
- PaKryEdkTajsrubeFobRkLaépÞRbsiT§PaBRTnugRtUvFMCag b¤esμI ρ min
As
ρw = ≥ ρ min
bw d
f 'c 1.4
ρ min = ≥
4 fy fy
- RtYtBinitü bERmbRmYlrageFobsuT§FMCag b¤esμI ε t ≥ 0.005 sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj

- muxkat;EdkGtibrma MaxA enAkñúgmuxkat;GkSr T RtUvEtFMCag b¤esμI muxkat;EdkEdl)aneRbI A

s s
sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj CamYy φ = 0.9

MaxAs = Asf ( flange) + ρ max (bw d )( web)
1
MaxAs = [0.85 f 'c t (b − bw )] + ρ max (bw d )
fy
PaKryEdkeFobnwgRTnug ρ w =
As
bw d
≤ ( ρ max +
Asf
bw d
)
⇒ ρ w − ρ f ≤ ρ max
smIkarTUeTAsRmab;KNna MaxA enAkñúgmuxkat;GkSr T enAeBl a > t GackMNt;tam s
C = 0.85 f 'c [(be − bw )t + abw ]
sRmab; ε = 0.003 nig ε = 0.005 / dc = 0.0030.003

c
+ 0.005
= 0.375 sRmab;RTnug
t
dUecñH a = β c = 0.375β d
1 1
muxkat;EdkGtibrmaesμInwg Cf
y
dUecñH MaxA = 0.85 ff ' [(b − b )t + 0.375β b d ]

s
c
e w 1 w
y
segçb³ viFIsaRsþviPaKmuxkat;GkSret T b¤GkSrGil L páab;

1> kMNt;TTwgRbsiT§PaB b nigkMNt; ρ / ρ e max min
2> kMNt; a = 0.85A ff' b s y
c e
3> RbsinebI a < t enaHmuxkat;eFVIkarCaragctuekaNEkg

- kMNt; φM = φA f (d − a2 )
n s y
cMNaMfa³ c = βa nig ε = 0.003 (c −cd ) ≥ 0.005 sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj φ = 0.9

t
t
- RtYtBinitü ρ w =
As
bw d
≥ ρ min
- MaxA = f1 [0.85 f ' t (b − b )] + ρ

s c w max (bw d ) ≥ As
y
4> RbsinebI a > t enaHmuxkat;eFVIkarCaragGkSret

k> kMNt; A = 0.85 f ' ft (b − b )
sf
c w
x> kMNt; a = ( A0.85− Af'' )bf

s s y
K> RtYtBinitü ρ − ρ ≤ ρ eFobnwgRkLaépÞRTnug

w f max
Edl ρ = bAd nig ρ = bA d

w
s
f
sf
w w
b¤RtYtBinitü f'
MaxAs = 0.85 c [(be − bw )t + 0.375β1bw d ] ≥ As
fy
/ sRmab; φ = 0.9
X> kMNt; a = (0A.85− fA' b) f
s sf y
c w
g> kMNt; φM = φ[( A − A ) f (d − a2 ) + A f (d − 2t )]

n s sf y sf y
]TahrN_9³ FñwmebtugGarem:EdlmanRbEvg 4.5m ehIymanKMlatBImYyeTAmYyRbEvg 2m . FñwmenHRTkM

ralxNÐEdlmankRmas; 10cm . kMNt;nUversIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúgrbs;FñwmkNþal. eKeRbI f ' = 20MPa nig c
f = 400 MPa .
y
dMeNaHRsay³
kMNt;TTwgRbsiT§iPaB
L 450
be = min{16t + bw ; ; b} = min{16 × 10 + 25; ;200} = 112.5cm
4 4

kMNt;km<s;bøúkkugRtaMg
a=
A f s
0.85 f ' b
/ A = 14.72cm
y
s
2
c e
14.72 × 400
a= = 3.08cm < t
0.85 × 20 × 112.5
dUecñHeyIgRtUvKNnaCaragctuekaNEkgEdlmanTTwg b = 112.5cm e
PaKryEdkGb,brma ρ = 4 ff ' ≥ 1f.4 ⇒ ρ = 0.0035

min
c
min
y y
PaKryGtibrma ρ max = 0.625 × 0.85β 1

f 'c
fy
(
600
600 + f y
) = 0.01355
PaKryEdkeFobnwgépÞRkLaRTnug ρ w =
As
=
14.72
bw d 25 × 40
= 0.01472 > 0.0035
TItaMgG½kSNWt c = βa = 30..08
85
= 3.62cm
1
bERmbRmYlrageFobsuT§rbs;Edk ε = 0.003( d c− c ) = 0.003( 403−.623.62 ) = 0.03 > 0.005 ⇒ φ = 0.9

t
t
KNna φM = φA f (d − a2 ) = 0.9 ×1472 × 400(400 − 302.8 ) = 203807232N .mm = 203.81kN .m

n s y
epÞógpÞat;muxkat;Gtibrma MaxA = f1 [0.85 f ' t (b − b )] + ρ (b d ) ≥ A

s c w max w s
y
MaxA = 37.22cm 2 > As RtwmRtUv

]TahrN_10³ KNnaersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúgénmuxkat;GkSr T dUcbgðajkñúgrUb edayeRbI f 'c = 25MPa nig
f = 400 MPa .
y
dMeNaHRsay³
eK[ b = b = 90cm / b
e e /
= 25cm d = 43cm nig A s = 36.93cm 2
KNna a = 0.85A ff' b = 036.85.93× 25× 400

s y
× 90
= 7.72cm > t
c e
eday a > t sikSaCaragGkSr T

KNna A = 0.85 f ' ft (b − b ) = 24.17cm
sf
c w 2
⇒ As1 = As − Asf = 12.76cm 2
epÞógpÞat; ε t
As1 f y 12.76 × 400

a ( web) = = = 9.6cm
0.85 f 'c bw 0.85 × 25 × 25
a ( web)
c= = 11.29cm
β1
d t = 52 − 6.5 = 45.8cm
dt − c
ε t = 0.003( ) = 0.00917 > 0.005 ⇒ φ = 0.9
c
RtYtBinitü A s min = ρ min bw d = 0.0035 × 25 × 43 = 3.76cm 2 < 36.93cm 2 RtwmRtUv
KNna φM a t
= φ[( As − Asf ) f y (d − ) + Asf f y (d − )]
n
2 2
96 70
φM n = 0.9[(3693 − 2417)400(430 − ) + 2417 × 400(430 − )
2 2
φM n = 519172920 N .mm = 519.173kN .m
3>11> TMhMénmuxkat;FñwmGkSr T Éeka

eBlxøH FñwmGkSr T Éeka RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbEnßmépÞrgkarsgát;. muxkat;enHRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;Fñwm
EdleKcak;TukCamun.
ACI Code )anENnaMnUvTMhMmuxkat;sRmab;GkSr T ÉekadUcxageRkam³
- kRmas;søab t RtUvFMCag b¤esμIBak;kNþalTTwgRTnug b w
- TTwgsrubrbs;søab b RtUvEttUcCag b¤esμIbYndgTTwgRTnug b w

3>11> muxkat;GkSr L páab;

Fñwmmuxkat;GkSr L páab;CaFñwmEdlRTkRmalxNÐEpñkxageKbMput. TTwgRbsiT§PaBrbs;muxkat;enHRtUv
)ankMNt;nUvtémøGb,brmaénsmIkarxageRkam³
- (b − b ) ≤ 12L
e w
- (b − b ) ≤ 6t
e w
- (b − b ) ≤ 2l
e w
Edl L - RbEvgFñwm
l - KMlatFñwm
IV. karKNnaFñwmebtugGarem:rgkarkac;begáag
4>1> km<s;RbsiT§PaBsRmab;Fñwm nigkRmalxNÐ
Fñwmmankm<s;x<s; b¤TabGaRs½yeTAnwgRbEvgrbs;Fñwm nigbnÞúkxageRkAEdlvaRtUvRT. edIm,IepÞógpÞat;
CamYYyPaBdab xageRkamenHCarUbmnþsRmab;kMNt;km<s;FñwmGaRs½y nwgRbEvgFñwm.
kRmalxNÐ
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
mYyTis
Fñwm L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
TTwgFñwmRtUv)ankMNt;ecjBIkm<s;rbs;Fñwm edaykMNt;enAcenøaH 13 d → 12 d .
4>2> muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarTaj
xageRkamCarUbmnþsRmab;karKNnamuxkat;rgkarTaj
f 'c 600
ρ b = 0.85β1 ( )
f y 600 + f y
fy
0.003 +
Es
ρ max = ρ b ( )
0.008
sRmab; f y = 400 MPa
⇒ ρ max = 0.625 ρ b
ehIy β 1 sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' ≤ 28MPa .
= 0.85 c
f ' −28
β = 0.85 − 0.05(
1 ) sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; 28MPa < f ' ≤ 56MPa .
c
c
7
β = 0.65 sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' > 56MPa .
1 c
témøénbERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;Edkkan;EtFM bgðajBIPaBsVitrbs;ebtugGarem:kan;EtFM )ann½yfaenA

eBlmuxkat;ebtugkan;EtFMCamYyPaKryEdkticPaBsVitkan;EtFM pÞúymkvijenAeBlmuxkat;ebtugkan;EttUcCa
T.Chhay 82 Flexural Design on Reinforced Concrete Beams

mYyPaKryEdkkan;EtFMenaHPaBsVitrbs;ebtugkan;EttUc. xageRkamCataragbgðajBIPaKryEdksMNUmBr
GaRs½yersIusþg;ebtug nigersIusþg;Edk.
taragTI1³ PaKryEdksMNUmBr ρ s
f 'c ( MPa) f y (MPa) %ρ s

20 235 1.4
400 1.2
28 400 1.4
500 1.2
35 400 1.6
500 1.4
bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ ε edIm,IeGaymuxkat;rgkarTajRtUv)ankMNt;FMCag 0.005 enaH

t
φ = 0.9 .
) bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ ε enAcenøaH 0.004 → 0.005 .

250
φ = 0.65 + (ε − 0.002)(t t
3
smIkarKNnaersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúgmanTRmg;dUcxageRkam³
φM n = M u = Ru bd 2
Edl R = φρf (1 − 1.ρ7ff ' ) = φR

u y
y
n
c
Edl φ = 0.9 sRmab; tension-controlled section

nig φ < 0.9 sRmab;muxkat;enAkñúgtMbn; transition region
dUcenH φM = M = φA f (d − 1.A7 f f' b )
n u s y
s y
dUcKña φM = M = φρf bd (− 1.ρ7ff ' )

n u y
2 y
kñúgkrNIEdleyIgsÁal;m:Um:g;KNnaxageRkA nigsÁal;ersIusþg;smÖar³ eyIgenAsl;GBaØatbIeTotEdl

minTan;sÁal; kñúgenaHmanTTwgFñwm b km<s;RbsiT§PaB d nigPaKryEdk ρ . dMeNaHRsayGaceFVIeTA)anluH
RtaEteyIgRtUveFVIkarsnμt;cMeBaHGBaØatBIr. CaTUeTA ρ RtUv)ansnμt; ¬edayeRbI ρ ¦ nigdUcKña b k¾RtUv)an max
snμt;.
xageRkamCaviFIsaRsþkñúgkaredaHRsayedaysÁal; M / f ' nig f ³ u c y
- RbsinebI ρ RtUv)ansnμt; ¬edayeGayenAcenøaH ρ nig ρ ¦ enaHeyIgGackMNt; 1

2 max
1
2 b
ρf y
Ru = φρf y (1 − )
1.7 f 'c
karKNnaFñwmebtugGarem:rgkarkac;begáag 83 T.Chhay
Mu
⇒ bd 2 =
Ru
CaTUeTApleFob db ERbRbYlBI 2 → 3 ¬eKniymyk 2 ¦

dUcenH eKGackMNt; b nig d
dUcKña eyIg)an A = ρbd s
- RbsinebI b nig d RtUv)aneGay enaHPaKryEdkEdlRtUvkarkMNt;tamrUbmnþxageRkam³

0.85 f 'c 4M u
ρ= (1 − 1 − )
fy 1.7φf 'c bd 2
⇒ As = ρbd
- RbsinebI b RtUv)ansnμt;bEnßmBIelI ρ enaHeKRtUv
KNna R = φρf (1 − 1.ρ7ff ' )
u y
y
KNna d = Mu
Ru b
RbsinebI db = 2 enaH d = 3
2M u
Ru b
⇒ As = ρbd
4>3> KMlatEdk nigRsTab;karBarEdk

4>3>1> KMlatEdk

srésEdkRtUv)anteRmobedaymanKMlaty:agticbMputesμInwgGgát;p©itEdk b:uEnþminRtUvtUcCag 25mm

edIm,IeGayeKGacbgðab;ebtug)any:aggayRsYlkñúgeBlcak;ebtug. KMlatEdksRmab;karteRmobEdkbBaÄr
EdlmaneRcInCagmYyRsTab; minRtUvmantémøtUcCag 25mm Edr. RbsinebIKMlatEdkmanTMhMtUcenaHl,ay
ebtugminGacB½T§CMuvijEdk)anl¥eT.
4>3>2> RsTab;karBarEdk
RsTab;karBarEdk Casac;ebtugEdlenAcenøaHépÞxageRkA nigépÞrbs;Edk. eKcaM)ac;RtUvkarRsTab;kar
BarEdkeRBaHvamanplRbeyaCn_bYny:ag³
- edIm,Ietags¥itsrésEdkeTAnwgebtugEdleFVIeGaysmÖar³TaMgBIreFVIkarCamYyKña. \T§iBlrbs;PaB
s¥itGaRs½yeTAnwgkRmas;RsTab;karBar.
- edIm,IkarBarsrésEdkeTAnwgERcHsIuEdk.
- edIm,IkarBarkar)at;bg;ersIusþg;EdkEdlbNþalmkBIkemþA. kRmas;RsTab;karBar 20mm GacTb;
Tl; nwgePøIgeqH)an 1em:ag.
- sRmab;yandæan eragcRk cMNtrfynþ RsTab;karBarbEnßmRtUv)aneKdak;BIelIkRmalxNÐEfmeTot
edIm,IkarBarkarswkercrwlEdlbNþalmkBIcracrN_.
kRmas;RsTab;karBarEdkGaRs½yeTAnwgmCÄdæanEdleRKOgbgÁúMenaHsßitenA. xageRkamCatarag
bgðajBIkRmas;RsTab;karBarGb,brma³
mCÄdæan kRmas;karBarEdk (mm)
ebtugcak;pÞal;nwgdI 75
ebtugcak;pÞal;nwgdI b¤halxül;
+ Ggát;p©itEdkFMCag 16mm 50
+ Ggát;p©itEdktUcCag 16mm 35
ebtugmincak;pÞal;nwgdI b¤minhalxül;
- kRmalxNÐ CBa¢aMg
- Fñwm ssr 35
- kRmalekag
4>3>3> TTwgGb,brmarbs;muxkat;ebtug
smIkarTUeTAedIm,IkMNt;TTwgGb,brmarbs;muxkat;ebtugGacsresrdUcxageRkam³
b = nD + (n − 1) s + 2(φEdkkg ) + 2(RsTab;karBarEdk )
min
Edl n - cMnYnEdkbeNþay
D - Ggát;p©itEdkEdlFMCageK
s - KMlatEdk
4>3>4> km<s;Gb,brmarbs;muxkat;ebtug
km<s;rbs;muxkat;ebtugRtUv)ankMNt;edayGaRs½ynwgRsTab;Edk.
- EdkmYyRsTab;³ h = d + D2 + 50mm 1 1
- EdkBIrRsTab;³ h = d + D + 60mm2 2
]TahrN_1³ kMNt;muxkat;Edk nigmuxkat;ebtugedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;KNna 490kN .m edayeRbIPaKryEdk

Gtibrma ρ sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj. smμtikmμ³ f ' = 20MPa nig f = 400MPa .
max c y
dMeNaHRsay³
eday f ' = 20MPa /
c f y = 400MPa β1 = 0.85 / nig φ = 0.9 sRmab; tension-controlled section
f 'c 600
ρ b = 0.85β1 ( )
f y 600 + f y

20 600
ρ b = 0.85 2 ( ) = 0.021675
400 600 + 400
fy
0.003 +
Es
ρ max = ρ b ( ) = 0.625 ρ b = 0.01355
0.008
ρ max f y 0.01355 × 400
⇒ Ru (max) = φρ max f y (1 − ) = 0.9 × 0.01355 × 400(1 − ) = 4.1MPa
1.7 f 'c 1.7 × 20
Mu 490 ×10 6
⇒ bd 2 = = = 119.5 ×10 6 mm 3
Ru (max) 4.1
dUcenHsRmab;karsnμt; b / kMNt; d nig A = ρbd s
b = 200mm / d = 773mm / A = 20.95cm

s
2
/ /
b = 250mm d = 691.5mm As = 23.42cm 2
b = 300mm / d = 630mm / A = 25.61cm ¬ 6DB 25 ¦

s
2
b = 400mm / d = 546.5mm / A = 29.62cms

2
* kareRCIserIskm<s;RbsiT§PaBGaRs½ynwgktþaxageRkam³
- km<s;bnÞb;³ TTwgrbs;muxkat;tUcpþl;nUvkm<s;FñwmFM Edlkat;bnßylMhkm<s;. elIsBIenH FñwmeRCA

ceg¥ótkat;bnßyersIusþg;m:Um:g;edaykarxUcRTg;RTayxag lateral deformation.
- brimaN nigkarBRgaysrésEdk³ Fñwmceg¥ótRtUvkarsrésEdkeRcInCagmYyRsTab; dUcenHvabegáIt
km<s;Fñwm.
- kRmas;CBa¢aMg³ RbsinebIbøúksIum:gt_RtUv)aneRbI TTwg b RtUv)aneRCIserIsesμInwgkRmas;CBa¢aMg.
sRmab; GKarCBa¢aMgxagRkas;CagCBa¢aMgkñúg.
* kareRCIserIsmuxkat;EdkGaRs½ynwgktþaxageRkam³
- karteRmobEdkRKb;RKan;enAkñúgmuxkat; CaTUeTA mYyRsTab; b¤BIrRsTab; nigbMeBjtamlkçxNÐ ACI

Code sRmab;KMlatEdkGb,brma.
- épÞmuxkat;EdkeRCIserIsRtUvmantémøEk,rbMputépÞsrésEdktRmUvkar
dUcenHeyIgeRCIserIsyk b = 300mm / d = 630mm / A = 25.61cm ¬ 6 @ DB25 ¦ RtUvteRmobBIrRsTab;
s
2
kMNt;km<s;Fñwm h = d + D + 60mm = 630 + 25 + 60 = 715mm

dUcenHyk h = 750mm ⇒ d = 665mm
]TahrN_2³ edaHRsay]TahrN_1 edayeRbI ρ RbEhl 1% nig b = 35cm

dMeNaHRsay³
eday f ' = 20MPa /
c /
f y = 400MPa ρ max = 0.01355 sRmab; tension-controlled section
ρf y 0.01 × 400
Ru = φρf y (1 − ) ⇒ Ru = 0.9 × 0.01 × 400(1 − ) = 3.1765MPa
1.7 f 'c 1.7 × 20
M u 490 × 106
⇒ bd 2 = = = 154257830mm3
Ru 3.1765
sRmab; b = 35cm ⇒ d = 665mm
As = 0.01 × 35 × 66.5 = 23.275cm 2
edayeRCIserIs 4DB28 mYyRsTab; A = 24.62cm s
2
epÞógpÞat;TTwg b = nD + (n − 1)s + 95mm edayyk s = D

min
⇒ b = 7 D + 95mm = 7 × 28 + 95 = 291mm < 35cm epÞógpÞat;

min
kMNt;km<s;Fñwm h = d + D2 + 50mm = 665 + 282 + 50 = 729mm yk h = 75cm

min
edayEdkEdldak;mantémøFMCagEdkKNna dUcenHeyIgGacbnßykm<s;FñwmBI 75cm → 72cm

sRmab;karERbRbYlkm<s;Fñwm A = 23.275( 72
s
75
) = 24.24cm < 24.62cm 2 2
d = 720 − 64 = 656mm
RtYtBinitüersIusþg;m:Um:g;
24.62
ρ= = 0.0098 < ρ max ⇒ tension-controlled section
35 × 72
As f y 24.62 × 400
a= = = 16.55cm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 20 × 35

a 165.5
φM n = φAs f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 2462 × 400 × (656 − ) = 508.083 × 106 N .mm = 508.083kN .m > 490MPa
2 2
RtYtBinitüsac;lUteFobEdksuT§ ε t
0.005
εt = ( ρ ) − 0.003
ρb
20 600
ρ b = 0.85 2 ( ) = 0.021675
400 600 + 400
ρ 0.0098
= = 0.452
ρb 0.021675
εt =
0.005
0.452
− 0.003 = 0.008 > 0.005 epÞógpÞat;
mü:ageTot c=
a
=
16.55
0.85 0.85
= 19.47
c 19.47
dt
=
65.6
= 0.3 < 0.375 epÞógpÞat;
]TahrN_3³ kMNt;muxkat;EdksRmab;muxkat;eGayxageRkam b = 25cm nig h = 50cm EdlTb;nwgm:Um:g;

KNna M = 200kN .m . smμtikmμ³ f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa .
u c y
dMeNaHRsay³
edaysnμt;Edk DB25 mYyRsTab;
d = 500 − 70 = 430mm = 43cm
eday f 'c = 28MPa / /
f y = 400 MPa β1 = 0.85 ρ b = 0.85β1
f 'c
(
600
f y 600 + f y
)
28 600
ρb = 0.852 ( ) = 0.030345
400 600 + 400
f
0.003 + y
Es
ρ max = ρb ( ) = 0.625 ρb = 0.019
0.008
ρ=
0.85 f 'c
fy
(1 − 1 −
4M u
1.7φf 'c bd 2
) edaysnμt; φ = 0.9
0.85 × 28 4 × 200 × 106
ρ= (1 − 1 − ) = 0.01356 < ρ max
400 1.7 × 0.9 × 28 × 250 × 4302
⇒ tension-controlled section BitR)akd
As = ρbd = 0.01356 × 25 × 43 = 14.58cm2
DB 25 ⇒ As 25 = 4.9cm 2
A
⇒n= s =3
As 25
dUcenH A = 3DB25 = 14.7cm
s
2
]TahrN_4³ kMNt;muxkat;EdkcaM)ac;sRmab; b = 35cm RbsinebIvaRbQmnwgm:Um:g;KNna M u = 425kN .m .

smμtikmμ³ f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa .
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
sRmab; f ' = 28MPa / f = 400MPa / β = 0.85
c y 1
ρ = 0.030345 / ρ = 0.019
b max
sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj φ = 0.9
edayeRbI ρ = 0.019 max
ρ max f y 0.019 × 400

⇒ Ru (max) = φρmax f y (1 − ) = 0.9 × 0.019 × 400(1 − ) = 5.75MPa
1.7 f 'c 1.7 × 28
Mu 425 × 106
bd 2 = = = 73.913 × 106 mm3
Ru (max) 5.75
sRmab; b = 35cm ⇒ d = 46cm

⇒ As = 0.019 × 35 × 46 = 30.59cm 2
edayeRbIEdk φ 32 4edIm 4DB32 = 32.154cm 2
EdkRtUv)anteRmobmYyCYr ⇒ b = nD + (n − 1)s + 95mm

min
edayyk D = s ⇒ b = 7 D + 95mm = 7 × 32 + 95 = 319mm < 350mm RtwmRtUv

min
km<s;Fñwm h = d + D2 + 50mm = 460 + 322 + 50 = 526mm yk 53cm

BiPakSa³
edaysarsrésEdkeRbIR)as; 32.154cm FMCagsrésEdktRmUvkar 30.59cm
2 2
32.154
⇒ρ= = 0.02 > ρ max
35 × 46
bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ ε t =(
0.005
ρ
) − 0.003 = 0.0046 > 0.004
ρb
⇒ muxkat;sßitkñúgtMbn; transition region
250
⇒ φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)( ) = 0.867 < 0.9
3
As f y 32.154 × 400
a= = = 15.44cm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 35
a 154.4
φM n = φAs f y (d − ) = 0.867 × 3215.4 × 400(460 − ) = 426.86 × 106 N .mm = 426.86kN .m ≈ 425kN .m
2 2
eyIgeXIjfa sRmab;bMErbMrYlmuxkat;Edk 32.154 − 30.59 = 1.546cm RbEhl 5% enaHersIusþg;m:Um:g;man 2
témøRbEhlKña edaysar φ fycuH. dUcenHkarKNnamuxkat;edayeGaymuxkat;rgkarTaj φ = 0.9 man

lkçN³esdækic©.
4>4> muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarsgát;
RbsinebIm:Um:g;KNnamantémøFMCagersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúg enaHmuxkat;RtUv)armuxkat;EdkbEnßmsRmab;tMbn;
rgkarTaj nigrgkarsgát;. srésEdkrgkarsgát;pþl;nUvkmøaMgsgát;bEnßmeTAelIkmøaMgsgát;rbs;ebtug.
k> edaysnμt;EdkrgkarTajmanmYyRsTab;
viFIsaRsþKNnasRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarsgát; enAeBleKsÁal; M / f ' / b / d u c
nig d ' mandUcxageRkam³

- KNnaPaKryEdk balanced ρ nigPaKryEdkGtibrma ρ edayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam³
b max
fy
0.003 +
ρ b = 0.85β1
f 'c
(
600
f y 600 + f y
) nig ρ max = ρb (
0.008
Es
)
kMNt;muxkat;EdkGtibrmasRmab;rgkarTaj A s1 = ρ maxbd
- KNna R edayeRbI ρ (φ = 0.9)

u (max) max
ρ max f y
Ru (max) = φρmax f y (1 − )
1.7 f 'c
- KNnaersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúgEdlekItedaysarmuxkat;EdkrgkarTaj M edayeRbI R u1 u (max)
M u1 = Ru (max)bd 2
+ RbsinebI M u1 enaHRtUvkarEdkrgkarsgát;
< Mu
+ RbsinebI M > M enaHminRtUvkarEdkrgkarsgát;eT. KNnaPaKryEdk ρ tamrUbmnþ

u1 u
) nigKNna A = ρbd .
0.85 f 'c 4M
ρ= (1 − 1 − u
1.7φf ' bd 2 s
fy c
- KNna M = M − M CaersIusþg;m:Um:g;EdlekItBIEdkrgkarsgát;
u2 u u1
- KNna A BI M = φA f (d − d ' ) nigbnÞab;mkKNna A = A + A

s2 u2 s2 y s s1 s2
- KNnakugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkrgkarsgát;dUcxageRkam
c − d'
+ KNna f ' = 600( s )≤ f y
c
+ b¤KNna ε ' BIdüaRkambMErbMrYlrageFob nig f ' = ε ' E . RbsinebI ε ' = ε enaHEdkrgkar
s s s s s y
sgát; yield ehIy f ' = f . s y
+ KNna A' BI M = φA f ' (d − d ' ) .RbsinebI f ' = f enaH A' = A . EtebI f ' < f
s u2 s2 s s y s s2 s y
enaH A' > A ehIy A' = A ( ff ' ) .

s s2 s s2
y
- eRCIserIsmuxkat;EdksRmab; A nig A' edIm,IeGaysmlμmnwgTTwg b . CaTUeTA Edk A eRcIn

s s s
teRmobCaBIrRsTab; É A' eRcInteRmobCamYyRsTab;. s
- KNna h = d + 65mm sRmab;EdkrgkarTajmYyRsTab; nig h = d + 90mm sRmab;Edkrgkar

TajBIrRsTab;. RtYtBinitüfa [ ρ − ρ ' ( ff ' )] < ρ edayeRbI d fμI b¤RtYtBinitü s
max
y
As (max) = bd [ ρ max + ρ ' (

f 's
fy
)] ≥ As eday ρ = bdA nig ρ '= bd
sA'
. karRtYtBinitüenHmincaM)ac;eT
s
RbsinebI ρ RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgmuxkat;eKal.
max
- RbsinebIcaM)ac; eKRtUvKNnaersIusþg;m:Um:g;énmuxkat;cugeRkay φM ehIyeRbobeFobCamYy M n u
edayeGay φM ≥ M . n u
- RtYtBinitübERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ ε = ( d c− c )0.003 ≥ 0.005 t

t
x> edaysnμt;EdkrgkarTajmanBIrRsTab;
kúñgkrNIEdkrgkarTajmanBIrRsTab; eKGacsnμt;fa d = h − 90mm nig
d = h − 65mm = d + 25mm . eKmanviFIBIry:agkñúgkarkMNt;muxkat;srésEdk³
t
- vIFITI1³ edaysnμt; sac;lUteFobEdksuT§enAnIv:UTIRbCMuTm¶n;EdkTajesμI 0.005 b¤ ε = 0.005 s
enAnIv:U d . kñúgkrNIenH bERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ sRmab;srésEdkRsTab;eRkambMputman

témøFMCag 0.005 .
dt − c
εt = (
c
)0.003 > 0.005 . dUcenHeyIgedaHRsaydUckrNIxagelI EdkrgkarTajmanmYyRs
Tab;.
- vIFITI2³ edaysnμt; ε = 0.005 enAnIv:UEdkRsTab;eRkameK d . kñúgkrNIenH bERmbRmYlrag
t t
eFobEdkeFobenAnIv:UTIRbCMuTm¶n;EdkTajmantémøtUcCag 0.005 ³ ε = ( d c− c )0.003 < 0.005 s

t
EdlenAEtGacTTYlyk)an. dMeNaHRsaytamviFITI2enH segçbdUcxageRkam³

+ KNna d = h − 65mm / c = ( )d nig a = β c
3
t t 1
8
+ KNnakmøaMgsgát;enAkñúgebtug C = 0.85 f ' ab = T = A f 1 c 1 s1 y
kMNt; A . KNna M = φA f (d − a2 ) . ρ = bd
s1
A
/ φ = 0.9
u1 s1 y 1
s1
+ KNna M = M − M edaysnμt; d '= 65mm

u2 u u1
+ KNna A BI M = φA f (d − d ' ) eday f ' = f . muxkat;EdkrgkarTajsrub

s2 u2 s2 y s y
As = As1 + As 2
KNnakugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkrgkarsgát;dUcxageRkam
+
c − d'
× KNna f ' = 600( s )≤ f y
c
× b¤KNna ε ' BIdüaRkambMErbMrYlrageFob nig f ' = ε ' E . RbsinebI ε ' = ε enaHEdkrg
s s s s s y
karsgát; yield ehIy f ' = f . s y
× KNna A' BI M = φA f ' (d − d ' ) . RbsinebI f ' = f enaH A' = A . EtebI

s u2 s2 s s y s s2
f ' < f enaH A' > A ehIy A' = A ( ) .

f y
s y s s2 s s2
f' s
]TahrN_5³ eKmanFñwmmYymanmuxkat; b = 25cm nigkm<s; h = 55cm EdlRtUvRTnUvm:Um:g;Bt;KNna

M = 300kN .m . KNnasrésEdktRmUvkar. smμtikmμ f ' = 20 MPa nig f = 345MPa .
u c y
dMeNaHRsay³
- kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;EdlekItBIEdkrgkarTajCaeKalsRmab;lkçxNÐ tension-controlled section
sRmab; f ' = 20MPa nig f = 345MPa / β = 0.85
c y 1
f 'c 600 20 600

ρb = 0.85β1 ( ) = 0.852 ( ) = 0.0266
f y 600 + f y 345 600 + 345
fy 345
0.003 + 0.003 +
Es
ρ max = ρb ( ) = 0.0266( 200000 ) = 0.0157
0.008 0.008
ρ f 0.0157 × 345
Ru (max) = φρmax f y (1 − max y ) = 0.9 × 0.0157 × 345(1 − ) = 4.1MPa
1.7 f 'c 1.7 × 20
edaysnμt;EdkrgkarTajmanBIrRsTab;
d = h − 90mm = 550 − 90 = 460mm
⇒ φM n = Ru (max)bd 2 = 4.1× 250 × 460 2 = 216.89 × 106 N .mm = 216.89kN .m < M u = 300 MPa
dUcenHmuxkat;enHRtuvkarEdkrgkarsgáte; dIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;EdlenAsl;.
- KNna A / M nig M
s1 u1 u2
As1 = ρ maxbd = 0.0157 × 25 × 46 = 18.06cm 2
M u1 = φM n = 216.89kN .m
⇒ M u 2 = M u − M u1 = 300 − 216.89 = 83.11cm 2

- KNna A nig A' Edl)anBI M edaysnμt; d '= 6cm
s2 s u2
M u 2 = φAs 2 f y (d − d ' )
Mu2 83.11× 106
As 2 = = = 669mm2 = 6.69cm2
φf y (d − d ' ) 0.9 × 345 × (460 − 60)
EdkrgkarTajsrub A = A + A = 18.06 + 6.69 = 24.75cm
s s1 s2
2
Edkrgkarsgát; A' = A = 6.69cm eFVIkardl; yield

s s2
2
- RtYtBinitüEdksgát;eFVIkardl; yield
fy 345
εy = = = 0.001725
200000 200000
1806 × 345
eday a=
As1 f y
=
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 20 × 250
= 146.6mm
a 146.6
c= = = 172.47mm
β1 0.85
172.47 − 60
ε 's = (
172.47
) × 0.003 = 0.00196 > ε y eFVIkardl; yield
- RtYtBinitü ε t
edayeyIgeRbI ρ nig R mkeRbIsRmab;edaHRsay edayeGaybERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§enAnIv:UTIRbCMu

max u
Tm¶n;Edk ε = 0.005 . dUcenHeyIgRtUvkMNt; ε sRmab;EdkenARsTab;eRkameKbMput.

s t
dt = 550 − 60 = 490mm
d −c 490 − 172.47
εt = ( t
c
)0.003 = (
172.47
)0.003 = 0.0055 > 0.005 RtwmRtUv
dUcenH EdktRmUvkarsRmab;karTaj A = 24.75cm eRbI 5DB25 s
2
sRmab;karsgát; A' = 6.69cm eRbI 2DB22 s

2

]TahrN_6³ eKmanFñwmmYymanmuxkat; b = 30cm nigkm<s; h = 50cm EdlRtUvRTnUvm:Um:g;Bt;KNna

M = 400kN .m . KNnasrésEdktRmUvkar. smμtikmμ f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa .
u c y
dMeNaHRsay³ manBIrviFIsaRsþ
vIFITI1³
- kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;Gtibrmaénmuxkat;EdlmanEtEdkrgkarTajCaeKal
sRmab; f ' = 28MPa / f = 400MPa / β = 0.85
c y 1
ρ = 0.030345 / ρ = 0.019
b max
sRmab; tension-controlled section φ = 0.9

ρmax f y 0.019 × 400
⇒ Ru (max) = φρmax f y (1 − ) = 0.9 × 0.019 × 400(1 − ) = 5.75MPa
1.7 f 'c 1.7 × 28
edaysnμt; d = h − 90 = 500 − 90 = 410mm EdkmanBIrRsTab;
⇒ M u1 = Ru bd 2 = 5.75 × 300 × 4102 = 290 × 106 N .mm < 290MPa
dUcenHRtUvkarEdksgát;
- KNna A , M , A nig A
s1 u2 s2 s
As1 = ρ maxbd = 0.019 × 30 × 41 = 23.37cm 2
M u 2 = M u − M u1 = 400 − 290 = 110kN .m

M u 2 = φAs 2 f y (d − d ' ) edaysnμt; d '= 60mm
110 × 106
⇒ As 2 = = 873mm 2 = 8.73cm 2
0.9 × 400 × (410 − 60)
muxkat;EdkTajsrub A = A + A = 23.37 + 8.73 = 32.1cm

s s1 s2
2
eRbIEdk 5DB30
- RtYtBinitüEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl; yield b¤Gt;
f 'c d ' 600
ρ − ρ ' ≥ K = 0.85β1 ( )( )
f y d 600 + f y
28 60 600
K = 0.852 ( )( ) = 0.00444
400 410 600 + 400
A 23.37
ρ − ρ ' = s1 = = 0.019 < K
bd 30 × 41
Edkrgkarsgát;eFVIkarmindl; yield eT dUcenH
⇒ f 's < f y
- KNna f ' ³ s
c − d'
f 's = 600( ) ≤ fy
c
kMNt; c BI A s1 = 23.37cm2
As1 f y 2337 × 400
a= = = 130.92mm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 300
a 130.92
c= = = 154.02mm
β1 0.85
154.02 − 60
f 's = 600( ) = 366.3MPa ≤ f y
154.02
- KNna A' BI M s u2 = φA's f 's (d − d ' )
110 × 106
A's =
0.9 × 366.3 × ( 410 − 60)
= 953mm 2 = 9.53cm 2 eRbIEdk 2DB25
eyIgeXIjva eKarBtamlkçxNÐ
f 's
(ρ − ρ ' ) ≤ ρ max
fy
- RtYtBinitübERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ ε enAnIv:UEdkRsTab;xageRkam ¬eRBaHeyIgsnμt;fa bERmbRmYlrag

t
eFobEdksuT§ ε enAnIv:UTIRbCMuTm¶n;Edk¦
s
dt = 500 − 60 = 440mm
d −c 440 − 154.02
εt = ( t
c
)0.003 = (
154.02
)0.003 = 0.0056 > 0.005 RtwmRtUv

vIFITI2³
edayeRbIEdkrgkarTajBIrRsTab; nigsac;lUteFobEdksuT§enARsTab;eRkambMput ε t = 0.005
- KNna d = 500 − 60 = 440mm BIdüaRkambERmbRmYlrageFob

t
c 0.003 0.003
= = = 0.375
dt 0.003 + ε t 0.008
⇒ c = 0.375dt = 165mm
⇒ a = 0.85c = 140.25mm
- kmøaMgsgát;kñúgebtug
C1 = 0.85 f 'c ab = 0.85 × 28 × 140.25 × 300 = 1001385 N = 1001.385kN
¬sRmab;muxkat;manEdkrgkarTajCaeKal¦
eday C = T ⇒ A = Tf = 1001385
1 1 s1
400
1
= 2503mm 2
= 25.03cm 2
y
d = 500 − 90 = 410mm
a 140.25
M u1 = φAs1 f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 2503 × 400 × (410 − ) = 306.25 × 106 N .mm = 306.25kN .m
2 2
A 25.03
ρ1 = s1 = = 0.0203
bd 30 × 41
- eday M u > M u1 dUcenHmuxkat;RtUvkarEdkrgkarsgát;
M u 2 = 400 − 306.25 = 93.75kN .m
Mu2 93.75 × 106

⇒ As 2 = = = 744mm2 = 7.44cm 2
0.9 f y (d − d ' ) 0.9 × 400 × (410 − 60)
muxkat;EdkrgkarTajsrub A = A + A = 25.03 + 7.44 = 32.47cm eRbIEdk 5DB30

s s1 s2
2
- RtYtBinitü Edkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl; yield b¤Gt;

28 60 600
K = 0.852 ( )( ) = 0.00444
400 410 600 + 400
( ρ − ρ ' ) = ρ1 < K ⇒ Edkrgkarsgát;eFVIkarmindl; yield eT dUcenH f 's < f y
c − d' 165 − 60
f 's = 600( ) = 600( ) = 381.82MPa
c 165
KNna A' BI M
s u2
93.75 × 106
⇒ A's =
Mu2
=
0.9 f 's (d − d ' ) 0.9 × 381.82 × (410 − 60)
= 779mm 2 = 7.79cm2 eRbIEdk 2DB25
- RtYtBinitüersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúg
As = 5DB30 = 35.325cm 2 A's = 2 DB 25 = 9.81cm2 As1 = As − A's = 25.515cm 2
a
φM n = φ[ As1 f y (d − ) + A's f 's (d − d ' )]
2
140.25
φM n = 0.9[2551.5 × 400 × (410 − ) + 981 × 381.82 × (410 − 60)] = 430.18 × 106 N .mm
2
d −c 410 − 165
eyIgeXIjfa εs = (
c
)0.003 = (
165
)0.003 = 0.0045
4>5> KNnamuxkat;GkSret T
kñúgkarKNnamuxkat;GkSr T edaysÁal;m:Um:g;KNna M / kRmas;søab t nigTTwgsøab b . kRmas;
u
rbs;RTnug b ERbRbYlBI 20cm → 50cm . GBaØatBIreTotEdlRtUvkarKNnaKW km<s;RbsiT§PaB d nigmux

w
kat;Edk A . eKmanBIkrNIEdlCYbRbTH³
s
- enAeBleKsÁal; d
+ RtYtBinitüfa muxkat;eFVIkarCaragctuekaNEkg b¤GkSret T edaysnμt; a = t
KNnaersIusþg;m:Um:g;sRmab;søabTaMgmUl
t
φM nf = φ (0.85 f 'c )bt (d − )
2
RbsinebI M > φM enaH a > t KNnaCaragGkSret T. RbsinebI M < φM enaH a < t KNna
u nf u nf
CaragctuekaNEkg.
+ RbsinebI a < t enaHKNna ρ = ) / KNna A = ρbd .
0.85 f ' 4M
(1 − 1 − c u
1.7φf ' bd 2 s
f y c
epÞógpÞat; ρ w ≥ ρ min .
+ RbsinebI a > t enaHKNna A sRmab;Epñksøabsgxag ¬>>>¦ sf
Asf = 0.85 f 'c (b − bw )t / f y

t
M u 2 = φAsf f y (d − )
2
m:Um:g;EdlTb;edayRTnugKW
M u1 = M u − M u 2
KNna ρ edayeRbI M / b nig d
1 u1 w
0.85 f 'c 4 M u1
ρ1 = (1 − 1 − )
fy 1.7φf 'c bw d 2
nigKNna A = ρ b d s1 1 w
muxkat;Edksrub A = A + A s s1 sf
bnÞab;mkRtYtBinitü A ≤ A dUcKña RtUvRtYtBinitü ρ

s s max w =
A
bw d
≥ ρ min
+ RbsinebI a = t enaH A = φ 0.85f f ' bt s

c
- enAeBleKminsÁal; d nig A karKNnaRtUveFVItamviFIsaRsþxageRkam

s
+ snμt; a = t nigKNnabrimaNEdksrub A EdlRtUvkarsRmab;Tb;nwgkmøaMgsgát;kñúgsøab sft
TaMgmUl bt
0.85 f 'c bt
Asft =
fy
+ kMNt; d BI A nig a = t tamrUbmnþxageRkam³

sft
t
M u = φAsft f y (d − )
2
RbsinebI eKyktam d KNnarkeXIjenaH A = A nig h = d + 65mm sRmab;
× s sft
EdkmanmYyRsTab; b¤ h = d + 90mm sRmab;EdkmanBIrRsTab;.

× RbsinebI eKyk d fμIFMCag d KNnaenaHmuxkat;eFVIkarCaragctuekaNEkg.
1
ehIy ρ = 0.85f f ' (1 − 1 − 1.7φ4fM' bd ) / KNna A = ρbd .

c u
2 s
y c
RbsinebI eKyk d fμItUcCag d KNnaenaHmuxkat;eFVIkarCaragGkSr T. ehIy

× 21
muxkat;EdkcugeRkay A FMCag A . kñúgkrNIenH eKRtUveFVIdUckrNIxagelIedIm,IkMNt;

s sft
muxkat; A . s
]TahrN_7³ eKmanFñwmmYymanGkSr T EdlmanRTnug b = 25cm RbEvgsøab b = 100cm kRmas;søab

w
t = 10cm nigkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d = 37cm . kMNt;muxkat;EdkcaM)ac; edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g; M = 375kN .m . u
smμtikmμ f ' = 20MPa nig f = 400MPa .

c y
dMeNaHRsay³
- RtYtBinitüG½kSNWt edaysnμt; a = t = 10cm
t 100
φM n = φ 0.85 f 'c bt (d − ) = 0.9 × 0.85 × 20 × 1000 × 100(370 − ) = 489.6 × 106 N .mm
2 2
eday φM > M ⇒ muxkat;manlkçN³CactuekaNEkg
n u
- kMNt;muxkat;EdkrgkarTaj
0.85 f 'c 4M u 0.85 × 20 4 × 375 × 106
ρ= (1 − 1 − ) = (1 − 1 − ) = 0.00845
fy 1.7φf 'c bd 2 400 1.7 × 0.9 × 20 × 1000 × 3702
As = ρbd = 0.00845 × 100 × 37 = 31.265cm 2

edayeRbI 5DB30 = 35.325cm 2
- RtYtBinitü ρ = bAd = 25
w
35.325
s
× 37
= 0.0382 > ρ min =
1.4
400
= 0.0035
w
0.85 f 'c
As max = [(be − bw )t + 0.375β1bw d ] = 44.41cm 2 > As
fy
35.325 × 400
dUcKña a=
As f y
=
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 20 × 100
= 8.31cm
37 − 9.78
c=
a 8.31
=
β1 0.85
= 9.78cm nig
ε s = 0.003(
9.78
) = 0.00835 > 0.005
]TahrN_8³ RbB½n§kRmalxNÐdUcbgðajkñúgrUb EdlpÁúMeLIgedaykRmalxNÐEdlmankRmas; t = 8cm EdlRT

edayFñwmRbEvg L = 430cm EdlmanKMlatBIKña l = 300cm KitBIG½kSmkG½kS. FñwmmanRTnug b = 35cm w

nigkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d = 47cm . kMNt;muxkat;EdkcaM)ac;edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;KNna M u = 575kN .m .

c y
dMeNaHRsay³
- kMNt;RbEvgsøab
⎧16t + bw ⎧16 × 80 + 350 = 1630mm
⎪ L ⎪ 4300
be = min ⎨ = min ⎨ = 1075mm
⎪ 4 ⎪ 4
⎩ l ⎩ 3000mm
dUcenH b = 1075mm
e
- RtYtBinitüTItaMgG½kSNWt edaysnμt; a = t
t
φM n = φ 0.85 f 'c bt (d − )
2
80
φM n = 0.9 × 0.85 × 20 × 1075 × 80(470 − ) = 565.794 N .mm = 565.794kN .m < 575kN .m
2
eday φM < M ⇒ muxkat;manlkçN³CaragGkSr T dUcenH a > t .
n u
- kMNt;muxkat;EdksrubsRmab;Tb;Tl;CamYykmøaMgsgát;kñúgsøab
0.85 f 'c (b − bw )t 0.85 × 20 × (1075 − 350)80
Asf = = = 2456 mm 2
fy 400
t 80
⇒ M u 2 = φAsf f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 2456 × 400(470 − ) = 380.188 × 106 N .mm
2 2
0.85 f 'c 4 M u1
⇒ ρ1 = (1 − 1 − )
fy 1.7φf 'c bw d 2
0.85 × 20 4 × 194.812 × 106
ρ1 = (1 − 1 − = 0.0077
400 1.7 × 0.9 × 20 × 350 × 4702
enaH A = ρ b d = 0.0077 × 35 × 47 = 12.67cm

s1 1 w
2
⇒ muxkat;EdkTajsrub A = 12.67 + 24.56 = 37.23cm

s
2
eRbI 6DB30 BIrRsTab;

- km<s;srubrbs;muxkat; h = 470 + 90 = 560mm
0.85 f 'c
As max = [(be − bw )t + 0.375β1bwd ] = 50.87cm 2 > As
fy
42.39 × 400
- RtYtBinitü /
εt a =
As f y
=
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 20 × 107.5
= 9.278cm
a 9.278
c= = = 10.91cm
β1 0.85
d t = 56 − 6 = 50cm
50 − 10.91
⇒ ε t = 0.003( ) = 0.0107 > 0.005
10.91
]TahrN_9³ sRmab;RbB½n§kRmalxNÐmYy EdlmanTTwgsøabRbEvg b = 122cm TTwgRTnug b = 40 ehIy

e w
kRmalxNÐmankRmas; t = 10cm . KNnamuxkat;GkSr T edIm,IrgnUvm:Um:g;KNna M = 1100kN .m . u

c y

dMeNaHRsay³
- edaysarminsÁal;km<s;RbsiT§PaB eyIgeGay a = t
kMNt;muxkat;Edk A sRmab;søabTaMgmUl
sft
0.85 f 'c bt 0.85 × 20 × 122 × 10

Asft = = = 51.85cm 2
fy 400
eGay M t
= φAsft f y (d − )
u
2
d KNna
Mu t 1100 × 106 100
⇒d = + = + = 639.3mm
φAsft f y 2 0.9 × 5185 × 400 2
eyIgeXIjfa RbsinebI d = 63.93cm enaH A = A s sft
- RbsinebI d > 63.93cm / eyIgsnμt;yk d = 67cm enaH a < t muxkat;manlkçN³CaragctuekaNEkg

PaKryEdkRtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnþxageRkam³
0.85 f 'c 4M u
ρ= (1 − 1 − )
fy 1.7φf 'c bw d 2
0.85 × 20 4 × 1100 × 106
⇒ρ= (1 − 1 − = 0.006
400 1.7 × 0.9 × 20 × 1220 × 6702
enaHmuxkat;Edk A = ρbd = 0.006 × 122 × 67 = 49.04cm
s
2
- RbsinebI d < 63.93cm / eyIgsnμt;yk d = 60cm enaH a > t muxkat;manlkçN³CaragGkSret T .

0.85 f 'c t (b − bw ) 0.85 × 20 × 10 × (122 − 40)
Asf = = = 34.85cm 2
fy 400
t 100
M u 2 = φAsf f y (d − ) = 0.9 × 3485 × 400(600 − ) = 690 × 106 N .mm
2 2
M u1 = 1100 − 690 = 410kN .m
sRmab;muxkat;EdkrgkmøaMgTajeKal b w /
= 40cm d = 60cm nig M u1 = 410kN .m
M u1 410
Ru = = = 2847.2 kN m 2 = 2.85MPa
bw d 2
0.4 × 0.60 2
0.85 f 'c 4 Ru 0.85 × 20 4 × 2.85
⇒ ρ1 = (1 − 1 − )= (1 − 1 − ) = 0.0088
fy 1.7φf 'c 400 1.7 × 0.9 × 20
As1 = ρ1bwd = 0.0088 × 40 × 60 = 21.12cm2
⇒ As = As1 + Asf = 34.85 + 21.12 = 55.97cm 2
eRbIEdk 7 DB32 = 56.27cm 2
- RtYtBinitü ε t
As1 f y 21.12 × 400

a= = = 12.42cm
0.85 f 'c bw 0.85 × 20 × 40

a 12.42
c= = = 14.6cm
0.85 0.85
dt = 63cm
⎛d −c⎞
⇒ ε t = 0.003⎜ t ⎟ = 0.0099 > 0.005 tension-controlled section
⎝ c ⎠
- KNnamuxkat;EdksrubGtibrma
f 'c 20
As max = 0.85 [(be − bw )t + 0.375β1bw d ] = 0.85 [(1220 − 400)100 + 0.375 × 0.85 × 400 × 600)]
fy 400
As max = 6736mm 2 = 67.36cm 2 > 56.27cm 2 RtwmRtUv

V. viFIKNnaepSgeTot
Alternative Design Methods
5>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction)

enAkñúgemeronTI3 nigTI4 karviPaK nigkarKNnaGgát;ebtugBRgwgEdkRtUv)anBnül;edayQrelIeKal
karN_Edlpþl;[eday ACI Code 318-05. viFIKNnadéTRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg]bsm<½n§ Appendix B én
ACI Code edayeyageTAtamemKuNbnÞúkEdl[enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ Appendix C. viFIKNnaepSgeTotenH
KWCaeKalkarN_énkarviPaK nigkarKNnaenAkñúg ACI Code 318-99. vamanlkçN³RsedogKñaxøHeTAnwg viFI

Edl)anBnül;BImun elIkElgEtvaeRbIemKuNbnÞúk nigemKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ xusKña. smIkarviPaK nig
smIkarKNnaeKalEdlmanenAkñúgemeronmun nwgRtUv)aneRbIenATIenH. enAeBleKeRbI Appendix B edIm,I
KNna eKRtUvCMnYsnUvGVIEdlRtUvKñaenAkñúg Code enaH.
5>2> emKuNbnÞúk (Load Factors)
RbsinebIersIusþg;TRmUvkar required strength RtUv)antageday U ehIykmøaMgxül; nigkmøaMgrBa¢ÜydIRtUv
)antageday W nig E erogKña enaHtam ACI Code, Appendix C ersIusþg;TRmUvkar U KYrEtCatémøEdlFM
CageKkñúgcMeNambnSMbnÞúkxageRkam³
1> sRmab;krNIbnÞúkefr bnÞúkGefr nigbnÞúkxül;
U = 1 .4 D + 1 .7 L (5-1a)
U = 0.75(1.4 D + 1.7 L) + (1.6W b¤ 1.0E) (5-1b)
U = 0.9 D + (1.6W b¤ 1.0E ) (5-1c)
2> enAeBlbnÞúkxül; W minRtUv)ankat;bnßyedayemKuNTisedA directionality factor 1.3W Gac

RtUv)aneRbICMnYs 1.6W . enAeBlEdlbnÞúkrBa¢ÜydIRtUv)anQrenAelIbnÞúkeFVIkar service forces enaH
1.4 E GacRtUv)aneRbICMnYs[ 1.0 E .
3> kñúgkrNIEdlbnÞúksm<aFdI H RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNna

U = 1 .4 D + 1 .7 L + 1 .7 H (5-2a)
enAeBlEdlbnÞúkefr D nigbnÞúkGefr L kat;bnßy\T§iBlrbs; H enaH
U = 0 .9 D + 1 .7 H (5-2b)
sRmab;bnSMbnÞúkén D / L b¤ H
U = 1 .4 D + 1 .7 L
viFIKNnaepSgeTot 105 T.Chhay

4> RbsinebITm¶n; nigbnÞúksm<aFEdl)anmkBIsarFaturav F RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkarKNna

U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L + 1.4 F (5-3a)
enAeBlEdlbnÞúkefr D nigbnÞúkGefr L kat;bnßy\T§iBlrbs; F enaH
U = 0 .9 D + 1 .4 F (5-3b)
sRmab;bnSMbnÞúkén D / L b¤ F
U = 1 .4 D + 1 .7 L
sm<aFbBaÄrénsarFaturavKYrRtUv)anKitCabnÞúkefr.
5> enAeBlEdl\T§iBlTgÁic impact effects RtUv)anrab;bBa©Úl enaHvaRtUv)anKitbBa©ÚleTAkñúgbnÞúkGefr.
6> enAeBlEdl structural effects T énsRmut differential settlement, creep, karrYmmaD
(shrinkage) b¤ bNþÚrsItuNðPaB mantémøFM vaKYrRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgbnSMbnÞúkén
U = 0.75(1.4 D + 1.4T + 1.7 L) (5-4a)
U = 1.4 D + 1.4T (5-4b)
smIkar (5-1a) RtUv)aneRbICaTUeTA. emKuNbnÞúkefresμInwg 1.4 nigemKuNbnÞúkGefresμInwg 1.7 .
sRmab;bnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefrcMcMNuc PD nig PL enaHbnÞúkcMcMNucemKuN PU = PD + PL dUcKña
M U = M D + M L Edl M D nig M L m:Um:g;bnÞúkefr nigm:Um:g;bnÞúkGefrerogKña.
5>3>emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; (Strength-Reduction Factor φ )

ersIusþg; nominal strength énmuxkat;RtUv)ankat;bnßyedayemKuN φ edIm,IKitsRmab;kar)at;bg;
ersIusþg;enAkñúgsmÖar³d¾tictYc small adverse variations in material strength karplitEdleFIVeLIgedayéd
artisanry TMhMxñat karRKb;RKg nigkRmiténkarRtYtBinitü. emKuN φ CaEpñkmYyénemKuNsuvtßiPaB.
bTdæan ACI Code, Section C.3 (Appendix C) kMNt;nUvtémøxageRkamedIm,IeRbIR)as;³

- sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj φ = 0.90
- sRmab;muxkat;rgkarsgát;
k> CamYyEdkkgvNÐ φ = 0.70
x> CamYyEdkkgFmμta φ = 0.65
- sRmab;kmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgrmYl φ = 0.75
- sRmab;RTnab;enAelIebtug φ = 0.65
- sRmab;karBt;enAelIebtugsuT§ b¤enAelIebtugEdlmanbrimaNEdkGb,brma 1.4 / f y ³ φ = 0.65
T.Chhay 106 Alternative Design Methods

sRmab;muxkat;EdlsßitenAkñúgtMbn; transition region rvagmuxkat;rgkarTaj tension-controlled

section nigmuxkat;rgkarsgát; compression-controlled section enaH φ GacnwgekIneLIgCabnÞat;rhUtdl;
0 .9 .
eKk¾GaceRbIemKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ sRmab;ssr ¬b¤muxkat;Edlman ε t < 0.005 ¦ edayvaERb

RbYleTAtamkrNIxageRkam³
1> enAeBlEdl Pu = φPn ≥ 0.1 f 'c Ag enaH φ = 0.7 sRmab;ssrEdkkgFmμta nig φ = 0.75
sRmab;EdkkgvNÐ½. krNIekIteLIgCaTUeTAsRmab;muxkat;rgkarsgát; compression control.
Ag Camuxkat;eBj.
2> rvagtémø 0.1 f 'c Ag b¤ φPn ¬mYyNaEdltUcCag¦ nigsUnü ehIy Pu sßitenAkñúgtMbn;Taj

tension control zone nig φ FMCag 0.7 ¬b¤ 0.75 ¦. ACI Code, Section C3.2 kMNt;fa
sRmab;Ggát;Edlman f y minFMCag 400MPa CamYyEdksIuemRTI nigCamYycm¶ayrvagEdk

rgkarsgát; nigkarTaj (d − d ' ) minRtUvticCag 0.7h ¬ h =km<s;srubrbs;muxkat;¦ nig
d = h − d s enaHtMél φ RtUv)anekIneLIgCabnÞat;eTArk 0.9 .
sRmab;tMbn; transition region, φ RtUv)ankMNt;edayviFan linear interpolation rvag 0.7 ¬b¤

0.75 ¦ nig 0.9 . rUb 5>1 bgðajBIbMErbMrYlrbs; φ sRmab;Edk 400 MPa . smIkarbnÞat;mandUcxageRkam³
φ = 0.57 + 67ε t sRmab;muxkat;EdkkgFmμta (5-5)
φ = 0.65 + 50ε t sRmab;muxkat;Edkkgv½NÐ (5-6)
mü:agvijeTot φ enAkñúgtMbn; transition region GacRtUv)ankMNt;CaGnuKmn_eTAnwg (dt / c)

sRmab;Edk 400MPa dUcxageRkam³
⎛d ⎞
φ = 0.37 + 0.20⎜ t ⎟ sRmab;muxkat;EdkkgFmμta (5-7)
⎝ c ⎠
⎛ dt ⎞
φ = 0.50 + 0.15⎜ sRmab;muxkat;EdkkgvNÐ
⎝ c ⎠
⎟ (5-8)
Edl c Cakm<s;G½kSNWtenAersIusþg; normal strength.

5>4> muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarTaj (Rectangular Sections with Tension

Reinforcement)
BIkarviPaKénmuxkat;ctuekaNEkgEdkrgkarTaj smIkarxageRkamRtUv)anbMEbk Edl f 'c nig fy
KitCa MPa ³
f 'c ⎛⎜ 600 ⎞⎟
ρb = 0.85β1
f y ⎜⎝ 600 + f y ⎟⎠
RbsinebIPaKryEdkGtibrmaRtUv)ankMNt; 0.75ρb enaH

f 'c ⎛⎜ 600 ⎞⎟
ρ max = 0.75ρb = 0.6375β1 (5-9)
f y ⎜⎝ 600 + f y ⎟⎠
enHbgðajfa ρmax = 0.75ρb FMCag ρmax = 0.634ρb Edl)an[enAkñúgemeronTI3 sRmab;Edk

400 MPa .
sRmab; f ' ≤ 28MPa c
f 'c ⎛⎜ 600 ⎞⎟
ρ max = 0.542 (5-10)
f y ⎜⎝ 600 + f y ⎟⎠
β1 = 0.85 sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' ≤ 28MPa . c
f ' −28
β1 = 0.85 − 0.05( c
) sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; 28MPa < f ' ≤ 56MPa .
c
7
β1 = 0.65sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; f ' > 56MPa . c
PaKryEdkénmuxkat; balanced section ρb nigPaKryEdkGtibrmaGnuBaØat ρmax GacRtUv)an

KNnasRmab;témøepSgKñaén f 'c nig f y dUcbgðajenAkñúgtarag 5>1. PaKryEdkKNnaEdlesñIeLIgsRmab;
ρ ≤ ρ max k¾RtUv)anbgðajenAkúñgtarag 5>1.
taragTI5>1³ PaKryEdkEdlRtUv)anesñIreLIg ρ s
f 'c ( MPa) f y (MPa) %ρ s

20 235 1.4
400 1.2
28 400 1.4
500 1.2
35 400 1.4
500 1.2
smIkarm:Um:g;KNnaRtUv)anbMEbkenAkñúgemeronmunmanTRmg;dUcxageRkam³
φM n = M u = Ru bd 2 (3-21)
⎛ ρf y ⎞
Edl Ru = φρf y ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ = φRn (3-22)
⎝ 1.7 f 'c ⎠
nig φ = 0.9 . sRmab;muxkat;rgkarTaj (tension-controlled section) / ε t ≥ 0.005
⎛ As f y ⎞
φM n = M u = φAs f y ⎜⎜ d − ⎟ (3-19a)
⎝ 1.7 f 'c b ⎟⎠
⎛ ρf y ⎞
dUcKña φM n = M u = φf y bd 2 ⎜⎜ d − ⎟
1.7 f 'c ⎟⎠
(3-20)
⎝
eyIgeXIjfasRmab;eRkABIm:Um:g;emKuN M u / f 'c / f y eKmanGBaØatbIenAkñúgsmIkarenHKW b / d nig
ρ . dUcenHeKminGacedaHRsaysmIkarenH)aneT Tal;EtGBaØatBIrRtUv)ansnμt;. CaTUeTA eKeRcInsnμt; ρ
¬edayeRbI ρmax ¦ nig b k¾RtUv)ansnμt;Edr. edayQrelIkarBiPakSaBIxagedIm krNIxageRkamRtUv)anbegáIt
eLIgenAeBl M u / f 'c / f y RtUv)ansÁal;³
1> RbsinebI ρ RtUv)ansnμt; enaH Ru GacRtUv)anKNnaBIsmIkar (3-22) Edl[ bd 2 = M u / Ru .
GñkKNnaGaceRbI ρ rhUtdl; ρmax EdlbegáItmuxkat;ebtugEdkrgkarTajGb,brma. RbsinebI
eRbI ρ min vanwgbegáItmuxkat;ebtugGtibrma. RbsinebI b RtUv)ansnμt;bEnßmBI elI ρ enaH d Gac
RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
Mu
d= (5-11)
Ru b
RbsinebI d / b = 2 enaH d = 3 (2M u / Ru ) nig b = d / 2 bgçittémøeTArktémøEdlFM.

2> RbsinebI d nig b RtUv)an[ enaHPaKryEdkRtUvkar ρ GacRtUv)anKNnaedaysmIkar (3-20)

eKTTYl)an
3> ρ = 0.85f f 'c ⎡⎢1 − 1 − 1.7φ4fM' ubd 2 ⎤⎥ (5-12)
y⎣⎢ c ⎦⎥
0.85 f 'c ⎡ 2 Ru ⎤
= ⎢1 − 1 − ⎥
fy ⎣ 0.85 f 'c ⎦
nig As = ρbd
Ca]TahrN_/ RbsinebI M u = 275.72kN .m / b = 300mm / d = 450mm / f 'c = 20MPa nig
f y = 400 MPa enaH ρ = 0.0154 BIsmIkar (5-12) nig As = ρbd = 0.0154 × 300 × 450 = 2079mm 2 enA
eBlEdleK[ b nig d eKKYrEtBinitüemIlfaetIeKRtUvkarEdkrgkarsgát; b¤Gt; eRBaHEt d tUc. eKGacedaH

Rsayva)andUcxageRkam³
k> KNna ρmax nig Ru,max = φρmax f y [1 − (ρmax f y / 1.7 f 'c )]
x> KNna φM n,max = Ru,maxbd 2 = ersIusþg;m:Um:g;Gtibrmarbs;muxkat;EdkrgkarTaj.
K> RbsinebI M u < φM n,max enaHvaminRtUvkarEdkrgkarTajeT. KNna ρ nig As BIsmIkar (5-
12)
X> RbsinebIeKsÁal; ρ nig b KNna Ru ³
⎛ ρf y ⎞
Ru = φρf y ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 .7 f ' c ⎠
KNna d BIsmIkar (5-11)
d=
Mu
Rb
nig As = ρbd
u
]TahrN_TI1³
kMNt;muxkat;EdkcaM)ac;sRmab;muxkat;EdlmanTTwg b = 250mm nigkm<s;srub d = 700mm ¬rUbTI5>2¦
RbsinebIvargnUvm:Um:g;emKuNxageRkA 312kN.m . eK[ f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay
1> snμt;eRbIEdk DB25 mYyRsTab; ¬epÞógpÞat;enAeBleRkay¦ d = 700 − 50 = 650mm .
2> RtYtBinitüemIlfaetImuxkat;RtUvkarEdksgát; b¤Gt;. eRbobeFobersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNnaénmuxkat; ¬eday
eRbI ρmax ¦ CamYym:Um:g;KNna. sRmab; f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa / ρmax = 0.02276 .
⎛ ρ max f y ⎞
Ru = φρmax f y ⎜⎜1 − ⎟ = 6.63MPa
⎝ 1.7 f 'c ⎟⎠

ersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNnaénmuxkat;ebtugEdkrgkarTajKW
φM n, max = Ru / maxbd 2 = 6.63 × 250 × 650 2 × 10 −6 = 700.3kN .m > 312kN .m
dUcenH ρ < ρmax enaHvaCamuxkat;EdlmanEtEdkrgkarTaj.
3> KNna ρ BIsmIkar (5-12) edIm,ITTYl)an ρ = 0.0089 / As = ρbd = 0.0089 × 250 × 650
= 1446mm 2 eRbIEdk 3DB 25 (As = 1472mm 2 ). muxkat;cugeRkayRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 5>2.
4> epÞógpÞat; ε t ³
1472 × 400
a= = 98.96mm
0.85 × 28 × 250
a
c= = 116.4mm
0.85
d −c
εt = t 0.003 = 0.0137 > 0.005 φ = 0.9
c
5>5> muxkat;ctuekaNCamYynwgEdkrgkarsgát; (Rectangular Sections with Compression

Reinforcement)
muxkat;ebtugEdkrgkarTaj singly reinforced section EdlmanersIusþg;m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAeBlEdl
ρ max rbs;EdkRtUv)aneRbI. RbsinebIm:Um:g;emKuNFMCagersIusþg;m:Um:g;kñúg ¬krNImuxkat;RtUv)ankMNt;¦ enaHeK
RtUvkarmuxkat;EdkDub doubly reinforced section edaybEnßmEdkTaMgenAkñúgtMbn;sgát; nigtMbn;Taj. viFI
saRsþsRmab;KNnamuxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdksgát; enAeBlEdleKsÁal; M u / f 'c / b / d nig d '
Rtuv)ansegçbenAkñúgemeronTI4. karEdlxusKñamanEtmYyKW ρmax = 0.75ρb RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgkarKNnaenH³
f 'c ⎛⎜ 600 ⎞⎟
ρ max = 0.6375β1 (5-9)
f y ⎜⎝ 600 + f y ⎟⎠

dUcKña RtUvepÞogpÞat; ε t ≥ 0.005 sRmab; φ = 0.9 .

]TahrN_TI2³ muxkat;FñwmRtUv)ankMNt;eday b = 300mm nigkm<s;srub h = 500mm ehIyrgnUvm:Um:g;emKuN
M u = 447.5kN .m . kMNt;muxkat;EdkcaM)ac;edayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa . ¬eyagtamrUb
5>3¦.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNnaénmuxkat;EdkeTal. snμt; ρ = 0.018 . dUcenH Ru = 5.5MPa .
sRmab; EdkBIrRsTab; d = 500 − 90 = 410mm
M u1 = Ru bd 2 = 5.5 × 300 × 410 2 × 10 −6 = 277.4kN .m
m:Um:g;KNnaKW M u = 447.5kN .m > 277.4kN .m dUcenHeKRtUvkarEdksgát;
2> KNna As1 / M u 2 / As 2 nig As
As1 = ρbd = 0.018 × 300 × 410 = 2214mm 2
M u 2 = M u − M u1 = 447.5 − 277.4 = 170.1kN .m

M u 2 = φAs 2 f y (d − d ' ) snμt; d ' = 50mm
170.1 ⋅ 10 6 = 0.9 As 2 400(410 − 50) As 2 = 1312.5mm 2
As = As1 + As 2 = 2214 + 1312.5 = 3526.5mm 2 ¬ 6DB28 ¦
3> epÞógpÞat;PaB yield rbs;Edkrgkarsgát;. Edkrgkarsgát; yield RbsinebI
f 'c ⎛ d ' ⎞⎛⎜ 600 ⎞⎟
ρ − ρ ' ≥ K = 0.85β1 ⎜ ⎟
f y ⎝ d ⎠⎜⎝ 600 − f y ⎟⎠
28 ⎛ 50 ⎞⎛ 600 ⎞
K = (0.85) 2 ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 0.0185
400 ⎝ 410 ⎠⎝ 600 − 400 ⎠
A 2214
ρ − ρ ' = s1 = = 0.018 < K
bd 300 × 410
dUcenH Edkrgkarsgát;Gt; yield ³ f 's < f y
4> KNna f 's ³ f 's = 600[(c − d ') / c] ≤ f y /

kMNt; As1 ³ As1 = 2214mm2
As1 f y 2214 × 400
a= = = 124mm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 300
a 124
c= = = 145.9mm
β1 0.85
145.9 − 50
f 's = 600 = 394.4 MPa < 400MPa
145.9
5> KNna A's BI M u 2 = φA's f 's (d − d ' )
170.1 ⋅ 106 = 0.9 A's 394.4(410 − 50)
dUcenH A's = 1331mm2 b¤KNna A's BI A's = As 2 ( f y / f 's ) = 1331mm2 ¬ 3DB25 ¦
6> epÞógpÞat;
⎛ dt − c ⎞
εt = ⎜ ⎟0.003
⎝ c ⎠
d t = h − d ' = 500 − 50 = 450mm
⎛ 450 − 145.9 ⎞
εt = ⎜ ⎟0.003 = 0.006 > 0.005 φ = 0.9
⎝ 145.9 ⎠
c 145.9
= = 0.324 < 0.375 (OK)
dt 450
7> epÞógpÞat; φM n cugeRkay/ As = 3694.5mm2 / A's = 1472.6mm2 /
As1 = 2221.9mm 2 / a = 124.5mm nig c = 146.5mm
⎛ 124.5 ⎞
M n = 2221.9 × 400⎜ 410 − ⎟ + 1472.6 × 394.4(410 − 50 ) = 518.15kN .m
⎝ 2 ⎠
epÞógpÞat; ε t / dt = 450mm
⎛ dt − c ⎞
εt = ⎜ ⎟0.003 = 0.006 > 0.005
⎝ c ⎠
φ = 0.9
φM n = 0.9 × 518.15 = 466.3kN .m > 447.5kN .m
5>6> karKNnamuxkat;GkSret (Design of T-Section)

kñúgkarKNnamuxkat;GkSret enAeBlEdleKsÁal;m:Um:g;emKuN M u kRmas;søab T TTwg b RtUv)an
kMNt;BIkarKNnakRmalxNÐ ehIykarkMNt;rbs; ACI Code sRmab;TTwgsøabRbsiT§PaB b RtUv)an[enAkñúg
emeronTI3. kRmas;RTnug bw GacRtUv)ansnμt;edayERbRbYlBI 200 → 500mm TMhMEdlRtUv)aneRbIKWsßitenA

cenøaH 300 → 400mm . GBaØatBIrRtUvkarkMNt;CacaM)ac;KW d nig As . CMhanénkarKNnaRtUv)ansegçbenA

kñúgemeronTI4.
]TahrN_TI3³ muxkat;FñwmGkSret RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI4 manTTwgRTnug bw = 250mm TTwgsøab b = 1m
kRmas;søab t = 100mm nigkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d = 370mm . kMNt;muxkat;EdkcaM)ac;RbsinebIm:Um:g;emKuN
420kN.m . eK[ f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnaTItaMgTItaMgGkS½NWt Edlmuxkat;GacmanragctuekaN. snμt;km<s;rbs;bøúksgát;
a = 100mm Edl a = t = 100mm enaH
⎛ t⎞
φM n = φ (0.85 f 'c )bt ⎜ d − ⎟ = 685.44kN .m > 420kN .m
⎝ 2⎠
m:Um:g;KNnaEdlsøabebtugGacRT)anFMCagm:Um:g;emKuNEdlmanGMeBIelIva. dUcenH muxkat;eFVIkar
manragctuekaN.
2> kMNt;muxkat;EdkTaj edayKitmuxkat;manragctuekaNEdl b = 1000mm
Mu 420000000
Ru = = = 3.06MPa
bd 2
1000 × 370 2
BIsmIkar (5-12) sRmab; Ru = 3.07MPa nig ρ = 0.0092
As = ρbd = 0.0092 × 1000 × 370 = 3404mm 2
eRbI 6DB28 / As = 3694.5mm2 ¬BIrRsTab;¦
3> epÞógpÞat;fa ρ w = As / bwd ≥ ρmin / ρ w = 3404 /(250 × 375) = 0.0363 > ρ min = 0.00333
4> epÞógpÞat; ε t = ⎛⎜⎝ dt c− c ⎞⎟⎠0.003 dt = 375mm
3404 × 400 57.21
a= = 57.21mm c= = 67.3mm
0.85 × 28 × 1000 0.85

ε t = 0.0135 > 0.005 φ = 0.9
5>7> viFI strut and tie (Strut and Tie Method)
5>8> 5>7>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction)

ACI Code, Appendix A / ENnaMnUvviFImYyepSgeTot eRkABIviFIEdl)anBnül;BIxagedImenAkñúgem
eronTI 3. viFIenHeK[eQμaHfa strut and tie model. viFIepSgenHRtUv)anGnuvtþy:agmanRbsiT§PaBenAkñúg
tMbn;Edldac; discontinuity enAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúM dUcCatMbn;TRm tMbn;EdlbnÞúkGnuvtþ b¤tMbn;Edlmuxkat;FrNI
maRtpøas;bþÚrPøam²dUcCa brackets nig portal frames. enAkñúgtMbn;TaMgenH muxkat;rabesμIminrkSaenArabesμI
eRkayeBlrgkarBt; ¬dUcGVIEdl)ansnμt;enAkñgemeronTI3¦ ehIyvaRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa tMbn; D (D-region)
¬rUbTI5>5 a¦. tMbn;epSgeTotebs;Fñwmsþg;da RTwsþIbTFñwmmUldæan nigTMnak;TMng linear strain relationship
RtUv)anGnuvtþ. tMbn;TaMgenHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa tMbn; B (B-region) ¬rUbTI5>5 a¦.
edayQrelIeKalkarN_ St. Venant PaBdac;KñaenAkñúgkarEbgEckkugRtaMgenAkúñgtMbn; D ¬Edl
bNþalmkBIragFrNImaRt b¤lkçxNÐbnÞúk¦bgðajfakugRtaMgbNþalmkBIbnÞúktamGkS½ nigm:Um:g;Bt; kar
BRgaykugRtaMgesÞIrEtmanlkçN³CabnÞat;enAcm¶ayRbEhlnwgkm<s; h rbs;Ggát;BIcMNucdac; ¬rUbTI5>5 b nig
c¦. RbsinebItMbn; D BIrCan;Kña b¤CYbKña BYkvaGacRtUv)anKitCatMbn; D EtmYy. pleFobrvagRbEvgGtibrma
nigkm<s;esμInwg 2 EdlbegáItmMuGb,brma 26.5o rvag strut and tie ¬b¤RbEhl 25o ¦.

enAkñúgKMrU strut and tie ¬rUbTI5>6¦ cMNucEdlkmøaMgbICYbKñaenAtMN D RtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa cMNuc
node nigmaDebtugEdlenACMuvijcMNuc node RtUv)anehAfatMbn;cMNuc nodal zone. kmøaMgEdlmanGMeBIenA
elIcMNuc node GacERbRbYleTAtamkmøaMgTaj nigkmøaMgsgát;énbnSMepSg² dUcCa C − C − C / C − C − T /

C − T − T / T − T − T ¬rUbTI 5>7¦. rUbTI5>8 bgðajBIRbePTtMbn;cMNuc typical nodal zone sRmab;kar
GnuvtþbnÞúkepSg² cMENkÉrUbTI 5>9 bgðajBI extended nodal zone sRmab;srésEdkmYy b¤eRcInRsTab;.

KMrU strut and tie (Strut and Tie Model)

KMrU strut and tie GacRtUv)anbgðajedayKMrU truss CamYynwgkmøaMgeFVIGMeBIenAelIcMNucepSg². \LÚv
BicarNanUv truss EdkEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 5>10. edaysarEtvamanlkçN³sIuemRTI RbtikmμenAcMNuc
A nig B esμIKña R A = RB = 20kN nigBIlMnwgéntMN A nig D kmøaMgTajenAkñúg AB = 20kN enAeBlEdl
kmøaMgsgát;enAkñúg AD b¤ BD = 28.3kN . Ggát; AB RtUv)anKitCa tie cMENkÉ AD nig BD RtUv)ancat;Tuk

Ca strut. kmøaMgenAkñúgGgát;epSg²eTotesμIsUnü. edayeRbobeFob truss enHCamYyFñwmbtugenAkñúgrUbTI 5>6a
eyIgGaceXIjfaRkLaépÞPaKeRcInén ACD nig BED nigRkLaépÞEdlenABIxageRkam nodal zone D min
manRbsiT§PaB nigeFVIkarCa filler. kmøaMgenAkñúg strut sRmab;lkçxNÐbnÞúkenH FMCagkmøaMgenAkñúg tie. kñúg
krNIenH vamanRkLaépÞebtugRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVIkarCa strut ¬rUbTI5>6a¦. eKRtUvkarCacaM)ac;nUvsrésEdk
edIm,IeFVIkarCa tie sRmab; AB . karcgP¢ab;d¾RtwmRtUvrbs; tie mansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;karKNnaRbkb
edaysuvtßiPaB. karcgP¢ab;KYreFVIeLIgenAtMbn; nodal zone.


5>7>2> viFIsaRsþKNnatam ACI (ACI Design Procedure)

edayQrelI ACI Code, Section A.2 karKNnatMbn; D-region rab;bBa©ÚlnUvCMhanxageRkam³
- kMNt; nigbMEbknUvtMbn;nImYy²
- kMNt;kmøaMgpÁÜbEdlmanGMeBIelIEdntMbn; D-region nImYy²
- eRCIserIsKMrU truss edIm,IbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgpÁÜbenAkñúgtMbn; D-region. G½kSén strut nig tie KYrRtYtsIuKñaCa
mYynwgtMbn;sgát; compression field nigtMbn;Taj tension field.
- kMNt;TTwgRbsiT§PaBrbs; struts nig nodal zones edayQrelIersIusþg;ebtug ersIusþg;Edk nigKMrU

truss Edl)aneRCIserIs.
- epÞógpÞat;lkçxNÐeFVIkar serviceability condition EdleyageTAtamtRmUvkarrbs; ACI Code.

PaBdabrbs;Fñwmx<s; deep beam GacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIkarviPaKeGLasÞic elastic analysis.
lkçxNÐRKb;RKgsñameRbHén ACI Code, Section 10.6.4 KYrRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;edaysnμt;fa tie
RtUv)aneRsabenAkñúgRBIsebtug eyagtam RA.4.2 .

5>7>3> tRmUvkarsRmab;karKNna (Design Requirement)

tRmUvkarKNnasRmab; struts nig tie GacRtUv)ansnμt;dUcxageRkam³
1> KNna struts, ties nigtMbn; nodal zone
φFn ≥ Fu (5-13)
Edl Fu = kmøaMgenAkñúg struts, ties nigtMbn; nodal zone Edl)anBIbnÞúkemKuN
Fn = ersIusþg; nominal strength rbs; struts, ties nigtMbn; nodal zone
φ = 0.75 sRmab;TaMg struts nig tie

2> ersIusþg;rbs; struts ³ ersIusþg;sgát; nominal compressive strength rbs; struts EdlKμanEdk
beNþay Fns KYrEttUcCagtémø Fns enAcugTaMgBIrrbs; struts ³
Fns = f ce Acs (5-14)
Edl Acs = RkLaépÞmuxkat;enAcugmçagrbs; struts
f ce = ersIusþg;sgát;RbsiT§PaBrbs;ebtugEdltUcCagenAkúñg struts b¤ nodal zone.
f ce = 0.85β s f 's (5-15)
Edl βs = sRmab; struts manrUbragCaRBIs
β s = sRmab; struts EdlTTwgRtg;muxkat;kNþalGgát;FMCag TTwgenAcMNuc node
(bottle-shaped struts) CamYybrimaNEdkRKb;;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwg kugRtaMgTaj
tamTTwg.
β s = 0.6λ dUcGVIEdl)anerobrab;xagelI edayKμanbrimaNEdkRKb;;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwg

kugRtaMgTajtamTTwg ¬ λ = 1.0 sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;Fmμta normal-weight

concrete, 0.85 sRmab;ebtugxSac;Tm¶n;Rsal sand-lightweight concrete nig
0.75 sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;RsalTaMgGs; lightweight concrete¦.
β s = 0.4 sRmab; struts enAkñgGgát;Taj b¤søab

β s = 0.6 sRmab;krNIepSgeTotTaMgGs;
3> EdkExVg struts ¬rUbTI5>11¦³ sRmab; f 'c ≤ 35MPa témø β s = 0.75 GacRtUv)aneRbIRbsinebI
G½kSrbs; struts RtUv)anExVgedayRsTab;Edk
Asi
∑ sin γ i ≥ 0.003 (5-16)
bs si
Edl Asi = RkLaépÞmuxkat;EdksrubenAKMlat si enAkñúgRsTab;TI i Edlkat; strut enAmMu
α i CamYyG½kSrbs; strut.
si = KMlatEdkenAkñúgRsTab;TI i Edlkat; strut enAmMu α i CamYyG½kSrbs; strut .
bs = TTwgGgát;
α1 = mMurvagG½kSrbs; strut nigr)arenAkñúgRsTab;TI i énr)arEdlkat;Kñaeday strut.
4> Edkrgkarsgát;enAkñúg struts ³ Edkrgkarsgát;GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbegáInersIusþg;rbs; strut

Fns = f ce Acs + A's f 's (5-17)
Edl Fns = ersIusþg;én strut BRgwgedayEdkbeNþay
A's = RkLaépÞénEdksgát;enAkñúg strut

kugRtaMgenAkñúg A's ¬ f 's = f y sRmab; 400 → 500MPa ¦

f 's =
5> ersIusþg;rbs; tie ³ersIusþg; nominal strength én tie, Fnt KW³

Fnt = Ats f y + Atp ( f se + Δf p ) (5-18)
Edl Ats = RkLaépÞEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgenAkñúg tie

Atp = RkLaépÞEdkeRbkugRtaMg
f se = kugRtaMgRbsiT§PaBeRkayeBl)at;bg;enAkñúgEdkrgeRbkugRtaMg
Δf p = karbegáInkugRtaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkemKuN
Atp = 0 sRmab;Ggát;minrgeRbkugRtaMg
( f se + Δf p ) ≤ f py (5-19)
eKGacGnuBaØat[yk Δf p = 400MPa sRmab; bonded prestressed reinforced b¤

Δf p = 70MPa sRmab; unbonded prestressed reinforced . dUcKña EdnkMNt;x<s;énkarGnuvtþ
sRmab;TTwgrbs; tie GacRtUv)anykdUcxageRkam

wt , max = Fnt /( f cebs ) (5-20)
6> ersIusþg;rbs;tMbn; nodal zones³ ersIusþg; nominal compression strength éntMbn; nodal zones
Fnn KYrEtesμI
Fnn = f ce Anz (5-21)
Edl RkLaépÞxagebs; nodal zone b¤muxkat;rbs; nodal zone EdlEkgeTAnwg
Anz =
kmøaMgpÁÜbenAelImuxkat;
7> Confinement enAkñúgtMbn; nodal zones: y:agehacNas;Edk confinement RtUv)anpþl;[enA
kñúgtMbn; nodal zone nig\T§iBlrbs;vaRtuv)anKaMRTedaykarBiesaF nigkarviPaKenaHkugRtaMg
rgkarsgát;RbsiT§PaBKNnaenAelIépÞéntMbn; nodal zone EdlbNþalmkBIkmøaMg strut nigkmøaMg
tie minKYrelIsBI témøxageRkam³
f ce = 0.85β n f 'c (5-22)
Edl enAkñúgtMbn; nodal zone EdlP¢ab;eday strut b¤ bearing areas b¤TaMgBIr
β n = 1.0
¬ C − C − C node¦.
β n = 0.8 enAkñúgtMbn; nodal zone Edlf<k;P¢ab; tie mYy ¬ C − C − T node¦.
β n = 0.6 enAkñúgtMbn; nodal zone Edlf<k;P¢ab; tie BIr b¤eRcIn ¬ C − T − T node¦.
karGnuvtþénviFI strut and tie method sRmab;Fñwmx<s;manenAkñúgemeronTI8 ]TahrN_TI6.

VI. PaBdab nigsñameRbH

6>1> sñameRbHenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMebtug (Deflection of Structural Concrete Members)
Ggát;ebtugrgkarBt;RtUv)anKNnasRmab;suvtßiPaB nigkareRbIR)as; (serviceability) . Ggát;Edl)an
KNnaedayeKarBtamsmIkar nigkarkMNt;EdlEcgedaybTdæan ACI Code nwgmansuvtßiPaB. dUcenH dUc
karBnül;kñúgemeronmun TMhMGgát;nImYy²Edl)ankMNt; k¾dUcbrimaNEdkcaM)ac;edIm,IrkSanUvlT§PaBm:Um:g;kñúg
esμI b¤FMCagm:Um:g;xageRkA. enAeBlEdl TMhMmuxkat;cugeRkayRtUv)anKNna FñwmRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;sRmab;lkç
xNÐbeRmIbRmas; (serviceability) dUcCasñameRbH nigPaBdab. edIm,IkarBarnUvsñameRbH nigPaBdabelIslb;
eKcaM)ac;manPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggát;RKb;RKan;.
kareRbIR)as; ACI Code provision Edl)anBicarNanUvTMnak;TMng nonlinear relationship rvag
stress nig strain enAkñúgebtug )anpþl;CalT§plnUvmuxkat;tUcCagmuxkat;EdlKNnadayRTwsþIeGLasÞic. bT
dæan ACI Code ,Section 9.4 TTYlsÁal;nUvkareRbIR)as;EdkEdlman yield strength rhUtdl; 560MPa nig
kareRbIR)as;nUvebtugersIusþg;x<s;. kareRbInUvebtug nigEdkersIusþg;x<s;pþl;CalT§plnUvmuxkat;tUcCag ehIy
karbnßynUvPaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarBt;rbs;Ggát; )an[PaBdabekInFMCag.
PaBdabEdlGacGnuBaØatRtUv)ankMNt;edayktþaepSg²dUcCa RbePTGKar rUbragrbs;GKar vtþman
rbs;Bidan nigCBa¢aMg karxUcxatrMBwgTukEdlbNþalBIPaBdabelIslb; nigRbePT nigTMhMrbs;bnÞúkcl½t.
bTdæan ACI Code , Section 9.5 kMNt;bBa¢ak;kRmas;Gb,brmasRmab;Ggát;rgkarBt;mYyTis one-
way flexural members nigkRmalxNÐmYyTis dUcbgðajkñúgtaragTI 1. témøTaMgGs;kñúgtaragKWsRmab;
Ggát;EdlminRT b¤EdlminP¢ab;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgxNÐ b¤sMNg;epSgeTotEdlTMngeFVI[xUcxatedayPaBdabFM.

taragTI1³ kRmas;Gb,brmarbs;Fñwm nigkRmalxNÐmYyTis ¬ L RbEvgElVg¦
Yield
Ggát; Strength
TRmsamBaØ cugmçagCab; cugsgçagCab; Cantilever
f y (MPa)
kRmalxNÐtan;mYyTis 275 L / 25 L / 30 L / 35 L / 12.5
350 L / 22 L / 27 L / 31 L / 11
400 L / 20 L / 24 L / 28 L / 10
Fñwm b¤kRmalxNÐ 275 L / 20 L / 23 L / 26 L / 10
ribbed mYyTis 350 L / 18 L / 20.5 L / 23.5 L/9
400 L / 16 L / 18.5 L / 21 L/8

PaBdab nigsñameRbH 123 T.Chhay
kRmas;Gb,brmaEdlbgðajenAkñúgtaragTI1 RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;Ggát;EdlplitBIebtugTm¶n;Fmμta
normal-weight concrete, W = 2320kg / m 3 nigsRmab;EdkEdlman yield strength dUcbgðajkñúgtarag.
témøRtUv)anEktRmUvsRmab;krNIebtugTm¶n;Rsal b¤ yield strength rbs;EdkxusBI 400MPa dUcxageRkam³

- sRmab;rbtugTm¶n;RsalEdlmanTm¶n;maDsßitkñúgcenøaH 1400kg / m3 − 1900kg / m3 témøenAkñúg
taragsRmab; f y = 400MPa RtUvKuNnwg (1.65 − 0.0003125Wc ) b:uEnþminRtUvtUcCag 1.09 . Edl
Wc Cam:as;maDebtug.
- sRmab; yield strength rbs;EdkxusBI 400MPa témøenAkñúgtaragsRmab; f y = 400MPa RtUvKuN

nwg (0.4 + f y / 689.5) .
6>2> PaBdabxN³ (Instantaneous Deflection)
PaBdabrbs;Ggát;ekIteLIgCacMbgedaysarbnÞúkefrbUknwgbnÞúkGefrmYyEpñk b¤TaMgGs;. PaBdab
EdlekIteLIgPøam²bnÞab;BIGnuvtþbnÞúkeK[eQμaHfa PaBdabPøam² (immediate deflection) b¤PaBdabxN³
(instantaneous deflection) . eRkambnÞúkEdlGnuvtþsßitesßr PaBdabnwgekIneLIgKYr[kt;sMKal;CamYynwg
eBl. eKmanviFIepSg²sRmab;KNnaPaBdabenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMsþaTickMNt; nigsþaTicminkMNt;. karKNnaPaB

dab instantaneous deflection KWQrelI elastic behavior énGgát;rgkarBt;. PaBdabeGLasÞic Δ CaGnu-
Kmn_eTAnwgbnÞúk W ElVg L m:Um:g;niclPaB I nigm:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;smÖar³ E ³
⎛ WL ⎞ ⎛ WL3 ⎞ ⎛ ML2 ⎞
Δ= f⎜ ⎟ = α ⎜ ⎟ = K ⎜ ⎟ (6-1)
⎝ EI ⎠ ⎜ EI ⎟ ⎜ EI ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Edl W = bnÞúksrubenAelIElVg ehIy α nig K CaemKuNEdlGaRs½yeTAnwgdWeRkénPaBbgáb;rbs;
TRm bERmbRmYlm:Um:g;niclPaBtambeNþayElVg nigkarBRgaybnÞúk. ]TahrN_ PaBdabGtibrmaénbnÞúk
BRgayesμIenAelIFñwmTRmsamBaØKW³
5WL3 5wL4
Δ= = (6-2)
384 EI 384 EI
Edl W = bnÞúksrubenAelIElVg = wL ¬bnÞúkBRgayesμIelImYyxñatRbEvg × ElVg¦. PaBdabrbs;Fñwm
CamYynwglkçxNÐbnÞúk niglkçxNÐTRmepSg² edayCab;GnuKmn_eTAnwgbnÞúk ElVg nig EI RtUv)an[enAkñúg
]bsm<½n§ C nigenAkñúgesovePAviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM.
edaysareKsÁal; W nig L enaHeKRKan;EtKNnam:UDuleGLasÞic E nigm:Um:g;niclPaB I énGgát;eb
tug b¤PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;Ggát; EI .
6>2>1> m:UDuleGLasÞic (Modulus of Elasticity)
bTdæan ACI Code , Section 8.5 kMNt;bBa¢ak;fa eKGacykm:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtug Ec
T.Chhay 124 Deflection and Control of Cracking
Ec = 0.043Wc1.5 f 'c sRmab;témø Wc enAcenøaH 1400kg / m3 eTA 2500kg / m3 (6-3)
Ec = 4780 f 'c sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;Fmμta normal-weight concrete Wc = 2320kg / m3

CaTUeTAm:UDuleGLasÞicRtUv)ankMNt;edayebtugsMNakKMrYsIuLaMgrgbnÞúkkñúgry³eBlxøI short-term
loading of concrete cylinder. enAkñúgGgát;BitR)akd creep EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkEdlGnuvtþmkelICab;
lab; ¬y:agehacNas;k¾manbnÞúkefr¦ man\T§iBleTAelIm:UDulenAEpñkrgkarsgát;énGgát;. sRmab;Epñkrgkar

Taj m:UDulenAkñúgEpñkTajRtUv)ansnμt;dUcKñanwgm:UDulenAkñúgEpñksgát; enAeBlEdltémø stress mantémøtUc.
enAeBl stress FM m:UDuleGLasÞicfycuHCaxøaMg. elIsBIenH m:UDuleGLasÞicERbRbYltambeNþayElVgEdl
bNþalmkBIbERmbRmYlénm:Um:g;nigkmøaMgkat;TTwg.
6>2>2> pleFobm:UDuleGLasÞic (Modular Ratio)
pleFobm:UDuleGLasÞic n = Es / Ec EdlRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgkarbMElgRkLaépÞ dUcEdl)anBnül;enA
kñúgemeronTI2 EpñkTI10. vaRtUv)anKitCacMnYnKt; EtminGactUcCag 6 . ]TahrN_ enAeBlEdl
f 'c = 17.5MPa enaH n = 10
f 'c = 20MPa enaH n = 9
sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;Fmμta (normal-weight concrete) n GacykesμI 42 / f 'c .
6>2>3> m:Um:g;eRbH (Cracking moment)
dMeNIrkarénkar)ak;rbs;FñwmTRmsamBaØrgbnÞúkRtUv)anBnül;enAkñúgkfaxNÐ 3>3. enAeBlbnÞúk
Gnuvtþn¾tUc ¬ekItmanm:Um:g;tUc¦ nig stress enAsrésrgkarTajeRkAbMputnwgmantémøtUcCagm:UDuldac;
(modulus of rupture) rbs;ebtug f r = 0.623 f 'c . RbsinebIeKbegáInbnÞúkrhUtdl;kugRtaMgTaj (tensile
stress) xiteTACitkugRtaMgdac;mFüm f r enaHsñameRbHnwgcab;epþImekIteLIg. RbsinebIkugRtaMgTajFMCag f r
muxkat;nwgeRbH ehIykrNImuxkat;eRbHnwgcab;epþImekIteLIg. enHmann½yfaeKmanbIkrNIRtUvBicarNa³

- enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTaj ft tUcCag f r muxkat;Gt;eRbHTaMgmUlRtUv)anBicarNaedIm,IKNnalkçN³
rbs;muxkat;. enAkñgkrNIenH m:Um:g;niclPaB I g RtUv)aneRbI³ I g = bh3 / 12 Edl bh = muxkat;ebtugTaMg
mUl.
- enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTaj ft esμInwg fr = 0.623 f 'c sñameRbHnwgcab;epþImekItman ehIym:Um:g;Edl
begáItnUvkugRtaMgenHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa m:Um:g;eRbH (cracking moment) . edayeRbIrUbmnþkugRtaMgBt;
Ig
f r = M cr
I
c
b¤ M cr = f r
c
(6-4)
g

Edl fr = 0.623 f 'c / I g = m:Um:g;niclPaBmuxkat;l¥eBj nig c = cm¶ayBIG½kSNWteTAsrésrgkar

TajEpñkxageRkAbMput. ]TahrN_ sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkg I g = bh3 / 12 nig c = h / 2
- enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;xageRkAFMCagm:Um:g;eRbH (cracking moment) M cr enaHkrNImuxkat;eRbHnwgcab;
epþImekIteLIg ehIyebtugenAkñúgtMbn;rgkarTajRtUv)anecal. muxkat;eRbHbMElg (transformed cracked
section) RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBeRbH (cracking moment of inertia) I cr edayeRbIRkLaépÞ
ebtugenAkñgtMbn;sgát; nigRkLaépÞEdkbMElg (transformed steel area) nAs .

]TahrN_6>1³ muxkat;ebtugctuekaNEkgRtUv)anBRgwgedayEdk 3DB28 enAkñúgmYyCYr ehIymanTTwg
300mm nigkm<s;srub 650mm cMENk d = 585mm ¬rUb 6>1¦. cUrKNnam:UDuldac; (modulus of
rupture) f r / m:Um:g;niclPaBmuxkat;l¥eBj I g nigm:Um:g;eRbH M cr edayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig
f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> m:UDuldac; modulus of rupture fr = 0.623 f 'c = 3.28MPa
2> m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;l¥eBj I g = bh3 / 12 = 300(650)3 / 12 = 6.87 ⋅109 mm4
3> m:Um:g;eRbH M cr = f r I g / c = 3.28 × 6.87 ⋅109 / 325 = 69.3kN.m
6>2>4> m:Um:g;niclPaB (Moment of inertia)

edayKuNm:Umg;niclPaBeTAnwgm:UDuleGLasÞiceyIgTTYl)anPaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarBt;rbs;Ggát;.
eRkambnÞúktUc m:Um:g;GtibrmaEdlekItmannwgmantémøtUc ehIy tensile stress enAsrésrgkarTajxageRkA
bMputnwgmantémøtUcCagm:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug. enAkñúgkrNIenH muxkat;eRbHbMElgeBj (gross transformed
cracked section) nwgmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarpþl;nUvPaBrwgmaM. enAxN³bnÞúkeFVIkar b¤bnÞúkFM sñameRbHenAtMbn;
TajEdl)anmkBIkarBt;nwgekIteLIg. enARtg;muxkat;eRbH TItaMgG½kSNWtsßitenAx<s; b:uEnþenARtg;muxkat;

kNþalcenøaHsñameRbHenAelIbeNþayFñwm TItaMgG½kSNWtsßitenATab ¬Ek,rEdkrgkarTaj¦. manEtTItaMgTaMg

BIrenHeT Edlmuxkat;eRbHbMElgmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarkMNt;PaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggát;. dUcenH m:Um:g;niclPaB
RbsiT§PaBERbRbYly:agxøaMgtambeNþayElVg. enATItaMgm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma enaHEpñkebtugeRbHenAtMbn;rgkar
TajminRtUv)anKitkñúgkarKNnam:Um:g;niclPaB. enARtg;cMNucrbt; kugRtaMgtUc ehIymuxkat;TaMgmUlGacnwg
mineRbH. sRmab;sßanPaBenH nigenAkñúgkrNIsRmab;FñwmEdlmanFñwmERbRbYl dMeNaHRsayd¾RtwmRtUvman
lkçN³sμúKsμaj.
rUb 6>2 a bgðajBIExSekagbnÞúk-PaBdabrbs;FñwmebtugEdlRtUv)aneFVIBiesaFn_rhUtdl;)ak;. Fñwm
RtUv)anRTedayTRmsamBaØ manRbEvg 17 ft nigrgnUvbnÞúkcMcMNucBIrEdlmancm¶ayBIKña 5 ft edaysIuemRTInwg
G½kS. FñwmRtUv)anrgnUvkardak;bnÞúkBIrCMu³ TImYy ¬ExSekag cy1 ¦ ExSekagbnÞúk-PaBdabCabnÞat;Rtg;eLIgelI
dl;bnÞúk P = 1.7 K enAeBlEdlFñwmcab;epþImekItmansñameRbH. bnÞat; a bgðajnUvTMnak;TMngbnÞúk-PaBdab
edayeRbIm:Um:g;niclPaBsRmab;muxkat;bMElgGt;eRbH. eKGacemIleXIjfaPaBdabBitR)akdrbs;FñwmeRkam
bnÞúkEdltUcCagbnÞúkeRbH ¬edayQrelImuxkat;Gt;eRbHsac;mYy homogeneous cracked section¦ mantémø
Ek,reTAnwgPaBdabEdl)anmkBIkarKNna ¬bnÞat; a ¦. ExSekag cy1 bgðajnUvExSekagPaBdabBitR)akd
enAeBlEdlbnÞúkekIneLIgrhUtdl;Bak;kNþalbnÞúkcugeRkay (ultimate load). CRmal (slop) rbs;ExSekag
enARKb;nIv:UbnÞúkTaMgGs; mantémøtUcCagCRmalrbs;bnÞat; a edaysarEtsñameRbHekItman ehIyEpñkEdl
eRbHénmuxkat;ebtug)ankat;bnßynUvPaBrwgRkajrbs;Fñwm. bnÞab;mkbnÞúkRtUv)andkecjPaBdabEdlenA
esssl; (residual deflection) RtUv)anGegáteXIjmanenAkNþalElVgFñwm. enAeBlmansñameRbHkarsnμt;
BIkarRbRBwtþeTArbs;muxkat;Gt;eRbHeRkambnÞúktUcminRtUv)anykmkGnuvtþ.
sRmab;karGnuvtþbnÞúkCMuTIBIr PaBdab ¬ExSekag c ¦ )anekIneLIgkñúgkRmitFMCagbnÞat; a edaysar
EtersIusþg;rbs;srésebtugTajRtUv)an)at;bg;. enAeBlbnÞúkekIneLIg TMnak;TMngrvagbnÞúk nigPaBdabRtUv
)anbgðajedayExSekag cy2 . RbsinebIbnÞúkenACMuTImYyekIneLIgdl;bnÞúkcugeRkay enaHExSekag cy1 nwgcab;
ykKnøgExSekag cy2 enARtg;bnÞúkRbEhl 0.6Pu . ExSekag c bgðajBIdMeNIrkarBitR)akdrbs;FñwmsRmab;
karbEnßmbnÞúk b¤kardkbnÞúk.
bnÞat; b bgðajBITMnak;TMngrvagbnÞúk nigPaBdabedayQrelImuxkat;bMElgeRbH. eKeXIjfa PaB
dabEdlKNnaedayQrelIeKalkarN_hñwg xusKñaBIPaBdabBitR)akd. rUb 6>2 b bgðajBIbERmbRmYlPaB
rwgRkaj EI rbs;FñwmCamYynwgkarekIneLIgénm:Um:g;. bTdæan ACI Code, section 9.5 ENnaMnUvsmIkaredIm,I
kMNt; m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§PaBEdleRbIenAkñúgkarKNnaPaBdabenAkñúgm:Um:g;rgkarBt;. m:Um:g;niclPaB

RbsiT§PaBEdl[eday ACI Code (Eq. 9.8) edayQrelIsmIkarEdlesñIedayelak Branson nwgRtUv)an

KNnadUcxageRkam³
⎛M ⎞
3 ⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3 ⎤
I e = ⎜⎜ cr ⎟⎟ I g + ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ cr ⎟⎟ ⎥ I cr ≤ I g (6-5)
⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Edl Ie = m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§PaB
⎛ fr I g ⎞
M cr = m:Um:g;eRbH/ ⎜⎜ ⎟ (6-6)
⎝ Y ⎟
t ⎠
fr = m:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug fr = 0.623 f 'c (6-7)
M a = m:Um:g;KμanemKuNGtibrmarbs;Ggát;enAxN³EdlPaBdabkMBugRtUv)anKNna
I g = m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;ebtugl¥eBjeFobG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n; edayecalEdl
I cr = m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;bMElgeRbH
Yt = cm¶ayBIG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;edayecalEdkeTAépÞrgkarTaj.
xageRkamCakarkMNt;edaybTdæan³
1> sRmab;FñwmCab; m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§PaBGacRtUv)anyktémømFüménm:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;
Edlmanm:Um:g;viC¢man nigGviC¢manFMCageK.
2> sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;Rsal m:UDuldac; fr edIm,IeRbIenAkñúgsmIkar (6-6) esμInwg
⎛ f ⎞
f r = 0.623⎜ ct ⎟
⎝ 0.556 ⎠
Edl f ct
0.556
≤ f 'c (6-8a)
Edl fct CaersIusþg;TajedaykarbMEbk (splitting tensile strength). enAeBlEdleKGt;sÁal;

f ct enaH f r GacRtUv)anKitdUcxageRkam³
f r = 0.465 f 'c (6-8b)
sRmab;ebtugeFVIBIxSac;Tm¶n;Rsal (sand-lightweight concrete)

f r = 0.532 f 'c (6-8c)
3> sRmab;Ggát;RBIs Ie GacyktémøEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar (6-5) enAkNþalElVgsRmab;FñwmTRm

samBaØ nigFñwmCab; nigenATRmsRmab;Fñwm cantilever (ACI Code, section 9.5.2) .
cMNaMfa Ie Edl)anmkBIkarKNnatamsmIkar (6-5) pþl;nUvtémøEdlsßitenAcenøaHm:Um:g;nicl
PaBl¥eBj gross moment of inertia I g nig m:Um:g;niclPaBeRbH cracked moment of inertia
I cr edayGnuKmn_eTAnwgkRmiténpleFob cr . Ggát;ebtugEdlmanbrimaNEdkeRcIn Gacnwg
M
M a

man Ie xiteTACit Icr b:uEnþsRmab;Ggát;EdlmanRTnug flanged member Gacnwgman Ie xiteTA

Cit I g .
4> sRmab;FñwmCab; témøRbEhléntémømFümén Ie sRmab;Ggát;RBIs b¤minRBIs edIm,IeFVI[lT§pl

kan;EtRbesIreLIgmandUcxageRkam³
- sRmab;FñwmEdlmancugsgçagCab; Average Ie = 0.7 I m + 0.15( Ie1 + Ie2 ) (6-9)
- sRmab;FñwmEdlmancugmçagCab; Average Ie = 0.85I m + 0.15(Icon ) (6-10)

Edl I m = Ie enAkNþalElVg É Ie1, I e2 = Ie enAcugFñwmsgçag nig Icon = Ie enARtg;cug

Cab;. Ie GacyktémømFümén Ie enARtg;muxkat;Edlmanm:Um:g;viC¢man nigGviC¢manFM. eKKYr
eRbI moment envelope kñúgkarKNnatémøviC¢man nigGviC¢manén Ie . enAkñúgkrNIEdlFñwmrg
bnÞúkcMp©itFM manEt Ie kNþalElVgKYrRtUv)aneRbI.
6>2>5> lkçN³rbs;muxkat; (Properties of sections)
edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBmuxkat;eBj gross section nigmuxkat;eRbH cracked section eKcaM)ac;RtUv
KNnacm¶ayBIsrésrgkarsgát; compression fiber eTAG½kSNWt neutral axis ¬ x b¤ kd ¦.
1> m:Um:g;niclPaBeBj I g ¬ecalmuxkat;EdkTaMgGs;enAkñúgebtug¦
a. sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgEdlmanTTwg b nigkm<s;srub h enaH I g = bh3 / 12 .
b. sRmab;muxkat; T-section EdlmanTTwgsøab b TTwgRTnug bw nigkRmas;RTnug t KNna y
cm¶ayBIG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;eTAcMNucx<s;bMputrbs;søab³
⎟ + b (h − t ) ⎡ (h − t ) ⎤
⎛ bt 2 ⎞
⎜
⎜ 2 ⎟ w ⎢⎣ 2 + t ⎥⎦
y=⎝ ⎠ (6-11)
bt + bw (h − t )
bnÞab;mkeTotKNna
⎡ bt 3 t ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ( y − t )3 ⎤ ⎡ (h − y ) ⎤
2
⎛
Ig = ⎢ + bt ⎜ y − ⎟ ⎥ + ⎢bw ⎥ + bw (6-11a)
⎢⎣ 12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
2> m:Um:g;niclPaBeRbH Icr ³ yk x = cm¶ayBIG½kSNWtmksrésrgkarsgát;eRkAbMput ¬ x = kd ¦

a. muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEtnwgEdkrgkarTaj As
i. KNna x BIsmIkarxageRkam
bx 2
− nAs (d − x) = 0 (6-12)
2
ii. KNna Icr = bx3 / 3 + nAs (d − x)2 (6-12a)
b. muxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkrgkarTaj As nigEdkrgkarsgát; A's

bx 2
i. KNna x ³ + (n − 1) A's ( x − d ' ) − nAs (d − x) = 0 (6-13)
2
ii. KNna I cr = (bx 3 / 3) + (n − 1) A's ( x − d ' ) 2 + nAs (d − x) 2 (6-13a)
c. T-section CamYyEdkrgkarTaj As
i. KNna x ³
t
bt ( x − ) + bw
(x − t )2 − nA (d − x) = 0 (6-14)
s
2 2

KNna Icr = ⎡⎢ bt12 + bt⎛⎜⎝ x − 2t ⎞⎟⎠ ⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢bw (x −3 t ) ⎤⎥ + nAs (d − x)2

3 2 3
ii. (6-14a)
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
6>3> PaBdabry³eBlyUr (Long-term Deflection)

PaBdabrbs;Ggát;ebtugEdkBRgwgbnþekIneLIgeRkambnÞúkEdlGnuvtþsßitesßr ebIeTaHbICavayWtebI
eRbobeFobCamYyeBlk¾eday. karrYmmaD nig creep CamUlehtueFVI[ekItmanPaBdabbEnßmEdleK[eQμaH
fa PaBdabry³eBlyUr long-term deflection. varg\T§iBlCacMbgBIsItuNðPaB sMeNIm Gayurbs;ebtug
enAxN³énkardak;bnÞúk karEfTaMebtug brimaNEdkrgkarsgát; nigdg;sIuetbnÞúkefr. bTdæan ACI Code,
Section 9.5 esñIfa y:agehacNas;témøEdlTTYledaykarviPaKd¾RtwmRtUvmYy KWPaBdabry³eBlyUrbEnßm
sRmab;Ggát;rgkarBt;ebtugFmμta nigebtugTm¶n;RsalKYr)an TTYlBIkarKuNPaBdabPøam²CamYyemKuN

ζ
λΔ = (6-15)
1 + 50 ρ '
Edl emKuNsRmab;PaBdabbEnßmEdlbNþalmkBI\T§iBlry³eBlyUr
λΔ =
ρ '= A's / bd sRmab;muxkat;enAkNþalElVgrbs;FñwmTRmsamBaØ b¤FñwmCab;
b¤sRmab;muxkat;enATRm rbs;Fñwm cantilever .
ζ = emKuNGaRs½yeBl time-dependent factor
sRmab;bnÞúkefrEdlGacnwgykdUcbgðajkñúg taragTI 6>2.
emKuN λΔ RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnaPaBdabEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkefr nigEpñkxøHénbnÞúkGefrEdlnwg
sßitenAzitezrsRmab;ry³eBlmYyRKb;RKan;edIm,IbegáItnUvPaBdabGaRs½ynwgeBlmYyKYr[kt;sMKal;. em
KuN λΔ CaGnuKmn_eTAnwglkçN³smÖar³ EdlsMEdgeday ζ niglkçN³muxkat; sMEdgeday (1 + 50ρ ' ) .
enAkñúgsmIkar (6-15) \T§iBlrbs;Edkrgkarsgát;KWTak;TgeTAnwgRkLaépÞebtugCagTak;TgeTAnwgpleFob
rvagEdksgát;elIEdkTaj.
ACI Code Commentary, section 9.5 bgðajnUvExSekagedIm,IKNna ζ sRmab;ry³eBlticCag 60
Ex. témøTaMgenHRtUv)anKNnadUcbgðajkñúgtaragTI 6>2.

PaBdabsrubesμInwgplbUkPaBdabPøam² nigPaBdabbEnßmry³eBlyUr. ]TahrN_ PaBdabbEnßm
ry³eBlyUrsrubrbs;FñwmrgkarBt;CamYy ρ ' = 0.01 enAry³eBl 5 qñaMesμInwgplKuN λΔ CamYynwgPaBdab
Pøam² Edl λΔ = 2 /(1 + 50 × 0.01) = 1.33 .

tarag 6>2 emKuNGaRs½yeBlsRmab;PaBdabry³eBlyUr

ry³eBl ¬Ex¦ 1 3 6 12 24 36 48 60
ζ 0 .5 1 .0 1 .2 1 .4 1 .7 1 .8 1 .9 2 .0
6>4> PaBdabGnuBaØat (Allowable Deflection)

GaRs½yeTAtambTdæan ACI Code, Section 9.5 PaBdabminRtUvelIstémødUcxageRkam ³
- L /180 sRmab;PaBdabPøam²EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefrsRmab;dMbUlerobesμIEdlminRTGgát;Edl
TMngeFVIxUcxat.
- L / 360 sRmab;PaBdabPøam²EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefrsRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlminRTGgát;Edl
TMngeFVIxUcxat.
- L / 480 sRmab;EpñkénPaBdabsrubEdlekIteLIgeRkayBIkarP¢ab;Ggát; dUcCaplbUkPaBdabry³
eBlyUrEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkefrTaMgGs; nigPaBdabPøam²EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefrbEnßm
sRmab;kRmalxNÐ b¤dMbUlEdlRTGgát;EdlTMngnwgeFVI[xUcxat.
- L / 240 sRmab;EpñkénPaBdabsrubEdlekIteLIgeRkayBIGgát;RtUv)anP¢ab; sRmab;kRmalxNÐ b¤
dMbUlEdlminRTGgát;EdlTMngnwgeFVI[xUcxat.
6>5> PaBdabEdlbNþalmkBIbnSMbnÞúk (Deflection Due to Combinations of Load)
RbsinebIFñwmrgnUvbnÞúkeRcInRbePT ¬BRgayesμI BRgayminesμI b¤bnÞúkcMcMNuc¦ b¤rgnUvm:Um:g;cug enaH
PaBdabGacRtUv)anKNnasRmab;bnÞúk b¤kmøaMgtamRbePTmYy²EdlGnuvtþmkelIFñwmdac;edayELkBIKña ehIy
PaBdabsrubRtUvKNnaedayviFItRmYtpl superposition. enHmann½yfaPaBdabmYy²RtUveFVIplbUknBVnþCa
mYyKñaedIm,ITTYl)anPaBdabsrub. PaBdabrbs;bnÞúkeRkambnÞúkmYy²RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 6>3.
]TahrN_6>2³ KNnaPaBdabxN³kNþalElVgsRmab;FñwmTRmsamBaØdUcbgðajkñúgrUb 6>3 EdlRTnUvbnÞúk

efrBRgayesμI 5.85kN / m nigbnÞúkGefr 8.75kN / m rYmnwgbnÞúkefrcMcMNuc 22.25kN enARtg;kNþal
ElVg. eK[ f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa / b = 330mm nig d = 530mm nigkm<s;srub 630mm
¬ n = 8 ¦.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> epÞógpÞat;km<s;Gb,brmaGaRs½yeTAtambTdæan ACI Code tarag 6>1
km<s;srubGb,brma = 16L = 12200
16
= 762.5mm

edaysarkm<s;srubEdleRbIR)as; 630mm < 762.5mm dUcenH eKRtUvkarepÞógpÞat;PaBdab.

2> PaBdabenAkNþalElVgEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkBRgayKW
5wL4
Δ1 =
384 Ec I e
PaBdabenAkNþalElVgEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkcMcMNucKW
PL3
Δ2 =
48 Ec I e
edaysarEteKsÁal; w / P nig L dUcenHeKRtUvKNnam:UDuleGLasÞic
Ec nigm:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§PaB I e .
3> m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugKW
Ec = 4780 28 = 25293.4MPa
4> m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§PaB
⎛ M cr ⎞
3 ⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3 ⎤
⎜
Ie = ⎜ ⎟
⎟ I g + ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ cr ⎟⎟ ⎥ I cr ≤ I g
⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎢ ⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
kMNt;témøTaMgGs;enAGgÁxagsþaM
wL2 PL (8.75 + 5.85)12.22 22.25 × 12.2
Ma = + = + = 339.5kN .m
8 4 8 4
bh3 330(630)3
Ig = = = 6.88 ⋅ 109 mm 4
12 12
M cr =
fr I g
Yt
eday
f r = 0.623 f 'c = 0.623 28 = 3.3MPa
h
Yt = = 315mm
2
3.3 × 6.88 ⋅ 109
M cr = = 72.1kN .m
315
m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;bMElgeRbH Icr RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³

kMNt;TItaMgG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;sRmab;muxkat;eRbHedaysmIkarm:Um:g;énmuxkat;bMElgeFobG½kSTIRbCMu
Tm¶n;eTA 0 yk x = kd = cm¶ayBIG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;
bx 2 Es
− nAs (d − x) = 0 n= =8 As = 3041mm 2
2 Ec
165 x 2 + 24328 x − 12893840 = 0 x = 215.38mm

bx3
330(215.38)3
I cr = + nAs (d − x) 2 = + 8 × 3041(530 − 215.38) 2 = 3.5 ⋅ 109 mm 4
3 3
CamYynwgGgÁTaMgGs;Edl)anKNna eyIgTTYl)an
⎛ 72.1 ⎞
3 ⎡ ⎛ 72.1 ⎞3 ⎤
Ie = ⎜ ⎟ 6.88 ⋅ 10 + ⎢1 − ⎜
9
⎟ ⎥3.5 ⋅ 10 = 3.53 ⋅ 10 mm
9 9 4
⎝ 339.5 ⎠ ⎣⎢ ⎝ 339 . 5 ⎠ ⎦⎥
5> KNnaPaBdabBIbnÞúkepSg²
5wL4
Δ1 ¬bNþalmkBIbnÞúkrayesμI¦ =
384 E I c e
5(8.75 + 5.85) × 12200
4
Δ1 = = 47.2mm
384 × 25293.4 × 3.53 ⋅ 109
PL3
Δ2 ¬bNþalmkBIbnÞúkcMcMNuc¦ =
48 Ec I e
22250 × 122003
Δ2 = = 9.43mm
48 × 25293.4 × 3.53 ⋅ 109
PaBdabPøam²srub = Δ1 + Δ2 = 47.2 + 9.43 = 56.63mm
6> eRbobeFobtémøEdl)anmkBIkarKNnaCamYyPaBdabGnuBaØat³
PaBdabPøam²Edl)anmkBIbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 8.75kN .m esμInwg 8.75 × 47.2 /(8.75 + 5.85) =
28.29mm . RbsinebIGgát;CaEpñkmYyrbs;kRmalxNÐEdlminRT b¤P¢ab;eTAnwgCBa¢aMgxNÐ b¤Ggát;epSg²eTot
EdlGacTMngeFVI[xUcxatedaysarPaBdabFM enaHPaBdabPøam²GnuBaØatEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefresμInwg
L 12200
= = 33.9mm > 28.29mm
360 360
EtRbsinebIGgát;CaEpñkénkRmalxNÐdMbUl nigRsedogKñaeTAGVIEdl)anerobrab;xagelI enaHPaBdab
Pøam²GnuBaØatEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefrKW 180
L 12200
=
180
= 67.8mm > 28.29mm . témøGnuBaØatTaMgBIrFM
CagPaBdabBitR)akd 28.29mm EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI.

]TahrN_6>3³ kMNt;PaBdabry³eBlyUr long-term deflection rbs;FñwmenAkñúg]TahrN_6>2 RbsinebIem

KuNGaRs½yeBl time-dependent factor esμInwg 2.0 .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> bnÞúkEdlGnuvtþGcié®nþy_bNþal[manPaBdabry³eBlyUrKWekItmkBIbnÞúkGefr EdlrYmmanbnÞúk
efrBRgayesμI 5.85kN / m nigbnÞúkefrcMcMNuc 22.25kN EdlGnuvtþn;enAkNþalElVg.
PaBdabbNþalmkBIbnÞúkBRgayesμI = 5.85 × 47.2 /(8.75 + 5.85) = 18.9mm
PaBdabCaGnuKmn_bnÞat;eTAnwgbnÞúk w ehIytémøepSgeTot ¬ L / Ec / Ie ¦dUcKña
PaBdabbNþalmkBIbnÞúkcMcMNuc = 9.43mm
PaBdabsrubEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkzitezr sustained load = 18.9 + 9.43 = 28.33mm
2> sRmab;PaBdabry³yUrbEnßm PaBdabPøam²RtUv)anKuNnwgemKuN λΔ
ζ 2
λΔ = =
1 + 50 ρ ' 1+ 0
kñúgkrNIenH A's = 0 dUcenH λΔ = 2.0
PaBdabry³eBlyUrbEnßm = 2 × 28.33 = 56.66mm
3> PaBdabry³eBlyUrsrubCaplbUkrvagPaBdabPøam²CamYynwgPaBdabry³eBlyUrbEnßm
56.63 + 56.66 = 113.29mm
4> PaBdabbNþalmkBIbnÞúkefrCamYynwgPaBdabry³eBlyUrbEnßmEdlbNþalmkBIkarrYmmaDnig
creep KW 28.33 + 56.66 = 85mm
]TahrN_6>4³ KNnaPaBdabxN³ nigPaBdabenAry³eBl 1qñaM enAcugTMenrrbs;Fñwm cantilever dUcbgðaj

kñúgrUbTI 6>4. FñwmmanRbEvg 6.1m nigRTbnÞúkefrBRgayesμI 5.85kN / m bnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 5.85kN / m
bnÞúkefrcMcMNuc PD = 13.35kN enAcugTMenr nigbnÞúkGefrcMcMNuc PL = 17.8kN EdlGnuvtþenAcm¶ay 3.05m
BITRmbgáb;. eK[ f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa / b = 300mm / d = 550mm / nigkm<s;muxkat;srub
635mm ¬srésEdkrgkarTajKW 6 DB 25 nigEdkrgkarsgát; 2 DB 25 ¦.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> km<s;Gb,brma L8 = 6100
8
= 762.5mm > 635mm dUcenHeKRtUvepÞógpÞat;PaBdab.
PaBdabGtibrmarbs;Fñwm cantilever KWsßitenAcugTMenr. PaBdabenAcugTMenrKWdUcxageRkam³

PaBdabEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkBRgay

wL4
Δ1 =
8 EI
PaBdabEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkefrcMcMNucenAcugTMenr
PD L3
Δ2 =
3EI
PaBdabGtibrmaenAcugTMenrEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefrcMcMNucenA a = 3.05m BIcugbgáb;
P a2 PL a 3
Δ 3 = L (3L − a )
6 EI
b¤ 3EI
3b
(1 + )
2a
2> m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugTm¶n;RsalKW
Ec = 4780 28 = 25293.4 MPa
3> m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAcugbgáb;
wL2 5.85 × 6.12
Ma = + 6.1PD + 3.05 PL = + 6.1 × 13.5 + 3.05 × 17.8 = 245.5kN .m
2 2
4> m:Um:g;niclPaBeBj ¬Etebtug¦
bh3 300 × 6353
Ig = = = 6.4 ⋅ 109 mm 4
12 12
f r I g 0.623 28 × 6.4 ⋅ 109
5> M cr =
Yt
=
635
= 66.5kN .m
2
6> kMNt;TItaMgG½kSNWt bnÞab;mkkMNt;m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;bMElgeRbH. Kitm:Um:g;énmuxkat;
eFob G½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;nigdak;[vaesμIsUnü. eRbI n = 8 edIm,IKNnamuxkat;bMElgrbs; As nig eRbI
(n − 1) = 7 sRmab;KNnamuxkat;bMElgrbs; A's . yk kd = x
(x )2 + (n − 1) A'
b s ( x − d ' ) − nAs ( d − x) = 0
2
150 x 2 + 30434 x − 13370440 = 0

sRmab;muxkat;enH x = 213.875mm
b 3
I cr = x + (n − 1) A's ( x − d ' ) 2 + nAs (d − x) 2 = 3.8 ⋅ 109 mm 4
3
7> m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§PaBKW
⎛ M cr ⎞
3 ⎡ ⎛ M ⎞3 ⎤
I e = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ I g + ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ cr ⎟⎟ ⎥ I cr ≤ I g
⎝ a ⎠
M ⎢ ⎝ Ma ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 66.5 ⎞
3 ⎡ ⎛ 66.5 ⎞3 ⎤
Ie = ⎜ ⎟ 6.4 ⋅ 109
+ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥3.8 ⋅ 10 = 3.85 ⋅ 10
9 9
⎝ 245 .5 ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ 245 .5 ⎠ ⎥⎦
8> KNnaPaBdabeRkambnÞúkepSg²EdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm
11.7 × 6100 4
Δ1 ¬bNþalBIbnÞúkBRgayesμI 11.7 kN / m ¦ = = 20.8mm
8 × 25293.4 × 3.85 ⋅ 109
Δ1 ¬bNþalBIbnÞúkefr¦ = 10.4mm
13500 × 61003
Δ 2 ¬bNþalBIbnÞúkefrcMcMNuc¦enAcugTMenr = = 10.5mm
3 × 25293.4 × 3.85 ⋅ 109
Δ 3 ¬bNþalBIbnÞúkGefrcMcMNuc¦enA 3.05m BIcugbgáb;
17800 × 3050 2 × (3 × 6100 − 3050)
Δ3 = = 4.3mm
6 × 25293.4 × 3.85 ⋅ 109
PaBdabPøam²srub Δ = Δ1 + Δ2 + Δ3 = 20.8 + 10.5 + 4.3 = 35.6mm
9> PaBdabbEnßmry³eBlyUr esμInwgplKuNrvagPaBdabPøam²CamYynwgemKuN λΔ
sRmab;ry³eBl 1qñaM ζ = 1.4
A's 982
ρ'= = = 0.006
bd 300 × 550
1.4
λΔ = = 1.077
1 + 50 × 0.006
PaBdabPøam²srub Δ s EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkzitezr sustained load ¬enATIenHmanEtbnÞúkefr
5.85kN / m nig PD = 13.35kN enAcugTMenr¦
Δ s = 10.4 + 10.5 = 20.9mm

PaBdabry³eBlyUrbEnßm = 1.077 × 20.9 = 22.5mm
10> PaBdabry³eBlyUrsrubCaplbUkrvagPaBdabPøam²CamYynwgPaBdabry³eBlyUrbEnßm
EdlekItBIkarrYmmaD nig creep .
Total Δ = 35.6 + 22.5 = 58.1mm
]TahrN_6>5³ KNnaPaBdabxN³enAkNþalElVgrbs;FñwmenAkñúgrUb 6>5 EdlFñwmenHmanRbEvg 9.8m .
FñwmenHRtUv)anbnþedayTRmCaeRcInEdlmanRbEvgElVgepSg²Kña. düaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;nigmuxkat;rbs;FñwmenA
kNþalElVg nigTRmk¾RtUv)anbgðaj. FñwmenHRTbnÞúkefrBRgayesμI 61.3kN / m nigbnÞúkGefr 52.5kN / m .

eK[ f 'c = 20MPa / f y = 400MPa nig n = 9.2 .
m:Um:g;enAkNþalElVg M D = 260kN .m M ( D + L ) = 650kN .m
m:Um:g;enATRmxageqVg A M D = 242.75kN .m M ( D + L) = 569.5kN .m

m:Um:g;enATRmxagsþaM B M D = 293kN .m M ( D + L ) = 735kN .m
dMeNaHRsay³
1> Fñwm AB rgnUvm:Um:g;viC¢manEdleFVI[dabcuHeRkamenAkNþalElVg nigm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAcugTaMgBIr
EdleFVI[dabeLIgelIenAkNþalElVg. dUcEdl)anBnül;BIxagedIm PaBdabCaGnuKmn_eTAnwg
m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§ Ie . enAkñúgFñwmCab; témørbs; Ie EdlRtUv)aneRbICatémømFümsRmab;tMbn;m:U
m:g;viC¢man nigm:Um:g;GviC¢man. dUcenHmuxkat;bInwgRtUv)anBicarNa muxkat;enAkNþalElVg nigmuxkat;
enATRmTaMgBIr.
2> KNna Ie ³ sRmab;RkLaépÞeBjénmuxkat;TaMgGs; kd = 356mm nig I g = 5.2 ⋅1010 mm4 dUcKña
f r = 0.623 f 'c = 2.8MPa nig Ec = 4780 f 'c = 21376.8MPa sRmab;RKb;muxkat;. témørbs;
kd / I cr nig M cr sRmab;muxkat;eRbH/ I e sRmab;EtbnÞúkefr ¬edayeRbI M a sRmab;bnÞúkefr¦ nig
I e sRmab;bnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr ¬edayeRbI M a sRmab;bnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr¦RtUv)anKNna
nigbegáItCa taragdUcxageRkam³
I e ¬ mm 4 ¦ I e ¬ mm 4 ¦
muxkat; kd ¬ mm ¦ I cr ¬ mm ¦ M cr ¬ kN.m ¦
4
¬bnÞúkGefr¦ ¬ DL + LL ¦
kNþalElVg 169.8 2.12 ⋅ 1010 226 4.14 ⋅ 1010 2.25 ⋅ 1010
TRm A 281 1.52 ⋅ 1010 409 5.2 ⋅ 1010 2.88 ⋅ 1010
TRm B 320 1.84 ⋅ 1010 409 5.2 ⋅ 1010 2.42 ⋅ 1010
cMNaMfa enAeBlEdlFñwmrgEtbnÞúkefr ehIypleFob M cr / M a FMCag 1.0 enaH Ie esμInwg I g .
3> kMNt;témømFümrbs; Ie BIsmIkar (6.9)
I e1 (average) = 0.7(2.25 ⋅ 1010 ) + 0.15(2.88 + 2.42 )1010 = 2.37 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
sRmab;bnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr
I e (average for end sections) = 0.5(2.88 + 2.42)1010 = 2.65 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
( )
I e 2 (average) = 0.5 2.25 ⋅ 1010 + 2.65 ⋅ 1010 = 2.45 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
sRmab;EtbnÞúkefr
I e (average for end sections) = 5.2 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
( )
I e3 (average) = 0.5 4.14 ⋅ 1010 + 5.2 ⋅ 1010 = 4.67 ⋅ 1010 mm 4

4> KNnaPaBdabPøam²enAkNþalElVg
5wL4
Δ1 ¬bNþalmkBIbnÞúkBRgay¦ = ¬cuHeRkam¦
384 EI e
2
Δ2 ¬bNþalmkBIm:Um:g;enAcMNuc A / M A ¦ = − 16
M AL
EI
¬eLIgelI¦
e
2
Δ3¬bNþalmkBIm:Um:g;enAcMNuc B / M B ¦ = − 16M BL
EI e
¬eLIgelI¦
PaBdabsrub Δ = Δ1 − Δ2 − Δ3
PaBdabsRmab;bnÞúkefrBRgayesμI 61.3kN / m edayyk M A ( DL) = 242.75kN .m /
M B ( DL) = 293kN .m nig I e3 = 4.67 ⋅ 1010 mm 4 CMnYseTAkñúgsmIkarxagelI eyIgTTYl)an³
Δ = 7.4 − 1.5 − 1.8 = 4.1mm ¬cuHeRkam¦
PaBdabEdlbNþalBIbnSMbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefrRtUv)anKNnaedayykbnÞúkefrbUknwgbnÞúkGefr
= 113.8kN / m / M A ( DL + LL ) = 569.5kN .m / M B ( DL + LL) = 735kN .m nig
I e 2 = 2.45 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
Δ = 26.1 − 6.5 − 8.4 = 11.2mm ¬cuHeRkam¦
PaBdabPøam²EdlbNþalBIEtbnÞúkGefrKW 11.2 − 4.1 = 7.1mm ¬cuHeRkam¦.
RbsinebIkarkMNt;PaBGnuBaØatiKW L / 480 = 9800 / 480 = 20.4mm enaHmuxkat;KWRKb;RKan;.
cMNucmYycMnYnEdlTak;TgnwglT§pl³
1> RbsinebIeKeRbIEt Ie énmuxkat;kNþalElVg Ie = 2.25 ⋅1010 mm4 enaHPaBdabEdlbNþalmkBI
bnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefrRtUv)anKNnaeday KuNtémøEdlTTYl)ankñúgCMhanTI4 CamYynwgpl
eFobéntémø Ie TaMgBIr³
2.45 ⋅ 1010
Δ ¬bnÞúkefr + bnÞúkGefr¦ = 11.2 × = 12.2mm
2.25 ⋅ 1010
PaBxusKñamantémøtUc RbEhl 8% .
2> RbsinebI Ie1 mFüm RtUv)aneRbI Ie1 = 2.37 ⋅1010 mm4 enaH
2.37 ⋅ 1010
Δ ¬bnÞúkefr + bnÞúkGefr¦ = 11.2 × = 11.8mm . PaBxusKñamantémøtUcRbEhl
2.25 ⋅ 1010
5% .
3> edIm,IPaBgayRsYleKGacRbI Ie énmuxkat;kNþalElVg elIkElgEteKRtUvkartémøCak;lak;.

6>6> sñameRbHenAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt; (Cracks in Flexural Members)

karsikSaBIkarkekItsñameRbH kareFVIkarrbs;sñameRbHenAeBlbnÞúkekIneLIg nigkarRtYtBinitüsñameRbH
mansar³sMxan;Nas;sRmab;karKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMebtugEdkBRgwgd¾Cak;lak;mYy. enAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt; sñam
eRbH ekIteLIgeRkambnÞúkeFVIkar working load nigedaysarebtugexSayTb;nwgkarTaj enaHEdkRtUv)andak;
enAtMbn;TajEdleRbH edIm,ITb;nwgkarTajEdlbgáeLIgedaykmøaMgxageRkA.
sñameRbHedaykarBt;ekIteLIgenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgenAsrésrgkarTajxageRkAeKbMputmantémøelIsBI
m:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug (modulus of rupture of concrete) . CamYynwgkareRbIR)as;EdkBRgwgEdlmanersIusþg;
x<s; (high-strength reinforcing bars) sñameRbHGacnwgekItmaneRcInenAelIGgát;ebtugGarem:. CamYynwgkar
eRbIR)as;EdkrgkarTajx<s; high-tensile steel manRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn b:uEnþeKminGacecosputBIsñameRbHEdl
eKmincg;)anenaHeT. sñameRbHEdlmanTMhMFM² )anGnuBaØat[manERcHsIuEdk b¤eFVI[mankarRCabTwkEdleFVI
[)at;bg;esaP½NPaBrbs;eRKOgbgÁúM.
sñameRbHekItmanenAelIebtug enAeBlEdlrn§tUc²EdlminGackMNt;)anekItmanenAkñúgFñwmebtugEdlCa
lT§plénkugRtaMgTajxagkñúg. kugRtaMgkñúgTaMgenHGacnwgbNþalmkBIkrNImYy b¤eRcInCagmYyénkrNIxag
eRkam³
- kmøaMgxageRkA dUcCa kmøaMgTajtamG½kSedaypÞal; kmøaMgkat;TTwg m:Um:g;Bt; b¤m:Um:g;rmYl
- karrYmmaD
- creep
- karrIkmaDxagkñúgEdlCalT§plBIkarpøas;bþÚrlkçN³rbs;smasFatupSMebtug
CaTUeTA sñameRbHRtUv)anEbgEckCaBIrRbePTFM²KW³ sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM (secondary cracks) nig
sñameRbHcMbg (main cracks).
6>6>1> sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM (secondary Cracks)

sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM CasñameRbHd¾tUc²ekItmanenAdMNak;kaldMbUgénkareRbH EdlekIteLIgedaykar
rIkmaDxagkñúg nigkarRbTajKñaénsmasFatuebtug nigedaykugRtaMgEdl)anBIkarBt;tUcbNþalmkBITm¶n;
pÞal;rbs;Ggát; nigbnÞúkefrdéTeTot. sñameRbHmanbIRbePTKW³
- sñameRbHedaykarrYmmaD (shrinkage cracks) CasñameRbHsMxan; BIeRBaHvaCH\T§iBlelITRmg;ragrbs;
kareRbHEdlekIteLIgedaybnÞúkenAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt;. enAeBlEdlBYkvaekIteLIg BYkvabegáItnUv
Knøgd¾exSayenAkñúgebtug. enAeBlEdlbnÞúkRtUv)anGnuvtþsñameRbHcab;epþImelcecjrUbragenAelI

muxkat;EdlexSayCageK dUcCatambeNþayEdkBRgwg. cMnYn sñameRbHEdlekIteLIgRtUv)ankMNt;

edaybrimaNénkarrYmmaDrbs;ebtug nigvtþmanénkarbgáb;TRm. eKBi)akkñúgkarRKb;RKgsñameRbH
edaykarrYmmaDenHNas;.
- sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSMedaykarBt; (secondary flexural cracks) CaTUeTAvamanKMlatFM² ehIysñam
eRbHmYy²minman\T§iBlkñúgkarbegáItsñameRbHdéTeToteT. vaRtUv)anrMBwgnwgekItmaneRkambnÞúktUc
dUcCabnÞúkefr. enAeBlbnÞúkRtUv)anGnuvtþCabnþbnÞab;eTAelIFñwmsamBaØ kugRtaMgTajekItmanenA
srésxageRkam ehIyenAeBlEdlvaFMCagkugRtaMgTajEdlekItBIkarBt;rbs;ebtug sñameRbHcab;
epþImekIteLIg. vacab;epþImrIkFMCabnþbnÞab; niglatsn§wgeTAkan;G½kSNWt. vaCakarBi)akkñúgkarTsSn_
TaynUvmuxkat;EdlsñameRbHbnÞab;bnSMcab;epþImekItman BIeRBaHebtugminEmnCasmÖar³rUbFatusac;
mYy (homogeneous material) nigsmÖar³rUbFatuesμIsac; (isotropic material).
elak Salinger nigelak Billing )an):an;RbmaNkugRtaMgEdkmunkareRbHRtwmEtBIRbEhl 42MPa
eTA 49MPa . TMhMeRbHdMbUgRtUv)anrMBwgRbEhl 0.025mm enAsrésTajxageRkAbMputrbs;ebtug.
enAeBlsñameRbHRtUv)anbegáIt kugRtaMgTajrbs;ebtugenAmuxkat;eRbHfycuHdl; 0 ehIysrésEdk
TTYlnUvkmøaMgTajTaMgGs;. enAkñúgxN³enH vaekItmankarsNþkrvagsrésEdk nigebtugedaysar
Etebtug nigEdkmansac;lUtxusKña niglatsn§wgeTAdl;muxkat;Edlebtug nigEdkman strain esμIKña.
rUbTI6>6 bgðajBIKMrUénkarEbgEckkugRtaMgrvagsñameRbHenAkñúgGgát;eRkamkmøaMgTajtamG½kS.

- sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSMERcH (corrosion secondary cracks) ekIteLIgenAeBlsMeNImmansarFatuKImIdUc

CasUdüÚmkørY (sodium chloride NaCl ) kabUnDIG‘uksIut (carbon dioxide CO2 ) nig]sμ½nG‘uksIuEsn
RCabcUleTAkñúgépÞebtug ehIybegáItCaERcHsIuEdk. bnSMG‘uksIutEdlbegáItedaykarxUcxatrbs;Edk
RKbdNþb;nUvbrimaNeRcInCagEdk nigCRmujsm<aFemkanicEdlbnþlatsn§wgsñameRbHkan;EtFM.
sñameRbHRbePTenHmaneRKaHfñak;EdlGaceFVI[eRKOgbgÁ)úM ak;. kar)ak;dMbUlenA Muskegan enArdæ
Michigan kñúg qñaM 1955 bNþalmkBIERcHsIuEdk RtUv)anraykarN_eday Shermer. karrIkraldal
énsñameRbH nigkarpÞúHebtug (spalling of concrete) enAelIs<an San Mateo-Hayward kñúgGMLúg

eBl 7qñaM enArdæ California RtUv)anraykarN_eday Stratfull. sñameRbHedayERcHGacRtUv)an
bBaÄb;edayeRbInUvviFIsaRsþsagsg;RtwmRtUv nigebtugEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;.
6>6>2> sñameRbHcMbg (Main Cracks)

sñameRbHcMbg (main cracks) ekIteLIgenAdMNak;kalbnÞab;BIsñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM (secondary
cracks). vaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayPaBxusKñaén strain enAkñúgEdk nigebtugenAelImuxkat;eRbH. karRbRBwtþ
eTArbs;sñameRbHcMbgpøas;bþÚrenABIrdMNak;kalepSgKña. enAeBlEdlEdkrgkugRtaMgTajtUc cMnYnsñameRbH

ekIneLIg b:uEnþTMhMsñameRbHenAmanTMhMtUc EtenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajekIneLIg va)aneTAdl;dMNak;kal
lMnwg. enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgekIneLIgkan;Etx<s; dMNak;kalTIBIrénkareRbHekIteLIg ehIyTMhMeRbHrIkFM b:uEnþ
BuMmankarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnsñameRbHKYr[kt;sMKal;eT. CaTUeTAsñameRbHmYy b¤BIrcab;epþImBRgIkTMhMFMCagsñam
eRbHdéT EdlbegáItCasñameRbHeRKaHfñak; ¬rUbTI 6>7¦.
sñameRbHenAkñúgFñwm nigeRKOgbgÁúMrgkarTaj Edl)ansikSaedayGñkGegátkarTsSn_TayBITMhMsñam
eRbH nigkarRKb;RKgsñameRbHCacMENkénbBaðaEdlRtUvsikSa.
TaMgenHRtUv)anBiPakSaenATIenH CamYynigtRmUvkarrbs;bTdæan ACI Code.
- ebIeyagtamRTwsþIsñameRbHEdlmaneRsc TMhMsñameRbH (crack width) nigKMlatsñameRbH (crack
spacing) GaRs½yeTAelIeRcInktþa EdlrYmmanPaKryEdk karBRgayEdkenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug kug
RtaMgBt;rbs;EdkenAbnÞúkeFVIkar service load kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk niglkçN³rbs;sarFatupSM

ebtug. smIkarepSg²sRmab;TsSn_TayTMhM nigKMlatsñameRbHenAkñúgGgát;ebtugGarem:RtUv)an
bgðajenAkñúgsnñisiT§sþIGMBIkarkekItkaretags¥it nigkarkekItsñameRbHenAkñúgebtugBRgwgedayEdk
Symposium on Bond and Crack Formation in Reinforced Concrete enA Stockholm RbeTs
Sweden kñúgqñaM 1957. elak Chi nigelak Kirstein )anbgðajsmIkarsRmab;TMhMeRbH nigKMlat

sñameRbHCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgRkLaépÞRbsiT§PaBrbs;ebtugEdlenACMuvijEdk³ RkLaépÞebtugmUlEdl
manGgát;p©itesμIGgát;EdkbYndgRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnaTMhMeRbH. smIkardéTeTotRtUv)anbgðajenA
TsvtSr_eRkay ²eTot.
elak Gergely nigelak Lutz bgðajnUvrUbmnþxageRkamsRmab;kMNt;TMhMeRbH³

W = 11βf s 3 Ad c × 10 −6 (6-16)
Edl β / A nig f s RtUv)ankMNt;BIxagedIm nig dc = kRmas;karBarebtugEdlRtUv)anvas;BIsrés

TajEpñkxageRkAbMputeTAG½kSEdkCitCageK. témø β GacRtUv)anykRbEhl 1.2 sRmab;Fñwm nig 1.35
sRmab;kRmalxNÐ. cMNaMfa f s KitCa MPa nig W KitCa mm .
pleFobrvagTMhMsñameRbHGtibrmaelITMhMsñameRbHmFümRtUv)anrkeXIjsßitenAcenøaH 1.5 nig 2.0
Edl)anraykarN_edayGñkGegátCaeRcIn. témømFümeKGaceRbI 1.75 .
- TMhMeRbHEdlGacGnueRKaH (tolerable crack width) ³ eKminGaceCosputBIkarkekItsñameRbHenAelI

Ggát;ebtugGarem:)aneT. eTaHbICamankarsikSa nigkarsagsg;y:agykcitþTukdak;y:agNak¾eday
k¾vaenAEtkekItnUvsñameRbHb:unsréssk;Edr. CaTUeTAsñameRbHRtUv)anvas;enAelIépÞrbs;ebtug b:uEnþ
Cak;EsþgsñameRbHmantaMgBInIv:UEdkemø:H EdlCakEnøgekItmanERcHsIuEdk. tRmUvkaresaP½NPaBCH
\T§iBldl;TMhMsñameRbHGnuBaØat. sñameRbHEdlGacemIleXIjedayEPñkTeTmanTMhMRbEhl
0.15mm vaGaRs½yeTAnwg texture rbs;épÞebtug. témøepSg²sRmab;sñameRbHGnuBaØatenAnIv:UEdk
RtUv)anesñIeLIgedayGñkGegátCaeRcIn EdlvasßitenAcenøaH 0.25 nig 0.40mm sRmab;Ggát;xagkñúg

nigsßitenAcenøaH 0.15 nig 0.25mm sRmab;Ggát;xageRkA. TMhMsñameRbH 0.40mm sRmab;Ggát;xag
kñúg nig 0.32mm sRmab;Ggát;xageRkA eRkamlkçxNÐs¶ÜtGacRtUv)anGnueRKaH.
- karRKb;RKgsñameRbH (crack control) eRcInekItmanenAelIGgát;ebtugGarem:EdleRbIEdkersIusþg;x<s;
(high-strength steel) . sñameRbHkan;EtFMekItmaneRkambnÞúkeFVIkar edaysarEtkugRtaMgGnuBaØat
x<s;. karRKb;RKgsñameRbHGaRs½yeTAnwgTMhMsñameRbHGnuBaØat . vaCakarRbesIrEdlmansñameRbH

tUc²EteRcIn CaCagmansñameRbHFM²Ettic. sñameRbHbnÞab;bnSM (secondary crack) RtUv)ankat;
bnßyedaykarRKb;RKgnUvbrimaNkMe)areRbgTaMgGs; pleFobTwkelIsIum:gt¾ PaBRCabTwkrbs;fμ
bMEbknigebtug kRmiténkarEfTaMebtug niglkçxNÐbgák;cug (end-restraint condition).
ktþaEdlTak;TgnwgkarRKb;RKgsñameRbHcMbg KWkugRtaMgEdk PaBetags¥itrbs;ebtug kar
BRgayEdk Ggát;p©itEdk PaKryEdk kRmas;karBarebtug niglkçN³rbs;sarFatupSMebtug. edIm,I
CYykat;bnßyTMhMsñameRbH eKRtUveFVI[ktþaEdl)anerobrab;xagelIy:agehacmYymanlkçN³kan;Et
l¥.
6>7 tRmUvkarrbs;bTdæan ACI Code (ACI Code Requirement)
edIm,IRKb;RKgsñameRbHenAkñúgGgát;ebtugGarem: bTdæan ACI Code, chapter 10 kMNt;nUvtRmUvkarxag
eRkam³
1> manEtEdk deformed bar RtUv)anGnuBaØat[eRbICaEdkem (main reinforcement)
2> EdkrgkarTajKYrEtRtUv)anBRgayenAtMbn;TajGtibrma (ACI Code, section 10.6.3)
3> enAeBlEdlsøabrbs;muxkat;sßiteRkamkarTaj EpñkénEdkemKYrRtUv)anBRgayenAkñúgcMeNamtémø
EdltUcCageKkñúgcMeNamTTwgsøabRbsiT§PaB (effective flange width) nigmYyPaKdb;énElVg
one-tenth of the span (ACI Code, section 10.6.6).

4> ersIusþg;KNna (design yield strength) rbs;EdkminKYr[elIsBI 560MPa (ACI Code, section
9.4).
5> KMlatGtibrma s BIEdkEdlmancm¶ayeTAépÞebtugrgkarTajCitCageK sRmab;FñwmebtugGarem: nigkM

ralxNÐmYyTisRtUv)ankMNt;
s = 105000 / f s − 2.5Cc (6-17)
b:uEnþminRtUvFMCag 300(280 / f s )
Edl f s = kugRtaMgKNnaenAkñúgEdkeRkambnÞúkeFVIkarRtUv)ankMNt;edaypleFobrvagm:Um:g;
KμanemKuN nigplKuNrvagRkLaépÞEdk nigRbEvgédXñas;kñúg f s = M /( As jd ) . ¬mü:ag
vijeTot eKGaceRbI f s = 2 f y / 3 edaysarEtkareRbItémøRbEhlrbs; jd = 0.87d ¦.
Cc = kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk (clear cover) BIépÞrgkarTajCitbMputeTAépÞEdkrgkar
Taj.
s = KMlatKitBIG½kSénEdkrgkarTajEdlCitCageKeTAépÞebtugrgkarTaj.
karkMNt;enHRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;EtFñwmebtugGarem: nigkRmalxNÐmYyTisEdlsßitenAkñúglkç
xNÐbrisßanFmμta. karkMNt;KMlatminTak;TgnwgTMhMEdkeT EdlvanaM[mankareRbIR)as;TMhMEdktUc
CagedIm,IbMeBjlkçxNÐKMlat. sRmab;krNIFñwmebtugGarem:EdleRbIEdk f y = 420MPa nig
Cc = 50mm . enaHKMlatGtibrma s RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
snμt; f s = 0.66 × 420 = 280MPa

s = (105000 / 280 ) − 2.5 × 50 = 250mm
EdldUcKñaeTAnwg 300(280 / 280) = 300mm
6> enAkñúgbTdæanBImun karRKb;RKgsñameRbHRtUv)anQrelIemKuN Z EdlkMNt;dUcxageRkam³
Z = f s 3 Ad c ≤ 31kN / mm sRmab;Ggát;enAxagkñúg (6-18)
Z ≤ 26kN / mm sRmab;Ggát;enAxageRkA (6-19)
Edl f s = kugRtaMgBt;enAbnÞúkeFVIkar nigGacykesμI 2 f y / 3 / A nig dc CatMbn;TajRbsiT§PaB

rbs;ebtug nigkRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk erogKña. smIkarenHQrelIsmIkar (6-16) edaysnμt;TMhMsñameRbH
RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 0.40mm sRmab;Ggát;enAxagkñúg nig 0.32mm sRmab;Ggát;enAxageRkA. edIm,ITTYl)an
Z tUc eKRtUvbnßykRmas;karBarebtug. kRmas;ebtugminRtUvelIsBI 50mm .
7> Edkxag skin reinforcement Ask sRmab;Fñwmkm<s;eRCA Edlmankm<s;RbsiT§PaB d ≥ 900mm

srésEdkesþIgKYrRtUv)anbEnßmenAEk,répÞbBaÄrkñúgtMbn;TajedIm,IRKb;RKgsñameRbHenAelIRTnug

BIelIEdkem. bTdæan ACI Code, section 10.6.7 )anbriyayBIEdkbEnßmEdlCaEdkxag skin

reinforcement Ask . EdkxagKYrRtUv)anBRgayesμIelIépÞTaMgsgçagsRmab;cm¶ay d / 2 Ek,rEdk
rgkarTajbMput.
KMlat Ssk rvagEdkbeNþayénEdkxagminKYrFMCagtémøEdltUcCageKkñúgcMeNamtémø d / 6 /
300mm nig 1000 Ab /(d − 750) Edl Ab CaRkLaépÞénmuxkat;EdkmYy² KitCa mm 2 ¬rUbTI6>8¦.
⎧ d /6
⎪
S sk = min ⎨ 300
⎪1000 A /( d − 750)
⎩ b
Edkxag k¾GacRtUv)anKitbBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNnaersIusþg; (strength) edayQrelIkarKNnakugRtaMg

stress nigbERmbRmYlrageFob (strain). elIsBIenH EdkxagsrubenAépÞTaMgsgçagénGgát; minKYrelIsBIBak;
kNþalmuxkat;EdkrgkarTajsrub As eT.
eyagtamrUbTI 6>8 RbsinebI b = 400mm / d = 950mm nigeRCIserIsEdk DB10 ¬ Ab =
78mm 2 ¦CaEdkxag enaHKMlatrbs;Edk DB10 EdlCaEdkbeNþayKYryktémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam
300mm / 950 / 6 = 158mm nig (1000 × 78) /(950 − 750) = 390mm . dUcenH eyIgeRCIserIsykKMlat
150mm . EdkxagKYrRtUv)anBRgayedayEdk DB10 kñúgKMlat 150mm elIkm<s; d / 2 sRmab;xagmYy²
¬rUb TI 6>8¦. RkLaépÞsrubEdkxagsRmab;épÞTaMgBIr = 6 × 78 = 468mm2 EdltUcCag

0.5 As = 0.5 × 4021 = 2010.5mm 2 .
taragxageRkampþl;nUvKMlatGtibrmaenAelIépÞmYy² Ssk RkLaépÞEdkxagGb,brmamYy² Ab .

km<s;Fñwm d / mm 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
KMlatGtibrma Ssk / mm 150 150 150 175 200 200 225 250
Ab ¬Gb,brma¦/ mm 2 7 .5 22.5 37.5 61.25 90 110 146.25 187.5

]TahrN_6>6³ muxkat;FñwmTRmsamBaØRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUb 6>9

a. epÞógpÞat;muxkat;EdktamtRmUvkarrbs; ACI Code
b. kMNt;TMhMeRbHEdlnwgGacekItman
c. epÞógpÞat;emKuN Z tamsmIkar (6-18)
eK[ f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa nigEdkkg DB10 .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> rUb 6>9 muxkat; a ³
a. sRmab; 3DB 28 / As = 1847mm 2 / kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk Cc = 60 − 28 / 2 = 46mm / snμt;
f s = 0.66 f y = 0.66 × 400 = 264MPa / KMlatGtibrma
s = 105000 / 264 − 2.5 × 46 = 282.7 mm EdltUcCag 300(280 / 264) = 318.2mm .
KMlatEdlpþl;[ = 0.5(300 − 60 − 60) = 90mm edayKitBIG½kSEdkeTAG½kSEdk EdltUcCag

282.7 mm .
b. sRmab;muxkat;enH d c = 60mm . RkLaépÞebtugrgkarTajRbsiT§PaBsRmab;EdkmYyKW
A = 300(2 × 60 ) / 3 = 12000mm 2
KNnaTMhMsñameRbHtamsmIkar (6-16)
W = 11βf s 3 Ad c × 10 −6
edayGgát;enHCaFñwmenaH β = 1.2 nig f s = 240MPa
W = 11× 1.2 × 2403 12000 × 60 ⋅ 10 −6 = 0.28mm

EdltUcCag 0.40mm nig 0.32mm sRmab;Ggát;xagkñúg nigsRmab;Ggát;xageRkA.

c. tamsmIkar (6-18)
Z = f s 3 Ad c = 2403 12000 × 60 ⋅ 10 −3 = 21.5kN / mm
EdltUcCag 31kN / mm nig 26kN / mm sRmab;Ggát;xagkñúg nigsRmab;Ggát;xageRkA.
2> rUb 6>9 muxkat; b ³

a. karKNnaKMlatEdkmanlkçN³RsedogKñacMNuc a xagelI.
b. sRmab;muxkat;enH d c = 60mm ehIyEdkRtUv)andak;CaBIrRsTab;. TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EdkKW 90mm
BIsrésxageRkam. RkLaépÞebtugrgkarTajRbsiT§PaBsRmab;EdkmYyKW
A = 300(2 × 90 ) / 6 = 9000mm 2
W = 11× 1.2 × 2403 9000 × 60 ⋅10 −6 = 0.26mm RKb;RKan;
c. tamsmIkar (6-18)
Z = f s 3 Ad c = 2403 9000 × 60 ⋅ 10 −3 = 19.5kN / mm RKb;RKan;
karBiPakSa
eyIgGaceXIjfaKMlat s enAkñúgsmIkar (6-17) CaGnuKmn_énkugRtaMgkñúgEdkTaj b¤CaGnuKmn_eday
minpÞal;énbERmbRmYlrageFobenAkñúgEdkTaj f s = Es × ε s ehIy Es sRmab;EdkesμI 2.1⋅105 MPa .
dUcKñaKM latk¾GaRs½ynwgkRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk Cc . karekIneLIgnUvkRmas;ebtugkarBar vanwgkat;bnßy
KMlat EdlvaminTak;TgeTAnwgTMhMEdkEdleRbIenAkñúgmuxkat;eT.

enAkñúg]TahrN_enH TMhMsñameRbHEdlrMBwgTukRtUv)anKNnaedaysmIkar (6-16) edIm,Ipþl;[nisiSt

nigvisVkrnUvtRmUvkarRKb;RKgsñameRbH nigTMhMsñameRbH. CaTUeTATMhMsñameRbHRtUv)anvas;enAelIFñwmEdl
eFVIkarBiesaFn_enAkñúgmnÞIrBiesaFn_ b¤k¾enAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMCak;EsþgEdlsßiteRkambnÞúk EdleFVI[mansñameRbH
eRKaHfñak;ekIteLIgenAkñúgFñwm nigkñúgkRmalxNÐ ehIyEdlRtUvkarkarBiesaFn_. RbsinebITMhMsñameRbHEdl
)anvas;mun nigeRkaykardak;bnÞúkFMCag yield strain rbs;Edk enaHEdkemnwgmanlkçN³)øasiÞc nig KμanRb
siT§PaB. eKGacvas;TMhMeRbHCak;Esþg)anedaybnÞat;sRmab;vas;sñameRbHEdleKGacrkTij)an. eRkABI
kugRtaMgEdk nigkRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk W enAGaRs½ynwgktþaTIbIKW A EdlCaRkLaépÞebtugrgkarTajBT§½CMu
vijEdkrgkarTajmYy.
]TahrN_6>7³ KNnaFñwmTRmsamBaØEdlmanRbEvg 7.3m RTnUvbnÞúkefrBRgayesμI 21.9kN / m nigbnÞúk
GefrBRgayesμI 17.2kN / m . eRCIserIsmuxkat;EdkRKb;RKan; nigepÞógpÞat;KMlatEdkedIm,IbMeBjlkçxNÐ
ACI Code. eK[ b = 400mm / f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa PaKryEdk 0.8% nigkRmas;ebtugkar
BarEdk Cc = 50mm .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> sRmab;PaKryEdk ρ = 0.8% / Ru = 2.7MPa ¬ φ = 0.9 ¦. m:Um:g;emKuNxageRkAKW
M u = wL2 / 8 nig w = 1.2 × 21.9 + 1.6 × 17.2 = 53.8kN / m
M u = 53.8 × 7.32 / 8 = 348.624kN .m
M u = Ru bd 2 d = 568mm As = 0.008 × 400 × 568 = 1817.6mm 2

eRbI 3DB28 ¬ As = 1847.3mm2 ¦mYyCYr. km<s;srubrbs;muxkat;Fñwm h = 650mm .
CaTUeTA
d = 650 − 50 − 28 / 2 = 586mm ¬rUbTI6>10¦
2> KNnabnÞúkeFVIkar (service load) nigm:Um:g;eFVIkar (service moment)

w = 21.9 + 17.2 = 39.1kN / m
M u = 39.1 × 7.32 / 8 = 260.5kN .m
3> KNnakm<s;G½kSNWt kd nigRbEvgédXñas; jd tamsmIkar (6-12)
b(kd ) 2 / 2 − nAs (d − kd ) = 0 n = 8 As = 1847.3mm 2 d = 586mm
kd = 174.4mm jd = d − kd / 3 = 527.9mm j = 527.9 / 586 = 0.9

cMNaMfa eKGacyktémøRbEhlrbs; j = 0.87 kñúgkrNIEdl kd minRtUv)anKNna.
4> KNnakugRtaMg f s
M = As ⋅ f s ⋅ jd
f s = 260.5 ⋅ 106 /(1847.3 × 527.9) = 267 MPa

5> KNnaKMlat s tamrUbmnþ (6-17)
s = 105000 / 267 − 2.5 × 50 = 268.3mm
EdltUcCag 300(280 / 267) = 314.6mm
KMlatEdl[ = 0.5(400 − 64 − 64) = 136mm < 230.8mm

VII. RbEvgEdkbgáb; b¤RbEvgEdkRCYs

7>1> esckþIepþIm
lkçN³bnSúIKñarvagEdk nigebtug enAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMebtugGarem:QrelIeKalkarN_ PaBs¥itrvagsmÖar³
TaMgBIreRkayebtugkkrwg. RbsinebIsrésEdkEdlmanmuxkat;mUlRtg;RtUv)anbgáb;enAkñúgebtug caM)ac;eKRtUv
mankmøaMgmYyRKb;RKan;edIm,ITajsrésEdkenaHecjBIebtug. RbsinebIRbEvgbgáb;énsrésEdkenAkñúgebtug
manRbEvgEvgRKb;RKan; enaHsrésEdkGaceFVIkardl;cMNuc yield edayTukRbEvgxøHrbs;srésEdkenAkñúg
ebtug. kmøaMgs¥itGaRs½yeTAnwgPaBkkitrvagEdk nigebtug. kmøaMgkkitTTYl\T§iBlCacMbgbNþalBIPaB
eRKIménépÞxagrbs;srésEdk karlayebtug karRskmaD nigkRmas;ebtugeRsabEdk. EdkfñaMgGMeBA
(deformed bar) pþl;nUvPaBs¥itl¥CagEdkmUl. ersIusþg;ebtugkan;EtFM PaBs¥itkan;EtFM. kRmas;ebtugeRsab
Edkkan;EtRkas; kugRtaMgPaBs¥itrbs;Edkkan;EtFM.
CaTUeTA ersIusþg;PaBs¥itTTYl\T§iBlBIktþaxageRkam³
- ersIusþg;rbs;Edk f / RbEvgbgáb;kan;EtEvg sRmab; f kan;EtFM
y y
- KuNPaB nigersIusþg;sgát;rbs;ebtug f ' / kalNa f ' kan;EtFM enaHRbEvgbgáb;kan;xøI

c c
- muxkat;Edk KMlat nigTItaMgrbs;EdkenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug. EdkbeNþayEdldak;kñúgKMlatbBaÄr

FMCag 30cm manersIusþg;s¥itTabCag GaRs½yedaykarrYmmaD nigkarRskrbs;ebtugGMLúgeBl
dMeNIrkarkkrwgrbs;ebtug. dUcKña KMlatEdkkan;EtFM pþl;nUversIusþg;s¥itkan;EtFM eRBaHvapþl;nUv
épÞebtugRKb;RKan;CMuvijEdk.
- kRmas;ebtugeRsabEdk. kRmas;kan;EttUc bgá[mankareRbH.
- karxÞb;EdkbeNþayedayEdkTTwg. karxÞb;EdkbeNþayedayEdkTTwg b¤EdkkgRKb;RKan;
karBarkarpÞúHEbkebtugCuMvijEdkbeNþay.
7>2> karbegáItkugRtaMgs¥it
7>2>1> PaBs¥itedaykarBt;
eKmanFñwmmYyRbEvg dx rgnUvbnÞúkBRgayesμI. eday[m:Um:g;EdlekIteLIgenAEpñkmçagCa M nig 1
mçageTotCa M ehIy M mantémøFMCag M . m:Um:g;nwgbegáItnUvkmøaMgsgát; nigkmøaMgTajxagkñúg. eday

2 1 2
M > M enaH T > T dUcKña C > C .

1 2 1 2 1 2
RbEvgEdkbgán; b¤RbEvgEdkRCYs 153 T.Chhay

enAmuxkat;NamYyenaH T = Mjd
Edl jd CaédXñas;
dM
T1 − T2 = dT =
jd
b:uEnþ T = T + u ∑ Odx
1 2
Edl u CakugRtaMgs¥itmFüm
∑ O CaplbUkbrimaRténmuxkat;r)arenAEpñkrgkarTaj
dUcenH T − T = u ∑ Odx = dM
1 2
jd
dM 1
⇒u = ×
dx jd ∑ O
Eteday dM
dx
=V
V
⇒u = (7.1)
jd ∑ O
mü:ageTotedIm,IsRmYlkñúgkarKNna j RtUv)ansnμt;esμInwg 0.87
dUcenH u = 0.87Vd ∑ O
edayersIusþg;énPaBs¥it RtUv)ankat;bnßyedayemKuN φ = 0.85 enaH
V
Un = (7.2)
φ 0.87 d ∑ O
7>2>2> karBiesaFsRmab;RbsiT§PaBPaBs¥it
karBiesaFedIm,IkMNt;lT§PaBkugRtaMgs¥itGaceFVIeLIgedayeRbI pullout test ¬rUbTI 7>2¦. kar
BiesaFenH kMNt;lT§PaBs¥iténépÞEdkRbePTepSg²edayeFobeTAnwgRbEvgbgáb;. kugRtaMgTajEbkEckesμI
T.Chhay 154 Development Length of Reinforcing Bars
CMuvijsrésEdkenARtg;muxkat;Cak;lak; nigERbRbYltambeNþayRbEvgbgáb; nigenARtg; radial distance

BIépÞrbs;srésEdk. b:uEnþkarBiesaFenHmin)ansMEdgBIPaBs¥itRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgépÞrbs;srésEdkenAkñúg
Ggát;rgkarBt;eT eRBaHkugRtaMgERbRbYltamkm<s;rbs;muxkat;ebtug.
RbePTTIBIrénkarBiesaFGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHEdkbgáb; ¬rUbTI 7>3¦. enAkñúgkarBiesaFenH eKbegáIn
kmøaMg P bnþicmþg² ehIyeKkt;RtacMnYn KMlat nigTMhMsñameRbH. kugRtaMgs¥itERbRbYltambeNþayRbEvg
srésEdkcenøaHsñameRbH. bERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;srésEdkmantémøGtibrmaenARtg;muxkat;eRbH ehIy
fycuHenARtg;muxkat;kNþalrvagmuxkat;eRbH.
eKk¾GaceFVIkarBiesaFeTAelIGgát;rgkarBt; edIm,IsikSaBIRbsiT§PaBénPaBs¥ittambeNþayépÞrbs;Edk
Taj. karviPaKkugRtaMgs¥itrbs;srésEdkRtUv)anbgðajrYcmkehIyenAkñúgkfaxNÐ 7>2>1.
RbEvgbgáb; (development length) CaRbEvgrbs;srésEdknImYy² edIm,IbegáIt yield strength eBj
eljedaymin[rbUtedaysarersIusþg;s¥it (bond strength). RbsinebIsrésEdkminmanRbEvgbgáb;RKb;RKan;
enaHkugRtaMgs¥itenAkñúgtMbn;Tajrbs;FñwmnwgmantémøFM ehIyvanwgeFVI[mansñameRbH nigrEhkkRmas;ebtug
karBarEdkCMuvijEdkrgkarTaj. RbsinebIkarrEhkebtugbnþdl;cugsrésEdk Fñwmnwg)ak;. cMNaMfa
KMlattUcrvagEdkrgkarTaj nigkRmas;ebtugkarBarEdkenAEpñkxag nig)atrbs;FñwmmantémøtUcnwgkat;bnßy
ersIusþg;s¥itrbs;srésEdk.

7>3> RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;Taj
7>3>1> RbEvgbgáb;mUldæan ld
RbsinebIsrésEdkbgáb;kñúgebtugrgkmøaMgTaj T enaHkmøaMgTajenaHRtUvTb;edaykugRtaMgs¥itrvag
srésEdk nigebtug. kmøaMgTajGtibrmaRtUvmantémøesμInwg A f Edl A muxkat;srésEdk. kmøaMgenH
s y s

RtUv)anTb;edaykmøaMgkñúg U Ol Edl U kugRtaMgs¥itcugeRkaymFüm l RbEvgbgáb;Edk nig O brimaRt

n d n d
srésEdk (πD) . kmøaMgTaMgBIrenHRtUvEtesμIKñaedIm,ImanlMnwg.

As f y = U nOld
As f y
⇒ ld = (7.3)
U nO
eday A = πd4 nig O = πd

2
b
s b
db f y
⇒ ld = (7.4)
4U n
mann½yfa RbEvgbgáb;GaRs½ynwg muxkat;Edk ersIusþg;rbs;Edk nigkugRtaMgs¥itEdlCaGnuKmn_eTA
nwg f ' . c
c 1
U n = 0.5 f 'c ( − )
db 2
0 .5 f y db
⇒ ld = (7.5)
f 'c ( c − 1 )
db 2
eday[ c = 1.5d b
0.5 f y
ld = db (7.6)
f 'c
smIkarRbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;Taj Edl)anBIkareFVIBiesaFn_ ehIyRtUv)ansRmYledayKN³kmμkarKW

9 fy αβγλ
ld = db (7.7)
10 f 'c ( c + K tr )
db
c + K tr
Edl db
≤ 2.5
α emKuNTItaMgsrésEdk
β emKuNRTnab;Edk
γ emKuNTMhMEdk
λ emKuNTm¶n;ebtug
c KMlatEdk b¤RTnab;ebtugkarBarEdk
c RtUvmantémøtUckñúgcMeNamkrNITaMgBIrxageRkam³
- cm¶aytUcCageK Edlvas;BIépÞebtugmkG½kSEdk
- mYydgknøHénKMlatEdk EdlKitBIG½kSmkG½kS

K tr snÞsSn_EdkTTwg
Atr f yt
K tr =
10 sn
Atr muxkat;EdkTTwg
f ersIusþg;EdkTTwg
yt
s KMlatEdkGtibrmarbs;EdkTTwgKitBIG½kSmkG½kS
n cMnYnEdkTTwg
cMNaM³ 1¦ (c + K ) / d minKYrFMCag 2.5 edIm,IFanasuvtßiPaBdl;kardac;edaykarrbUt.

b tr b
2¦ témørbs; f ' minRtUvFMCag 8.3MPa .

c
3¦ K RtUv)aneKsnμt;mantémøesμIsUnüedIm,IsRmYldl;karKNna.
tr
7>3>2> emKuN ACI Code sRmab;KNna l sRmab;srésEdkrgkarTaj

d
1¦ α emKuNTItaMgsrésEdk
α = 1.3 sRmab;EdkEdldak;manKMlatx<s;Cag 30cm BIEdkbgáb;
α = 1 sRmab;krNIepSgeTot
2¦ β emKuNRTnab;Edk
β = 1.5 sRmab;Edklab epoxy-coating ehIymanRTnab;ebtugkarBarEdktUcCag 3d nigman b
KMlatEdktUcCag 6d b
β = 1.2 sRmab;Edklab epoxy-coating krNIepSgeTot

β = 1 sRmab;EdkminmanlabfñaMkarBar
3¦ γ emKuNTMhMEdk
γ = 0.8 sRmab;EdkEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCag b¤esμI 19mm
γ = 1 sRmab;EdkEdlmanGgát;p©itFMCag b¤esμI 22mm

4¦ λ emKuNTm¶n;ebtug
λ = 1.3 sRmab;ebtugRsal ¬RbsinebIeKsÁal;ersIusþg;TajedaykarrEhkrbs;ebtugTm¶n;Rsal
f eRbI λ = 0.56 f ' / f b:uEnþ λ ≥ 1 ¦
ct c ct
λ = 1 sRmab;ebtugFmμta
5¦ ACI Code GnuBaØat[eRbI K = 0 eTaHbICamanvtþmanEdkTTwgk¾eday. enAkñúgkrNIenH
tr
ld 9 fy αβγλ
=
d b 10 f 'c ( c / d b )
témørbs; f ' minRtUvFMCag 8.3MPa .

c
6¦ R CaemKuNkat;bnßyEdlbNþalBIbrimaNEdkelIs. ACI Code, section 12.2.5 GnuBaØat[

s
kat;bnßy l edayemKuN R enAeBlEdlEdkenAkñúgGgát;rgkatBt;elIstRmUvkarénkarviPaK

d s
elIkElgEtkEnøgEdleKRtUvkarCaBiessnUvkarf<k; b¤RbEvgbgáb;sRmab; f b¤srésEdkRtUv)an y
sikSaKNnaedayBicarNa\T§iBlrBa¢ÜydI.
A (tRmUvkar )
R =
A (pþl[; )
s
s
s
7¦ sRmab;RKb;krNITaMgGs; RbEvgbgáb; l minRtUvtUcCag 300mm . d
7>3>3> rUbmnþsRmYlsRmab; l d
GnuBaØat[eRbIrUbmnþsRmYlsRmab;KNnapleFob l / d . vaQrelI
ACI Code, section 12.2.2 d b
PaBCak;EsþgEdlkrNIsagsg;bc©úb,nñeRbIKMlat nigRsTab;ebtugkarBarEdkCamYynwgEdkxÞb; (confining

reinforcement) dUcCaEdkkg (stirrup and tie) EdleFVI[témø (c + K ) ≥ 1.5d . elIsBIenH karBiesaF
b tr b
bgðajfa eKGackat;bgßyRbEvgbgáb; l 20% sRmab;EdkEdlmanGgát;tUcCag b¤esμI19mm . edayQrelI

d
karsnμt;TaMgenH nigsnμt;fa (c + K ) = 1.5d enaHsmIkar 7.7 RtUv)ansRmYldUcxageRkam³

b tr b
1¦ sRmab;srésEdkEdlmanGgát;p©itFMCag b¤esμI 22mm

ld 3 ⎛ f ⎞
= αβλ ⎜ y ⎟ (7.8)
db 5 ⎜ f' ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
sRmab;srésEdkEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCagb¤esμI 19mm
ld 12 ⎛ f ⎞
= αβλ ⎜ y ⎟ (7.9)
d b 25 ⎜ f' ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
pleFob l / d enAkñúgsmIkar 7.9 esμInwg 80% énpleFob l / d enAkñúgsmIkar 7.8. eKeRbI

d b d b
smIkarTaMgenHkñúgkrNIEdleKCYblkçxNÐmYykñúgcMeNamlkçxNÐTaMgBIrxageRkam³
k¦ KMlatBIépÞEdkeTAépÞEdkEdlRtUvbgáb; b¤RCYsminRtUvtUcCag d / RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdkmin

b
RtUvtUcCag d ehIyEdkkgEdldak;elIRbEvg l minRtUvtUcCagtémøGb,brmaEdl[eday

b d
kUd.
x¦ KMlatBIépÞEdkeTAépÞEdkEdlRtUvbgáb; b¤RCYsminRtUvtUcCag 2d / RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdk
b
minRtUvtUcCag d . b
2¦ sRmab;krNIdéTeTot témørbs; l / d enAkñúgsmIkar 7.8 nig 7.9 RtUvKuNnwg 1.5 edIm,IeFVI[va

d b
smmUleTAnwgsmIkar 7.7.
smIkarTaMgenHmanlkçN³gayRsYlkñúgkareRbIR)as;sRmab;lkçxNÐTUeTAEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarsikSa
KNna nigkarsagsg;. ]TahrN_ sRmab;RKb;eRKOgbgÁúMebtugTm¶n;Fmμta (λ = 1.0) srésEdkEdlminlab
epoxy-coating (β = 1.0 ) EdkEdlmanGgát;p©itFMCag b¤esIμ 22mm (γ = 1.0) enaHsmIkar 7.8 køayCa
ld 3 ⎛⎜ f y ⎞⎟
= (7.10)
d b 5 ⎜⎝ f 'c ⎟⎠
eKeRbIsmIkarenH RbsinebIvaeKarBlkçxNÐ k¦ nig x¦ b:uEnþsRmab;krNIdéTeTot eKRtUvKuN l d / db CamYynwg

1.5 b¤
ld 9⎛ f ⎞
= ⎜ y ⎟ (7.11)
d b 10 ⎜⎝ f 'c ⎟⎠
sRmab;lkçxNÐdUcKña nigsRmab;srésEdkEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCag b¤esμI 19mm smIkar 7.9 køayCa

ld 12 ⎛⎜ f y ⎞⎟
= (7.12)
d b 25 ⎜⎝ f 'c ⎟⎠
eKeRbIsmIkarenH RbsinebIvaeKarBlkçxNÐ k¦ nig x¦ b:uEnþsRmab;krNIdéTeTot eKRtUvKuN l d / db CamYynwg

1.5 b¤
ld 18 ⎛⎜ f y ⎞⎟
= (7.13)
d b 25 ⎜⎝ f 'c ⎟⎠
kñúgkarsikSaKNna nigkarsagsg;GKarebtugGarem: eKniymeRbI f ' = 28MPa nig f

c y = 400MPa . Rbsin
ebIeKCMnYstémøTaMgenHeTAkñúgsmIkarxagelI enaH
smIikar 7.10 køayCa l = 45d
d b ¬Ggát;p©itEdk ≥ 22mm ¦ (7.10a)
smIikar 7.11 køayCa l = 67.5d

d ¬Ggát;p©itEdk ≥ 22mm ¦
b (7.11a)

d b ¬Ggát;p©itEdk ≤ 19mm ¦ (7.12a)

d b ¬Ggát;p©itEdk ≤ 19mm ¦ (7.13a)

témøepSgeTotrbs;pleFob l / d RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 7>1. tarag 7>2 bgðajBIRbEvgbgáb; l

d b d
sRmab;srésEdkepSg² ¬enAeBl f = 400MPa nig f ' = 20MPa nig 30MPa ¦ sRmab;krNIeKarB

y c
lkçxNÐ nigkrNIepSgeTot.
tarag 7>1 témørbs; l d / db sRmab;témøepSg²én f 'c nig f ¬EdkrgkarTaj¦

y
f y = 235MPa f y = 400MPa
f 'c
≤ 19mm ≥ 22mm ≤ 19mm ≥ 22mm
(MPa ) eKarB krNIepSg eKarB krNIepSg eKarB krNIepSg eKarB krNIepSg
lkçxNÐ eTot lkçxNÐ eTot lkçxNÐ eTot lkçxNÐ eTot
21 24.6 36.9 30.7 46.1 41.9 62.9 52.4 78.6
28 21.3 32.0 26.6 39.9 36.3 54.5 45.4 68.1
35 19.1 28.7 23.8 35.7 32.5 48.9 40.6 60.9
42 17.4 26.1 21.8 32.7 29.6 44.4 37.0 55.5
tarag 7>2 RbEvgbgáb; l (mm) sRmab;EdkrgkarTaj nig f = 400MPa (α = β = λ = 1.0)

d y
RbEvgbgáb; l (mm) sRmab;EdkrgkarTaj

Ggát;p©itrbs; d
elxsMKal; f ' = 20MPa f ' = 30MPa

srésEdk c c
rbs;Edk eKarB krNIepSg eKarB krNIepSg

(mm )
lkçxNÐ eTot lkçxNÐ eTot
10M 11.3 485 728 396 594
15M 16.0 687 1031 561 842
20M 19.5 1046 1569 854 1281
25M 25.2 1352 2028 1104 1656
30M 29.9 1605 2408 1310 1965
35M 35.7 1915 2873 1564 2346
7>4> RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;sgát; l dc
RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;sgát;RtUv)aneKKitfamanRbEvgxøICagRbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;Taj eRBaHkmøaMg
xøH RtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAebtugedaysrésEdk nigmü:ageTotvaminmansñameRbHenAtMbn;TMBk;. RbEvgbgáb; l dc
sRmab;tMbn;sgát;RtUv)ankMNt;eday
0.24db f y
ldc = ≥ 0.043d b f y (7.14)
f 'c

ehIyvaminRtUvmantémøtUcCag 20cm . eKGackat;bnßyRbEvgbgáb; l edayKuNnwg R = ¬ A tRmUvkar¦ dc s s
/ ¬ A Edlpþl;[¦. sRmab;Ggát;rgkarsgát;ebtugGarem:EdlmanEdkkgv½NÐGgát;p©itFMCag 6mm nigKMlat

s
tUcCag b¤esμI 100mm eKGacKuN l énsmIkar 7.14 eday R = 0.75 . CaTUeTA l = l × (R b¤ R ) ≥

dc sl d dc s sl
200mm . tarag 7>3 nig 7>4 [témørbs; l / d enAeBl f = 400 . dc b y
tarag 7>3 témørbs; l d / db sRmab;témøepSg²rbs; f 'c nig f ¬Edkrgkarsgát;¦/ l Gb,brma= 200mm

y dc
ldc / d b = 0.24 f y / f 'c ≥ 0.043 f y

f 'c (MPa )
f y (MPa ) 21 28 ≥ 32
235 12.3 10.6 10.1

400 21 18.1 17.2
tarag 7>4 RbEvgbgáb;mUldæan l (mm) sRmab; Edkrgkarsgát; ( f = 400MPa)

dc y
elxsMKal; Ggát;p©itrbs; RbEvgbgáb; l (mm) enAeBl dc f 'c =
rbs;Edk srésEdk (mm) 21(MPa ) 28(MPa ) ≥ 32(MPa )

10M 11.3 237 204 200
15M 16.0 336 290 275
20M 19.5 410 353 335
25M 25.2 529 456 4.33
30M 29.9 628 541 514
35M 35.7 750 646 614
7>5> segçbkarKNna l kñúgtMbn;Tajd
edaysnμt;karsagsg;Fmμta (c + K ) / d ≥ 1.5 . b tr b
1¦ RbsinebIeKeKarBlkçxNÐmYykñúgcMeNamlkçxNÐTaMgBIrxageRkam³
k¦ KMlatBIépÞEdkeTAépÞEdk ≥ d / RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdk ≥ d ehIyKMlatEdkkgminRtUvtUcCagtémø
b b
Gb,brmaEdl[edaykUd.
x¦ KMlatBIépÞEdkeTAépÞEdk ≥ 2d / RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdk minRtUvtUcCag d . enaH
b b
sRmab;EdkEdlmanGgát;p©itFMCag b¤esμI 22mm / dl = 53 αβλ ⎛⎜⎜ ff ' ⎞⎟⎟ (7.8) d y
b ⎝ c ⎠
⎛ f ⎞
sRmab;EdkEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCag b¤esμI 19mm / dl d
=
12
25
αβλ ⎜ y ⎟
⎜ f' ⎟
(7.9)
b ⎝ c ⎠
2¦ sRmab;krNIepSgeTot KuNpleFobxagelInwg 1.5 .

3¦ cMNaMfa f ' ≤ 69MPa ehIy αβ ≤ 1.7 témørbs; α , β nig λ RtUv)anBnül;BIxagedIm.

c
4¦ sRmab;EdkkBa©úM eTaHbICakñúgtMbn;TajkþI kñúgtMbn;sgát;kþI eKRtUvbegáIn l 20% sRmab;kBa©úMEdkbI nig 33%

d
sRmab;kBa©úMEdkbYn. kBa©úMEdkmYyRtUv)aneKBicarNaCaEdkeTalEdlmanGgát;p©it nigRkLaépÞsmmUleTA

nwgRkLaépÞsrubrbs;EdkTaMgGs;kñúgmYykBa©úM. eKeRbIGgát;p©itsmmYlenHedIm,IRtYtBinitüKMlat nigRs-
Tab;ebtugkarBarEdk.
]TahrN_ 7>1³ rUb 7>5 bgðajBImuxkat;FñwmebtugGarem:TRmsamBaØEdlman 4DB25 Edlh‘¿uB½T§edayEdk
kg DB10 @150 . kMNt;RbEvgbgáb;rbs;EdkRbsinebIFñwmenHplitBIebtugTm¶n;Fmμta ehIyEdkminmanlab
epoxy. f ' = 21MPa nig f = 400 MPa .
c y
dMeNaHRsay
1¦ RtYtBinitülkçxNÐKMlat nigRsTab;ebtugkarBarEdk
k¦ d = 25mm
b
x¦ RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdk = 60 − 12.5 = 47.5mm > d b
K¦ KMlatrvagsrésEdk = 300 3− 120 − 25 = 35mm > d b
X¦ EdkbeNþayRtUv)ancgxÞb;edayEdkkg DB10 . dUcenH FñwmenHeKarBtamlkçxNÐ. enaH

3αβλ f
d
l
=
5 f'
d
¬sRmab;srésEdkEdlmanGgát;p©it > 22mm ¦
y
(7.8)
b c
2¦ témørbs;emKuN³ sRmab;EdkxageRkam α = 1.0 / sRmab;Edkminmanlab epoxy β = 1.0 nigsRmab;

ebtugTm¶n;Rsal λ = 1.0 . ehIyBinitüemIlfa f ' = 21 = 4.58MPa < 8.3MPa .
c

ld 3 × 400
= = 52.4
d b 5 × 21
dUcenH l = 52.4 × 25 = 1310mm yk 1350mm . cMNaMfa RbsinebIeKeRbIrUbmnþTUeTAsRmab;KNna l
d d / db
¬smIkar 7.7¦ edaysnμt; K = 0 enaH tr
ld 3αβλ f y
= (7.8)
d b 5 f 'c (cb / d b )
enAkñúg]TahrN_enH α = β = λ = 1.0 .
ehIy c = cm¶aytUcCageKBIG½kSrbs;EdkeTAépÞebtugEdlCitbMput (c ) b¤Bak;kNþalénKMlatBIG½kSeTAG½kS
b 1
srésEdk (c ) . 2
0.5(300 − 120 )
c = 60mm 1 c = 2 = 30mm ¬lub¦
3
(c + K ) / d = 30 / 25 = 1.2 < 1.5 / dUcenH eRbI (c + K ) / d = 1.5 . dUcenH l / d = 3αβλ f / 5 f ' dUc
b tr b b tr b d b y c
CMhanTI 2 nig l = 1350mm . d
cMNaMfa³ RbsinebIEdkminRtUv)ancgxÞb;edayEdkkg témørbs; l RtUvKuNnwg 1.5 ¬ s = 35mm < 2d =

d b
50mm ¦.
]TahrN_ 7>2³ eFVI]TahrN_ 7>1 eLIgvij RbsinebIFñwmenHplitBIebtugfμbMEbkTm¶n;Rsal srésEdklab

fñaM epoxy ehIy A tRmYvkartamkarviPaKKW 1800mm .
s
2
dMeNaHRsay³
1¦ témørbs;emKuN³ α = 1.0 ¬EdkeRkam¦/ β = 1.5 ¬EdklabfñaM¦/ λ = 1.3 ¬ebtugfμTm¶n;¦ nig R = ¬ A s s
tRmUvkar¦ /( A pþl;[ ) = 1800 / 1962.5 = 0.92 . témørbs; β = 1.5 edaysarRTnab;ebtugkarBarEdktUc

s
Cag 3d = 75mm . RtYtfa αβ = 1.0 ×1.5 = 1.5 < 1.7 .

b
2¦ dl = 3R5 αβλd
f'
f s
¬sRmab;srésEdk > 22mm ¦
y
b c
3 × 0.92(1.5)(1.3)(400)
= = 94
5 21
ld = 2350mm
]TahrN_ 7>3³ ssrebtugGarem:man 8DB32 EdlRtUvbgðÚtcUlkñúgeCIgtag. kMNt;RbEvgbgáb;EdlcaM)ac;

sRmab;bgáb;cUlkñúgRKwH. eRbI f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa .
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
RbEvgbgáb;kñúgtMbn;sgát;KW
0.24d b f y
ldc = ≥ 0.043d b f y
f 'c
0.24 × 25 × 400
ldc =
28
¬lub¦
= 455mm
l Gb,brmaKW 0.043 × 25 × 400 = 430mm b:uEnþvaminGactYcCag 200mm eT. edaysarvaminmanemKuN

dc
déTeTotdUcenH l = 455mm .
d
7>6> muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt;
muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;RbEvgbgáb;EdkenAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt;KW
•enARtg;cMNuckugRtaMgGtibrma
•enARtg;cMNucEdlEdkbeNþayrgkarTajRtUv)anbBaÄb; b¤Bt;
•enARtg;épÞrbs;TRm
•enARtg;cMNucrbt;Edlm:Um:g;bþÚrsBaØa
muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;KMrUFñwmCab;rgbnÞúkBRgayesμIRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>6. muxkat; nig
RbEvgbgáb;RtUv)anBnül;dUcxageRkam³
1¦ muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;Edkm:Um:g;GviC¢manmancMnYnbI³ muxkat;TI ! KWenARtg;épÞTRm Edlm:Um:g;
GviC¢man k¾dUcCakugRtaMgmantémøGtibrma. eKRtUvRtYtBinitüRbEvgbgáb;cMnYnBIrKW x nig x .
1 2
muxkat; @ Camuxkat;EdlcMENkénEdkm:Um:g;GviC¢manxøHRtUv)anbBaÄb;. edIm,IbegáItkmøaMgTaj

eBjelj srésEdkRtUv)anbgðÚtcm¶ay x muneBlEdlbBaÄb;va. enAeBlcMENkénsrésEdk
2
RtUv)anbBaÄb; srésEdkEdlenAsl;begáItkugRtaMgGtibrma.
muxkat; # enARtg;cMNucrbt;. eKRtUvbgðÚtsrésEdkenHcm¶ay x BImuxkat; #³ x RtUvEtFMCag
3 3
b¤esμInwgkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d b¤ 12d b¤ 1 / 16 énRbEvgElVgcenøaHépÞssrxagkñúg edayykmYy

b
NaEdlmantémøFMCageK. eyagtam ACI Code, section 12.12.3 y:agehacNas;k¾ 1 / 3 én

brimaNsrésEdksrubEdlpþl;[sRmab; m:Um:g;GviC¢manenARtg;TRmRtUvbgðÚtcm¶ay x BIcMNuc 3
rbt;.
2¦ muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;Edkm:Um:g;viC¢manmancMnYnbI³ muxkat;TI $ Camuxkat;Edlmanm:Um:g;viC¢man
k¾dUcCakugRtaMgGtibrma. eKRtUvRtYtBinitüRbEvgbgáb;cMnYnBIrKW x nig x . RbEvg x CaRbEvg
1 2 1
bgáb; l EdlkMNt;eday ACI Code, section 12.11 nigdUckarbgðajBIxagelI. RbEvg x FMCag

d 2
b¤esμInwg d b¤ 12d . b

muxkat; % Camuxkat;EdlcMENkénEdkm:Um:g;viC¢manxøHRtUv)anbBaÄb;. edIm,IbegáItkmøaMgTaj

eBjelj srésEdkRtUv)anbgðÚtcm¶ay x . srésEdkEdlenAsl;nwgbegáItkugRtaMgGtibrma
2
edaysarcMENkénsrésEdkRtUv)anbBaÄb; . eyagtam ACI Code, section 12.11.1 enARtg;épÞ

TRm ¬muxkat; !¦ y:agehacNas;k¾ 1/ 4 énsrésEdkm:Um:g;viC¢manenAkñúgGgát;Cab;RtUvbgðÚtcUl
eTAkñúgTRm. sRmab;Ggát;samBaØ y:agehacNas;k¾ 1 / 3 én brimaNsrésEdksrubEdlpþl;[
sRmab;m:Um:g;viC¢manRtUvbgðÚtcUlTRm.
enARtg;cMNucrbt; ¬muxkat; ^¦ RtUvGnuvtþedayeKarBtam ACI Code, section 12.11.3.
]TahrN_ 7>4³
FñwmCab;mankarlMGitsrésEdkdUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 7>7. m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaviC¢man nigGviC¢mank¾RtUv)anbgðaj.
eyIgRtYvRtYtBinitüRbEvgbgáb;enARKb;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;TaMgGs;. eK[³ f ' = 21MPa / f = 276MPa / b =
c y
300mm / d = 460mm nigRbEvgElVg L = 7.2m .

dMeNaHRsay³
muxkat;eRKaHfñak;KW (1) enARtg;épÞrbs;TRmsRmab;EdkrgkarTaj nigEdkrgkarsgát; ¬muxkat; !¦ (2) enARtg;
cMNucEdlEdkTajRtUv)anbBaÄb;enAkñúgElVg ¬muxkat; @ nig %¦ (3) enARtg;cMNucrbt; ¬muxkat; # nig ^¦ nig
(4) enARtg;kNþalElVg ¬muxkat; $¦.
1¦ BIrUbTI 7>7 RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;Edkm:Um:g;GviC¢manKW³ 3DB28 RtUv)anbBaÄb;enARtg;cm¶ay x = 1.35m BI

épÞrbs;TRm b:uEnþEdkbIeTotRtUv)anbgðÚtdl;cm¶ay 1.8m BIépÞTRm.
k¦ kMNt;RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;EdkxagelI

Ggát;p©itEdkm:Um:g;GviC¢man d = 28mm b
RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdk = 60 − 282 = 46mm > d b
cm¶ayBIépÞeTAépÞEdk = 300 2− 120 − 28 = 62mm > 2d b
dUcenH dl = 35αβλf 'f ¬sRmab; d ≥ 22mm ¦

d y
b
b c
eday α = 1.3 ¬sRmab;EdkxagelI¦/ β = 1.0 / λ = 1.0

enaH l = 3(15.3)21276 28 = 1315mm
d
x¦ epÞógpÞat;RbEvgbgáb; x = 1350mm > l 1 (O.K) d
K¦ RbEvgbgáb; x EdlbgðÚtBIcMNucEdlminRtUvkar 3DB28

2
x2 = max(d ;12d b ) = 460mm

X¦ epÞógpÞat;RbEvgbgáb; x 4
x4 = 1800 − 450 = 1350mm > ld (O.K)

g¦ ecjBIcMNucrbt; ¬muxkat; #¦ eKRtUvbgðÚtbrimaNEdky:agtic 1 / 3 énbrimaNEdksrubcm¶ayy:ag
tic d b¤ 12d b¤ L / 16 BIcMNucrbt;enH. EdkEdlbgðÚthYscMNucrbt;KW 3DB28 dUcenHRKb;RKan;.
b
epÞógpÞat; x = x = 460mm
3 2
eyIgman 1800 − 1000 = 800mm > 460mm (O.K)

2¦ Edkrgkarsgát;enARtg;épÞTRm ¬muxkat; !¦ KWEdkEdlmanmuxkat; 25mm ³ RbEvgbgáb; x esμInwg 5
0.24 × 25 × 276
= 361mm yk 370mm
0.24d f
l = dc = b y
f' c 21
ldcGb,brma = 0.043d f = 0.043 × 25 × 276 = 297mm

b y
b:uEnþvaminRtUvtUcCag 200mm . l Edlpþl;[ = 380mm > 370mm O.K.

dc
3¦ RbEvgEdkbgáb;sRmab;srésEdkm:Um:g;viC¢man³ 3DB25 RtUv)andak;cm¶ay 1.8m BIkNþalElVg ehIy

EdkEdlenAsl;RtUv)anbgðÚtdl;TRm. RbEvgbgáb; x BIkNþalElVgKW 6
l = 3 × 276 × 28 / (5 × 21 ) = 1011mm < 1800mm

d O.K.
x = max(d ;12d ) = 460mm RKb;RKan;
7 b
eKGackMNt;TItaMgCak;EsþgkñúgkarbBaÄb;EdkenAkñúgElVgedayeRbIdüaRkamm:Um:g;ersIusþg; (moment-
resistance diagram) EdlnwgBnül;enAkñúgkfaxNÐ 7>9.

7>7> TMBk;; ¬ACI Code, section 12.5 nig 7.1¦

TMBk;RtUv)aneRbIenAxagcugr)ar enAeBlEdlRbEvgbgáb;Rtg;EdlvaRtUvkarmantémøtUcCagRbEvgbgáb;
caM)ac;. )ann½yfa r)arEdlmanTMBk;xagcug RtUvkarRbEvgbgáb;xøICagr)arRtg;. Ggát;p©itGb,brmarbs;BMnt;
Edlvas;BIépÞxagkñúgrbs;TMBk; D ERbRbYleTAtamGgát;p©itrbs;r)ar³
b
- sRmab; DB10 − DB25 / D = 6d b b
- sRmab; DB28 − DB36 / D = 8d b b
- sRmab; DB43 − DB58 / D = 10d b b
RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;r)arEdlmanTMBk;RtUv)ankMNt;edayrUbmnþxageRkam³
0.24 f y
lhb = db
f 'c
0.24 βλ f y
CaTUeTA l dh =
f 'c
db
Edl
β emKuNRTnab;Edk
β = 1.2 sRmab;Edklab epoxy-coating
β = 1 sRmab;EdkminmanlabfñaMkarBar
λ emKuNTm¶n;ebtug
λ = 1.3 sRmab;ebtugRsal
λ = 1 sRmab;ebtugFmμta
RbEvgbgáb;rbs;r)arEdlmanTMBk;RtUv)anKuNCamYyemKuNsRmab;krNIxageRkam³
- r)arEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCag 36mm EdlmanTMBk;Bt;mMu 90 Bak;edayEdkkgbBaÄr b¤edkEdl
o
manKMlatminFMCag 3d RbEvgbgáb;RtUvKuNCamYy 0.8 .

b
- r)arEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCag 36mm EdlmanRTnab;karBarEdkxagFMCag 6cm RbEvgbgáb;RtUv

KuNCamYy 0.7 . eKeRbIemKuNdUcKñasRmab;TMBk; 90 enAeBlkRmas;ebtugkarBarEdkenAxag
o
TMBk;FMCag 50mm .
- r)arEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCag 36mm EdlmanTMBk;Bt;mMu 180 Bak;edayEdkkgbBaÄrehIyman
o
KMlatminFMCag 3d RbEvgbgáb;RtUvKuNCamYy 0.8 .

b
- enAeBlminRtUvkareRbIEdkTMBk; eKGacKuNRbEvgbgáb;sRmab;EdkelIsedayemKuNpleFob

As (
tRmUvkar )
Rs =
A (pþl[; )
s
- enAeBleKeRbIEdkTMBk;mankRmas;ebtugkarBarEdkxagelI xageRkam nigxag tUcCag 60mm

enARtg;cugminCab;rbs;Ggát; eKRtUvdak;EdkkgedayKMlattUcCag b¤esμI 3d . elIsBIenH
b
eKminGaceRbIemKuN 0.8 )aneT.

RbEvgbgáb; l sRmab;EdkfñaMgGMeBArgkarTajminRtUvtUcCag max(8d / 150mm) . cMNaMfa TMBk;
dh b
minmanRbsiT§PaBsRmab;Edkrgkarsgát;eT.
karlMGitBITMBk; 90 nig 180 RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>8. eKRtUvkarTMhMEdlbgðajkñúgrUbedIm,I
o o
karBarkarrEhk nigkarpÞat;ebtug. rUbTI 7>9 a bgðajBIkarlMGitBITMBk; enARtg;cugminCab;CamYynwgkRmas;

ebtugkarBarEdktUcCag 60mm EdlGackarBarkarpÞat;ebtug. kareRbIEdkkgbiTCitKWcaM)ac;sRmab;karsikSa
KNnad¾RtwmRtUv. rUbTI 7>9 b nig c bgðajBIkardak;EdkkgbBaÄr nigEdkkgedk. rUbTI 7>10 bgðajBIkar
BRgaykugRtaMgtambeNþayTMBk; 90 eRkamGMeBIkmøaMgTaj P .
o

]TahrN_ 7>5³ KNnaRbEvgbgáb;EdlRtUvkarsRmab;EdkxagelIEdlmanGgát;p©it 25mm rbs;Fñwmkugs‘ul

dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>11 EdlbgðÚtcUleTAkñúgssrRbsinebIsrésEdkenaH
k¦ Rtg;
x¦ manTMBk; 90 enAxagcug
o
K¦ manTMBk; 180 enAxagcug

o

EdkRtUv)ancgxÞb;edayEdkkgEdlmanGgát;p©it DB10 @150 ehIymankRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk 40mm

nigKMlatBIépÞEdkeTAépÞEdk 50mm . eRbI f ' = 28MPa nig f = 400MPa .
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
k¦ EdkRtg;³ EdkmanGgát;p©it d = 25mm . edaysarKMlatBIépÞEdkeTAépÞEdk = 2d nigkRmas;ebtugkar
b b
BarEdkFMCag d ehIyEdkRtUvxÞb;edayEdkkg dUcenHvaeKarBlkçxNÐ k¦ nig x¦. eKGaceRbIsmIkar

b
7.10 edIm,IKNna l . l = 1134mm sRmab;EdkxagelI α = 1.3 dUcenH l = 1474mm .

d d d
x¦ EdkEdlmanTMBk; 90 ³ sRmab;EdkEdlmanGgát;p©it d = 25mm RbEvgbgáb; l = 0.24d f / f '

o
b hb b y c
= 454mm . edaysarminmankarEktRmUv enaH l = 454mm > 8d = 200mm

dh b
karlMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>11. eKmineRbIemKuN α = 1.3 sRmab;Ggát;EdlmanTMBk;eT.

c¦ EdkEdlmanTMBk; 180 ³ RbEvgbgáb; l = 454mm dUckarKNnaxagelI. edaysarminmankarEktRmUv
o
hb
enaH l = 454mm > 8d = 200mm karlMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>11.

dh b
7>8> kartEdk
enAeBlEdlEdkmanRbEvgxøI eKcaM)ac;RtUvtvaedaydak;bRBa¢ÜsKñanUvRbEvgmYysmRsbedIm,IbBa¢Únkug
RtaMgénPaBs¥itBIr)armYyeTAr)armYy. kartEdkGaceFVIeLIgedaykartbRBa¢Üsmux nigkarpSa. kartEdk
edaykarbRBa¢ÜsminGaceFVIeTA)aneT sRmab;r)arEdlmanGgát;p©itFMCag 36mm . sRmab;tMNpSaRtUveFVIeLIg
eday[TwkbnSamanersIusþg;esIμ 125% énersIusþg;rbs;Edk.

kartEdkminRtUv)anGnuBaØt[eFVIenARtg;muxkat;Edlmanm:Um:g;GtibrmaeT. elIsBIenH eKk¾RtUveCos

vagkartEdkRtg;TItaMgEtmYykEnøg edIm,IeCosvagkarFøak;exSayrbs;muxkat;ebtug kareTIsETgEdk nigkar
Bi)akcak;ebtug.
k> kartEdkenAtMbn;rgkarTaj l st
RbEvgtEdk l = l RtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdlmuxkat;EdkticCagBak;kNþalRtUv)ant nigmuxkat;Edk

st d
eRbIR)as;esμI2dgmuxkat;RtUvkarTaMgGs;elIRbEvgEdlt. RbEvgtEdk l = 1.3l RtUv)aneRbIenAeBlNa

st d
EdlkartEdkeFVIeLIgenATItaMgEtmYy EtCasMNUmBr eKminRtUvtEdkenAkEnøgdUcKñaeLIy. sRmab;RKb;krNI

RbEvgtEdkminRtUvmantémøtUcCag 30cm .
x> kartEdkenAtMbn;rgkarsgát; l sc
RbEvgtEdkenAtMbn;sgát; l RtUvmantémøFMCag b¤esμIRbEvgbgáb;enAtMbn;rgkarsgát;.

sc
l = 0.0724 f d
sc ysRmab; f ≤ 400MPa
b y
l = (0.13 f − 24)d sRmab; f > 400MPa

sc y b y
sRmab;RKb;krNI RbEvgtEdkminRtUvmantémøtUcCag 30cm . RbsinebIebtugEdlykmkeRbIman

ersIusþg;tUcCag 20MPa enaHRbEvgtEdkRtUvKuNnwg 1.3 . sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgragCarWus½r enaH
RbEvgtEdkRtUvKuNnwg 0.75 EtsRmab;EdkkgFmμtaRtUvKuNnwg 0.83 b:uEnþminRtUvtUcCag 30cm .
]TahrN_ 7>6³ KNnaRbEvgbRBa©ÜssRmab; 6DB25 EdkrgkarTajxageRkam ¬CaBIrCYr¦ KMlatBIépÞEdkeTA
épÞEdk 60mm nigkRmas;karBarebtug 40mm sRmab;krNIxageRkam³
k¦ enAeBleKtbRBa©ÜsEdkbIedIm nig ( A pþl;[ ) /( A tRmYvkar ) > 2
s s
x¦ enAeBleKtbRBa©ÜsEdkbYnedIm nig ( A pþl;[ ) /( A tRmUvkar ) < 2

s s

K¦ enAeBleKtbRBa©ÜsRKb;srésEdkTaMgGs;Rtg;TItaMgEtmYy. eK[ f ' = 35MPa nig f = 400MPa .c y
dMeNaHRsay³
k¦ sRmab; d = 25 ehIy α = β = γ = λ = 1.0 ¬smIkar 7.8¦/ 35 = 5.9MPa < 8.3MPa
b
l = 40.6d BIeRBaHvaeKarBlkçxNÐ k¦ nig x¦. l = 40.6 × 25 = 1015mm . sRmab; ( A pþl;[ ) /

d b d s
( A tRmYvkar ) > 2 / l = 1.0l = 1015mm > 300mm ¬Gb,brma¦. EdkEdlRtUvbRBa©ÜstUcCagEdksrub

s st d
Bak;kNþal.
x¦ l = 1015mm dUckarKNnaxagelI. edaysar ( A pþl;[ ) /( A tRmUvkar ) < 2 / l = 1.3l = 1320mm
d s s st d
EdlFMCag 300mm .
K¦ l = 1320mm > 300mm .
st
]TahrN_ 7>7³ KNnaRbEvgbRBa©ÜssRmab; DB32 Edkrgkarsgát;enAkñúgssrEdleRbIEdkkgFmμta enA

eBl f ' = 35MPa nigenAeBl k¦ f = 400MPa x¦ f = 550MPa .
c y y
dMeNaHRsay³
k¦ sRmab; DB = 32 / l = 0.24 × 400
35
× 32 = 520mm . RtYtBinitü l ≥ 0.0724(32)(400) = 927 mm .
db sc
dUcenH l = 930mm .sc
x¦ l = 520mm dUckarKNnaxagelI. RtYtBinitü l ≥ (0.13 × 550 − 24)32 = 1520mm .

db sc
dUcenH l = 1550mm .sc
7>9> karbBaÄb;Edk
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;enAkñúgFñwmCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgkm<s;RbsiT§iPaB d / TTwgFñwm b / nigmuxkat;Edk A sRmab; s
karEdleKsÁal;ersIusþg;Edk f nigersIusþg;ebtug f ' . sRmab;FñwmEdlmanTTwg nigkm<s;efr enaHmuxkat;

y c
EdkERbRbYleTAtamm:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanGMeBItambeNþayFñwm. dUcenHeKcaM)ac;RtUvbBaÄb;Edk enAkEnøgNaEdl

eKminRtUvkarvaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgBt;. sRmab;krNIxøH dUcCaFñwmCab; EdksRmab;m:Um:g;viC¢man RtUv)aneK
Bt;eLIgelIedaymMu 45 edIm,Ipþl;CaEdkrgkmøaMgTajsRmab;m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRm.
o
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;rbs;FñwmrgkarTajenARKb;muxkat;TaMgGs;RtUv)ankMNt;eday
a
M u = φAs f y (d − )
2

édXñas; (d − a2 ) ERbRbYlBImuxkat;mYyeTAmuxkat;mYytambeNþayFñwm dUckarERbRbYlbrimaNsrés

EdkEdr eTaHCay:agenHk¾eday eyIgeXIjfabERmbRmYlédXñas;mantUcbMput ehIyminmantémøxusKñaeRcInBI
muxkat;m:Um:g;GtibrmaeT. dUcenH eKGacsnμt;faersIusþg;m:Um:g;sRmab;muxkat;smamaRtnwgkmøaMgTaj b¤mux
kat;srésEdk edayKitTaMgRbEvgTMBk;.
edIm,IkMNt;TItaMgénkarbBaÄb;Edk eKRtUvKUrdüaRkamm:Um:g;EdlekItBIkmøaMgxageRkAmuneK. düaRkam
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;RtUv)anKUrenAelIRkaPicEtmYy edIm,IbgðajTItaMgsrésEdkxøHEdlminRtUvkarRbEvgEvgCag
tRmUvkar. ersIusþg;m:Um:g;cugeRkaysRmab;srésEdkmYysrésKW³
a
M ub = φAsb f y (d − )
2
Edl a=
As f y
0.85 f 'c b
- muxkat;EdkmYysrés
Asb
cMNucRbsBVrvagbnÞat;ersIusþg;m:Um:g; CamYydüaRkamm:Um:g;xageRkA bgðajBITItaMgEdleyIgGacbBaÄb;

Edk)an. b:uEnþeKcaM)ac;RtUvbEnßmRbEvgEdkedIm,IPaBs¥itCamYyebtug. ACI Code )ankMNt;faRKb;Edk
EdlbBaÄb;RtUvbEnßmRbEvgesμInwgkm<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;Fñwm b¤ 12d ¬edayyktémømYyNaEdlFMCageK¦
b
elIsBIenH ACI Code )ankMNt;fay:agticNas; 1 / 3 énsrésEdksRmab;m:Um:g;viC¢manRtUvbgðÚseTAkñúg

TRmsRmab;FñwmTRmsamBaØ.

edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarbgðajBIkarbBaÄb;Edk rUb 7>13 bgðajFñwmTRmsamBaØrgbnÞúkBRgayesμI mux

kat;rbs;va nigdüaRkamm:Um:g;. ExSekagm:Um:g;Bt;manrag)a:ra:bYlEdlmanm:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkNþalElVg
272kN .m . edaysarFñwmBRgwgeday 4 DB 25 enaHersIusþg;m:Um:g;rbs;srésEdkmYyedImKW
⎛ a⎞
M ub = φAsb f y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
As f y 1963 × 350
a= = = 128.3mm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 21× 300
⎛ 128.3 ⎞ −6
M ub = 0.9 × 491× 350⎜ 540 − ⎟ ⋅ 10 = 73.6kN .m
⎝ 2 ⎠

dYcenH ersIusþg;m:Um:g;rbs;EdkbYnsrésKW 294.4kN .m EdlFMCagm:Um:g;xageRkA 272kN .m . Rbsin

ebIRbsinebIeyIgKUrdüaRkamm:Um:g;[RtUvmaRtdæanenAelIExSeKal A − A eyIgeXIjfaeKGacbBaÄb;srésEdk
TImYyenARtg;cMNuc a srésEdkTIBIrenARtg;cMNuc b nigsrésEdkTIbIenARtg;cMNuc c ehIysrésEdkTIbYn
enARtg;TRmcug A . cMNucTaMgenHCaTItaMgsRmab;bBaÄb;EdktamRTwsþI. b:uEnþ eKcaM)ac;begáItEpñkénersIusþg;xøH
rbs;srésEdkedayPaBs¥it dUckarBnül;BIxagelI. ACI Code kMNt;[EdkEdlbBaÄb;TaMgGs;bnþeday
RbEvgEdlesμInwgkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d rbs;Fñwm b¤ 12d edayyktémømYyNaEdlFMCageK BIcMNucbBaÄb;tam
b
RTwsþI a, b, nig c . Code, section 12.11.1 k¾kMNt;Edrfa y:agehacNas;1 / 3 énEdkm:Um:g;viC¢manRtUv)an

bnþcUleTAkñúgTRmsRmab;FñwmsamBaØ. dUcenH sRmab;]TahrN_Edlerobrab;enATIenH eKRtUvbgðÚtEdkBIrsrés
eTAkñúgTRm ehIydüaRkamersIusþg;m:Um:g;Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>13 RtUvekþabdüaRkamm:Um:g;xageRkARKb;
cMNucTaMgGs;. srésEdknImYy²TTYl)anlT§PaBTb;Tl;nwgbnÞúkeBjeljenARtg;cm¶ay l BIcugrbs;va.d
sRmab;FñwmCab; eKRtUvBt;srésEdkenARtg;cMNucEdlRtUvkar nigeRbIvaedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;GviC¢man

enARtg;tMN. y:agehacNas;k¾eKRtUvbnþEdk1 / 3 énEdkm:Um:g;GviC¢manTaMgGs;Edlpþl;[sRmab;m:Um:g;GviC¢-
manBIcMNucrbt;cm¶ayEdlesμInwgkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d , b¤12d b¤ L / 16 edayyktémømYyNaEdlFMCageK.
b
eKk¾eRbI bent bar edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgEpñkxøHrbs;kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;enAkñúgFñwmpgEdr. düaRkamersIusþg;

m:Um:g;sRmab;FñwmCab;KMrURtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>14.
]TahrN_ 7>8³ sRmab;FñwmTRmsamBaØEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>15 cUrsikSaKNnaFñwmEdlrgbnÞúkKNna
xageRkA nigsg;düaRkamersIusþg;m:Um:g;. dUcKña bgðajBITItaMgEdlGacbBaÄb;Edk. eRbI b = 250mm / pl
eFobEdkKW 0.018 / f ' = 21MPa / f = 280MPa .
c y
dMeNaHRsay³
sRmab; ρ = 0.018 / R = 3.90MPa ehIy M = R bd
u u u
2
eday M = 176.8kN.m
u
enaH d = 426mm
yk h = 500mm
As = 0.018 × 250 × 440 = 1980mm 2
eRbI 4DB25
km<s;RbsiT§PaBCak;Esþg d = 500 − 440 = 60mm
1963.5 × 280
a= = 123.2mm
0.85 × 21 × 250

ersIusþg;m:Um:g;sRmab;EdkmYyedIm
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 123.2 ⎞ −6
M ur = φAs f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = 0.9 × 491× 280⎜ 440 − ⎟ ⋅ 10 = 46.8MPa
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;sRmab;EdkbYnedIm
M ur = 187.2kN .m

düaRkamersIusþg;m:Um:g;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 7>15. cMNaMfa eKGacBt;srésEdk b¤bBaÄb;srésEdkenA

cm¶ay 440mm ¬b¤ 12d edayykmYyNaEdlFMCageK¦ bnÞab;BIcMNucEdleKminRtUvkarsrésEdk ¬tam
b
RTwsþI¦. RbEvgbgáb; l sRmab; d = 25mm KW 36.7d = 920mm . cMNucbBaÄb;EdkTImYy nigTIBIrenARtg;

d b b
cMNuc A nig B b:uEnþcMNucCak;EsþgKWenARtg;cMNuc A' nig B' cm¶ay 450mm BIcMNuc A nig B . BI A' RbEvg l d
= 920mm fyeRkayRtUv)aneFVIedIm,IbegáItdüaRkamersIusþg;m:Um:g;. cugrbs;EdkEdlenAsl;BIreTotRtUvbgðÚt
cYleTAkñúgTRm Rtg;cMNuc C ' . CaTUeTA eKmineRbIEdkEdlbBaÄb;enAkñúgElVgRtg;cMNuc A' nig B' Ca bent bar
edIm,ITb;Tl;kmøaMgkat;eT.

VIII. kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg

Shear and Diagonal Tension
8>1> esckþIepþIm
enAeBlEdlFñwmTRmsamBaØrgnUvbnÞúk m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgnwgekIteLIgelIRbEvgFñwm. edIm,IRT
nUvbnÞúkenHedaysuvtßiPaB FñwmRtUv)aneFVIkarKNnaeLIgedIm,ITb;nwgkmøaMgTaMgBIrRbePTenH. karKNnasRmab;
karBt;RtUv)aneFVIeLIgdMbUgeK edIm,IkMNt;muxkat;Fñwm nigEdkemcaM)ac; dUcEdl)anENnaMBIemeronmun.
bnÞab;mkFñwmRtUv)anKNnaedIm,ITb;nwgkmøaMgkat;TTwg. kñúgkrNIEdlEdkkgminRtUv)andak; enaHFñwm
nwg)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;TTwg. kar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;TTwg ekIteLIgedaymanPaBdabtUc nig)at;bg;nUv
lkçN³yWt ehIymin)anRbkasGasnñenAmuneBl)ak;eT. sRmab;kar)ak;edaykarBt;begáag ekIteLIgeday
karekIneLIgnUvPaBdabbnþicmþg² nigmansñameRbH dUcenHvamankarpþl;sBaØaRbkasGasnñmuneBl)ak;cug
eRkay. karKNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedIm,IFananUvkar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;TTwgekIteLIg
eRkaykar)ak;edaykarBt;begáag.
8>2> kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;enAkñúgFñwmebtugGarem:
rUbmnþTUeTAsRmab;kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAFñwmrUbFatusac;mYy (homogenous beam) karBRgay
kugRtaMg
T.Chhay 180 Shear and Diagonal Tension
ν=
VQ
Ib
¬*>!¦
Edl - kmøaMgkat;srubenAmuxkat;EdlRtUvsikSa
V
Q - m:Um:g;sþaTiceFobG½kSNWténmuxkat;EdlxNÐedaybnÞat;EdlRtUvsikSakugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;
I - m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;eFobG½kSNWt
b - TTwgFñwménmuxkat;EdlRtUvsikSakugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;
karBRgaykugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgGaRs½yeTAnwgRTwsþIbTeGLasÞicsRmab;muxkat;Fñwm
ctuekaN dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI8>2.
kugRtaMgm:Um:g;Bt;
Mc
f =
I
Edl kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;enARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;RtUv)anKNnatamrUbmnþkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;
VQ
ν=
Ib
kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;GtibrmasßitenAelIGkSNWt nigmantémøesμI 1.5v ¬kmøaMgkat;TTwgmFüm¦
a
Edl ν = bhV . ExSekagkmøaMgkat;TTwgmanrag):ar:abUl.

a
sRmab;FñwmebtugsésEdkrgkarTaj (singly reinforced concrete beam) karBRgaykugRtaMg kmøaMg

kat;TTwgenAelIGk½SNWtmanrag):ar:abUl. enAeRkamGk½SNWt kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmamantémøefr
ehIy)anrkSatémøenHRtwmnIv:UEdkrgkarTaj BIeRBaHvaKμankarpøas;bþÚrkmøaMgTajBIcMNucGk½SNWtehIymü:ag
eTotkmøaMgTajkñúgebtugRtUv)anecal. kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgmantémøesμIsUnü enAeRkamnIv:UEdk ¬rUbTI8> 3¦.
kmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg 181 T.Chhay
sRmab;ebtugsrésEdkEdlmanEdkrgkarsgát; nigmuxkat;GkSret karBRgaykugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;

TTwgRtUv)anbgðajkúñgrUbTI8>3. eyIgsegÁteXIjfa kmøaMgkat;TTwgesÞIrEtTaMgGs; RtUv)anTb;edayRTnug
EdlsøabTb;nwgPaKrytUcbMput. sRmab;karGnuvtþesÞIrTaMgGs; eKecalnUvlT§PaBTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;
søab.
eyagtamrUbTI8>1 edayykFñwmmYykMNat;tUc dx mkviPaK eyIgeXIjfa m:Um:g;Bt;enAcugsgxagén

kMNat; M nig M minmantémøesμIKñaeT. edaysar M < M dUcenHedIm,IrkSalMnwgsRmab;kMNat; dx kmøaMg
1 2 1 2
sgát; C RtUvmantémøFMCag C ¬rUbTI8>4¦. dUcenHkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwg v ekItmanenAelImux kat;edk

2 1
a − a1 b¤ b − b1 ¬rUbTI8>4 a¦. kugRtaMgkmøaMgEkg (normal stresses) nigkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwg (shear
stresses) enAelIGgát;tUcenAkRmitnIv:U a − a1 b¤ b − b1 RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg¬rUbTI8>4 b¦. cMNaMfa kugRtaMg
kmøaMgEkg (normal stresses) enAnIv:UénG½kSNWtKW 0 b:uEnþkmøaMgkat;TTwgmantémøGtibrma. kmøaMgkat;TTwg

edkesμInwgkmøaMgkat;TTwgbBaÄr dUcbgðajenAkñúg ¬rUbTI8>4 b¦. enAeBlEdl kugRtaMgkmøaMgEkgmantémø
esμIsUnü b¤tUc enaHkrNIkmøaMgkat;TTwgsuT§GacekItman. kñúgkrNIenH kugRtaMgTajGtibrma f t manGMeBI
tammMu 45o ¬rUbTI8>4 c¦.

kugRtaMgTajsmmUleTAnwgkugRtaMgem dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 8>4 d. kugRtaMgemenHRtUv)aneKehAfa kug

RtaMgTajGgát;RTUg. enAeBlkugRtaMgTajGgát;RTUgmantémøesμIersIusþg;Tajrbs;ebtug sñameRbHGgát;RTUg
ekIteLIg. karviPaKy:agsegçbenHBnül;BIKMniténkmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg nigsñameRbHGgát;RTUg. kareFVIkarCak;
EsþgmanlkçN³sμúKsμajCag ehIyvaTTYl\T§iBlBIktþaepSg². sRmab;bnSMénGMeBIénkmøaMgkat;TTwg nig
kmøaMgEkgenAcMNucNamYyenAkñúgFñwm kmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg (principal stresses) Gtibrma nigGb,brma f p
RtUv)an[edaysmIkarxageRkam³
2
⎛f ⎞
fp =
f
2
± ⎜ ⎟ + v2
⎝2⎠
¬*>@¦
Edl GaMgtg;sIueténkugRtaMgEkgEdlbNþalmkBIkarBt;
f =
v = kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;
kar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgFñwmebtugPaKeRcInTMngCaekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlkmøaMg
kat;TTwgGtibrma CaTUeTAenAEk,rTRménGgát;. PsþútagTImYyénkar)ak;EdlKYr[P½yxøayKWkarekIteLIgnUv
sñameRbHGgát;RTUg.
8>3> kareFVIkarrbs;FñwmedayKμanEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
ebtugexSaykñúgkarTaj ehIyFñwmGac)ak;RbsinebImuxkat;EdkminRtwmRtUvRtUv)anpþl;[. kugRtaMg
TajekItmanenAkñúgFñwmbNþalmkBIkmøaMgTajtamG½kS kmøaMgBt; kmøaMgkat;TTwg kmøaMgrmYl b¤bnSMénbnÞúk
TaMgenH. TItaMgénsñameRbHenAkñúgFñwmebtugGaRs½ynwgTisedAénkugRtaMgem (principal stresses). bnSMénkug
RtaMgkmøaMgEkg normal stress nigkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwg begáIt)ankmøaMgTajtamGgát;RTUg (diagonal
tension) GtibrmaEdlsßitenARbEhlcm¶ay d BImuxénTRm.
kareFVIkarrbs;FñwmebtugGarem:edaymanb¤KμanEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg RtUv)anBiesaFeRkamGMeBIénkarekIn
eLIgénbnÞúkdUc)anerobrab;enAkñúgemeronTI3. enAkñúgkarBiesaFFñwm sñameRbHbBaÄrEdlekItBIkarBt;ekIteLIg
enAelImuxkat;Edlmanm:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajenAkñúgebtugelIsBIm:UDuldac; (module of
rupture) rbs;ebtug b¤ f r = 0.623 f 'c . sñameRbHeRTtenAkñúgRTnugekItmanenAkñúgdMNak;kalbnÞab;enATI
taMgEk,rTRm.

sñameRbHeRTtEdlekItmanenAkñúgFñwmEdlminTan;)aneRbHBIdMbUg CaTUeTARtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa sñam

eRbHkmøaMgkat;RTnug (web-shear crack). RbsinebIsñameRbHeRTtcab;epþImenABIelIsñameRbHEdlekItBIkar
Bt;EdlmanRsab; ehIyrIksayenAkñúgFñwm enaHsñameRbHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa sñameRbHkmøaMgkat;rgkarBt;
(flexural-shear crack) rUbTI8>5. sñameRbH web-shear crack ekItmanenAkñúgFñwmEdlmankmøaMgkat;FM nig

m:Um:g;Bt;tUcenAkñúgRTnugesþIg. vaCasñameRbHminFmμtaehIyGacekItmanenAEk,rcMNucrbt;énFñwmCab; b¤Ek,r

TRménFñwmsamBaØ.
sñameRbH flexural-shear crack CaRbePTsñameRbHFmμtaEdleKGaceXIjmanenAelIFñwm. dMbUgsñam
eRbH flexural crack ekItmanbBaÄrenAelIFñwm bnÞab;mksñameRbHeRTtcab;epþImekItmanBIelIkMBUlénsñameRbH
flexural crack enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgekItmanenAkñgtMbn;enaH. enAkñugtMbn;EdlmankugRtaMg
kmøaMgkat;TTwgFM FñwmRtUvEtBRgwgedayEdkkg stirrup b¤EdkBt; (bent bar) edIm,IeFVI[FñwmmanlkçN³sVit

(ductile) Edlmin)ak;b¤ dac;. edIm,IeCosvagkar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat; munkar)ak;edaykarBt; emKuNsuvtßiPaB
FMRtUv)anpþl;[edIm,ITb;nwgkar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;TTwg. ACI Code kMNt;emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg;

φ = 0.75 sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg.
ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgGgát;ebtugGarem:RtUv)anekIteLIgedaybnSMénkmøaMgemkanicxageRkam
¬rUbTI8>5¦³
- ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgénebtugminTan;eRbH Vz
- karepÞrkmøaMgkat;TTwgrvagGnþrépÞ (interface shear transfer) Va EdlbNþalmkBIkarbgçaMKñarvag
fμbMEbktambeNþayépÞd¾KRKatrbs;sñameRbH
- GMeBIrbs;FñÚr (arch action)
- GMeBIEdkf<k; (dowel action) Vd EdlbNþalmkBIersIusþg;énr)arEdkbeNþayeTAkmøaMgkat;TTwg
tamTTwg (transverse shearing force)
bEnßmeTAelIkmøaMgTaMgenH EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg (shear reinforcement) begáInersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwg
Vs edayGaRs½yeTAelIGgát;p©it nigKMlatEdkkgEdleRbIenAkñúgGgát;ebtug. RbsinebIEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
minRtUv)andak;enAkñúgFñwmragctuekaN enaHsmamaRténkmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;edaykmøaMgemkanicepSg²KW³
BI 20% eTA 40% eday Vz / BI 35% eTA 50% eday Va / BI 15% eTA 25% eday Vd .
8>4> \T§iBlm:Um:g;eTAelIersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;
sRmab;FñwmTRmsamBaØeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkBRgayesμI muxkat;kNþalElVgrgnUvm:Um:g;Bt;FM nigkmøaMgkat;
TTwgtUc b¤esμIsUnü EdlpÞúyBImuxkat;enAEk,rTRmEdlm:Um:g;Bt;mantémøtUc ÉkmøaMgkat;TTwgmantémøFM ¬rUbTI
8>1¦. kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;mantémøFMenAEk,rTRmkNþalsRmab;FñwmCab;. enATItaMgEdlkmøaMgkat;TTwg
FM nigm:Um:g;Bt;tUc enaHvanwgmankareRbHedaykarBt;tictYc ehIykugRtaMgmFüm v = V / bd . kugRtaMgkmøaMg
TajtamGgát;RTUgCakugRtaMgEdleRTtedaymMuRbEhl 45o ¬rUbTI8>4 c ¦. sñameRbHGgát;RTUgGacrMBwgfanwg
ekItman enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgkM;laMgTajGgát;RTUgEdlsßitenAEk,rtMbn;G½kSNWtxiteTACit b¤elIsersIusþg;
kmøaMgTajrbs;ebtug. CaTUeTA ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgcugeRkay (ultimate shear strength) ERbRbYlcenøaHBI

0.29 f 'c nig 0.42 f 'c . eRkayBIkarBiesaFn_eTAelIFñwmCaeRcInGMBIkmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkmøaMgTajtam
Ggát;RTUg eK)anrkeXIjfaenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmankmøaMgkat;TTwgFM nigm:Um:g;Bt;tUc enaHsñameRbHkmøaMgTaj

Ggát;RTUgRtUv)anbegáIteLIgenAeBlkmøaMgkat;TTwgmFüm
V = 0.29 f ' b d
cr c w ¬*>#¦
Edl bw CaTTwgRTnugmuxkat;GkSret b¤TTwgmuxkat;ctuekaN
d Cakm<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;Fñwm
enATItaMgEdlkmøaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;Bt;mantémøFM enaHsñameRbHedaykarBt; (flexural crack)

RtUv)anekIteLIgdMbUg. enAdMNak;kalTImYy sñameRbHxøHBt;kñúgTisedAGgát;RTUgenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgkmøaMg
TajGgát;RTUg EdlsßitenABIcugxagelIénsñameRbHTaMgenaHFMCagkugRtaMgkmøaMgTajrbs;ebtug. RbsinebIeK
[m:Um:g;FMmanGMeBIelIFñwm sRmab;muxkat;EdlmanbrimaNEdkRKb;RKan; enaHkmøaMg nominal shear force enA
eBlEdlsñameRbHekItmanRtUv)an[dUcxageRkam
Vcr = 0.16 f 'c bw d ¬*>$¦

témøenHKWtUcCagtémøEdl[edaysmIkar ¬*>#¦ eRcInCagBak;kNþalenAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Bt;mantémø

tUc. enHmann½yfam:Um:g;Bt;FMkat;bnßytémørbs;kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAeBlEdlsñameRbHekIteLIg.
smIkarxageRkamRtUv)anesñIeLIgedIm,ITsSn_TaynUvkugRtaMg nominal shear stress enAeBlEdlsñamGgát;
RTUgRtUv)anrMBwgfaekItman³
⎡ ⎛ V d ⎞⎤
vcr =
V
= ⎢0.16 f 'c + ⎜⎜17.2 ρ w u ⎟⎟⎥ ≤ 0.29 f 'c ¬*>%¦
b d w ⎣ ⎝ M u ⎠⎦
ACI Code, Section 11.3.2 )anyksmIkarenHsRmab;KNnakmøaMg nominal ultimate shear force
EdlTb;edayebtug
Vc = (0.16 f 'c + 17.2 ρ w
Vu d
Mu
)bw d ≤ 0.29 f 'c bw d ¬*>^¦
Edl ρ w = As / bwd / d Cakm<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;muxkat;Fñwm/ bw CaTTwgRTnugsRmab;muxkat;GkSr
et b¤TTwgénmuxkat;ctuekaN É Vu nig M u CakmøaMgkat;TTwgcugeRkay (ultimate shearing force) nigm:Um:g;
Bt;cugeRkay (ultimate bending moment) EdlekIteLIgkñúgeBldMNalKñaenAelImuxkat;sikSa.
témøén Vu d / M u minRtUvFMCag 1.0 sRmab;smIkar ¬*>^¦. RbsinebI M u mantémøFMenAkñúgsmIkar
¬*>^¦ enaHtYTIBIrnwgmantémøtUcesÞIEtesμIsUnü enaH vc xiteTArk 0.16 f 'c . RbsinebI M u mantémøtUc enaH
tYTIBIrnwgmantémøFM ehIytémø 0.29 f 'c lub. eRkABIsmIkar ¬*>^¦ ACI Code, Section 11.3.1GnuBaØat[
KNnaersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;rbs;ebtugdUcxageRkam³
Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bw d ¬*>&¦
1> kñúgkrNIsRmab;kmøaMgsgát;tamG½kS N u
V d
Vc = (0.16 f 'c + 17.2 ρ w u )bw d ≤ 0.29 f 'c bw d
M
¬*>*¦
m
⎛ 4h − d ⎞
Mm = M u − Nu ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠
Edl ρw = s
A
bw d
km<s;srubrbs;Fñwm
h=
Vu d / M u GacFMCag 1.0 b:uEnþ Vc minRtUvFMCag
Vc = bw d (0.29 f 'c ) 1 +
Nu
3.45 Ag
¬*>(¦
Edl Ag CaRkLaépÞTaMgGs; (gross section) KitCa mm 2
mü:agvijeTot Vc GacRtUv)anKNnaeday

Vc = bw d (2 + 0.145
Nu
Ag
) f 'c ¬*>!0¦
2> kñúgkrNIsRmab;kmøaMgTajtamG½kS N u
Vc = bw d (2 + 0.58
Nu
Ag
) f 'c ¬*>!!¦
Edl Nu mantémøGviC¢mansRmab;kmøaMgTaj
RbsinebI Vc GviC¢man enaH Vc RtUv)anykesμIsUnü.
8>5> FñwmmanEdkkmøaMgkat;
EdkEdleRbIedIm,ITb;nwgkmøaMgkat; EdleKeRbIGacmaneRcInRbePTepSg²
a. Edkkg EdleKeRbIedaydak;EkgeTAnwgEdkbeNþay ¬Edkem¦ b¤RtUv)aneKdak;eRTt mMuEdl
eKniymeRbI 45 . EdkkgEdleKniymeRbImanmuxkat; DB10 nig DB12 .

o
b. EdkBt; EdlCaEpñkmYyrbs;EdkbeNþayEdleKBt;eLIg ¬enAkEnøgEdleKbBaÄb;¦ edaymMu
30 nig 60 CaTUeTA 45 .
o o o
c. bnSMrvagEdkkg nigEdkBt;
d. sMNaj;Edk CamYynwgsMNaj;EkgeTAnwgG½kS
e. EdkkgvNÐ EdleKeRbIsRmab;ssr
ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FñwmebtugGarem:RtUv)anbegáIneLIgedaykareRbInUvEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg.
munnwgekItnUvsñameRbHGgát;RTUg EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgCYyersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgtictYcbMput. eRkayeBlEdl
sñameRbHkmøaMgkat;TTwgekIteLIg EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgbegáInersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;rbs;Fñwm ehIykmøaMgkúñgmþg
eTotEdlekIteLIgenAmuxkat;eRbH. enAeBlbrimaNEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgtUc kar)ak;EdlekIteLIgedaysar
EdkenARTnugeFVIkardl; yield GacnwgekIteLIg b:uEnþRbsinebIbrimaNEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgFM enaHkar)ak;eday
shear-compression failure GacnwgekIteLIg TaMgenHCaGVIEdleyIgKYreCosvag.
ebtug Edkkg (stirrups) nigEdkdgErk (bent bars) eFVIGMeBIrYmKñaedIm,ITb;nwgkmøaMgkat;TTwg.

edaysarersIusþg;rgkarsgát;x<s; ebtugedIrtYCaGgát;rgkarsgát;Ggát;RTUgénRbB½n§Fñwm cMENkÉEdkkgedIrtYCa
Ggát;rgkarTajbBaÄr. kmøaMgsgát;Ggát;RTUg k¾dUcCabgÁúMkmøaMgbBaÄrrbs;va mantémøesμInwgkmøaMgTajenAkñúg
Edkkg. EdkBt;dgErk (bent-up reinforcement) k¾edIrtYdUcCaGgát;TajenAkñúg truss Edr ¬rUbTI *>^¦.

CaTUeTA karcUlrYmrbs;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgeTAkñúgersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FñwmebtugGarem:
GacRtUv)anBiBN’nadUcxageRkam³
- vaTb;Tl;EpñkxøHénkmøaMgkat;TTwg/ V s
- vabegáInGaMgtg;sIueténkmøaMgkat;rvagGnþrépÞ/ Va ¬rUbTI *>%¦/ edayTb;Tl;nwgkarrIkFMénsñam

eRbHeRTt (inclined crack).
- vabegáInnUvkmøaMgf<k; (dowel force)/ Vd ¬rUbTI *>%¦/ enAkñúgEdkbeNþay
- GMeBITb; (confining action) rbs;EdkkgeTAelIebtugGacbegáInersIusþg;rbs;va
- GMeBITb; (confining action) rbs;EdkkgeTAelIebtugbegáInnUvsmtßPaBrgVilénsnøak;)øasÞic
(rotation capacity of plastic hinge) EdlekItmanenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúM indeterminate structure
eRkambnÞúkcugeRkay nigbegáInRbEvgEdl yield GacekItmanenAelIva.

eday V CaersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;rbs;muxkat;ebtugGarem:enaH
n

Vn = Vc + Vs ¬*>!@¦
Edl - ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;)anBIebtug
Vc
V - ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;)anBIEdk
s
RbsinebI V kmøaMgkat;Edl)anBIbnÞúkxageRkAenaH
u
Vu ≤ φVn = φ (Vc + Vs ) ¬*>!#¦

Edl V = 1.2V + 1.6V
u nig φ = 0.75
D L
V RtUv)anKNnaedaykarviPaK truss ¬rUbTI *>&¦. sRmab;sñameRbH 45 niges‘rIénEdkkg b¤

s
o
EdkdgErk. kmøaMgkat;bBaÄr V esμInwgplbUkbgÁúMkmøaMgbBaÄrénkmøaMgTajEdlekItmanenAkñúgEdkeRTt

s
V = nA f sin α
s v yt ¬*>!$¦
Edl A -muxkat;kat;EdkkmøaMgkat;CamYyKMlat s
v
f - ersIusþg;EdkkmøaMgkat;
yt
eday ns = aa + a a 1 1 2
d = a1a4 = aa1tg 45o ¬BIRtIekaN aa a ¦

1 4
d = a1a4 = aa2tgα ¬BIRtIekaN aa a ¦

1 2
⇒ ns = d (cot 45o + cot α ) = d (1 + cot α )

d
⇒ n = (1 + cot α )
s
eKTTYl)an A f d
s
A f d
Vs = v yt sin α (1 + cot α ) = v yt (sin α + cos α )
s
¬*>!%¦
sRmab;krNIEdkkgbBaÄr α = 90o

Vs =
s
b¤
Av f yt d
s=
A f d
V
v yt
¬*>!^¦
s
sRmab;krNIEdkkgbBaÄr α = 45 o
V = 1.4
s
A f d
s
v
b¤ s = 1 .4
yt A f d
V
v yt
¬*>!&¦
s
sRmab;krNIEdkdgErkEtmYy b¤RkumEdkenAmYykEnøg
V = A f sin α
s v ytb¤ A = f Vsin α v
s
¬*>!*¦
yt
sRmab; α = 45o
Av = 1.4
Vs
f yt
¬*>!(¦
8>6> tRmUvkarrbs; ACI Code sRmab;karKNnakmøaMgkat;TTwg

8>6>1> muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;karKNnaersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgmFüm
Critical section for nominal shear strength calculation
ACI Code, Section 11.1.3GnuBaØat[ykmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;karKNnaersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;
mFümenAcm¶ay d BIépÞmuxénTRm. karENnaMenHQrenAelIPaBCak;EsþgEdlsñameRbHeRTtdMbUgeKTMngCa
ekIteLIgenAelIFñwmRtg;cm¶ay d BITRmEdleRcInelcecjenAeBleFVIBiesaFn_. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enHRtUv)an
GnuBaØat enAkñúglkçxNÐEdlRbtikmμTRmbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgsgát;eTAkñúgtMbn;cug bnÞúkRtUv)anGnuvtþenAelI b¤enAEk,r
kMBUlénGgát;ehIyKμanbnÞúkcMcMNucGnuvtþenAcenøaHépÞénTRm nigTItaMgénmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;. bTdæank¾kMNt;Edr
faEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;enAcenøaHépÞénTRm nigcm¶ay d .
8>6>2> muxkat;EdkGb,brmasRmab;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
vtþmanrbs;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgFñwmebtugTb;Tl;nwgkarrIkraldalénsñameRbHeRTt. mü:agvij
eTot PaBsVit (ductility) ekIneLIg ehIyva)anRbkasGasnñmuneBl)ak;. RbsinebIKμanEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
enaHFñwmmanlkçN³RsYyehIy)ak;edaymin)anR)ab;mun. dUcenH muxkat;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)ankMNt;
eday Code. ACI Code, Section 11.5.5 tRmUvEdkkgTaMgGs;[manRkLaépÞEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma
Av esμInwg
b s
Av = 0.062 f 'c w ≥ 0.35 w
f
b s
f
¬*>@0¦
yt yt
Edl bw CaTTwgénRTnug nig s CaKMlatrbs;Edkkg. eKRtUvkarbrimaNEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,-

brmaenAeBlEdl V > 0.5φV elIkElg u c

- kRmalxNÐ nigeCIgtag
- rnUtebtug
- FñwmEdlmankm<s;tUcCag max{250mm; 2.5 dgkRmas;énsøab; ; 1.5 énTTwgRTnug }
RbsinebI 0.062 f 'c = 0.35 enaH f 'c = 31.9MPa . enHman½yfaenAeBlEdl f 'c < 32MPa enaH
témøGb,brma Av = 0.35bw s / f yt manlkçN³lub EtenAeBlEdl f 'c ≥ 32MPa enaHtémøGb,brma A = v
0.062 f ' b s / f manlkçN³lub. karekIneLIgnUvRkLaépÞEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgsRmab; f 'c ≥ 32MPa

c w yt
KWedIm,IkarBarCamunnUvkar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;TTwg (shear failure )Pøam² enAeBlEdlekItmansñameRbHeRTt.

vaCakarGnuvtþmYyd¾FmμtakñúgkardMeLIgkRmas;kRmalxNÐ kRmas;eCIgtag b¤km<s;Fñwmrak;edIm,IbegáIn
lT§PaBTb;Tl;nwgkmøaMgkat;TTwg. EdkkgGacnwgKμan\T§iBlenAkñúgGgát;rak; edaysartMbn;rgkarsgát;rbs;
vamankm<s;tUcEmnETn nigminmanTMBk;RKb;RKan;EdlRtUvkarsRmab;Edkkg. sRmab;FñwmEdlminrak; eKmin
RtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAeBlEdl Vu < 0.5φVc .
RkLaépÞEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaGacnwgRtUv)anTTYledayeRbIEdkkg DB10 dak;enAKMlatGti-
brma S max . RbsinebI f yt = 400MPa ehIyEdkkg DB10 manragGkSr U ¬eCIgBIr¦RtUv)aneRbI enaH
smIkar ¬*>@0¦køayeTACa
Av f yt Av f yt
S max =
(0.062 f ' )b
≤
0.35b
¬*>@!¦
c w w
sRmab; f 'c < 32MPa / S max = 157 × 400 / 0.35bw = 179400 / bw

sRmab; f 'c = 32MPa / S max = 179000 / bw ¬*>@@¦
sRmab; f 'c = 35MPa / S max = 171200 / bw
RbsinebIeKeRbIEdk DB12 manragGkSr U enaH
sRmab; f 'c < 32MPa / S max = 258250 / bw
sRmab; f 'c = 32MPa / S max = 25750 / bw ¬*>@#¦
RtUvcgcaMfa S max minRtUvFMCag 600mm b¤ d / 2 eT.
taragTI 1 pþl;nUv S max edayQrelIsmIkar ¬*>@@¦ nig ¬*>@#¦. KMlatcugeRkayKYrEtRtUvrMkil
eTArktémøEdltUc. ]TahrN_ S max = 515mm køayeTACa S max = 500mm .
taragTI1> témørbs; S max = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 60cm . enAeBlEdl f yt = 400MPa nig f 'c < 32MPa

bw (cm) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 bw
S max (cm) DB10 60 55 50 40 35 35 30 25 179400 / bw
S max (cm) DB12 60 60 60 60 55 50 45 40 258250 / bw
8>6>3> kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdlTb;edayEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg V s
edIm,IkarBarkar)ak; shear-compression failure EdlebtugGacEbkedaykugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgFM

nigkugRtaMgkmøaMgsgát;enAkñúgtMbn;eRKaHfñak; enABIelIkMBUlénsñameRbHGgát;RTUg ACI Code, Section
11.5.6.8, tRmUv[ V ≤ 0.67 f ' b d . RbsinebI V > 0.67 f ' b d enaHeKRtUvtMelIgmuxkat;ebtug.
s c w s c w
edayQrenAelIkarkMNt;enH³
RbsinebI f 'c = 20MPa enaH Vs ≤ 3bwd b¤ Vs / bwd ≤ 3MPa
RbsinebI f 'c = 28MPa enaH Vs ≤ 3.5bwd b¤ Vs / bwd ≤ 3.5MPa
RbsinebI f 'c = 35MPa enaH Vs ≤ 4bwd b¤ Vs / bwd ≤ 4MPa
8>6>4> KMlatEdkkgGtibrma
edIm,IFanafasñameRbHGgát;RTUgRtUvkat;Edkkgy:agehacmYy enaH ACI Code, Section 11.5.4 tRmUv
fa KMlatrvagEdkkgminKYrelIs d / 2 b¤ 600mm RbsinebI V ≤ 0.33 f ' b d ¬edayQrelIkarsnμt;fa
s c w
sñameRbHGgát;RTUgekItmantammMu 45o niglatsn§wgtamcm¶ayedkRbEhlcm¶ay d . enAkñúgtMbn;kmøaMgkat;

TTwgFM Edl Vs > 0.33 f 'c bwd KMlatEdkkgGtibrmacenøaHEdkkgminRtUvFMCag d / 4 . karkMNt;enHcaM
)ac;edIm,IFana[sñameRbHGgát;RTUgkat;Edkkgy:agehacbI. enAeBlEdl V > 0.67 f ' b d karkMNt; s c w
énKMlatGtibrmaminRtUv)anGnuvtþ ehIyTMhMrbs;muxkat;ebtugKYrRtUv)andMeLIg.
karkMNt;TIBIrsRmab;KMlatGtibrmaénEdkkg k¾GacTTYl)anBIlkçxNÐmuxkat;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
Gb,brma. Av Gb,brma RtUv)anTTYlenAeBlKMlat s Gb,brma ¬smIkar *>@!¦.
karkMNt;TIbIsRmab;KMlatGtibrmaesμInwg 600mm enAeBlEdl V ≤ 0.33 f ' b d nigesμInwg
s c w
300mm enAeBlEdl 0.33 f 'c bw d < Vs ≤ 0.67 f 'c bw d . témøtUcCageKénKMlatGtibrmaRtUv)anyk
mkeRbI. tRmUvkarKMlatGtibrmaén ACI Code

FanaKMlatCitKñarbs;EdkkgedIm,Icab;EdkrgkarTajbeNþay enAkñúgFñwm
edayehtuenHva)anbegáInlT§PaBbgáb;Edkrbs;va Vd ¬rUbTI *>%¦.

8>6>5> ersIusþg; yield rbs;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg

ACI Code, Section 11.5.2. tRmUv[ersIusþg; design yield strength rbs;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
minKYrelIs 420MPa . mUlehtuEdlenABIeRkaykarsMercenHKWedIm,IkMNt;TMhMsñameRbHEdlbNþalmkBI

kmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg nigedIm,IFanafaEKmrbs;sñameRbHenArkSaépÞb:HCitKñaedIm,IbegáInkmøaMgbBa¢ÚnénkmøaMg
kat;rvagGnþrépÞ Va ¬rUbTI *>%¦. sRmab;srésEdkfñaMgGMeBAsRmab;pSar (welded deformed wire fabric)
ersIusþg; design yield strength minKYrelIs 560MPa .
8>6>6> TMBk;rbs;Edkkg
ACI Code, Section 11.5.2.tRmUveGayEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;enAEk,rsrésrgkar
sgát;eRkAbMput nigsrésrgkarTajeRkAbMputtamEtGaceFVIeTA)an CamYynwgtRmUvkarrbs; code sRmab;
kRmas;karBarEdk edaysarEt enAeBlEdlbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFñwmxiteTACitbnÞúkcugeRkay (ultimate
load) sñameRbHkM laMgTaj edaykarBt; (flexural tension crack) bnøayy:ageRCAcUleTAkñúgFñwm. dUcKña
edIm,I[EdkkgTTYl)annUversIusþg; yield eBj vaRtUvkarTMBk;Edll¥. enAeBlEdlbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIFñwm

xiteTACitbnÞúkcugeRkay (ultimate load) kugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkkg)aneTAdl;kugRtaMg yield rbs;va enAcMNuc
EdlsñameRbH Ggát;RTUgkat;cMEdkkgenaH. tRmUvkarrbs; ACI Code sRmab;TMBk;Edkkg/ Section 12.13
dUcxageRkam³
- karBt;nImYy²enAkñúgEpñkCab;énEdkkgGkSr U Fmμta b¤BhuEdkkgGkSr U KYrB½T§CMuvijEdk
beNþay (ACI Code, Section 12.13.3) emIlrUbTI *>*a.
- Code GnuBaØat[eRbInUvTMBk; standard 90o / 135o b¤ 180o CMuvijEdkbeNþysRmab;Edkkg
DB16 . RbsinebIEdkkg DB19 / DB 22 nig DB 25 CamYynwg f yt > 280MPa enaH Code,
Section 12.13.2 tRmUvTMBk; standard bUknwgRbEvgbgáb; 0.17 d b f yt / f 'c cenøaHBak;kNþal
km<s;Fñwm nigEpñkxageRkAénTMBk;. RbsinebIEdkRtUvBt;edaymMu 90o RbEvgBnøÚtminRtUvtUcCag

12d b . sRmab;Edk DB16 b¤EdkkgTMhMtUcCagenH RbEvgBnøÚtKW 6d b (ACI Code, Section
7.1) emIlrUbTI *>*.
- RbsinebIEdkkgGkSr U DubRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IpÁúMCaEdkkgbiTCit RbEvgRCYs (lap length) minRtUv

tUcCag 1.3ld (ACI Code, Section 12.13.5) emIlrUbTI *>*c .
- srésEdkEdlpSar (welded wire fabric) RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúg]sSa-
hkmμplitTukmun (precast industry) . TMBk;lMGitRtUv)anpþl;[enAkñúg ACI Code, Section
12.13.2.3 nigenAkñúgesckþIBnül; (commentary) rbs;va.

- EdkkgbiTCitRtUv)anpþl;[sRmab;FñwmEdlrgnUgkmøaMgrmYl (ACI Code, Section 7.11).

- FñwmEdlenAB½T§CMuvijeRKOgbgÁúMRtUveRbIEdkkgbiTCitedIm,IrkSa structural integrity rbs;Ggát;
(ACI Code, Section 7.13.2.2).

8>6>7> EdkkgenAEdlenAEk,rTRm
ACI Code, Section 11.1.3 kMNt;faEdkkgkmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlpþl;[enAcenøaHépÞTRm nigmuxkat;
eRKaHfñak; (critical section) EdlsßitenAcm¶ay d BITRmKYrRtUv)anKNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg Vu dUcKña
enAnwgmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;. vaCakarGnuvtþFmμtaedaydak;EdkkgTImYyenAcm¶ay s / 2 BIépÞénTRm Edl s
CaKMlatEdlKNnaedaysmIkar ¬*>!^¦ sRmab; Vu enAmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;.
8>6>8> RbEvgRbsiT§PaBrbs;EdkdgErk
manEtbIPaKbYnRtg;cMNuckNþalénEpñkeRTténEdkbeNþayRtUv)anKitfamanRbsiT§PaBsRmab;Edk
kmøaMgkat;TTwg. enHmann½yfa KMlatGtibrmarbs;EdkdgErkKW 0.75(d − d ' ) . BIrUbTI *>( RbEvgRbsiT§PaB
rbs;EdkdgErkKW 0.75(d − d ' ) / sin 45o = 0.75(1.414)(d − d ' ) = 1.06(d − d ' ) . KMlatGtibrma s esμInwg
cm¶ayedkEdl)anBIkarTMlak;cMeNalEkgénRbEvgRbsiT§PaBEdkdgErk. dUcenH
S max = 1.06(d − d ' ) cos 45o b¤ S max = 1.06(d − d ' )0.707 = 0.75(d − d ' )
8>7> karKNnaEdkkgbBaÄr
eKRtUvkarEdkkg (stirrup) enAeBlEdl Vu > 12 φVc . EdkkgGb,brmaRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdl
1 φV < V < φV . kñúgkrNIenHeKeRbIEdkkg DB10 EdlRtUv)andak;nUvKMlatGtibrma. enAeBlEdl
2 c u c
Vu > φVc eKRtUvkardak;EtEdkkgCamYyKMlattUcCagKMlatGtibrma ehIyGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbI
smIkar ¬*>!^¦³ S = Av f yt d / Vs .
EdkkgEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtugCaEdkkg DB10 nig DB12 GkSr U eCIgBIr
CamYynwg f yt = 400MPa . RbsinebI DB10 RtUv)aneRbIenaH smIkar¬*>!^¦køayCa³
S Av f yt 157 × 400 62800
d
=
Vs
=
Vs
=
Vs
¬*>@$¦
RbsinebI DB12 RtUv)aneRbIenaH
S Av f yt 226 × 400 90400
d
=
Vs
=
Vs
=
Vs
¬*>@%¦
pleFobKMlatEdkkgelIkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d rbs;Fñwm GaRs½ynwg Vs . témøén S / d sRmab;témø
epSgKñaén Vs enAeBlEdl f yt = 400MPa RtUv)an[enAkñúgtaragTI2 nigtaragTI3 sRmab;Edk DB10 nig
Edk DB12 erogKña. témødUcKñaRtUv)anbgðajCadüaRkamdUcenAkñúgrUbTI 8>10 nigrUbTI 8>11.

taragTI2> pleFob S / d sRmab;témø V ¬ f s yt /

= 400MPa S / d = 62800 / Vs ¦ DB10
Vs (kN ) 125.6 142.7 190.3 237.9 251.2 285.5 330.5 380.6 418.7 475.8 592.5
S /d 0.5 0.44 0.33 0.264 0.25 0.22 0.19 0.165 0.15 0.132 0.106
taragTI3> pleFob S / d sRmab;témø V ¬ f s yt /

= 400MPa S / d = 90400 / Vs ¦ DB12
Vs (kN ) 180.8 225 265 310 361.6 445 490.0 535 665 775 850
S /d 0.5 0.40 0.34 0.29 0.25 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.14 0.12 0.11

tamtarag nigdüaRkamxagelIeyIgGacsnñidæan)anfa³
- RbsinebIeKeRbI DB10 / S = d / 2 enAeBlEdl Vs ≤ 125.6kN . enAeBlEdl Vs ekIneLIg
S / d fycuHtamExSekageTArktémø 0.132 enAeBl Vs = 475.8kN . RbsinebIKMlatGb,brma
RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 75mm enaH d ≥ 568mm . enAeBlEdl Vs > 251.2kN enaH S ≤ d / 4 .

- RbsinebIeKeRbI DB12 / S = d / 2 enAeBlEdl Vs ≤ 180.8kN . enAeBlEdl Vs ekIneLIg
S / d fycuHtamExSekageTArktémø 0.14 enAeBl Vs = 665kN . RbsinebIKMlatGb,brma
RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 75mm enaH d ≥ 535mm . enAeBlEdl Vs > 361.6kN enaH S ≤ d / 4 .

- RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkkgGkSr U f yt = 280MPa enaHeKRtUvKuN S / d edaytémø 7 /10 b¤CaTUeTA
f yt / 400 .
8>8> segçbviFIsaRsþKNnaEdkkgbBaÄr
CMhankñúgkarKNnaEdkkgbBaÄrsRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg edayeyagtam ACI Code GacRtUv)an
segçbdUcxageRkam³
f. kMNt;kmøaMgkat;KNna V BIbnÞúkEdlGnuvtþmkelIeRKOgbgÁúM. kmøaMgkat;KNnaRKITicEdl
u
RtUvykmksikSasßitenARbEvg d BImuxénTRm.
g. kMNt; φV = φ 0.17 f ' b d b¤ φV = φ (0.16 f ' + 17.2 ρ
Vd
c c w c c w )b d ≤ φ 0.29 f ' b d
u
w c w
M u
bnÞab;mkKNna 12 φV
c

h. k> RbsinebI V < 12 φV muxkat;minRtUvkarEdkkg

u c
x> RbsinebI 12 φV < V ≤ φV eRbImuxkat;EdkkgGb,brma

c u c
K> RbsinebI V > φV muxkat;Edkkg RtUvKNnadUcxageRkam

u c
i. kMNt;kmøaMgkat;EdlTb;eday Edkkg
Vu − φVc
Vs =
φ
j. kMNt; V = 0.33 f ' b d nig V = 0.67 f ' b d = 2V . RbsinebI V > V
c1 c w c2 c w c1 s c2
dMeLIgmuxkat;.
k. kMNt;KMlatrbs;Edk s = A Vf d 1
v yt
l. kMNt;KMlatEdkGtibrmaEdlGnuBaØateday ACI Code. KMlatEdkGtibrmaCatémøtUcbMput

én s nig s
2 3
k> s = d2 ≤ 60cm RbsinebI V ≤ V = 0.33 f ' b d

2 s c1 c w
s = ≤ 30cm RbsinebI V < V ≤ V

d
2 c1 s c2
4
x> s = 3 Ab f ≥ 16
3
vA f
b f'
yt v yt
w w c
k> RbsinebI s < s eRbI s

m. 1 max 1
x> RbsinebI s > s eRbI s 1 max max
n. ACI Code min)ankMNt;nUvKMlatGb,brmaeT. eRkamlkçxNÐFmμta KMlatGb,brma S
RtUv)ansnμt;ykesμInwg 75mm sRmab; d ≤ 50cm nigmanKMlatGb,brmaesμInwg 100mm

sRmab;FñwmeRCA (deep beam) . RbsinebI S mantémøtUcenaH eKGactMeLIgmuxkat;Edkkg
b¤eRbIEdkkgeCIgeRcIn ¬rUbTI 8>8¦.
o. sRmab;muxkat;mUl RkLaépÞEdleRbIsRmab;KNna
Vc = plKuNGgát;p©itCamYykm<s;RbsiT§PaB d / Edl d = 0.8 énGgát;p©it/ ACI Code,
Section11.3.3 .
]TahrN_ 1³ FñwmTRmsamBaØmanmuxkat;ctuekaN b = 30cm / d = 55cm nig h = 60cm ehIyRtUv)anBRgwg

eday 4DB25 . epÞógpÞat;faetImuxkat;enHRKb;RKan; b¤Gt;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuN (ultimate shear
force) xageRkam. RbsinebIvaminRKb;RKan; cUrKNnaEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgkñúgTRmg;CaEdkkgGkSr U . eday
eRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f yt = 400MPa .

k> Vu = 50kN x> Vu = 110kN K> Vu = 240kN X> Vu = 345kN g> Vu = 570kN
dMeNaHRsay³
CaTUeTA bw = b = 300mm / d = 550mm nig
φVc = φ (0.17 f 'c )bd = 0.75(0.17 28 )300 × 550 × 10 −3 = 111.3kN
1 φV = 55.65kN
2 c
( ) ( )
Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bd = 0.33 28 300 × 550 × 10 −3 = 288kN
Vc 2 = (0.67 f 'c )bd = 576kN
k> Vu = 50kN < 12 φVc = 55.565kN / muxkat;RKb;RKan; edayminRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg.

x> Vu = 110kN > 12 φVc / b:uEnþvatUcCag φVc = 111.3kN . eday Vs = 0 dUcenH muxkat;RtUvkarEdk
kmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma. eRbI DB10 CaEdkkgGkSr U enAKMlatGtibrma.

π
Av = 2 × 10 2 = 157mm 2
4
KMlatGtibrmaCatémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam
S 2 = d / 2 = 275mm yk 250mm ¬lub¦
S 3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 157 × 400 /(0.35 × 300) = 598mm yk 550mm ¬b¤eRbItaragTI1¦

S 4 = 600mm
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 250mm
K> Vu = 240kN > φVc / RtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg. karKNnaGaceFVIeLIgCaCMhanxageRkam³
KNna Vs = (Vu − φVc ) / φ = (240 − 111.3)/ 0.75 = 171.6kN
edaysar Vs < Vc1 enaH S max = d / 2 ≤ 600mm
eRCIserIs DB10 CaEdkkgGkSr U nigKNnaKMlatRtUvkaredayQrelI Vs
Av f yt d 157 × 400 × 550
S1 = = = 201mm yk 200mm
Vs 171600
KNnaKMlatGtibrma³ S 2 = 250mm / S3 = 550mm nig S 4 = 600mm dUcenH S max = 250mm
edaysar S = 200mm < S max = 250mm
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 200mm
X> Vu = 345kN > φVc /RtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg.
KNna Vs = (Vu − φVc ) / φ = (345 − 111.3) / 0.75 = 311.6kN
edaysar Vs > Vc1 enaH S max = d / 4 ≤ 300mm yk 125mm
edaysar Vc1 < Vs < Vc2 enaHeKGaceRbIEdkkg edaymincaM)ac;dMeLIgmuxkat;ebtug.
eRCIserIs DB10 CaEdkkgGkSr U nigKNnaKMlatRtUvkaredayQrelI Vs

Av f yt d 157 × 400 × 550
S1 = = = 110mm yk 100mm
Vs 311600
KNnaKMlatGtibrma³ S 2 = d / 4 = 137.5mm yk 125mm / S3 = 550mm nig S 4 = 300mm
dUcenH S max = 125mm
edaysar S = 100mm < S max = 125mm
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @100mm
g> Vu = 570kN > φVc / RtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg.
KNna Vs = (Vu − φVc ) / φ = (570 − 111.3)/ 0.75 = 611.6kN
edaysar Vs > Vc2 enaHmuxkat;minRKb;RKan;. eKRtUvkardMeLIgTMhMrbs;muxkat;mYy b¤k¾TaMgBIr.
cMNaM³ taragTI 2 nigrUbTI 8>10 k¾GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnaKMlat S sRmab; K> nig X> )anpgEdr.
1> sRmab; K> Vs = 171.6kN BIrUbTI 8>10 ¬b¤taragTI 2> sRmab;EdkkgGkSr U DB10 ¦ eyIg
TTYl)an S / d = 0.37 dUcenH S1 = 203.5mm EdltUcCag d / 2 = 250mm . cgcaMfa S max
EdlQrelI Vs KW d / 2 minEmn d / 4 eT. dUcKñaBItaragTI 1> eyIgTTYl)an
S 3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 550mm .
2> sRmab; X> Vs = 311.6kN / S / d = 0.18 enaH S1 = 100mm / Vs = 311.6kN > 251.2kN enaH
S max = d / 4 RtUv)aneRbI.
]TahrN_2³ FñwmTRmsamBaØEdlmanRbEvg 5.2m nigmanRbEvgcenøaHssr (clear span) 4.9m edayRTnUv

bnÞúkBRgayesμIefr 65kN / m nigbnÞúkBRgayesμIGefr 55kN / m . TMhMrbs;Fñwm nigsrésEdkRtUv)anbgðaj
enAkñúgrUbTI 8>12. epÞógpÞat;muxkat;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigKNnaEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;. eK[
f 'c = 20 MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
eK[ bw = 350mm / d = 580mm
1> KNnakmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuN (ultimate shear) BIbnÞúkxageRkA³
bnÞúkBRgayesμIemKuN = 1.2 × 65 + 1.6 × 55 = 166kN / m
166 × 4.9
Vu ¬enABImuxépÞTRm¦ = = 406.7 kN
2
KNna Vu ¬enAcm¶ayBImuxépÞénTRm¦ = 406.7 − 0.58 ×166 = 310.42kN

2> KNna φVc :

( )
φVc = φ (0.17 f 'c )bw d = 0.75 0.17 20 350 × 580 × 10 −3 = 115.75kN
1 φV = 57.87 kN
2 c
KNna Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bwd = 0.33 20 × 350 × 580 ×10 −3 = 299.6kN
KNna Vc2 = 2Vc1 = 599.2kN
3> eday Vu > φVc dUcenHmuxkat;RtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg. cm¶ay x' EdlenARtg;cm¶ayenHmuxkat;
ebtugminRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg ¬enA 12 φVc ¦KW³
⎛ 406.7 − 57.87 ⎞ 4.9
x' = ⎜ ⎟ = 2.10m
⎝ 406.7 ⎠ 2
4> KNna Vs = (Vu − φVc )/ φ = (310.42 − 115.75)/ 0.75 = 259.56kN . edaysar Vs < Vc1 enaH
S max = d / 2 ≤ 600mm RtUv)anBicarNa ¬b¤eyagtamrUbTI 8>10 b¤taragTI2³ Vs > 251.2kN ¦.
5> KNnaEdkkg³ eRCIserIsEdkkgGkSr U DB10 / Av = 157mm 2 . KNna S1 edayQrelI

Vs = 259.56kN / S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 140mm yk 125mm ¬b¤yk S / d = 0.24 BItaragTI2
b¤BIrUbTI 8>10¦
6> KNnaKMlatGtibrma³ S 2 = d / 2 = 580 / 2 = 290mm yk 250mm /

S 3 = Av f yt / 0.35bw = 500mm ¬b¤eRbItaragTI1¦/ S 4 = 600mm . dUcenH S max = 250mm .
7> edaysar S1 = 125mm < S max = 250mm eRbI DB10 @125mm

8> KNna Vs sRmab;KMlatGtibrma 250mm
As f yt d 157 × 400 × 580 − 3
Vs = = 10 = 145.7 kN
s 250
φVs = 109.3kN
φVc + φVs = 115.75 + 109.3 = 225kN
cm¶ay x1 EdlenARtg;cm¶ayenHmuxkat;GaceRbIKMlat s = 250mm
⎛ 406.7 − 225 ⎞ 4.9
x1 = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.09m
⎝ 406.7 ⎠ 2
edaysar x1 mantémøtUc eRbI s = 125mm sRmab;cm¶ayFMCag b¤esμI 1.09m . cMNaMfa
RbsinebI x1 Evg KMlatenAcenøaH 150mm eTA 250mm GacRtUv)anbEnßm.
9> EdkkgRtUv)anBRgaydUcxageRkam³
dak;EdkkgTI1enAcm¶ay S / 2 BImuxépÞénTRm
EdkkgTImYyenA S / 2 = 125 / 2 = 62.5mm yk 50mm
R)aMbYnEdkkgmanKMlat S = 125mm = 1125mm
srub 1175mm > 1090mm
bYnEdkkgmanKMlat S = 250mm = 1000mm
srub 2175mm < 2450mm
cMnYnEdkkgsrubsRmab;FñwmKW 2(1 + 9 + 4) = 28 . karBRgayEdkkgRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 8>13
ÉkmøaMggkat;TTwgEdl)anKNnaRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 8>12.
10> dak;Edkkg DB12 cMnYnBIredIm enABIelImuxkat;FñwmedIm,IedIrtYrCaEdkkgBüÜr.

8>9> kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkGefr
enAkñúg]TahrN_TI2 TaMgbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefrRtUv)ansnμt;faBRgayesμIeBjtambeNþayFñwm Edl
begáIt)ankmøaMgkat;TTwgsUnüenAkNþalElVg. CaFmμta bnÞúkefrBitCaBRgayeBjelIbeNþayFñwm EtbnÞúk
GefrGacGnuvtþeBj b¤k¾GnuvtþEtEpñkxøHrbs;Fñwm EdltRmUv[mankmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekIteLIgenAkNþal
ElVg b¤muxkat;kMNt;NamYy. rUbTI 8>14 a bgðajBIFñwmTRmsamBaØCamYynwgbnÞúkBRgayesμIGnuvtþeBj
beNþayFñwm. kmøaMgkat;TTwgERbRbYlCaragbnÞat;tambeNþayFñwm CamYynwgkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaenATRm
A.
kñúgkrNIEdlbnÞúkGefr W2 = 1.6WL kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmamanGMeBIenARtg;TRm A enAeBlEdl

W2 GnuvtþeBjElVgFñwm ¬rUbTI 8>14 a ¦. kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekItmanenAkNþakElVgRbsinebIbnÞúkGefr
RtUv)andak;EtBak;kNþalFñwm BC ¬rUbTI 8>14 b ¦ EdlbegáIt)an Vu enAkNþalElVgesμInwg W2 L / 8 . dUc

enH kmøaMgkat;TTwgKNnaRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykarbEnßmkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúk
Gefr ¬EdlRtUv)andak;enAelIRbEvgepSg²énElVg¦ eTAelIkmøaMgkat;TTwgGefr ¬rUbTI 8>14 c ¦. vaCakar
GnuvtþFmμtaedayKitkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaRtg;TRm A esμInwg Wu L / 2 = (1.2WD + 1.6WL ) L / 2 / b:uEnþ Vu
enAkNþalElVgesμI W2 L / 8 = (1.6WL ) L / 8 CamYybnÞat;Rtg;ERbRbYltambeNþay AC nig CB dUcbgðajenA
kñúg rUbTI 8>14 d. karKNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúkrNIenHnwgGnuvtþdUcKñanwgkarBnül;kñúg]TahrN_2.
RbsinebI karerobrab;xagelIenHGnuvtþeTAFñwmkñúg]TahrN_2 enaH Vu ¬enATRm A ¦ = 406.7kN nig Vu ¬enA
kNþalElVg¦ = (1.6 × 55)4.9 / 8 = 53.9kN .

]TahrN_3³ Fñwm cantilever RbEvg 3m manmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg nigRTnUvbnÞúkemKuNBRgayesμI nigcMcMNuc

¬bnÞúkpÞal;xøÜnRtuv)anrab;bBa©ÚlrYc¦ dUcbgðajenAkñgrUb 8>15. edayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa
KNnaEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;sRmab;dak;kñúgFñwmTaMgmUledayeyagtam ACI Code.

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnakmøaMgkat;TTwgtambeNþayFñwmEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkxageRkA
Vu ¬enATRm¦ = 80 × 3 + 89 + 36 = 365kN
Vud ¬enAcm¶ay d ¦ = 365 − 80

510
= 351.4kN
3000
Vu ¬enAcm¶ay 1.2m xageqVg¦ = 365 − 80 × 1.2 = 269kN
Vu ¬enAcm¶ay 1.2m xagsþaM¦ = 269 − 89 = 180kN
Vu ¬enAcugTMenr¦ = 36kN
düaRkamkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 8>15.
2> KNna φVc ³
φVc = φ (0.17 f 'c bd ) = 0.75(0.17 28 )300 × 510 × 10 −3 = 103.2kN
1 φV = 51.6kN
2 c
edaysar Vud > φVc muxkat;ebtugRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg. KNna

Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bd = (0.33 28 )300 × 510 × 10 −3 = 267.2kN
Vc 2 = 2Vc1 = 534.4kN

cm¶ay x EdlenARtg;enHmuxkat;minRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg ¬enA 12 φVc = 51.6kN ¦ EdlRtVv)an

vas;BITRm A .
⎛ 180 − 51.6 ⎞
x = 1.2 + ⎜ ⎟1.8 = 2.8m
⎝ 180 − 36 ⎠
¬ 200mm BIcugTMenr¦. dUcKña x1 sRmab; φVc KW 2.16m BI A ¬ 840mm BIcugTMenr¦
3> Epñk AC ³ kmøaMgkat;TTwgKNna Vu = Vud = 351.4kN . KNna Vs = (Vu − φVc ) / φ
= (351.4 − 103.2) / 0.75 = 330.9kN . edaysarEt Vc1 < Vs < Vc 2 enaH S max ≤ d / 4 RtUv)an
BicarNa ¬b¤epÞógpÞat;edayeRbIrUbTI 8>10¦.

4> KNnaEdkkg³ eRCIserIsEdkkgGkSr U DB10 / Av = 157mm 2 . KNna S1 ¬QrelI Vs ¦
Av f yt d 157 × 400 × 510
S1 = = = 100mm
Vs 330900
eRbI 100mm ¬b¤TTYl s / d = 0.19 BIrUb 8>10¦.
5> KNnaKMlatGtibrma³ S 2 = d / 4 = 510 / 4 = 127.5mm yk 125mm
Av f yt 157 × 400
S3 = = = 550mm ¬BItaragTI1 sRmab; b = 300mm ¦
0.35b 0.35 × 300
w
S 4 = 300mm
dUcenH S max = 125mm
6> eday S = 100mm < S max = 125mm dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @100mm
7> enAcMNuc C / kmøaMgkat;TTwgKNna Vu = 269kN > φVc enaH Vs = (269 − 103.2)/ 0.75 = 221kN .
S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 145mm
Vs = 221kN < Vc1 = 267.2kN S 2 = d / 2 = 255mm ¬b¤ 250mm ¦

enaH S1 = 145mm b¤ 125mm
S1 = 145mm < S 2
8> edaysarKMlat 125mm nig 100mm mantémøEk,rKña eRbIEdkkg DB10 @100mm sRmab;Epñk
AC .
9> Epñk BC
A. Vu = 180kN > φVc
Vs = (180 − 103.2) / 0.75 = 102.4kN < Vc1 = 267.2kN

B. S1 = Av f yt d / Vs = 157 × 400 × 510 / 102400 = 313mm
C. S 2 = d / 2 = 510 / 2 = 255mm¬b¤tUcCag S3 = 550mm nig S 4 = 600mm ¦.

yk S max = 250mm . eRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 250mm sRmab;Epñk BC .
10> karBRgayEdkkgedayvas;ecjBITRm A ³ dak;EdkkgTImYyenA S2 = 50mm

12 × 100 = 1200mm
7 × 250 = 1750mm
srub 3000mm
karBRgayEdkkgRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 8>16. EdkkgsrubmancMnYn 20 .
8>10> kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgGgát;Edlmankm<s;ERbRbYl
edaysarEtkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwg v CaGnuKmn_énkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d dUcenHkugRtaMgkat;TTwgERbRbYl
tambeNþayFñwmebtugBRgwgedayEdkCamYynwgkm<s;ERbRbYl. enAkñúgFñwmEbbenH ¬rUbTI 8>17¦ eKBicarNa
elIFatuGnnþtUc dx . kmøaMgsgát; C enAelImuxkat;NamYyesμInwgm:Um:g;Eck[édXñas; b¤ C = M / y . edrIevTI
mYyén C KW³
ydM − Mdy
dC =
y2
RbsinebI C1 FMCag C2 enaH C1 − C2 = dC = vbdx
ydM − Mdy dM M
vbdx = 2
=
− 2 dy
y y y
1 ⎛ dM ⎞ M ⎛ dy ⎞
v= ⎜ ⎟− ⎜ ⎟
yb ⎝ dx ⎠ by 2 ⎝ dx ⎠
edaysar y = jd / dM / dx esμInwgkmøaMgkat;TTwg V nig d ( jd ) / dx CaCRmal (slope)/

M ⎡d ⎤
( jd )⎥ nig v = ¬*>@^¦
V V M
v= − ⎢ ± tan α
bjd 2
⎣ dx
b( jd ) ⎦ bjd 2
b( jd )

Edl V nig M CakmøaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;xageRkA ehIy α CamMuCRmalénépÞmYyrbs;FñwmeTAnwgépÞmYy

eTotrbs;Fñwm. sBaØabUkRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdlkm<s;fycuHÉm:Um:g;ekIneLIg b:uEnþsBaØadkRtUv)aneRbIenAeBl
km<s;ekIneLIgehIym:Um:g;k¾ekIneLIg. rUbmnþenHRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdlmMuCRmaltUc EdlmMu α ≤ 30o .
TRmg;samBaØénsmIkar ¬*>@^¦GacRtUvbegáIteLIgedaysMrYl j enaHeyIgTTYl)an

v=
V M
± 2 tan α
bd bd
¬*>@&¦
sRmab;viFIKNnaersIusþg; smIkarxageRkamGacRtUv)aneRbI
vu =
Vu
±
M
φbd φbd 2
tan α ¬*>@*¦
sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg
φVn = Vu ±
Mu
d
tan α ¬*>@(¦
rUbTI 8>18 bgðajBIFñwm cantilever CamYynwgbnÞúkcMcMNucenAcugTMenr. m:Um:g;nigkm<s; d ekIneLIgkñúg
TisedAeTArkTRm. kñúgkrNIenH sBaØadkRtUv)aneRbIenAsmIkar ¬*>@&¦ ¬*>@*¦ nig¬*>@(¦. dUcKña sBaØadk
RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;muxkat; t enAkñúgFñwmTRmsamBaØdUcbgðaj ehIysBaØabUkRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;muxkat; Z
Edlm:Um:g;ekIneLIgenAeBlEdlkm<s;fycuH.
enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn karERbRbYlkm<s;rbs;FñwmekItmanenAelIEpñkrbs;FñwmEdlenAEk,rTRm ¬rUbTI
8>18¦.

karBesaFeTAelIFñwmCamYykm<s;ERbRbYlbgðajfa FñwmEdlmankm<s;FMenATRmCaTUeTA)ak;edaysar
kmøaMgkat;TTwgsgát;. ÉFñwmEdlmankm<s;tUcenATRmCaTUeTA)ak;edaysarPaBKμanesßrPaB EdlbNþalmkBI
karraldalénsñameRbHemenAkñúgFñwmeLIgelI ehIybnÞab;mksñameRbHenaHraldaltamTisedkenAelImuxkat;
FñwmEpñkxagelI. karBiesaFk¾)anbgðajEdrfa sRmab;FñwmEdlmankm<s;ERbRbYl ¬rUbTI 8>18¦ CamYynwgmMu
eRTt α RbEhl 10o nigrgnUvkmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkmøaMgBt; ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtug VCV GacRtUv
)anKNnaeday
VCV = Vc (1 + tan α ) ¬*>#0¦
Edl VCV = ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;FñwmCamYynwgkm<s;ERbRbYl
Vc = ⎢0.16 f 'c + ⎜⎜17.2 ρ w u ⎟⎟⎥bw d ≤ (0.29 f 'c )bw d
⎡ ⎛ V d ⎞⎤
ACI Code Eq.11.6
⎣ ⎝ M u ⎠⎦
α= mMuEdlbegáIteLIgedayTisrbs;Edk. vaRtUv)anKitfaviC¢mansRmab;FñwmEdlmankm<s;tUc
enATRm nigGviC¢mansRmab;FñwmEdlmankm<s;FMenATRm ¬rUbTI 8>18¦
km<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;FñwmenATRm
ds =
ACI Code Eq.11.3 CasmIkarRtUv)ansRmYl nigGaceRbIedIm,IKNna Vc ³
Vc = (0.17 f 'c )bw d ¬*>#!¦

]TahrN_4³ KNnaFñwm cantilever dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 8>19 eRkamGMeBIbnÞúkemKuN. FñwmenHkm<s;srub
enAcugTMenr 300mm ehIyekIneLIgeTArkTRm. edayeRbIPaKryEdk ρ = 1.5% / f 'c = 28MPa /
f y = 400MPa nig b = 250mm .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> M u ¬TRm¦ = 36.5 × 2.52 / 2 + 62 × 2.5 = 269kN.m
2> sRmab; ρ = 1.5% / Ru = 4.72MPa
M 269 ⋅10 6
d= = = 477.5mm
Ru b 4.72 × 250
As = 0.015 × 250 × 477.5 = 1790mm 2 ¬eRbIEdk 3DB28 ¦ yk d = 490mm / h = 550mm .
3> KNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg³ kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaenATRmKW 62 + 36.5 × 2.5 = 153.25kN .

edaysarmuxkat;FñwmERbRbYl m:Um:g;RtUv)anBicarNakñúgkarKNnakmøaMgkat;TTwg. edaysarkm<s;
FñwmekIneLIgCamYym:Um:g;ekIneLIg sBaØadkRtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgsmIkar ¬*>@*¦
Vu Mu
vu = − (tan α )
φbd φbd 2
edIm,Irk tan α / yk d enAcugTMenresμI 490mm nig d enAKl;TRmesμI 240mm
490 − 240
tan α = = 0.1
2500
269 ⋅10 6
¬TRm¦
vu =
153250
−
0.75 × 250 × 490 0.75 × 250 × 490 2
0.1 = 1.07 MPa
4> kugRtaMgkmøaMgTTwgenAcugTMenrKW Vu / φbd ¬ M u = 0 ¦

62000
vu = = 1.38MPa
0.75 × 250 × 240
5> enAcm¶ay d = 490mm BImuxépÞénTRm km<s;RbsiT§PaBKW 441mm ¬BIrUbFrNImaRt¦
Vu = 153.25 − 36.5 × 0.49 = 135.4kN
2
Mu ¬enAcm¶ay 490mm BITRm¦= 62 × 2.01 + 36.5 × 2.012 = 198.4kN.m
135.4 ⋅103 198.4 ⋅10 6 × 0.1

vu = − = 1.09MPa
0.75 × 250 × 441 0.75 × 250 × 4412
6> enAkNþalElVg ¬ 1.25m BITRm¦
d = 365mm
Vu = 153.25 − 36.5 × 1.25 = 107.6kN
1.25 2
M u = 62 × 1.25 + 36.5 = 106kN .m
2
107.6 ⋅10 3 106 ⋅10 6 × 0.1
vu = − = 1.15MPa
0.75 × 250 × 365 0.75 × 250 × 365 2
dUcKña enAcm¶ay 1.9m BITRm ¬ 0.6m BIcugTMenr¦
d = 300mm Vu = 83.9kN M u = 43.8kN vu = 1.23kN
enAcm¶ay 2.2m BITRm ¬ 0.3m BIcugTMenr¦
d = 270mm Vu = 73kN M u = 20.2kN vu = 1.29kN
témøTaMgGs;enHRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 8>20
7> kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgedayebtugKW
0.17 28 = 0.9 MPa
kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaEdlRtUvTb;edayEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
vus = 1.38 − 0.9 = 0.48MPa
¬ vu nig vus RtUv)anekIneLIgedaypleFob 1/ φ kñúgsmIkar 8>28¦

8> eRCIserIsEdkkg DB10 EdlmanEdkBIr

Av = 2 × 78.5 = 157mm 2
Av f yt 157 × 400
S ¬caM)ac;¦
= =
v s bw 0.48 × 250
= 523mm
S max ¬sRmab; ¦
d
2
= 245mmeTA 120mm enAcugTRm
Av f yt 157 × 400
¬sRmab;Gb,brma ¦
S max Av = =
0.35bw 0.35 × 250
= 718mm
9> epÞógpÞat;KMlatGtibrma (d / 2) : vus ≤ 0.33 f 'c
0.33 f 'c = 0.33 28 = 1.74MPa > 0.48MPa
10> karBRgayEdkkg ¬cm¶ayBIcugTMenr¦

EdkkgcMnYnmYymancm¶ay 50mm = 50mm
EdkkgcMnYndb;mancm¶ay120mm = 1200mm
EdkkgcMnYnbImancm¶ay175mm = 525mm
EdkkgcMnYnbI;mancm¶ay 200mm = 600mm
srub = 2375mm
dUcenHenAsl;cm¶ay 125mm BIépÞénmuxTRm.

8>11> Ggát;rgkarBt;CeRmAeRCA
Ggát;rgkarBt;KYrRtUv)anKNnaCaFñwmeRCARbsinebIpleFobén clear span ln ¬Edlvas;BIépÞmuxTl;Kña
rbs;TRm rUbTI 8>21¦ elIkm<s;srub h mantémøtUcCag 4 (ACI Code, Section 11.8) . Ggát;KYrrgnUvbnÞúk
enAelIépÞEdlQmnwgépÞénTRm EdlGaceFVI[ strut rgkarsgát;GacbegáIteLIgenAcenøaHbnÞúk nigTRm ¬rUbTI
8>22¦. RbsinebIbnÞúkGnuvtþenA)at b¤épÞxagrbs;FñwmeRCA smIkarKNnakmøaMgkat;TTwgsRmab;FñwmFmμta
Edl)an[BIxagmuxKYrRtUv)aneRbI. Ca]TahrN_ FñwmeRCAKWCaFñwmElVgxøIEdlRTbnþúkF¶n;/ CBa¢aMgbBaÄreRkam
bnÞúkTMnajEpndI (gravity load), shear wall, nigkRmalxNÐrgnUvbnÞúkedk.
niymn½yrbs;Ggát;rgkarBt;eRCAk¾RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg ACI Code, Section 10.7.1. vabgðajfa
Ggát;rgkarBt;EdlmanpleFob ln / h < 4 nigtMbn;rgbnÞúkcMcMNucsßitenAcm¶ayBIrdgénkm<s;rbs;Ggát;BI
épÞénTRmRtUv)ancat;TukCaGgát;rgkarBt;eRCA. FñwmEbbenHKYrRtUv)anKNnaedayKitnUvkarBRgay nonlinear
énkugRtaMg nigkarPøat;xag (lateral buckling) rUbTI 8>22 a.
rUbTI 8>22 a bgðajBIkarBRgaykugRtaMgeGLasÞic enARtg;muxkat;kNþalElVgénFñwmeRCA nigrUbTI

8>22 b bgðajBIExSekagkugRtaMgemenAkñúgFñwmeRCAEdlrgbnÞúkenAépÞxagelI (top-load deep beam). ExS
Cab;bgðajBI karBRgaykugRtaMgTaj ÉExSdac;²bgðajBIkarBRgaykugRtaMgsgát;. eRkambnÞúkF¶n; sñameRbH
bBaÄreRTtekItmanenAkñgebtugkúñgTisedAEkgnwgkugRtaMgTajem ehIyesÞIrEtRsbeTAnwgExSKnøgdac; ¬rUbTI
8>22 c ¦. dUcenH eKRtUvkarTaMgEdkedk nigEdkbBaÄredIm,ITb;nwgkugRtaMgem. elIsBIenH EdkrgkarBt;
edaykarTaj (tensile flexural reinforcement) RtUv)andak;enARbEhlmYyPaKR)aMenA)atrbs;FñwmtamKnøg
kugRtaMgTaj ¬rUbTI 8>22b ¦. CaTUeTA karviPaKFñwmeRCAmanlkçN³sμúKsμaj nigGacGnuvtþedayeRbIKMrU truss
b¤edIm,ITTYl)anlT§plkan;EtsuRkiteKeRbIviFI finite element b¤viFIRsedogKña. edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarKNna
kmøaMgkat;TTwgénFñwmeRCA eKGacGnuvtþtamCMhanEdl)anerobrab;xageRkam³
1> muxkat;eRKaHfñak; (critical section) ³ RbsinebImuxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;KNnakmøaMgkat;TTwg
enAkñúgFñwmeRCAEdlRTbnÞúkbBaÄrGnuvtþenAépÞxagelIrbs;Fñwm sßitenAcm¶ay X BIépÞénTRm enaHcM
gay X GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam ¬rUbTI 8>23¦³
a. sRmab;FñwmeRCAEdlRTbnÞúkBRgayesμI X = 0.15l n / Edl l n = clear span .
b. sRmab;bnÞúkcMcMNuc X 1 = 0.5a1 ¬TRmxageqVg¦ b¤ X 2 = 0.5a 2 ¬TRmxagsþaM¦ rUbTI
8>23/ Edl a1 nig a2 esμInwg shear span Ek,rTRmnImYy². Shear span

Cacm¶ayBIbnÞúkcMcMNuceTAépÞénTRm.
enAkñúgRKb;krNITaMgGs; cm¶ay X / X 1 nig X 2 dac;xatminRtUvFMCagkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d .


2> ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrma φVn ³ ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrma φVn sRmab;Ggát;rgkar

Bt;eRCAminKYrmantémøFMCagtémøxageRkam ¬ φ = 0.75 ¦³
sRmab; ldn < 2 / φVn = φ 0.67 f 'c bwd ¬*>#@ a ¦
sRmab; 2 ≤ ldn ≤ 5 / φVn = φ 0.055⎛⎜10 + ldn ⎞⎟ f 'c bwd ¬*>#@ a ¦
⎝ ⎠
b¤yk φVn = φ 0.83 f 'c bwd ¬*>## ¦
krNITaMgBIr manEcgenAkñúg ACI Code, Section 11.8.3. RbsinebI Vu > φVn enaHeKRtUvdMeLIg
muxkat;ebtug.
3> a. ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtug Vc ³ ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;Fmμta (nominal shear strength)
Vc rbs;ebtugGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
Vc = 0.17 f 'c bw d ¬*>#$ ¦

Vc enHRsedogKñanwgersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgebtugsRmab;FñwmFmμta dUcenAkñúgEpñkxagmuxénem
eronenH.
b. mü:agvijeTot eKGaceRbIsmIkarmYyepSgeTotEdlmanTak;Tgnwgm:Um:g;emKuN nigkmøaMgkat;
TTwgemKuNenAmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;
⎛ 2.5M u ⎞ ⎡ ⎛ V d ⎞⎤
Vc = ⎜⎜ 3.5 − ⎟⎟ ⎢0.16 f 'c + ⎜⎜17.2 ρ w u ⎟⎟⎥bw d ¬*>#% ¦
⎝ V d u ⎠⎣ ⎝ u M ⎠⎦

b:uEnþ Vc minKYrelIsBI 0.5 f 'c bwd

témø (3.5 − 2.5M u / Vu d ) minKYrFMCag 2.5 nigminKYrtUcCag 1. témøén M u nig Vu
RtUv)anykenARtg;muxkat;KNnaeRKaHfñak;. ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;FMénsmIkar ¬*>#$ ¦ RtUv)aneRbICamYyKMnitfa
sñameRbHEdltUcesÞIrEtemIlmineXIjGacekItmanenAkñúgFñwmeRCA nigGacGueRKaH)an. sñameRbHGaccab;epþIm
ekItmanenARbEhlmYyPaKbIénbnÞúkemKuN.
4> EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg³ enAeBlkmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuN Vu > φVc eKRtUvdak;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
Edlcat;Tukfa Vu = φ (Vc + Vs ) b¤ Vs = (Vu − φVc ) / φ . CMhanénkarKNnamandUcxageRkam³
a. kMNt; Vs ³ kmøaMgTb;edayEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg Vs RtUv)ankMNt;BIsmIkarxageRkam³
⎡ A ⎛ 1 + l n / d ⎞ Avh ⎛ 11 − l n / d ⎞⎤
Vs = ⎢ v ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥ f y d ¬*>#^ ¦
S ⎣ v 12⎝ ⎠
S h ⎝12 ⎠⎦
Edl Av = RkLaépÞsrubénEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgbBaÄrEdlmanKMlat S v ehIyEkgeTAnwgEdk
emrgkarTajedaykarBt;énépÞxagTaMgBIrrbs;Fñwm
Avh = RkLaépÞsrubénEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgedkEdlmanKMlat S h RsbnwgEdkemrgkar
TajedaykarBt;énépÞxagTaMgBIrrbs;Fñwm
b. KMlatEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgKW³
KMlatQrGtibrma S v ≤ d5 ≤ 300mm
KMlatedkGtibrma S h ≤ d5 ≤ 300mm
c. EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma³ RkLaépÞEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgbBaÄrKW Av = 0.0025bw S v .
RkLaépÞEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgedkKW Avh = 0.0015bw S h .

d. EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUvkarenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;KYrRtUv)anlatsn§wgeBjRbEvg nigkm<s;
rbs;FñwmeRCA.
e. sRmab;FñwmeRCACab; EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgdUcKñaKYrRtUv)aneRbIenARKb;ElVg RbsinebIElVgTaMgenaH
manRbEvgesμIKñaCamYybnÞúkRsedogKña.
5> EdkrgkarBt;énFñwmeRCA³ dMeNIrRbRBwtþeTAénkarBt;rbs;FñwmeRCAKWmanlkçN³sμúKsμaj nigTam
TarkarviPaKkugRtaMg nigbMErbMrYlrageFobtamlkçN³ nonlinear tamkm<s;rbs;Fñwm. sRmab;kar
KNnadMbUg viFId¾sRmYlxageRkamGacRtUv)aneRbI³
φM n = φAs f y ( y )
Edl y = édXñas; = (d − a / 2) . edaysartémø (d − a / 2) mankarBI)akkñgkarKNna/ éd

Xñas; y GacRtUv)anKNnaRbEhlykesμInwg 0.6h sRmab; ln / h = 1 nigmantémø

esμInwg 0.8h sRmab; ln / h = 2 . viFanéRtzan (Linear interpolation) GacRtUv)an
eRbIedIm,IKNna y enAeBl ln / h ERbRbYlcenøaH 1.0 nig 2.0 . dUcenH³
M
As = u
φyf
¬*>#&¦
y
témøén As minGactUcCagEdkrgkarBt;Gb,brmaEdlRtUvkarsRmab;FñwmFmμtaEdlnwg[enAeBl
bnÞab; edaysnμt; d = 0.9h .
As ¬Gb,brma¦ = ¬*>#*¦
0.25 f 'c 1.38
bw d ≥ bw d
f y f y
GgÁTIBIrlub enAeBlEdl f 'c < 30MPa . cMNaMfa f y nig f 'c KitCa MPa .
EdkrgkarTajedaykarBt; (flexural tension reinforcement) KYrdak;enA h / 4 eTA h / 5 én
Fñwm nigKYrmanKMlatRKb;RKan;tambeNþay)attMbn;Taj. EdkrgkarTajKYrEtf<k;eTAkñúgTRm
[)anl¥.
sRmab;karviPaK nigkarKNnaEdlmanlkçN³suRkwt nigsRmab;FñwmeRCACab; viFI nonlinear
Edl manlkçN³hμt;ct;GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbrimaNd¾RtwmRtUv nigkarBRgayénEdkrgkarTaj.
]TahrN_5³ FñwmeRCATRmsamBaØmanElVgRbEvg 4.2m man clear span RbEvg ln = 3.6m km<s;srub
h = 2.5m nigTTwg b = 0.4mm . FñwmeRCARTedaybnÞúkeFVIkarefBRgayesμI 600kN / m ¬rYmbBa©ÚlbnÞúkpÞal;
xøÜn¦ nigbnÞúkGefr 320kN / m enAelIEpñkxagelIénFñwm. KNnasrésEdkrgkarBt; nigEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg

sRmab;FñwmenH edayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa ¬rUbTI8>24¦.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnasRmab;EdkTb;nwgm:Um:g;
Wu = 1.2WD + 1.6WL = 1.2 × 600 + 1.6 × 320 = 1232kN / m
Wu L2 1232 × 4.2 2
Mu = = = 2716.56kN .m
8 8
l n 3 .6
= = 1.44
h 2 .5
kMNt;édXñas;/ y . sRmab; ln / h = 1 / y = 0.6d nigsRmab; ln / h = 2 / y = 0.8d dUcenHsRmab;
ln / h = 1.44 / y = 0.688d ¬eday interpolation ¦ = 0.688 × 0.9 × 2.5 = 1.55m ¬edaysnμt;
d = 0 .9 h ¦
Mu 2716.56 ⋅10 6
As = = = 4868mm 2
φyf y 0.9 × 1550 × 400

edaysar f 'c < 30MPa

As ¬Gb,brma¦ =
1.38 1.38
bw d = 400 × 2250 = 3105mm 2
f y 400
dUcenH As = 4868mm 2 lb;. eRbI 10DB25 ¬ 4909mm 2 ¦EdlmanR)aMedImenAépÞmYy² edayBRgay

kñúgkm<s; h / 5 = 500mm EdlCatMbn;TajénFñwm. KMlatrbs;Edk = 500 / 5 = 100mm . EdkTaMgenH
KYrbgáb;cUleTAkñúgTRm[)anl¥.
2> KNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg
k> KNna Vu nig M u enAcm¶ay x = 0.15ln = d BImuxépÞénTRm
0.15l n = 0.15 × 3.6 = 0.54m < 2.25m
KNna Vu = 1232 ×
3.6
2
− 1232 × 0.54 = 1552.3kN
0.54 2
M u = 1232 × 3.6 × 0.54 − 1232 × = 1017.9kN .m
2
Mu 1017.9
= = 0.29
Vu d 1552.3 × 2.25
x> KNna Vc ³
Mu
3 .5 − 2 .5 = 3.5 − 2.5(0.29 ) = 2.775 > 2.5
Vu d
dUcenH eRbI 2.5 . enAkñúgkrNIenH KNna M u / Vu d edIm,IeRbIkñúgkarKNna Vc ³
2.5 = 3.5 − 2.5M u /(Vu d )
Mu
Vu d
= 0.4 b¤
Vu
Mud
= 2.5
A 4909
ρw = s = = 0.00545
bw d 400 × 2250
[ ]
Vc = 2.5 0.16 28 + (17.2 × 0.00545 × 2.5) 400 × 2250 × 10 −3 = 2432.2kN
Vc ≤ 0.5 f 'c bw d = 0.5 28 × 400 × 2250 = 2381.2kN
dUcenH Vc = 2381.2kN lb;. φVc = 1785.9kN

K> KNna Vs = (Vu − φVc ) / φ edaysar φVc = 1785.9kN > 1552.3kN enaH Vs = 0
dUcenHeKRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,brma.
X> KNnaEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg³
edaysnμt;eRbIEdk DB12 sRmab;dak;enAépÞsgçagTaMgtamTisedAedk nigTisedAQrenaH
π
Av = Avh = 2 × 12 2 = 226mm 2
4

KMlatGtibrmaGnuBaØatrbs;EdkQr nigEdkedk
S v = S vh =
d 2250
5
=
5
= 450mm > 300mm yk Sv = S nh = 300mm
EdkQrGb,brma
Av ¬Gb,brma¦= 0.0025 × 400 × 300 = 300mm 2 > 226mm 2
bBa©úHKMlatEdkkgbBaÄr Sv = 400 ×226 0.0025

= 226mm
EdkedkGb,brma
Avh ¬Gb,brma¦= 0.0015 × 400 × 300 = 180mm 2 < 226mm 2
dUcenH eRbI DB12 @ 200 sRmab;TisbBaÄr

nig DB12 @ 300 sRmab;Tisedk
3> RbsinebIeyIgeRbI Vc = 0.17 f 'c bw d enaH Vc = 0.17 28 × 400 × 2250 ×10 −3 = 809.6kN nig
φVc = 607.2kN < 1552.3kN . dUcenH eKRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg.
1552.3 − 607.2
Vs = = 1260.1kN
0.75
edaysnμt;eRbIEdk DB12 sRmab;dak;enAépÞsgçagTaMgtamTisedAedk nigTisedAQrenaH
π
Av = Avh = 2 × 12 2 = 226mm 2
4
edaysnμt;faKMlatrbs;EdkTaMgBIrTisedAesμInwg Sv = S h = S nig ln / d = 3.6 / 2.25 = 1.6
⎡ A ⎛ 1 + l n / d ⎞ Avh ⎛ 11 − l n / d ⎞⎤
Vs = ⎢ v ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥ f y d
⎣ S v ⎝ 12 ⎠ S h ⎝ 12 ⎠⎦
⎡ 226 ⎛ 1 + 1.6 ⎞ 226 ⎛ 11 − 1.6 ⎞⎤
1260100 = ⎢ ⎜ ⎟+ ⎜ ⎟⎥ 400 × 2250
⎣ S ⎝ 12 ⎠ S ⎝ 12 ⎠⎦
S = 161mm yk S = 150mm EdltUcCag Sv ¬Gtibrma¦ nig S h ¬Gtibrma¦. eRbI S = 150mm sM
rab;TaMgKMlatedk nigKMlatQr.
Av ¬Gb,brma¦= 0.0025 × 400 × 150 = 150mm 2 < 226mm 2
Avh ¬Gb,brma¦= 0.0015 × 400 × 150 = 90mm 2 < 226mm 2
dUcenH eRbI DB12 @150mm enAelIépÞTaMgBIrTaMgTisedAedk nigTisedAQr. sMNaj;EdkpSarGac

RtUv)aneRbIedIm,ICMnYskarBRgayEdkEdlCadMeNaHRsaymYyEdlmanlkçN³snSMsMécCag. kar
BRgayEdkenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtugRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 8>24.

]TahrN_6³ FñwmeRCA strut and tie

FñwmeRCATRmsamBaØEdlman clear span = 3.6m km<s;srub = 1.8m nigTTwg = 450mm . FñwmenHRT
ssrkaerEdlmanRCug = 450mm enAkNþalElVgEdlRTnUvbnÞúkefr = 1335kN nigbnÞúkGefr = 1070kN .
KNnaFñwmenHedayeRbIviFI strut and tie. eK[ f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa ¬rUbTI8>25¦.

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnabnÞúkemKuN ¬rUbTI 8>25¦
Tm¶n;Fñwm = 4.5 ×1.8 × 0.45 × 25 = 91.1kN
edaysarTm¶n;pÞal;rbs;FñwmmantémøtUcebIeFobCamYybnÞúkcMcMNucenAkNþalElVg dUcenHbEnßmvaeTA
kñúgbnÞúkGefrcMcMNucEdlmanGMeBIenAkNþalElVg
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2(1335 + 91.1) + 1.6 × 1070 = 3423.32kN
R A = RB = 1711.66kN
2> epÞógpÞat;faetIFñwmenHeRCAtamkarEcgrbs; ACI Code, Section 11.8: clear span ln = 3.6m nig
h = 1.8m ehIy ln / d = 2 < 4 dUcenH FñwmenHCaFñwmeRCA.
3> KNnaersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaénmuxkat;Fñwm³
yk Vu enARtg; A = R A = 1771.66kN nigsnμt;yk d = 0.9h = 0.9 ×1.8 = 1.62m
Vn = 0.83 f 'c bw d = 0.83 28 × 450 × 1620 × 10 −3 = 2743.1kN
φVn = 0.75 × 2743.1 = 2057.3kN > Vu ¬OK¦

4> eRCIserIsKMrU truss
eRCIserIsKMrU truss RtIekaN. snμt;facMNuc node eFVIGMeBIsßitenAG½kSTRm nigenAcm¶ay 150mm BI
EKm)at b¤EKmkMBUlFñwm ¬rUbTI8>26¦. KMrU strut and tie pÁúMeLIgedayGgát; tie AB mYynigGgát;
strut BIr AD nig DB . dUcKña RbtikmμenARtg;cMNuc A nigcMNuc B nigbnÞúk Pu Rtg;cMNuc D
tMNagCa strut bBaÄr.

RbEvg strut Ggát;RTUg AD = 1.52 + 2.0252 = 2.52m
yk θ CamMurvagGgát; strut nigGgát; tie enaH
tan θ =
1.5
2.025
= 0.7407 enaH θ = 36.5o > 26o ¬OK¦
5> KNnakmøaMgenAkñúgGgát; truss ³
kmøaMgsgát;enAkñúgGgát; strut AD = FAD = FBD = 1711.66 21..525 = 2875.6kN
kmøaMgTajenAkñgGgát; tie AB = FAB = 2875.6 22..025
52
= 2311kN
6> KNnaersIusþg;RbsiT§PaB f ce . snμt;EdkTb; (confining reinforcement) RtUv)andak;edIm,IkarBar

kmøaMgbMEbk (splitting force). Ggát; strut AD nig DB tMNag[Ggát;rgkarsgát;ragdb (bottle-
shape compression member) dUcenH β s = 0.75 .

f ce = 0.85β s f 'c = 0.85 × 0.75 × 28 = 17.85MPa

Ggát; strut bBaÄrenAcMNuc A / B nig D manmuxkat;esμI (uniform section) dUcenH β s = 1.0
f ce = 0.85β s f 'c = 0.85 × 1× 28 = 23.8MPa
tMbn;cMNuc (nodal zone) D mankmøaMg C − C − C dUcenH β s = 1.0 . ersIusþg;RbsiT§PaBenA nodal
zone D KW
f ce = 0.85β s f 'c = 0.85 × 1× 28 = 23.8MPa

edaysarEtGgát; strut AD nig DB P¢ab;eTAcMNucepSgeTot enaH f ce = 17.85MPa lb;elI nodal
zone TaMgGs;.
7> KNna nodal zone

k> KNna nodal zone enAcMNuc A ³ snμt;fakmøaMgén nodal zone mankugRtaMgdUcKñaKW 17.85MPa
ehIyépÞEkgeTAnwgkmøaMgEdlRtUvKña
φFn ≥ Fu b¤ φf ce Acs ≥ Fu
Edl φ = 0.75 sRmab; strut, tie nig node.

RbEvgénépÞedk ab ¬rUbTI8>27 a¦ esμInwg

Fu /(φf ce b) = 1711.66 ⋅103 /(0.75 × 17.85 × 450) = 284mm
BIFrNImaRt RbEvg ac = 284

2311
1711.66
= 383mm
dUcKña RbEvg bc = 284

2875.6
1711.66
= 477mm
TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs; nodal zone sßitenA 383 / 2 = 191.5mm BI)aténFñwm ¬eyIg)ansnμt; 150mm ¦

x> KNna nodal zone enAcMNuc D ¬rUbTI8>27 b¦³
RbEvgénépÞedk de = 3423.32 ⋅103 /(0.75 ×17.85 × 450) = 568mm
RbEvgén df = ef = 568 3423
2875.6
.32
= 477mm
RbEvgrbs; fg = 477 2 − ( 568 2

) 2 = 383mm
dUcenH TIRbCMuTm¶n;én nodal zone sßitenA 383 / 3 = 128mm BIépÞxagelIrbs;Fñwm¬eyIg)ansnμt;

150mm ¦
8> KNnaEdkQr nigEdkedk³

k> EdkQr³ mMurvagEdkQr nigGgát; strut KW 53.5o BIrUbTI 8>27 a. eRbIEdk DB16 EdlmanKMlat
π
300mm / As = 2 × 16 2 = 402mm 2 ¬eCIgBIr¦/ sin 53.5o = 0.804
4
( Asi / bs S ) sin γ i = 402 /(450 × 300) × 0.804 = 0.0024
x> Edkedk³ mMurvagEdkedk nigGgát; strut KW 36.5o BIrUbTI 8>27 a. eRbIEdk DB16 EdlmanKMlat
π
300mm / As = 2 × 16 2 = 402mm 2 ¬eCIgBIr¦/ sin 36.5o = 0.595
4
( Asi / bs S ) sin γ i = 402 /(450 × 300) × 0.595 = 0.0018
K> ( Asi / bs S ) sin γ i ¬srub¦ = 0.0024 + 0.0018 = 0.0042 > 0.003 ¬OK¦
9> KNnaGgát; tie edk AB ³
k> KNna As ³
Fu = φAs f y As = 2311 ⋅10 3 / (0.75 × 400) = 7703mm 2
eRbI 12DB30 ¬ As = 8482mm 2 ¦ dak;CabICYrdUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 8>27 c.

x> KNnaRbEvgf<k; (anchorage length)³ RbEvgf<k;RtUv)anvas;BIcMNuccab;BI nodal zone
¬rUbTI8>28¦.
tan 36.5 o = 190 / x

x = 257 mm
RbEvgTMBk;Edlman = 257 + 142 + 225 − 35 ¬kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk¦ = 589mm
RbEvgTMBk;caM)ac;sRmab;Edk DB30 KW 47.5 × 30 = 1425mm > 589mm
dUcenHeRbITMBk; 90o cgP¢ab;CamYyEdkssr
( )
l dh = 0.02ψ e λf y d b / f 'c
ψ e = λ = 1.0 d b = 30
l dh = (0.24 × 400 )30 / 28 = 544mm < 589mm

]TahrN_7³ eKmanFñwmTRmsamBaØmYyEdlmanRbEvg 6m ¬ clear span ¦ rgnUvbnÞúkBRgayefr

47.5kN / m nigbnÞúkBRgayGefr 25kN / m . FñwmenHmanmuxkat; b = 35cm nig d = 55cm . FñwmenHBRgwg
edayEdk 4DB25 BRgaymYyCYr. cUrkMNt;nUvmuxkat;caM)ac;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg. smμtikmμ³

f ' = 28MPa nig f = 280MPa .
c yt

dMeNaHRsay³
k> bnÞúkemKuN ¬bnÞúkKNna¦
1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 47.5 + 1.6 × 25 = 97 kN / m
x> kmøaMgkat;TTwgKNnaenARtg;muxxagssr
6
Vu = 97 × = 291kN
2
K> kmøaMgkat;TTwgKNnaenAcm¶ay d BIépÞxagssr
Vud = 291 − (0.55 × 97) = 237.65kN
X> ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;edayebtug
Vc = 0.17 f 'c bd = 0.17 28 × 350 × 550 = 173.2kN
φVc = 130kN
1
φVc = 65kN
2
g> kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlEdkRtUvTb;
Vu − φVc 237.65 − (0.75 × 173.2)
Vs = = = 143.5kN
φ 0.75
c> cm¶ayBImuxépÞssrmk 1
2
φVc = 65kN
291 − 65
x' = × 3 = 2.33m
291
q> KNnaEdkkg
1> eRCIserIsEdk RB10 ¬EdkkgmaneCIgBIr¦
⇒ Av = 2 × 78.5mm 2 = 157mm 2
A f d 157 × 280 × 550
⇒ s1 = v yt = = 168.5mm < 600mmm
Vs 143.5 × 103
dUcenHykKMlat 160mm RtYtBinitüKMlatGtibrma
d 550
s2 = = = 275mm
2 2
3A f 3 × 157 × 280
s3 = v yt = = 376.8mm
b 350
s1 < s2 < s3
2> RtYtBinitüKMlatGtibrmaesμI d
4
Vc1 = 0.33 f 'c bd = 0.33 × 28 × 350 × 550 = 336.1kN
Vc 2 = 2Vc1 = 2 × 336.1kN = 672.2kN

eday V < V dUcenHKMlatEdkGtibrmakRmitRtwm s = d2 = 275mm

s c1 max
C> kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlTb;edayEdksRmab;KMlat s = d2 = 275mm max
Av f yt d 157 × 280 × 550

Vs ( for smax = 275mm) = = = 87.9kN
smax 275
φVs = 0.75 × 87.9kN = 65.94kN

cm¶ayBImuxTRm eTAdl;EdkkgEdlmanKMlat s max = 275mm
291 − (130 + 65.94)
x1 = × 3 = 0.98m
291
dUcenH sRmab; 0.98m BImuxénTRm eRbIEdkkg RB10 KMlat 160mm nigsRmab;EpñkenAsl;
eRbIEdkkg Gb,brma ¬KMlatGtibrma¦
Q> karBRgayEdkkg
Edkkg1 manKMlat 2s = 80mm
Edkkg6 manKMlat 160mm = 960mm
srub 1040mm = 1.04m > 0.98m
Edkkg6 manKMlat 270mm = 1620mm
srub 2660mm = 2.66m < 3m
nigEdkkgcugeRkay (3 − 2.66) = 0.34m
srubEdkkgTaMgGs;EdlRtUveRbIsRmab;RbEvgFñwm 6m man 28kg.


IX. kRmalxNÐmYyTis
9>1> RbePTkRmalxNÐ
eRKOgbgÁúMkRmalxNÐebtugRtUv)ansagsg;eLIgedIm,Ipþl;nUvépÞrabesμI CaTUeTAmanTisedAedk.
kRmalxNÐGacRTedayCBa¢aMg b¤edayFñwmebtugsrésEdkEdlCaTUeTARtUv)ancak;kñúgeBldMNalKñaCamYy
kRmalxNÐ (cast monolithically with the slab) b¤edayFñwmEdk b¤edayssr b¤edaydI. CaTUeTAkRmas;
kRmalxNÐman témøtUcebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgRbEvgElVg ¬rUbTI 9>1¦.
kRmalxNÐebtugenAkúñgGaKarGacEbgEckdUcxageRkam³
a. kRmalxNÐmYyTis (one-way slab)³ RbsinebIkRmalxNÐEdlRTedayRCugBIrQmKña enaHvanwgekag
b¤ dabkñúgTisedAEkgnwgRCugénTRm. GMeBIrbs;rcnasm½<n§KWmanEtmYyTis ehIybnÞúkEdlRTeday

kRmal xNÐenAkñúgTisedAEdldabtUc. kRmalxNÐRbePTenHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa kRmalxNÐmYy
Tis ¬rUb TI 9>1a¦. RbsinebIkRmalxNÐRtUv)anRTedayRCugbYn ehIypleFobRCugEvgelIRCugxøIFM
Cag b¤esμInwg 2 enaHbnÞúkPaKeRcIn ¬RbEhl 95% b¤eRcInCagenH¦RtUv)anRTenAkñúgTisedAxøI ehIy
GMeBImYyTis RtUv)anBicarNasRmab;karGnuvtþn_TaMgGs; ¬rUb TI 9>1b¦. RbsinebIkRmalxNÐRtUv)an
eFVIeLIgedayebtugBRgwgedayEdkedayKμanrnæxül; (no void) enaHeK[eQμaHfa kRmalxNÐmYy
Tistan; (one-way solid slab) . rUb TI 9>1 c, d nig e bgðajBIbøg;BuH nigkarBRgayEdk.
b. RbB½n§kRmalxNÐrnUtmYyTis (one-way joist floor slab)³ kRmalxNÐRbePTenHeKk¾[eQμaHfa
ribbed slab. vapSMeLIgedaykRmalxNÐEdlCaTUeTAmankRmas;BI 50mm eTA 100mm RTeday
rnUtebtugGarem: (ribs or joist). CaTUeTArnUtmanragsþÜc nigmanKMlatesμI²KñaminelIs 750mm .

rnUt RtUv)anRTedayFñwmEdlsßitenAelIssr. KMlatrvagrnUtGacbegáIt)anedaykareRbIBum<Edk b¤
Bum<eFVIBI fiberglass rUbTI9>2. enAkñúgkRmalxNÐrnUtxøH KMlatrvagrnUtGacRtUv)anbMeBjeday filler
edIm,IeFVI[kRmalxNÐEpñkxageRkamrabesμI.
c. RbB½n§kRmalxNÐBIrTis (two-way floor system)³ enAeBlEdlkRmalxNÐRTedayRCugbYn ehIy
pleFobénRCugEvgelIRCugxøItUcCag 2 enaHkRmalnwgdabedaykMeNagDubelITisedATaMgBIr. bnÞúk

kRmalxNÐRtUv)anbBa¢ÚnkñúgTisedABIreTAFñwmTaMgbYnEdlB½T§CMuvijkRmalxNÐ ¬eyagtamemeronTI
17¦. RbePTepSgeTotrbs;RbB½n§kRmalxNÐBIrTisman flat plate floor, flat slab nig waffle slab
EdlkRmalxNÐTaMgenHnwgBnül;kñúgemeronTI17. kñúgemeronenHeyIgniyayEtBIRbB½n§kRmalxNÐ
mYyTis.
kRmalxNÐmYyTis 231 T.Chhay

9>2> karKNnaénkRmalxNÐtan;mYyTis
RbsinebIkRmalebtugcak;kñúgkRmas;esμIedayKμanRbehag eKGacehAva)anfa kRmaltan;. enAkñúg
kRmalxNÐmYyTis (one-way slab) pleFobénRbEvgEvgrbs;kRmalxNÐelIRbEvgsøIrbs;vaFMCag 2.
bnÞúkrbs;kRmalesÞIrEtTaMgGs;RtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTATisedAxøI ehIykRmalxNÐGaccat;TukdUcCaFñwm. ceRmok
kRmalxNÐÉktþa CaTUeTAmanRbEvg 1m RtUv)ancat;TukCaFñwmctuekaN. FñwmenHmanTTwg1m CamYynwgkm<s;
T.Chhay 232 One-Way Slab
esμInwgkRmas;kRmalxNÐ nigRbEvgElVgesμInwgcm¶ayrvagTRm. dUcenHkRmalxNÐmYyTispSMeLIgedayFñwm

ctuekaNCaeRcInCab;²Kña ¬rUbTI9>1¦.
RbsinebIkRmalxNÐmanEtmYyElVg ehIyvasßitenAelITRmedayesrI enaHm:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrma M

sRmab;bnÞúkBRgayesμI w KW M = (wL2 ) / 8 Edl L KWCaRbEvgElVgrvagTRm. RbsinebIkRmalxNÐRtUv)an
sagsg;eLIgkñúgeBldMNalKñaCamYy b¤Cab;enAelITRmCaeRcIn enaHm:Um:g;viC¢man nigGviC¢manRtUv)anKNna
edaykarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM (structural analysis) b¤edayviFIemKuNm:Um:g; (moment coefficient) sRmab;Fñwm
Cab;. ACI Code, Section 8.3 GnuBaØat[eRbInUvemKuNm:Um:g; nigemKuNkmøaMgkat;enAkñúgkrNIkRmalxNÐ
man eRcInElVgesÞIresμIKña ¬rUbTI 9>3¦. krNIenHGaceRbI)ansRmab;ElVgBIrEdlenACab; b¤enAsgçagEvgCag
ElVgEdlenA kNþal b¤ElVgCab;enaHticCag 20% . sRmab;bnÞúkBRgayesμI bnÞúkGefrÉktþaminKYrFMCagbnÞúk
efrÉktþa 3bI eT. RbsinebIlkçxNÐTaMgenHminRtUv)anbMeBjeTenaH eKRtUvkarkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM (structural
analysis). enAkñúgkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM m:Um:g;Bt;GviC¢manenARtg;G½kSrbs;TRmRtUv)anKNna. témøEdlRtUv
BicarNaenAkñúgkarKNnaKWm:Um:g;GviC¢manenABImuxépÞénTRm. edIm,ITTYl)antémøenH eKRtUvdktémøm:Um:g;

GtibrmaenAG½kSTRmeday Vb / 3 Edl V CakmøaMgkat;TTwgEdl)anBIkarviPaKeRKOgpÁúM nig b KWCaTTwgrbs;
TRm.
M f ¬enABImuxépÞénTRm¦ = M c ¬enARtg;G½kSénTRm¦ − ¬(>!¦
Vb
3

bEnßmBIelIm:Um:g; kmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg nigRbEvgf<k;énEdk KYrEtRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;sRmab;karKNnad¾

RtwmRtUv.
lkçxNÐEdlemKuNm:Um:g;sRmab;FñwmCab; nigkRmalCab;Edl[enAkñúgrUbTI 9>3 KYrRtUv)aneRbIGacRtUv
segçbdUcxageRkam³
a. ElVgmanRbEvgesÞIesμIKña³ ElVgEvg ≤ 1.2 ¬ElVgxøI¦
b. bnÞúkRtUvBRgayesμI
c. pleFob ¬bnÞúkGefr / bnÞúkefr¦ RtUvtUcCagb¤esμInwg 3 .
d. sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlmanElVgtUcCagb¤esμI 3m m:Um:g;Bt;GviC¢manenABImuxépÞénTRmesμInwg
1 w l2.
12 u n
e. sRmab;TRm A EdlminCab; nigmanPaBTMenr enaHemKuNm:Um:g;enARtg;cMnuc A KWesμIsUnü
nigRtg;cMnuc B = + 111
f. kmøaMgkat;TTwgenARtg;cMnuc C = 1.15wu lu / 2 nigenABImuxépÞTRmdéTeTotTaMgGs;esμInwg
1 wu lu
2
g. M u = ¬emKuN¦ wu lu2 / Edl ln = clear span.

9>3> EdnkMNt;kñúgkarKNnaEdlGnuelameTAtam ACI CODE

EdnkMNt;xageRkamRtUv)ankMNt;eday ACI Code³
a. ceRmokkRmalxNÐEdlmanTTwg 1m RtUv)ansnμt;.
b. kRmas;Gb,brmaénkRmalxNÐmYyTisEdleRbIEdk 400 MPa Gnuelamtam ACI Code, Table 9.5a
sRmab;kRmalxNÐtan;mYyTis nigsRmab;kRmalxNÐrnUtmYyTisKYresμInwgtémødUcxageRkam³
- sRmab;TRmsamBaØ³ kRmalxNÐtan; (solid slab)/ h = L / 20 ¬kRmalxNÐrnUt (ribbed slab),
h = L / 16 ¦
- sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlCab;mçag³ kRmalxNÐtan;/ h = L / 24 ¬kRmalxNÐrnUt ,
h = L / 18.5 ¦
- sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlCab;sgçag³ kRmalxNÐtan; / h = L / 28 ¬kRmalxNÐrnUt ,
h = L / 21 ¦
- sRmab;kRmalxNÐ cantilever: kRmalxNÐtan; / h = L / 10 ¬kRmalxNÐrnUt , h = L / 8 ¦
- sRmab; f y xusBI 400 MPa enaHtémøTaMgGs;xagelIRtUvKuNnwg 0.4 + 1.5 ⋅ 10 −3 f y Edl f y Kit
Ca MPa .
kRmas;Gb,brmaenHRtUv)aneRbITal;EtkarKNnaPaBdabbgðajfakRmas;tUcCagenHGac
eRbIedayKμanplb:HBal;Rtlb;mkvij.
c. eKRtUvepÞógpÞat;PaBdabenAeBlTRmkRmalxNÐEdlP¢ab;eTAnwgsMNg;TMngCargeRKaHfñak;xøaMgeday
PaBdabFM. PaBdabkMNt;RtUv)ankMNt;eday ACI Code, Table 9.5b .

d. eKcUlcitþeRCIserIskRmas;kRmalxNÐedaytMeLIg b¤bnßymþg 10mm .
e. eKRtUvepÞógpÞat;kmøaMgkat;TTwg ebIeTaHbIvaminmantémøFMk¾eday.
f. kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk (concrete cover) enAkñúgkRmalxNÐebtugminRtUvtUcCag 20mm
sRmab;épÞkRmalxNÐEdlRbQmnwgkarswk b¤b:HpÞal;nwgdI. kñúgkrNIenH d = h − 20mm − d b / 2

eyagtamrUbTI 9>1 d .
g. sRmab;eRKagkRmalxNÐEdlmankRmas;esμI enaHbrimaNEdkGb,brmaenAkñúgTisedArbs;kRmalxNÐ
minRtUv tUcCagbrimaNEdktRmUvkarsRmab;karrYmmaD nigTb;nwgsItuNðPaB (shrinkage and

temperature reinforcement) eT (ACI Code, Section 7.12).
h. EdkemminRtUvmanKMlatFMCagkRmas;kRmalxNÐbIdg 3h b¤FMCag 450mm eLIy (ACI Code,
Section 7.6.5).

i. eKRtUveRbIRbB½n§EdkRtg;TaMgenAEpñkxagelI nigEpñkxageRkamrbs;kRmalxNÐCab;. eBlxøHeKk¾Gac

eRbIRbB½n§EdkcRmuH ¬EdkRtg; nigEdkBt;¦pgEdr.
j. bEnßmBIelIEdkem eKk¾RtUvdak;EdkEdlEkgnwgEdkemEdr. EdkbEnßmenHeKehAfa Edkrg
(secondary, distribution) EdkrYmmaD b¤EdksItuNðPaB (shrinkage or temperature
reinforcement).
9>4> EdksItuNðPaB nigEdkrYmmaD

CaTUeTAebtugrYmmaDenAeBlEdlTwkkMe)arsIum:g;t¾rwg ehIyeK)anKitTunCamunnUvbrimaNBitR)akdén
karrYmmaD. RbsinebIkRmalxNÐRtUv)aneKdak;[cl½tedayesrIenAelITRmrbs;va enaHvanwgrYjedIm,ITTYlnUv
karrYmmaD. b:uEnþkRmalxNÐ b¤Ggát;epSgeTotRtUv)anP¢ab;y:agrwgeTAnwgGgát;déTeToténeRKOgbgÁúM EdlbegáIt
nUvkRmiténkarTb;y:agBitR)akdenAcug. CalT§pleKTTYl)ankugRtaMgTajEdleKsÁal;faCakugRtaMgrYm
maD. karfycuHnUvkugRtMgEdlekItBIsItuNðPaB nigkugRtaMgEdlekItBIkarrYmmaD)aneFVI[ekItmansñameRbH
b:unsréssk; (hairline crack). srésEdkEdkdak;enAkñúgkRmalxNÐKWedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkarrYjxøI nigkarral
dalénsñameRbH. edaysarEtebtugrYmmaD srésEdkrgnUvkarsgát;.
EdksRmab;karkugRtaMgrYmmaD nigkugRtaMgsItuNðPaBEdlEkgnwgEdkem RtUvdak;enAkñúgkRmalxNÐ
EdlEdkemRtUv)andak;EtmYyTis. ACI Code, Section 7.12.2 kMNt;nUvGRtaEdkGb,brmadUcxageRkam³
- sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdleRbIEdk 280MPa b¤ 350MPa enaH ρ = 0.2%
- sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdleRbIEdk 400MPa b¤EdkpSar b¤EdksMNaj;pSar enaH ρ = 0.18%
KμankrNIEdlEdkRtUv)andak;manKMlatFMCag 5dgkRmas;kRmalxNÐ b¤FMCag 450mm eT.
sRmab;EdkrYmmaD nigEdksItuNðPaB kRmas;ebtugTaMgmUl h EdlRbQmnwgkarrYmmaDRtUveRbIedIm,I
KNnaRkLaépÞEdk. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIkRmalxNÐmankRmas;srub h = 150mm nig f y = 400MPa enaH
RkLaépÞEdkEdlRtUvkarsRmab;TTwgkRmalxNÐ 1m KW As = 1000 × 150 × 0.0018 = 270mm 2 . KMlatEdk
S GacKNnadUcxageRkam³
S=
1000 Ab
As
¬(>@¦
Edl Ab = RkLaépÞEdkeRCIserIs
As = RkLaépÞEdkKNna
]TahrN_ RbsinebIeKeRbIEdk DB10 ¬ Ab = 78.5mm 2 ¦ enaH S = 1000 × 78.5 / 270 = 290mm

yk 250mm . RbsinebIeKeRCIserIsEdk DB12 ¬ Ab = 113mm 2 ¦ enaH S = 1000 × 113 / 270 = 418mm

yk 400mm . EdkenHmantYnaTICaEdkrgEdlRtUv)andak;EkgnwgEdkemEdlRtUv)anKNnaedaykarviPaK
edaykarBt; (flexural analysis).
9>5> lMGitsrésEdk
enAkñúgkRmalxNÐmYyTisCab; RkLaépÞEdkemRtUv)anKNnaBIRKb;eRKaHfñak;TaMgGs; TaMgenAkNþalElVg
nigenATRm. kareRCIserIssrésEdk niglMGitsrésEdkGaRs½yeTAnwgRkLaépÞEdk KMlatRtUvkar nigRbEvg
TMBk;. eKmanRbB½n§rayEdkBIrRbePT.
enAkñúgRbB½n§EdkRtg; ¬rUbTI9>4¦ EdkRtg;RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;dak;enAEpñkxagelI nigEpñkxageRkaménRKb;
kRmalxNÐTaMgGs;. karcMNayelIfvikar nigeBlevlasRmab;plitEdkRtg; RtUvkarticCagkñúgkarplitEdk
Bt; dUcenHRbB½n§EdkRtg;RtUv)anTUlMTUlayCagenAkñúgsMNg;.
enAkñúgRbB½n§EdkBt; b¤ trussed EdkRtg; nigEdkBt;RtUv)andak;qøas;KñaenAkñgkRmalxNÐ. TItaMgBt;
RtUv)anepÞógpÞat;sRmab;karBt; kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigtRmUvkarRbEvgf<k;. sRmab;bnÞúkFmμtaenAkñúgsMNg;
bøg;lMGitsrésEdksRmab;ElVgxag nigElVgkNþalénkRmalxNÐtan;mYyTisRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 9>4.

9>6> karEbgEckbnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐmYyTiseTAFñwmTRm
enAkñúgRbB½n§kRmalxNÐmYyTis bnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAFñwmTRmtamcugEvgénkRmalxNÐ.
Fñwm bBa¢ÚnbnÞúkrbs;vaeTAssrTRm.
BIrUbTI 9>5 eyIgeXIjfa Fñwm B2 RTbnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐEk,rBIr. edaycat;TukCaFñwmRbEvg 1m bnÞúkbBa¢Ún

eTAFñwmesμInwgRkLaépÞénceRmokTTwg 1m nigbeNþay S KuNnwgGaMgtg;sIuetbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIkRmal
xNÐ.
bnÞúkenHbegáItCabnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIFñwm
UB = US ⋅ S
bnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIFñwmxag B1 esμInwgBak;kNþalbnÞúkenAelIFñwm B2 edaysarEtvaRTkRmalxNÐEt
mçag.
bnÞúkenAelIssr C4 esμInwgRbtikmμBIFñwm B2 Ek,rBIr
bnÞúkenAelIssr C4 = U B L = U S LS
bnÞúkenAelIssr C3 esμInwgBak;kNþalbnÞúkenAelIssr C4 edaysarEtvaRTkRmalxNÐEtmçag.

dUcKñacM eBaHbnÞúkenAelIssr C2 nig C1 KW³
bnÞúkenAelIssr C2 = U S L2 S = bnÞúkenAelIssr C3
bnÞúkenAelIssr C1 = U S L2 S2
BIkarviPaKenH eyIgeXIjfassrnImYy²RTbnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐEdlenACMuvijssrenaH edayKitrhUtdl;
G½kSénkRmalxNÐEk,r ¬ L / 2 tamTisEvg nig S / 2 tamTisxøI¦.
karBRgaybnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐBIrTiseTAFñwmTRm nigssrnwgBnül;enAkñúgemeronTI17.
]TahrN_TI1³ KNnaersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNnarbs;kRmalxNÐEdlmankm<s;srub h = 175mm nigBRgwgeday

Edk DB20 EdlmanKMlat S = 175mm . eRbI f 'c = 20MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnakm<s;RbsiTæPaB d ³
d = h − 20mm − b ¬emIlrUb9>1 d¦
d
2
20
d = 175 − 20mm − = 145mm
2
2> KNna As mFümEdlpþl;sRmab;TTwgkRmalxNÐ 1m . RkLaépÞénEdk DB20 KW Ab = 314mm 2
1000 × 314
As = = 1794mm 2 / m
175
3> eRbobeFobPaKryEdkEdleRbICamYynwg ρ max nig ρ min . sRmab; f 'c = 20MPa nig
f y = 400MPa enaH ρ max = 0.01374 nig ρ min = 0.00333 .
ρ ¬eRbIR)as;¦ = 1794 /(1000 × 140) = 0.0128 EdlRKb;RKan; ¬ φ = 0.9 ¦.

4> KNna φM n = φAs f y (d − a / 2)
a = As f y /(0.85 f ' c b) = 1794 × 400 /(0.85 × 20 × 1000) = 42.2mm
φM n = 0.9 × 1794 × 400 × (140 − 42.2 / 2) = 76.79kN .m
]TahrN_TI2³ kMNt;bnÞúkGefrBRgayesμIGnuBaØatEdlGacGnuvtþenAelIkRmalxNÐén]TahrN_TI1 RbsinebI

ElVgkRmalxNÐmanRbEvg 4.9m sßitenAcenøaHTRmsamBaØ nigRTnUvbnÞúkefrBRgayesμI ¬KμanbBa©ÚlbnÞúkpÞal;
xøÜn¦ 4.8kN / m 2 .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> ersIusþg;m:Um:g;KNnaénkRmalxNÐKW 76.79kN.m elIkRmalxNÐTTwg 1m
Wu L2 Wu (4.9) 2
M u = φM n = 76.79 = =
8 8
bnÞúkBRgayesμIemKuNKW Wu = 25.6kN / m 2
2> Wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
D = 4.8 + 0.175 × 1 × 25 = 9.2kN / m 2
L = 9.1kN / m 2
]TahrN_TI3³ KNnakRmalxNÐTRmsamBaØRbEvg 3.6m edIm,IRTbnÞúkefrBRgayesμI ¬minrab;bBa©ÚlbnÞúk

pÞal;xøÜn¦ 5.75kN / m 2 nigbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 4.8kN / m 2 . eRbI f 'c = 20MPa / f y = 400MPa nigkar
kMNt;rbs; ACI Code.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> snμt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐ. sRmab; f y = 400MPa kRmas;Gb,brmaedIm,IRKb;RKgPaBdabKW L / 20
= 180mm . snμt;kRmas;srub h = 175mm nigsnμt; d = 150mm ¬RtUvepÞógpÞat;enAeBleRkay¦.
2> KNnabnÞúkemKuN³ bnÞúkkRmalxNÐ = 0.175 × 25 = 4.4kN / m 2

Wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × (4.4 + 5.75) + 1.6 × 4.8 = 19.86kN / m 2
sRmab;kRmalxNÐTTwg 1m / M u = Wu L2 / 8
19.86 × 3.6 2
Mu = = 32.2kN .m
8
3> KNna As ³ sRmab; M u = 32.2kN .m / b = 1m nig d = 0.15m / Ru = M u / bd 2 = 1.43MPa /
ρ = 0.0042 < ρ max = 0.01374 / φ = 0.9 .
As = ρbd = 0.0042 × 1000 × 150 = 630mm 2

eRCIserIsEdk DB12 ¬ As = 113mm 2 ¦/ nig S = 1000 × 113 / 630 = 179mm
epÞógpÞat; d BitR)akd/ d = 175 − 20 − 6 = 149mm GacTTYlyk)an.
dUcenH S = 175mm nig As = 645mm 2
4> epÞógpÞat;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;énmuxkat;cugeRkay
As f y 645 × 400
a= = = 15.2mm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 20 × 1000
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 15.2 ⎞
φM n = φAs f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = 0.9 × 645 × 400⎜150 − ⎟ = 33kN .m > M u = 32.2kN .m
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
5> KNnaEdkrgEdlEkgnwgEdkem. sRmab; f y = 400 MPa
ρ min = 0.0018

Ash = 0.0018 × 1000 × 175 = 315mm 2

eRCIserIsEdk DB12 / Ab = 113mm 2 / S = 1000 × 113 / 315 = 358.7mm
dUcenHeRbI DB12 @ 350mm sMeab;Edkrg.
6> epÞógpÞat;kmøaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;³ Vu enAcm¶ay d BITRmKW 19.86(1.8 − 0.15) = 32.8kN
φVc = φ 0.17 f 'c bd = 0.75 × 0.17 20 × 1000 × 150 × 10 −3 = 85.5kN
1
2
φVc = 42.75kN > Vu = 32.8kNdUcenHmuxkat;RKb;RKan;.
7> muxkat;cugeRkay h = 175mm / Edkem DB12 @175mm nigEdkrg DB12 @ 350mm .
]TahrN_TI4³ muxkat;kRmalxNÐtan;mYyTisCab;RtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI 9>6. kRmalxNÐenHRTedayFñwm

EdlmanRbEvg 7.2m . bnÞúkGefrmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐ)anmkBIbnÞúkpÞal;xøÜnbUknwg 3.7kN / m 2 ehIy
bnÞúkGefrKW 6.2kN / m 2 cenøaHTRmsamBaØ. KNnakRmalxNÐCab; nigKUrnUvbøg;lMGitsrésEdk. eK[
f 'c = 20 MPa / f y = 280 MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kRmas;Gb,brmaénkRmalxNÐTI1KW L / 30 edaysarcugmçagCab; nigcugmçageTotGt;Cab;.
cm¶ayrvagG½kSFñwmGaccat;TukCaElVg L = 3.6m . sRmab; f y = 280MPa
kRmas;srubGb,brma 30L = 3600 30
= 120mm
kRmas;srubGb,brmasRmab;ElVgkNþal 35L = 3600 35

= 103mm
snμt;kRmas;rbs;kRmalxNÐesμIKñaRKb;ElVg h = 125mm EdlFMCag 120mm . dUcenH eKmincaM)ac;

epÞógpÞat;PaBdab.
2> KNnabnÞúk nigm:Um:g;enAelIceRmokÉktþa
bnÞúkGefr=bnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn + 3.7 = 0.125 × 25 + 3.7 = 6.8kN / m 2
bnÞúkemKuN U = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 × 6.8 + 1.6 × 6.2 = 18.1kN / m 2
RbEvg clear span KW 3.35m . m:Um:g;caM)ac;sRmab;ElVgTImYyenAelITRmEdlmanElVgCab;esIμnwg
UL2 / 10
U (3.35)2
Mu = = 20.3kN .m
10
3> snμt; ρ = 1.4% enaH Ru = 3.12MPa témøenHtUcCag ρ max = 0.0169 nigFMCag ρ min = 0.005
¬ φ = 0.9 ¦

Mu 20.3 ⋅ 10 6
d= = = 81mm
Ru b 3.12 × 1000
As = ρbd = 0.014 × 1000 × 81 = 1134mm 2

eRCIserIs DB16
kRmas;srub = d + 162 + 20 = 109mm
eRbIkRmas;kRmalxNÐ 125mm dUckarsnμt;xagelI
km<s; d EdleRbIBitR)akd = 125 − 20 − 8 = 97mm
4> m:Um:g; nigsrésEdkRtUvkarenARtg;muxkat;déTeTot edayeRbI d = 97mm mandUcxageRkam³
TItaMg emKuNm:Um:g; M u (kN .m) Ru = M u / bd 2 (MPa) ρ (%) As (mm 2 ) Edk nigKMlat
A − 241
8.46 tUc 0.00500 485 DB12@200
B + 14
1
14.51 1.54 0.00646 627 DB16@300
C − 10
1
20.31 2.16 0.00928 900 DB16@200
D − 11
1
18.47 1.96 0.00836 811 DB16@200
E + 16
1
12.70 1.35 0.00561 545 DB16@200
karBRgaysrésEdkRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 9>7.
5> kmøaMgkat;TTwgekItmanenAkRmalxNÐxageRkAénTRmTI2/ muxkat; C
6> Vu ¬Rtg; C ¦ = 1.15ULn / 2 = 1.15 × 182.1× 3.55 = 36.95kN
7> φVc = φ 0.17 f 'c bd = 0.75 × 0.17 20 × 1000 × 97 × 103 = 55.3
lT§plenHGacTTYlyk)an. cMNaMfa kardak;srésEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgGb,brmaenAeBlEdl Vu > 12 φVc
minRtUv)anGnuvtþsRmab;kRmalxNÐeT ¬ ACI Code, Section 11.5.5¦.
]TahrN_TI5³ kMNt;bnÞúkemKuNBRgayesμIenAelIFñwmkNþalEdlRTkRmalxNÐén]TahrN_TI 4. dUcKña

KNnabnÞúkcMG½kSenAelIssrkNþal eyagtambøg;TUeTAénrUbTI9>5.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> bnÞúkemKuNBRgayesμIkñúgmYyEm:RtRbEvgenAelIFñwmkNþalesμInwgbnÞúkemKuNBRgayesμIenAlIkRmal
xNÐKuNnwg S EdlCaRCugxIørbs;kRmalxNÐ. dUcenH
U ¬Fñwm¦= U ¬kRmalxNÐ¦ × S = 18.1 × 3.8 = 68.8kN / m
bnÞúkrbs;FñwmKYrRtUv)anKitbBa©Úl. RbEvgrbs;FñwmKW 7.2m

kMNt;km<s;srub h = 20L × 0.8 = 720.2 × 0.8 = 0.288m yk 300mm
kRmas;kRmalxNÐKW 125mm dUcenHkm<s;énRTnugrbs;FñwmKW 300 − 125 = 175mm
bnÞúkemKuNénRTnugFñwm = 0.175 × 0.25 × 25 × 1.2 = 1.3kN / m
bnÞúkBRgayesμIsrubelIFñwm = 68.8 + 1.3 = 70.1kN / m
2> bnÞúkenAleIFñwmkNþal
Pu = 70.1 × 7.2 = 504.72kN / m
9>7> RbB½n§kRmalxNÐrnUtmYyTis (One-Way joist Floor System)

RbB½n§kRmalxNÐrnUtmYyTispSMeLIgedaykRmalxNÐRbehag (hollow slab) CamYykm<s;srubFMCag
kRmas;rbs;kRmalxNÐtan;mYyTis. kRmalxNÐenHmanlkçN³snSMsMécsRmab;GKarEdlmanbnÞúktUc nig
manElVgEvg dUcCa salaeron mnÞIreBTü nigsNæaKar. bnÞúkenAkñúgtMbn;TajKμan\TæiBldUcenH tMbn;enHRtUv
)anTuk[RbehagrvagrnUt b¤RtUv)anbMeBjCamYysSmÖar³EdlmanTm¶n;Rsal edIm,Ikat;bnßyTm¶n;pÞal;rbs;
kRmalxNÐ.
viFIsaRsþkñúgkarKNna nigtRmUvkarénkRmalxNÐrnUt (ribbed slab) GnuvtþdUckarKNnaFñwmmuxkat;ctu
ekaN nigFñwmmuxkat;GkSret EdlmanenAkñúgemeronTI3. cMnucxageRkamRtUv)anGnuvtþsRmab;KNnakRmal
xNÐrnUtmYyTis.
1 rnUt (rib) manragsþÜcxageRkam nigmanKMlatdUc²KñaRbEhl 400mm eTA 750mm . Rbehag
RtUv)anbegáItrUbragedayeRbIBum<EdlmanTTwg 500mm nigCeRmA 150mm eTA 500mm GaRs½y
eTAelItRmUvkarénkarKNna. kMeNInbTdæanrbs;km<s;KWmþg 50mm .
2 rnUtminRtUvmanTTwgtUcCag100mm nigminRtUvmanCeRmAFMCagTTwg 3.5 dg. KMlat clear
spacing rvagrnUtminRtUvFMCag 750mm (ACI Code, Section 8.11).
3 ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlpþl;edayebtugsRmab;rnUtGacykesμInwg 10% FMCagersIusþg;kmøaMg

kat;TTwgEdlpþl;edayebtugsRmab;Fñwm. mUlehtucMbgKWbNþalmkBIGnþrkmμrvagkRmalxNÐ
nigrnUtEdlmanKMlatCit²Kña (ACI Code, Section 8.11.8).
4 CaTUeTAkRmalxNÐenABIelIrnUtmankRmas;BI 50mm eTA 100mm nigmanEdkGb,brma ¬EdkrYm

maD¦. kRmas;enHminRtUvtUcCag 1 / 12 én clear span rvagrnUt b¤ 50mm (ACI Code, Section
8.11.6).
5 emKuN ACI sRmab;KNnam:Um:g;enAkñúgkRmalxNÐCab; GacRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;KNnakRmalxNÐ

rnUtCab;.
6 eKmanEdnkMNt;bEnßmmYycMnYn EdlRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
- TTwgGb,brmarbs;rnUtKW mYyPaKbIénkm<s;srub b¤ 100mm edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag.
- EdkrgenAkñúgkRmalxNÐenAkñúgTisedAEkgnwgrnUtminKYrtUcCagbrimaNEdkrYmmaD b¤tUcCag
1 / 5 énRkLaépÞEdkemenAkñúgrnUt.
- EdkrgEdlRsbnwgrnUtKYrdak;enAkñúgkRmalxNÐ ehIyKMlatrbs;vaminRtUvmancm¶ayFMCag
Bak;kNþalénKMlatrvagrnUt.
- RbsinebIbnÞúkGefrenAelIkRmalxNÐrnUttUcCag 3kN / m 2 ehIyRbEvgrbs;rnUtFMCag 5m
enaHrnUtTTwgrg (secondary transverse rib) RtUv)andak;enAkNþalElVg ¬TisedArbs;vaKW
EkgnwgTisedArbs;rnUtem¦ nigBRgwgedayEdkEdlmanbrimaNesμInwgbrimaNEdkenAkñúgrnUt
em. EdkxagelIrbs;vaminRtUvtUcCagBak;kNþalEdkemenAkñúgtMbn;Taj. rnUtrgmannaTI
BRgwgkRmalxNÐ (floor stiffener) .
- RbsinebIbnÞúkGefrFMCag 3kN / m 2 ehIyrnUtemmanRbEvgERbRbYlcenøaHBI 4m eTA 7m eK
RtUvdak;rnUtrgmYydUcbgðajxagelI. RbsinebIrnUtemmanRbEvgFMCag 7m y:agehacNas;
rnUtrgBIrRtUv)andak;CamYynwgsrésEdkdUckarENnaMxagelI.
]TahrN_TI6³ kMNt;kRmalxNÐrnUtmYyTisenAxagkñúgCamYynwgTinñn½yxageRkam³ RbEvgrnUt 6m ¬TRm
samBaØ¦ bnÞúkefr ¬edaymin)anbBa©ÚlbnÞúkpÞal;¦ 0.75kN / m 2 bnÞúkGefr 4.1kN / m 2 / f 'c = 28MPa nig
f y = 400 MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnakRmalxNÐ³ snμt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐxagelIesμInwg 50mm EdlP¢ab;CamYynwgrnUtEdlman
clear span 500mm . sSmÖar³edIm,IbMeBj (filler) minRtUv)aneRbI. bnÞúkpÞal;rbs;kRmalxNÐKW
0.050 × 25 = 1.25kN / m 2 .
bnÞúkefrsrub D = 1.25 + 0.75 = 2.kN / m 2

U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 2 + 1.6 × 4.1 = 9kN / m 2

UL2
Mu =
12
¬kRmalxNÐRtUv)ancak;Cab;CamYynwgrnUt¦
9 × 0.5 2
Mu = = 0.19kN .m
12
edaycat;Tukm:Um:g;enAkñúgkRmalxNÐRtUvRTedayebtugsuTæ
enaHersIusþg;TajedaykarBt;GnuBaØatrbs;ebtugKW f t = 0.415 f 'c CamYynwgemKuNkat;bnßyersIu
sþg; φ = 0.55 / f t = 0.415 28 = 2.2MPa .
ersIusþg;TajrgkarBt; = McI = φf t
bh 3 1000 × 50 3
I= = = 10.42 ⋅ 10 6 mm 4
12 12
h
c = = 25mm
2
10.42 ⋅ 10 6
I
M = φf t = 0.55 × 2.2 ×
c 25
⋅ 10 −6 = 0.5kN .m > M u = 0.19kN .m ¬muxkat;RKb;RKan;¦
EdkrYmmaD As = 0.0018 × 1000 × 50 = 90mm 2
Edk DB10 manKMlat 300mm RtUv)andak;EkgnwgTisedArbs;rnUt. sMNaj;EdkpSar (welded
wire fabric) manlkçN³snSMsMécsRmab;krNIbrimaNEdktic.
eRbIEdk DB10 manKMlat 300mm sRmab;dak;RsbnwgTisedArnUt edayEdkmYyedImRtUv)andak;enA

BIelIrnUtnImYy² nigEdkmYyeTotRtUv)andak;enAcenøaHkNþalrnUtBIr.
2> KNnam:Um:g;enAkñúgrnYt
km<s;Gb,brma = 20L = 206 = 0.3m
km<s;srubrbs;rnUtnigkRmalxNÐKW 250 + 50 = 300mm
snμt;TTwgrnUtEpñkxageRkamKW 100mm nigEpñkxagelI ¬nIv:U)atkRmalxNÐ¦KW 150mm rUbTI9>8.
TTwgmFümrbs;rnUtKW 125mm
cMNaMfa kMeNInénTTwgrbs;rnUtedayeRbIBum<cl½tEdlmanpleFob 1 / 12 ¬edk 1 nigQr 12 ¦
Tm¶n;rnUt= 0.125 × 0.25 × 25 = 0.78kN / m
rnUtRTnUvbnÞúkmkBIkRmalxNÐEdlmanTTwg 600mm bUknwgbnÞúkpÞal;rbs;va
U = 9 × 0.6 + 1.2 × 0.78 = 6.35kN / m
UL2 6.35 × 6 2
Mu = = = 28.6kN .m
8 8
3> KNnarnUt³ km<s;srubrbs;rnUtKW 300mm .
snμt;eRbIEdk DB16 nigkRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk 20mm
km<s;RbsiTæPaB d = 300 − 20 − 8 = 272mm

BinitüemIlersIusþg;énsøab ¬snμt;muxkat; tension-controlled section/ φ = 0.9 ¦
⎛ t⎞
φM n ¬søab¦ = φC ⎜ d − ⎟ Edl C = 0.85 f 'c bt
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎛ 50 ⎞
M u = 0.9(0.85 × 28 × 600 × 50)⎜ 272 − ⎟ ⋅ 10 −6 = 158.7kN .m
⎝ 2⎠
ersIusþg;m:Um:g;ebs;søabFMCagm:Um:g;Gnuvtþn_ dUcenHrnUtmannaTICamuxkat;ctuekaNEkgEdlmanTTwg
b = 600 mm nigkm<s;énbøúkrgkarsgát;smmUl a KWtUcCagkRmas;kRmalxNÐ 50mm .
⎛ a⎞ As f y
φM n = φAs f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = φAs f y (d − )
⎝ 2⎠ 1.7 f ' c b
⎛ As × 400 ⎞
28.6 ⋅ 10 6 = 0.9 As × 400⎜ 272 − ⎟
⎝ 1.7 × 28 × 600 ⎠
As = 297mm 2
297 × 400
a= = 8.32mm < 50mm
0.85 × 28 × 600
eRbIEdk 2DB16 sRmab;rnUtmYy (402mm 2 )
As min = 0.0033bw d = 0.0033 × 125 × 272 = 112.2mm 2 < 297mm 2
BinitüemIl
297
ρ= = 0.018 < ρ max = 0.019
600 × 272
EdlCamuxkat; tension-controlled section/ φ = 0.9 .
4> KNnakmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgrnUt³ ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgGnuBaØaténRTnugrnUtKW
φVc = φ (1.1) × 0.17 f 'c bw d = 0.75 × 1.1 × 0.17 × 28 × 125 × 272 × 10 −3 = 25.2kN
kmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuNenAcm¶ay d BITRmKW
Vu = 6.35 × (3 − 0.272) = 17.3kN < φVc = 25.2kN
dUcenHEdkkgGb,brmaRtUv)aneRbI ehIykrNIenHEdk DB12 RtUv)anbEnßmenAkñúgkRmalxNÐEpñk
xagelIedIm,ITb;Edkkg. vaCakarRbesIreBsinebIeKbEnßmrnUtrgmYyenAkNþalElVgEkgnwgrnUtem
ehIymanbrimaNEdkdUcKñanwgrnUtem edIm,IeFVI[kRmalxNÐmanlkçN³rwgmaM.


X. ssrrgkmøaMgcMG½kS
10>1> esckþIepþIm
ssrCaeRKOgbgÁúMd¾sMxan;sRmab;RTnUvbnÞúksgátc; MG½kS ehIymanpleFobssrelIRCugxagEdltUc
CageK FMCag 3 . sRmab;sMNg;ebtugGarem: Fñwm kRmal nigssrRtUv)ancak;kñúgeBlEtmYy (monolithic)
EdleFVI[manm:Um:g;xøH manGMeBIelIssredaysarkarTb;enAxagcug. elIsBIenHeTot ssrsRmab;GaKar
eRcInCan; kartRmg;ssrtamTisQr minGaceFVIeTA)an\tex©aHenaHeT EdlbegáIt[mankmøaMgcakp©iteday
eFobeTA nwgG½kSssr. kmøaMgcakp©itbegáIt[manm:Um:g;elIssr. dUcenH ssrEdlrgnUvbnÞúktamG½kSsuT§min
GacekItmanenAkñúgsMNg;ebtugGarem:eT. EteKGacsnμt;fa ssrrgkmøaMgcMG½kS kalNavamancg¶aycakp©it
e tUc EdlmantémøRbEhl 0.1h . h CaCeRmAsrubrbs;ssr nig e Cacg¶aycakp©itBIG½kSssr. edayeb
tugmanersIusþg;sgát;x<s; ehIyvaCasmÖar³Edlmantémøminéfø dUcenHvaRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IKNnasRmab;eRKOg

bgÁúMrgkmøaMgsgát; edaymanlkçN³esdækic©x<s;.
10>2> RbePTssr
ssrRtUv)anEbgEckedayQrelIeKalkarN_epSg²dUcxageRkam³
i. QrelIeKalkarN_bnÞúk ssrcat;cMNat;fñak;dUcxageRkam³
+ ssrrgbnÞúkcMG½kS EdlbnÞúkRtUv)ansnμt;manGMeBIenAcMG½kSénmuxkat;ssr
+ ssrrgbnÞúkcakp©it EdlbnÞúkmanGMeBIenAcg¶ay e BIG½kSénmuxkat;ssr. cg¶ay e GacsßitenA
tamG½kS x b¤ G½kS y EdlbegáIt)anCam:Um:g;tamG½kS x b¤ G½kS y .

+ ssrrgbnÞúkcakp©itBIrTis EdlbnÞúkRtUv)anGnuvtþenAcMNucNamYyénmuxkat;ssr ehIyEdl
begáIt)anCam:Um:g;tamG½kS x nigG½kS y .
ii. QrelIeKalkarN_RbEvgssrcat;cMNat;fñak;dUcxageRkam³
+ ssrxøI Edlssr)ak;edaykarEbkebtug b¤EdkeFVIkardl;cMnuc yield eRkamlT§PaBRTRTg;bnÞúk
eBjrbs;ssr
+ ssrEvg EdlkarPøat; nigPaBrlas;RtUv)anykmkBicarNa dUcenHlT§PaBRTRTg;bnÞúkrbs;ssr
RtUv)ankat;bnßyebIeFobnwgssrxøI
iii. QrelIeKalkarN_rUbragénmuxkat; muxkat;ssrGacmanragCa kaer ctuekaNEkg mUl >>>> b¤rUbrag
cg;)anNamYy.
iv. QrelIeKalkarN_EdkkgTTwg ssrRtUv)anEbgEckCa³
T.Chhay 248 Axial Loaded Column

+ ssrEdlmanEdkkgdac;²BIKña EdlmantYnaTIhMuB½T§EdkbBaÄrem. EdkkgCaTUeTAmanKMlatdUc²

KñaeBjmYykm<s;ssr.
+ ssrEdlmanEdkkgvNÐ EdlmantYnaTIhMuB½T§EdkbBaÄrem ehIyCYybegáInPaByWtrbs;ssrmun
eBl)ak;. CaTUeTA Edkkg nigEdkkgvNÐ RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkarBarPaBrlas;rbs;ssr kugRtaMgEdk

bBaÄrEdlekItBIkarPøat; nigkarpÞúHEbkénebtugkarBarsrésEdk.
v. QrelIeKalkarN_viPaKeRKag ssrCaEpñkmYyéneRKagEdlmanCnÞl;RbqaMgnwgkareRTtcMehog nig
CaEpñkmYyéneRKagEdlminmanCnÞl;RbqaMgnwgkareRTtcMehog. cnÞl;Gac)anmkBIkareRbICBa¢aMgeb
tugGarem: b¤cnÞl;BIeRKag. sRmab;eRKagmancnÞl; ssrCaeRKOgbgÁMúEdleRbIsRmab;Tb;nwgbnÞúkTMnaj
ehIyCBa¢aMgebtugGarem:RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,ITb;nwgkmøaMgtamTisedk nigbnÞúkxül;. ÉeRKagKμancnÞl;
ssrCaeRKOgbgÁúMEdleRbIedIm,ITb;nwgbnÞúkTMnajpg nigbnÞúkxül;pg dUcenHlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ssr
RtUv)ankat;bnßy.
vi. QrelIeKalkarN_smÖar³ ssrGacCassrebtugGarem: ssrebtugeRbkugRtaMg ssrsmas.
ssrebtugGarem:RtUv)aneKeRbICaTUeTAsRmab;sMNg;GKar.
ssrrgkmøaMgcMG½kS 249 T.Chhay

10>3> kareFVIkarrbs;ssrrgbnÞúkcMG½kS
enAeBlEdlbnÞúkmanGMeBIcMG½kSénssrxøIebtugGarem: ebtugRtUv)anBicarNa[eFVIkarCalkçN³eGLa
sÞic enAeBlEdlvargnUvkugRtaMgTabEdlmantémøRbEhl f ' . RbsinebIbnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIenAelIssrxit
1
3 c
eTArkersIusþg;Gtibrmarbs;va enaHebtugxiteTArkersIusþg;Gtibrma ehIyEdkk¾xiteTArkersIusþg; yield f .y
lT§PaBRTRTg;bnÞúkcugeRkaymFümrbs;ssr GacsresrdUcxageRkam³
Po = 0.85 f 'c An + Ast f y
Edl A nig A CaRkLaépÞebtugsuT§ nigRkLaépÞEdk

n st
An = Ag − Ast
Camuxkat;rgGMeBI
Ag
kar)ak;rbs;ssr ekIteLIgBIrRbePTepSgKña GaRs½yeTAnwgkareRbIR)as;Edkkg nigEdkkgv½NÐ.

sRmab;ssrEdkkg ebtug)ak;edaypÞúHEbkpÞat;ecjeRkA EdkembBaÄr)ak;edayPøat;ecjcenøaHEdkkg dUcenH
ssr)ak;ekIteLIgPøam². sRmab;ssrEdkkgv½NÐ)ak;edaymankarbgðajnUvrMhUr EdlekItmannUvkMhUcRTg;
RTayEdlGacKit)an munnwgkar)ak;eBjelj.
10>4> lkçxNÐrbs; ACI Code

ACI Code )anbgðajnUvlkçxNÐmYycMnYndUcxageRkamkñúgkarKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát;³
- sRmab;ssrrgkarsgát;cMG½kS k¾dUccakp©it ACI Code )ankMNt;ykemKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg;

φ = 0.65 sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgdac;² nig φ = 0.7 sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgv½NÐ. témøxusKña
0.05 bgðajGMBIPaBsVitrbs;ssrEdlmanEdkkgv½NÐ. emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg;sRmab;ssrmantémøtUc
CagsRmab;eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarBt; nigkMmøaMgkat;TTwg enHedaysarEtersIusþg;rbs;ssrrgkarsgát;cMG½kSGaRs½y

CacMbgeTAnwgersIusþg;rbs;ebtug EdlpÞúyBIeRKOgbgÁúMrgkarBt;EdlTTYl\T§iBlticCagBIersIusþg;ebtug CaBi
esskñúgkrNI tension failure section. elIsBIenHeTot rgnUvkarbMEbkFatul,ayebtugeRcInCagkrNIFñwm.
ssrRtUvcak;bBaÄrx<s; nigBum<ceg¥ót b:uEnþebtugkñúgFñwmRtUv)ancak;kñúgBum<rak; edk. dUcenHkar)ak;rbs;ssr
enAkñúgeRKagRtUv)aneKBicarNaeRcInCagFñwmkRmal.
- PaKryEdkemGb,brma 1% nigGtibrmaKW 8% énmuxkat;ssr. muxkat;EdkGb,brmaRtUv)an

dak;sRmab;Tb;nwgkarBt;EdlvaGacekItmaneLIg nigCYykat;bnßy\T§iBl creep nigkarrYmmaDrbs;ebtug
eRkamGMeBIénkugRtaMgsgát;. sRmab;karGnuvtþ vaCakarBi)akbMputkñúgkarBRgayEdkEdlmanmuxkat;eRcInCag
8% eTAkñúgssr BIeRBaHeKRtUvkarKMlatEdksmrmüedIm,I[ebtugeRcotcUlcenøaHEdk.
- y:agehacNas;EdkbYnedImRtUv)andak;sRmab;ssrctuekaN nigssrmUlEdlmanEdkkgdac;²
nigEdkR)aMmYyedImsRmab;ssrmUlEdlmanEdkkgv½NÐ. sRmab;muxkat;ssrepSgeTot EdkRtUv)andak;RKb;
RCugTaMgGs;. EdkminRtUv)andak;edaymanKMlatFMCag 15cm . kñúgkrNIEdkmanKMlatFMCag 15cm eKRtUv
dak;EdkkgbEnßm. RsTab;ebtugkarBarEdkGb,brma 40mm .
- PaKryKitCamaDénEdkkgvNÐelImaDrbs;sñÚlssr ρ RtUv)ankMNt;³ s
A f'
ρ s = 0.45( g − 1) c
Ac f yt
Edl Ag muxkat;ssr
Ac muxkat;ssrKitRtwmEpñkxageRkAEdkkgv½NÐ
f yt ersIusþg;Edkkg
- muxkat;EdkkgvNÐGb,brma 9.5mm nigmanKMlatcenøaH 2.5cm → 7.5cm . kartEdkeFVIeLIg

edaypSarehIyRbEvgtEdksRmab;fñaMgGMeBA 48d nigFMCag 30cm sRmab;Edkrelag 72φ nigFMCag 30cm .
- Ggát;p©iténEdkkgdac;²Gb,brma 9.5mm RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IrMuB½T§EdkbBaÄrEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCag
32mm nigsRmab;EdkbBaÄrEdlmanGgát;p©itFMCag 32mm EdkkgRtUvmanGgát;p©it 12mm .
- KMlatEdkkgminRtUvmantémøFMCag
⎧48φ
⎪
min ⎨16d
⎪ b
⎩
Edl φ Ggát;p©itEdkkg/ d Ggát;p©itEdkbBaÄr/ b RCugEdlmanTMhMtUcCageKénmuxkat;ssr.
10>5> smIkarsRmab;KNna
bnÞúkEdlssrGacRT)anRtUv)ankMNt;edaysmIkar
Po = 0.85 f 'c An + Ast f y
EtCaTUeTA ssrminEdlrgbnÞúkcMG½kSeT vaEtgEtrgbnÞúkcakp©itbnþic dUcenH ACI Code )anKuNnwg

emKuN 0.8 sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgdac;² nig 0.85 sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkvNÐ.
sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgdac;² bnÞúkemKuNEdlssrGacRT)ankMNt;eday
P = φP = φ 0.8[0.85 f ' ( A − A ) + A f ] nig φ = 0.65
u n c g st st y
sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgv½NÐ emKuNEdlssrGacRT)ankMNt;eday
P = φP = φ 0.85[0.85 f ' ( A − A ) + A f ] nig φ = 0.7
u n c g st st y
smIkarxagelITaMgBIrGacsresry:agsegçbdUcxageRkam³
Pu = φPn = φk[0.85 f 'c Ag + Ast ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )]
Edl φ = 0.65 nig k = 0.8 sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgdac;² nig φ = 0.7 nig k = 0.85 sRmab;
ssrEdlmanEdkkgv½NÐ.
smIkarxagelIRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrrgbnÞúkcMG½kS.
RbsinebIpleFobEdk ρ = AA enaHsmIkarxagelIkøayeTACa
g
st
Pu = φPn = φkAg [0.85 f 'c + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )]
smIkarxagelIenHvij RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnamuxkat;ssr edaysnμt;PaKryEdlenAcenøaH

1% → 8% .

10>6> kmøaMgTajcMG½kS
ebtugnwgminmansñameRbHeT ebIvargnUvkugRtaMgEdlmantémøTabCagersIusþg;rgkarTajrbs;va kñúg
krNIenH TaMgebtug nigEdkTb;nwgkugRtaMgTaj. b:uEnþenAeBlEdl kmøaMgTajmantémøFMCagersIusþg;rgkar
Tajrbs;va ¬RbEhl 101 énersIusþg;rgkarsgát;rbs;ebtug¦ sñameRbH)anekItmanenAelImuxkat;ebtug ehIy
kmøaMgTajTaMgGs; RtUvTb;Tl;edayEdk. bnÞúkFmμtaEdlGgát;TTYl)anKWCaersIusþg;Tajrbs;Edk³
Tn = Ast f y
Tu = φAst f y
φ = 0.9sRmab;karTajcMG½kS
sRmab;Ggát;EdlrgkarTaj ebtugeRbH ehIyr)arEdkrgnUvbnÞúkTajTaMgGs; ebtugmantYnaTICaGñk
karBarePøIg nigERcHsIuEdk. sRmab;GagsþúkTwk eKRtUvykcitþTukdak;eTAelIebtug edaymin[vamansñameRbH
eRkamGMeBIénkmøaMgTajEdlbNþalmkBIsm<aFTwk.
]TahrN_10>1³ KNnassrxøImuxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanEdkkgdac;² edIm,IRTbnÞúkemKuNcMp©it
P = 1765kN . edayeRbI f ' = 30MPa / f = 400MPa / TTwgssr b = 30cm nigPaKryEdk ρ = 2% .
u c y g
dMeNaHRsay³
bnÞúkemKuNEdlssrGacssrGacRT)an
Pu = φkAg [0.85 f 'c + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )]
sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgdac;² φ = 0.65 nig k = 0.8

⇒ Pu = 0.65 × 0.85 × Ag [0.85 f 'c + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )]
kMNt;muxkat;ssr
Pu
Ag =
0.65 × 0.8 × [0.85 f 'c + ρ g ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )]
edaybnÞúkRtUvkarRTnUvbnÞúkcMp©it P = 1765kN nigssrRtUvmanPaKryEdk ρ

u g = 2%
1765 × 10 3
⇒ Ag = = 102887 mm 2
0.65 × 0.8 × [0.85 × 30 + 0.02(400 − 0.85 × 30)]
eday b = 30cm
102887
⇒a= = 343mm
300
yk a = 350mm = 35cm ⇒ A = 105000mm g
2
muxkat;Edk A = 0.02 × 102887 = 2057mm

s
2
ykEdk DB22 cMnYn 6 edIm ⇒ A = 2280mm s

2

RtYtBinitübnÞúkKNnaEdlssrGacRT)an
Pu = 0.65 × 0.8[0.85 f 'c ( Ag − Ast ) + Ast f y ]
⇒ Pu = 0.65 × 0.8[0.85 × 30 × (105000 − 2280) + 2280 × 400] × 10−3 = 1836kN > 1765kN OK !
ykEdkkgmanGgát;p©it 10mm
KMlatEdkkg
⎧48φ ⎧48 × 10 ⎧480
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
min ⎨16d = min ⎨16 × 22 = min ⎨352 = 300
⎪ b ⎪ 300 ⎪300
⎩ ⎩ ⎩
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 300 .

XI. eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát; nigrgkarBt;

11>1> esckþIepþIm
eRKOgbgÁúMbBaÄrCaEpñkmYyrbs;eRKagsMNg; EdlrgkmøagM sgát; nigm:Um:g;. kmøaMgTaMgenH )anBIkmøaMg
xageRkAdUcCa bnÞúkefr bnÞúkGefr nigbnÞúkxül;. kmøaMgRtUv)ankMNt;eday karKNnaedayéd b¤edaykMuBüÚT½r
EdlQrelIeKalkarN_sþaTic nigviPaKeRKOgbgÁMú (structural analysis). Ca]TahrN_ sRmab;rUb (1) bgðaj
faeRKagQrelITRm hinged BIr EdlrgbnÞúkemKuNBRgayesμIenAelIGgát; BC. düaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anKUr
enAEpñkxagTaj. kMNat;ssr AB nig CD rgnUvkmøaMgsgát; nigm:Um:g;Bt;. pleFobrvagm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMg
sgát;RtUv)an[eQμaHfa cm¶aycakp©it e Edl e = MP . e Cacm¶ayBITIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic(plastic centroid) én
n
muxkat;eTAcMNucénbnÞúkmanGMeBI. TIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic (plastic centroid) RtUv)anTTYledaykarkMNt;TItaMg

kmøaMgpÁÜbbegáItedaysrésEdk nigebtugedaysnμt;kugRtaMgsgát;sRmab;Edk f nigkugRtaMgsgát;sRmab;
y
ebtug 0.85 f ' . sRmab;muxkat;sIuemRTI TIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic (plastic centroid) RtYtsIuKñaCamYyTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;

c
muxkat;. sRmab;muxkat;minsIuemRTI TIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic (plastic centroid) RtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIm:Um:g;eFob

nwgG½kS arbitrary axis.
rUbTI1³ eRKagTRm pin BIrCamYynwgdüaRkamm:Um:g;

]TahrN_11>1³ kMNt;TIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic (plastic centroid) énmuxkat;dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI2. smμtikmμ³
f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400 MPa .
eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát; nigrgkarBt; 255 T.Chhay
rUbTI2³ TIRbCuMTm¶n;)øasÞic (P.C)énmuxkat;

dMeNaHRsay³
!> kugRtaMgsgát;sRmab;ebtugRtUv)ankMNt;yk 0.85 f ' c
F = kmøaMgkñúgrbs;ebtug = 0.85 f ' A

c c g
= (0.85 × 28) × 350 × 500 = 4165kN

Fc sßitenAelITIRbCMuTm¶n;énmuxkat;ebtug ¬enAcm¶ay 250mm BIG½kS A − A ¦
@> kmøaMgenAkñúgsrésEdk
π × 282
Fs1 = As1 f y = 4 × × 400 = 985.2kN
4
π × 282
Fs 2 = As 2 f y = 2 × × 400 = 492.6kN
4
#> kMNt;m:Um:g;eFob A − A
(4165 × 250) + (985.2 × 65) + (492.6 × 435)
x= = 233.85mm
4165 + 985.2 + 492.6
dUcenH TIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic (plastic centroid) RtUvsßitenAelIcm¶ay 233.85mm BIG½kS A − A
$> RbsinebI A = A ¬muxkat;sIuemRTI¦ dUcenH x = 250mm BIG½kS A − A .
s1 s2
11>2> karsnμt;sRmab;KNnassr
GaRs½ytam ACI Code EdnkMNt;sRmab;karKNnassrkMNt;dUcxageRkam³
!> bERmbRmYlrageFob (strain) enAkñúgebtug nigEdk RtUvsmamaRteTAnwgcm¶ayBIG½kSNWt.
T.Chhay 256 Members in Compression and Bending
@> RtUvEtbMeBjlkçxNÐ smIkarlMnwgénkmøaMg nigPaBRtUvKñaénbERmbRmYlrageFob (strain

compatibility).
#> bERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;ebtugrgkarsgát;EdleRbIR)as;GtibrmaKW 0.003 .

$> ersIusþg;rbs;ebtugrgkarTajGacRtUvecal.
%> kugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkKW f = εE ≤ f .
s s y
^> bøúkkugRtaMgGackMNt;manragctuekaNCamYykugRtaMg 0.85 f ' BRgayBIRbEvg a = β c . Edl

c 1
c Cacm¶ayBIG½kSNWt nig
⎧ 0.85 f 'c ≤ 28MPa
⎪ f ' −28
β1 = ⎨0.85 − 0.05( c
7
) sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; 28MPa < f ' ≤ 56MPa c
⎪ f 'c > 56 MPa
⎩ 0.65
11>3> düaRkamGnþrkmμrvagbnÞúk nigm:Um:g; (Load-moment interaction diagram)

enAeBlEdlbnÞúktamG½kSRtUv)anGnuvtþmkelIssrxøI krNIdUcxageRkamGacekIteLIg edayGaRs½y
eTAnwgTItaMgGnuvtþbnÞúkedayeFobeTAnwg TIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic (plastic centroid).
kmøaMgsgát;tamG½kS P CakmøaMgsgát;tamG½kSEdlmantémøFGM nuvtþenAelITIRbCMuTm¶n;)aøsÞic (plastic
o
centroid) e = 0 nig M = 0 . kar)ak;rbs;ssr ekIteLIgedayebtugEbk nigEdkeFVIkardl; yielding.

n
vaRtUv)ansMEdgeday P enAelIExSekag.
o
!> Maximum nominal axial load P : CakrNIEdlkmøaMgtamG½kSGnuvtþeTAelImuxkat;CamYy cM

n max
gaycakp©it eccentricity Gb,rma. tam ACI Code, P = 0.80P sRmab;ssrEdkkgdac;² tie

n max o
column nig P = 0.85 P sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkkgdUcrWus½r spirally reinforced column . kar)ak;

n max o
ekIteLIgedayebtugEbk nigEdkeFVIkardl; yielding.

@> Compression failure: CakrNIEdlbnÞúktamG½kSFMGnuvtþenAcm¶aycakp©ittUc. bnÞúktamG½kSkñúg
krNIenHmantémøERbRbYlBI témøGtibrma P = P eTAtémøGb,rma P = P (balanced load). s
n n max n b
r)ak;edayebtugEbkenAEpñkrgkarsgát;CamYYynwgbERmbRmYlrageFob strain = 0.003 ÉcMENkkugRtaMg

kñúgEdk ¬EpñkrgkarTaj¦ KWtUcCag yield strength f < f . kñúgkrNIenH P > P nig e < e .
s y n e n
#> Balanced condition P : lkçxNÐenHekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdl bERmbRmYlrageFobrgkarsgát;

b
(compression strain) enAkñúgebtugmantémøesμI 0.003 ehIybERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;EdkrgkarTajman
témø ε = Ef . kar)ak;rbs;ebtugekIteLIgdMNalKñanwgEdk yield. m:Um:g;EdlekItedaysarbnÞúkenH

y
y

RtUv)aneKehAfa balanced moment M cm¶aycakp©itRtUv)aneKehAfa balanced eccentricity

b
e =
b
M
P
b
.
b
rUbTI3 a³ düaRkamGnþrkmμbnÞúk-m:Um:g;
$> Tension failure: CakrNIekItmanenAxN³Edl bnÞúktamG½kStUc nigcMNakp©itFM ehIyEdlman
m:Um:g;FM. muneBl)ak; kugRtaMgTajekItmanenAelIEpñkd¾FMénmuxkat; bNþal[EdkrgkarTaj yield muneBl
ebtugEbk. enAeBl)ak; bERmbRmYlrageFobrbs;EdkrgkarTajmantémøFMCagbERmbRmYlrageFob yield
ε ehIybERmbRmYlrageFobenAkñúgebtugesIμ 0.003 . krNIenHekItmanBI Balanced condition eTAdl;
y
pure flexure P < P nig e > e .

n b e
%> Pure flexure: muxkat;kñúgkrNIenHrgm:Um:g;Bt; M Edl P = 0 . kar)ak;dUcKñanwg kar)ak;rbs;

n n
FñwmrgkarBt;. cMNakp©itRtUv)ansnμt;fa Gnnþ.

rUbTI3 b³ muxkat;ssrEdlbgðajBITItaMgbnÞúk P sRmab;lkçxNÐbnÞúkepSg²

n
11>4> karpþl;nUvsuvtßiPaB (Safety provisions)

!> emKuNbnÞúksRmab; bnÞúk gravity nigbnÞúkxül;
U = 1 .4 D

U = 1 .2 D + 1 .6 L
U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.8W
U = 1.2 D + 1.0 L + 1.6W
U = 0.9 D + 1.6W
bnSMbnÞúkemKuNEdlmantémøsFMCageKRtUv)anykmkeRbIR)as;sRmab;karKNna.
@> emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ eRbIsRmab;KNnassrGaRs½yeTAnwgkrNIxageRkam³
k> enAeBl P = φP ≥ 0.1 f ' A eBlenaH φ = 0.65 sRmab;ssrEdkkgdac;² (tie
u n c g
column) ehIy φ = 0.7 sRmab;muxkat;ssrEdlmanEdkkgdUcrWus½r (spirally reinforced column) .
krNIenHssrRtUv)anrMBwgfa)ak;edaykarsgát;.
rUbTI4³ témøemKuN φ
x> muxkat;EdlbERmbRmYlrageFobrgkarTajsuT§ (net tensile strain) ε sRmab;ersIusþg;

t
Fmμta (nominal strength) enAkñúgEdkrgkarTajeRkAeKbMput KWsißtenAcenøaH 0.005 nig 0.002 (transition

region) φ ERbRbYlCalkçN³bnÞat;cenøaH 0.9 nig 0.65 b¤ ¬ 0.7 ¦.
sRmab;muxkat;EdlmanEdkkgdUcrWus½r spiral section

⎡ 1 5⎤
) b¤ φ = 0.7 + 0.2 ⎢
200
φ = 0.7 + (ε − 0.002)(
t − ⎥ (11-1)
3 ⎣ c/d 3
t ⎦
sRmab;muxkat;epSgeTot
φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)(
250
) b¤ φ = 0.65 + 0.25⎡⎢ c /1d 5⎤
− ⎥ (11-2)
3 ⎣ t 3⎦
K> enAeBl P = 0 kñúgkrNIrgkarBt;suT§ φ = 0.9 sRmab;muxkat; tension-controlled

u
section nigERbRbYlBI 0.9 nig 0.65 b¤ ¬ 0.7 ¦ enAkñúgtMbn; transition region.
11>5> Balanced condition – muxkat;ctuekaN

Balanced condition ekItmanenAkñúgmuxkat;ssrenAeBlEdl bnÞúkEdlGnuvtþmkelImuxkat;ssr
Edlman nominal strength begáItbERmbRmYlrageFobesμI 0.003 enAkñúgsrésrgkarsgát;rbs;ebtug

nigbERmbRmYlrageFobesμI ε = Ef enAkñúgr)arEdkrgkarTajkñúgeBldMNalKña. enHKWCakrNIBiessEdl
y
y
G½kSNWt GacRtUv)ankMNt;BI strain diagram edaysÁal;témøFMbMput. enAeBlEdlbnÞúkcakp©itmantémøFMCag

P enaHeKehAmuxkat;enaHfa compression control. pÞúymkvijeKehAfa tension control .
b
karviPaK balanced column section GacRtUv)anBnül;dUcxageRkam³

!> yk c Cacm¶ayBIsrésrgkarsgát;q¶aybMputmkG½kSNWt. BI strain diagram
b
cb (balanced) 0.003
= (11-3)
d fy
0.003 +
Es
eday E s = 200000MPa
600d
⇒ Cb =
600 + f y
km<s;bøúkrgkarsgát;smmUl (equivalent compressive block)

⎛ 600 ⎞
ab = β1cb = ⎜ ⎟β d (11-4)
⎜ 600 + f ⎟ 1
⎝ y ⎠
⎧ 0.85 f 'c ≤ 28MPa
⎪ f ' −28
Edl β1 = ⎨0.85 − 0.05( c
7
) sRmab;ebtugEdlmanersIusþg; 28MPa < f ' ≤ 56MPa c
⎪ f 'c > 56 MPa
⎩ 0.65
@> BIsmIkarlMnwg plbUkkmøaMgtamTisedkesIμsUnü
Pb − Cc − C s + T = 0
Edl Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab nig T = A f s y (11-5)
Cs = A' ( f 's −0.85 f 'c ) enAeBlEdlEdkrgkarsgát;eFVIkardl; yield

f 's = f y
⎛ c − d'⎞
f ' = 600⎜
s ⎟ ≤ f pÞúymkvij
y
⎝ c ⎠
⇒ Pb = 0.85 f 'c ab + A's ( f 's −0.85 f 'c ) − As f y (11-6)
#> cMNakp©it e RtUv)anvas;BI plastic centroid nig e' RtUv)anvas;BITIRbCMuTm¶n;énEdkrgkarTaj.

b
e' = e + d " ¬sRmab;krNIrnH e' = e + d " ¦ Edl d " Cacm¶ayBITIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞc

b i eTATIRbCMuTm¶n;Edkrgkar
Taj. e RtUv)anKNnaedayKitm:Um:g;Rtg; plastic centroid
b
a
Pb eb = Cc (d − − d " ) + C s (d − d '− d " ) + Td " (11-7)
2
b¤ a
Pb eb = 0.85 f 'c ab(d − − d " ) + A' ( f 's −0.85 f 'c )(d − d '− d " ) + As f y d "
2
(11-8)
cMNakp©it balanced eccentricity

Mb
eb = (11-9)
Pb
sRmab;muxkat;minEmnctuekaN eyIgeRbIviFIsaRsþdUcKñakñúgkarviPaK edayKitRkLaépÞBitR)akdrbs;
ebtugrgkarsgát;.
emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ sRmab; balanced condition CamYy f = 400MPa RtUv)ansnμt;yk 0.65
y
b¤ 0.7 . enHedaysar ε = ε = Ef = 0.002 .

s t
y
]TahrN_11> 2³ kMNt;kmøaMgsgát; balanced compressive force P rYckMNt; e nig M sRmab; b b b
muxkat;bgðajkñúgrUb. eK[ f ' = 27MPa nig f = 400MPa .

c y
dMeNaHRsay³
!> sRmab; balanced condition bERmbRmYlrageFobenAkñúgebtugKW 0.003 ehIybERmbRmYlrageFob
enAkñúgEdk
400
εy = = 0.002
200000

@> TItaMgG½kSNWt
600
cb = d = 0.6 × 500 = 300mm
600 + f y
rUbTI6³ balanced condition

ab = β1cb = 0.85 × 300 = 255mm
@> RtYtBinitü Edkrgkarsgát;/ BI strain diagram
ε 's c − d ' 300 − 50
= =
0.003 c 300
⇒ ε 's = 0.0025 > ε y dUcenHEdkrgkarsgát; yield
⎛ c − d" ⎞
b¤RtYtBinitütam f 's = 600⎜
⎝ c ⎠
⎟ ≤ fy
⎛ 300 − 50 ⎞
f 's = 600⎜ ⎟ = 500MPa > 400 MPa
⎝ 300 ⎠
dUcenH f ' = f = 400MPa
s y
$> KNnakmøaMgmanGMeBImkelImuxkat;
Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab = 0.85 × 27 × 255 × 350 = 2048.3kN
Ts = As f y = 282 × π × 400 = 985.2kN
C s = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 28 2 π (400 − 0.85 × 27) = 928.7 kN
%> KNna P nig e e b
Pb = Cc + Cs − T = 2048.3 + 928.7 − 985.2 = 1991.8kN

a
M b = Pb eb = Cc (d − − d " ) + C s (d − d '− d " ) + Td "
2
255
M b = 1991.8eb = 2048.3(500 − − 225) + 928.7(500 − 50 − 225) + 985.2 × 225 = 732.8kN .m
2
732.8
⇒ eb = = 0.368m
1991.8
^> sRmab; balanced condition φ = 0.65
φPb = 0.65 × 1991.8 = 1294.67kN
φM b = 0.65 × 732.8 = 476.32kN .m
11>6> muxkat;ssreRkamGMeBIbnÞúkcakp©it (Column sections under eccentric loading)

sRmab;krNIBIr enAeBlEdlmuxkat;ssr)ak;edaykarsgát; b¤karTaj smIkarlMnwgmUldæanBIrGac
RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;viPaKssrEdlrgbnÞúkcakp©it.
rUbTI7³ krNITUeTA muxkat;ctuekaNEkg

!> plbUkkmøaMgtamG½kSedk b¤tamG½kSQRtUvesμIsUnü
@> plbUkm:Um:g;eFobnwgG½kSNamYyRtUvesμIsUnü
eyagtamrUb eKGacsresrsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelIdYcxageRkam
!> P − C − C + T = 0
n c s (11-10)
Edl C = 0.85 f ' ab

c c
C = A' ( f ' −0.85 f ' )

s s s ¬RbsinebIEdkrgkarsgát; yield enaH f ' = f ¦
c s y
T=A f s s ¬RbsinebIEdkrgkarTaj yield enaH f = f ¦ s y
@> Kitm:Um:g;Rtg;cMNuc A s
a
Pn e'−Cc (d − ) − Cs (d − d ' ) = 0 (11-11)
2
Edl e' = e + d " ¬ d " Cacm¶ayBITIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞiceTATIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EdkrgkarTaj¦
b¤ e' = e + d −
h
2
sRmab;muxkat;ssrEdlmanEdksIuemRTI
1⎡ a ⎤
Pn = ⎢Cc ( d − ) + C s ( d − d ' ) ⎥ (11-12)
e' ⎣ 2 ⎦
Kitm:Um:g;Rtg; C c

⎡ a ⎤ a a
Pn ⎢e'−(d − )⎥ − T (d − ) − C s ( − d ' ) = 0 (11-13)
⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 2
a a
T (d − ) + Cs ( − d ' )
Pn = 2 2 (11-14)
a
(e'+ − d )
2
RbsinebI A = A' ehIy s s f s = f 's = f y enaH
As f y (d − d ' ) As f y (d − d ' )
Pn = = (11-15)
a h a
e'+ − d e− +
2 2 2
h a
Pn (e − + )
As = A's = 2 2 (11-16)
f y (d − d ' )
11>7> ersIusþg;rbs;ssrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj (Strength of columns for tension failure)

enAeBlEdlssrrgbnÞúkcakp©itCamYynwgcMNakp©it e FM enaHeKrMBwgfassrnwg)ak;edaykarTaj.
ssr)ak;edayEdkeFIVkardl; yield ehIyebtugEbkenAeBlEdl strain rbs;EdkFMCag ε (ε = f / E ) . y y y s
kñúgkrNIenH nominal strength P nwgmantémøtUcCag P b¤k¾cMNakp©it e = M / P FMCag balanced

n b n n
eccentricity e . edaysarkñúgkrNIxøHeKmankarBi)akkñúgkarTsSn_TayfavaCamuxkat; tension control b¤

b
compression control enaHeKGacsnμt;fa tension failure GacekIteLIgenAeBl e > d . karsnμte; nHGac
eFVIeLIgenAeBleRkay.
smIkarlMnwgTUeTA
P − C − C + T = 0 nig
n c s
P e'−C (d − ) − C (d − d ' ) = 0 GacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sRmab;KNna nominal strength

a
n c s
2
rbs;ssr.
!> sRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj EdkrgkarTaj yield f = f . snμt;fakugRtaMgEdkrgkarsgát;s y
f' = f .
s y
@> KNna P = C + C − T n c s
Edl C = 0.85 f ' ab c c
Cs = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )
T = As f y
#> KNna P edayKitm:Um:g;Rtg; A

n s
a
Pn e' = Cc (d − ) + Cs (d − d ' )
2

Edl e' = e + d " b¤ e' = e + d − h2 enAeBl A = A' s s
$> BICMhan @ nig # eyIg)an

1⎡ a ⎤
Cc + C s − T = ⎢Cc ( d − ) + C s ( d − d ' ) ⎥
e' ⎣ 2 ⎦
vaCasmIkarTIdWeRkTI2 EdlmanGBaØat a . CMnYstémø C / C nig T ehIyedaHRsayrk a . c s
%> eRkayBICMnYs C / C nig T smIkardWeRkTI2 Gacsresry:agsRmYldUcxageRkam

c s
Aa 2 + Ba + C = 0
Edl A = 0.425 f 'c b
B = 0.85 f 'c b(e'−d ) = 2 A(e'−d )

C = A's ( f 's −0.85 f 'c )(e'−d + d ' ) − As f y e'
− B ± B 2 − 4 AC
⇒a=
2A
RbsinebI f ' −0.85 f ' < 0 RtUvykvaesμI 0 .
s c
^> CMnYs a eTAkñúgsmIkarCMhan @edIm,ITTYl P . m:Um:g; M kMNt;tam M = P en n n n
&> RtYtBinitüemIlfaetIEdkrgkarsgát; yield dUckarsnμt; b¤Gt;. RbsinebI ε ' ≥ ε enaH Edkrgkar s y
sgát; yield . pÞúymkvij f ' = E ε ' . GnuvtþCMhan @ dl;% mþgeTot. ε ' = [(c − d ' ) / c]0.003 /
s s s s
ε =y
f
E
nig c = a / β .
y
1
s
*> RtYtBinitüfamuxkat;Ca tension control . Tension control enAeBlNa e > e b¤ P < P . b n b
(> Net tensile strain ε enAkñúgmuxkat; CaFmμtaFMCag limit strain sRmab; compression-controlled
t
section 0.002 . dUcenHtémøénemKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ ERbRbYlcenøaHBI 0.65 ¬b¤ 0.70 ¦ nig 0.90 .

⎡ 1 5⎤
smIkar φ = 0.7 + (ε − 0.002)( 200
t ) b¤ φ = 0.7 + 0.2 ⎢ − ⎥ sRmab;muxkat;EdlmanEdkkgdUcrWus½r
3 c/d 3 ⎣ t ⎦
spiral section nig φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)(

250
) b¤ φ = 0.65 + 0.25⎡⎢ c /1d 5⎤
− ⎥ sRmab;muxkat;epSgeTot
3 ⎣ t 3⎦
RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;KNnarkemKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ .
]TahrN_11>3³ kMNt; nominal compressive strength P sRmab;muxkat;Edl[dUckñúgrUbxageRkam n
RbsinebI e = 500mm .
dMeNaHRsay³
!> eday e = 500mm > d = 485mm snμt;famuxkat;)ak;kñúglkçxNÐ tension failure condion controls

¬EdlRtUveFVIkarRtYtBinitüenAeBleRkayeTot¦. Strain rbs;EdkrgkarTaj ε GacFMCag ε dUcenHeyIg

s y
ykkugRtaMg f . edaysnμt;faEdkrgkarsgát; yield f ' = f EdlRtUvRtYtBinitüenAeBleRkay.

y s y
rUbTI8³ ]TahrN_TI3 kar)ak;edaykarTaj Tension failure

@> BIsmIkarlMnwg P = C + C − T
n c s
Edl C = 0.85 f ' ab = 0.85 × 27 × 350a = 8.03akN

c c
28 2 π
Cs = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 4 (400 − 0.85 × 27) = 928.68kN
4
T = As f y = 28 2 π 400 = 985.2kN
⇒ Pn = 8.03a + 928.68 − 985.2 = 8.03a − 56.52 ¬1¦

#> Kitm:Um:g;Rtg; A s
1⎡ a ⎤
Pn = ⎢Cc ( d − ) + C s ( d − d ' ) ⎥
e' ⎣ 2 ⎦
edayTIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞic plastic centroid sßitenAelITIRbCMuTm¶n;énmuxkat; d "= 210mm .
e' = e + d " = 500 + 210 = 710mm
1 ⎡ ⎤
Pn =
710 ⎣ ⎢
a
8.03a (485 − ) + 928.68(485 − 65)⎥ = −0.0056a 2 + 5.49a + 549.36
2 ⎦
¬2¦
$> pÁúMsmIkar ¬1¦ nig ¬2¦ eyIg)an
0.0056a 2 + 2.54a − 605.88 = 0
⇒ a = 172.74mm
%> P = 8.03 × 172.74 − 56.52 = 1330.58kN
n
M n = 1330.58 × 0.5 = 665.29kN .m

^> RtYtBinitüfa Edkrgkarsgát; yield b¤Gt;
172.74
c= = 203.22mm
0.85
203.22 − 65
ε 's =
203.22
0.003 = 0.00204 > ε y =
400
200000
= 0.002 dUcenHEdksgát; yield
RtYtBinitü strain enAkñúgEdkTaj
⎛ 485 − 203.22 ⎞
εs = ⎜ ⎟0.003 = 0.00416 > ε y
⎝ 203.22 ⎠
RbsinebIEdksgát;Gt; yield eRbI f ' = ε ' E rYceFVIkarKNnaeLIgvij.
s s s
&> KNna φ ³ eday ε = 0.00416 muxkat;sßitenAkñúgtMbn; transition region

t
⎛ 250 ⎞
φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)⎜ ⎟ = 0.83
⎝ 3 ⎠
φPn = 0.83 × 1330.58 = 1104.38kN
φM n = 0.83 × 665.29 = 552.19kN .m
11>8> ersIusþg;rbs;ssrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarsgát; (Strength of columns for compression failure)

RbsinebIbnÞúkGnuvtþn_sgát; P FMCagbnÞúk balanced force P b¤cMNakp©it e = MP tUcCag e enaH
n b
n
b
n
ssrnwgrMBwgfaRtUv)ak;edaykarsgát;. kñúgkrNI compression controls ehIy strain rbs;ebtugnwgmantémø

0.003 Edl strain rbs;EdkmantémøtUcCag ε . PaKeRcInrbs;muxkat;ssrnwgrgkarsgát;. G½kSNWtxit
y
eTArkEdkrgkarTaj edaybegáInmuxkat;sgát; dUcenHcm¶ayeTAG½kSNWt c > c . b
edaysareKBi)akkñúgkarTsSn_TaynUvmuxkat;ssrfa tension failure b¤ compression failure

eK)ansnμt;fa enAeBl e < 2d3 enaHssr)ak;eday compression failure EdlRtUvepÞógpÞat;enAeBleRkay.
edIm,IKNna nominal load strength P eKeRbIeKalkarN_sþaTic. karviPaKmuxkat;ssrsRmab;kar)ak;eday
n
rUbTI9³ düaRkam strain enAeBl compression controls

karsgát; compression failure eKGaceRbIsmIkar P − C − C + T = 0 nigsmIkar n c s
P e'−C (d − ) − C (d − d ' ) = 0 nigdMeNaHRsaymYykñúgcMeNamdMeNaHRsayxageRkam.

a
n c s
2
11>8>1> dMeNaHRsaysakl,g (Trial solution)

dMeNaHRsayenHRtUv)ansegçbdUcCMhanxageRkam³
!> KNnacm¶ayeTAG½kSNwtsRmab;muxkat; balanced section c b
600d t
cb = (11-3)
600 + f y
@> kMNt; P edayeRbIlkçxNÐlMnwg

n
Pn = Cc + Cs − T (11-10)
#> KNna P edayKitm:Um:g;Rtg;EdkrgkarTaj A
n s
a
Pn e' = Cc (d − ) + Cs (d − d ' ) (11-11)
2
Edl e' = e + d "kñúgkrNITUeTA
b¤ e' = e + d − enAeBl A = A'
h
2
s s
Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab
Cs = A's ( f 's −0.85 f 'c )
T = As f s
$> edaysnμt;témø c > c KNna a = β c . snμt;
b 1 f 's = f y
%> KNna f s
⎛d −c⎞
f s = ε s Es = 600⎜ t ⎟ ≤ fy
⎝ c ⎠
^> CMnYstémøEdlrkeXIjeTAkñúgsmIkarCMhan @ nigCMhan # edIm,Irk P nig P . RbsinebI n1 n2
P ≈ P eRCIsyktémøtUcCageK b¤mFümPaKén P nig P . EtebI P mantémøxusKñaq¶ayBI P eK

n1 n2 n1 n2 n1 n2
RtUvsnμt; c b¤ a fμI ehIyeFVIkarKNnaeLIgvijcab;epþImBICMhan $ rhUtdl; P ≈ P . ¬eKGacTTYlyk)an n1 n2
ebI P nig P xusKña 1% ¦.

n1 n2
&> epÞógpÞat;fa Edkrgkarsgát; yield edayKNna ε ' = 0.003[(c − d ') / c] ehIyeRbobeFobCamYy

s
ε = E . enAeBlEdl ε ' ≥ ε Edkrgkarsgát; yield RbsinebImindUcenaHeT f ' = ε ' E b¤

f y
y s y s s s
s
⎛ c − d' ⎞
f s = 600⎜ ⎟ ≤ fy
⎝ c ⎠
*> epÞógpÞat;fa e < e b¤ P > P sRmab; compression failure.
b n b

(> sRmab; compression controlled section CaTUeTA net tensile strain ε enAkñúgmuxkat;tUcCag
t
0.002 . dUcenH emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ = 0.65 ¬b¤ 0.70 sRmab;ssrEdleRbIEdkkgvNÐ¦.
]TahrN_11>4³ kMNt; nominal compressive strength P sRmab;muxkat;Edl[RbsinebI e = 254mm .

n
rUbTI10³ ]TahrN_TI4 Compression controls

dMeNaHRsay³
!> edaysar e = 254mm < 23d = 333.33mm . snμt; compression failure. karsnμt;enHRtUvepÞógpÞat;enA
eBleRkay. KNnacm¶ayeTAG½kSNWtsRmab; balanced section c : b
600d t 600 × 500

cb = = = 300mm
600 + f y 600 + 400
@> BIsmIkarlMnwg
Pn = Cc + Cs − T (11-10)
Edl Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab = 0.85 × 27 × a × 350 = 8.03akN
C s = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 28 2 π (400 − 0.85 × 27) = 928.68kN
edaysnμt;Edkrgkarsgát; yield ¬karsnμt;enHRtUvepÞógpÞat;enAeBleRkay¦

T = A f = 28 πf = 2.46 f kN ¬ f < f ¦
s s
2
s s s y
Pn = 8.03a + 928.68 − 2.46 f s

#> Kitm:Um:g;Rtg; A s
1⎡ a ⎤
Pn = ⎢Cc ( d − ) + C s ( d − d ' ) ⎥ (11-11)
e' ⎣ 2 ⎦
TIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞicsßitenAelITIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat; d "= 225mm
e' = e + d " = 254 + 225 = 479 mm
1 ⎡ ⎛ a⎞ ⎤
Pn = ⎢8.03a⎜ 500 − ⎟ + 928.8(500 − 50 )⎥ = 8.38a − 0.0084a 2 + 872.57
479 ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
$> edaysnμt; c = 342mm EdlmantémøFMCag c b = 300mm
a = 0.85 × 342 = 290.7 mm

CMnYstémø a eTAkñúgsmIkarkñúgCMhanTIBIrxagelIeyIg)an
Pn1 = 8.38 × 290.7 − 0.0084 × 290.7 2 + 872.57 = 2598.78kN
%> KNna f BIdüaRkam strain enAeBlEdl c = 340mm
s
500 − 342
fs = 600 = 277.19 MPa
342
f 277.19
εs = εt = s = = 0.00139
Es 200000
^> edayCMnYs a = 290.7mm nig f s = 277.19 MPa eTAkñúgsmIkarCMhanTImYyedIm,IKNna P n2
Pn 2 = 8.03 × 290.7 + 928.68 − 2.46 × 277.19 = 2581.11kN

eday P nig P mantémøxusKñamindl; 1% dUcenHeyIgyk P = 2581.11kN
n1 n2 n
M n = Pn e = 2581.11 × 0.254 = 655.6kN .m

&> epÞógpÞat;fa Edkrgkarsgát; yield BIdüaRkam strain
342 − 50
ε 's = 0.003 = 0.00256 > ε y = 0.002
342
dUcenH Edkrgkarsgát; yield dUckarsnμt;.
*> P = 2581.11kN > P = 1991.8kN ehIy e = 254mm < e = 368mm bgðajfavaCamuxkat;
n b b
compression control dUckarsnμt;. cMNaM³ eKGaceFVIkarsakl,gKNnaedIm,I[ P nig P mantémø n1 n2
kan;EtesμIkña.
(> KNna φ
d t = d = 500mm c = 342mm
500 − 342
εt ¬enAnIv:UedkrgkarTaj¦ = 0.003
342
= 0.00139 < 0.002 enaH φ = 0.65
φPn = 0.65 × 2581.11 = 1677.72kN
φM n = 0.65 × 655.6 = 426.14kN .m
11>8>2> dMeNaHRsayviPaKcMnYn (Numerical Analysis Solution)

enAeBl compression control karviPaKssrGaceFVIeTA)anedaykat;bnßykarKNnamkRtwmsmIkar
dWeRkTI3 EdlmanTRmg; Aa + Ba + Ca + D = 0 rYcedaHRsayrktémø a edayviFIcMnYn numerical method
3 2
b¤ a GacTTYl)anBIm:asIunKitelx. BIsmIkarlMnwg
Pn = Cc + Cs − T = (0.85 f 'c ab) + A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) − As f s (11-10)

Kitm:Um:g;Rtg;EdkTaj A s
1⎡ a ⎤ 1⎡ a ⎤
Pn = ⎢Cc (d − ) + Cs (d − d ' )⎥ = ⎢0.85 f 'c ab(d − ) + A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )(d − d ' )⎥ (11-11)
e' ⎣ 2 ⎦ e' ⎣ 2 ⎦
BIdüaRkam strain
a
(d − )
⎛d −c⎞ β1
εs = ⎜ t ⎟0.003 = 0.003
⎝ c ⎠ a
β1
kugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkTajKW
600
f s = ε s Es = 200000ε s = ( β1d − a )
a
edayCMnYstémø f eTAkñúgsmIkar (11-10) nigedaHRsaysmIkar (11-10) nig (11-11) eRkayBI
s
sRmYlrYc eyIgTTYl)an
⎛ 0.85 f 'c b ⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟a + [0.85 f 'c b(e'− d )]a + [ A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )(e'−d + d ' ) + 600 As e' ]a − 600 As e' β1d = 0
2
⎝ c ⎠
enHCasmIkardWeRkTI3 EdlmanTRmg; Aa 3
+ Ba 2 + Ca + D = 0
Edl A = 0.852f ' b c
B = 0.85 f 'c b(e'− d )

C = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )(e'− d + d ' ) + 600 As e'
D = −600 As e' β1d

enAeBlEdleKKNna)antémø A / B / C nig D enaH a GacRtUv)anKNnaedayviFIsakl,g b¤
TTYl)anedaypÞal;BIm:asIunKitelx. dMeNaHRsaysmIkardWeRkTI3 GacTTYl)anedayeRbIviFI Newton-
Raphson . viFIenHmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkaredaHRsayrkb¤srbs; f ( x ) = 0 . vaTak;Tgnwgbec©keTssamBaØ
ehIyeKqab;TTYl)ancemøIyedayeFVItamCMhanxageRkam³
!> [ f (a) = Aa + Ba + Ca + D nigKNna A / B / C nig D
3 2
@> KNnaedrIevTImYyén f (a) ³ f ' (a) = 3 Aa + 2Ba + C 2
#> edaysnμt;témødMbUg a KNnatémøbnÞab;

o
f ( ao )
a1 = ao −
f ' ( ao )
$> edayeRbItémø a KNna a dUcsmIkarxagelI
1 2
f (a1 )
a2 = a1 −
f ' (a1 )

%> Gnuvtþn_nUvviFIenHrhUtdl;)antémøsuRkitmYy a ≅ a . kñúgkrNIviPaKssrenAeBl compression

n n −1
control témø a EtgEtFMCag a . dUcenH eKcab;epþImCamYy a = a ehIyGnuvtþsmIkarxagelIBIrdgedIm,I

b o b
TTYl)ancemøIy.
]TahrN_11>5³ eFVI]TahrN_TI11>4eLIgvijedayeRbIviFI numerical analysis

dMeNaHRsay³
!> KNna A / B / C nig D nigkMNt; f (a)
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 27 × 350
A= = = 4016.25
2 2
B = 0.85 f 'c b(e'−d ) = 0.85 × 27 × 350(479 − 500 ) = −168682.5
C = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )(e'− d + d ' ) + 600 As e'
C = 28 2 π (400 − 0.85 × 27)(479 − 500 + 50) + 600 × 28 2 π × 479
C = 734800328.08
D = −600 As e' β1d = −600 × 282 π × 479 × 0.85 × 500 = −300844190383.4
f (a ) = 4016.25a 3 − 168682.5a 2 + 734800328.08a − 300844190383.4
@> KNnaedrIevTI1
f ' (a ) = 12048.75a 2 − 337365a + 734800328.08
#> [ a o = ab = 255mm sRmab;muxkat; balanced section c b = 300mm nig a b = 255mm
f (255)
a1 = 255 − = 295.39
f ' (255)
$> nigKNna a ³ 2
f (295.39)
a2 = 295.39 − = 292.4mm
f ' (295.39)
témørbs; a mantémøRsedognwg a enAkñúg]TahrN_TI3. CMnYstémø a eTAkñúgsmIkar (11-10) b¤ (11-11)
eKTTYl)an P = 2594.66kN
n
11>8>3> dMeNaHRsayRbEhl (Approximate Solution)

smIkar approximate RtUv)anesñIeLIgeday Whitney edIm,IedaHRsayrk nominal compressive
strength sRmab;ssrxøIenAeBl compression control.
bhf 'c A's f y
Pn = + (11-17)
3he e
+ 1.18 + 0.5
d 2
(d − d ' )

smIkarxagelIenHGaceRbIeTA)ansRmab;EtssrEdlmansrésEdksIuemRTIteRmobEtmYyRsTab;
ehIyRsbeTAnwgG½kSénkarBt;.
smIkar approximate TI2 RtUv)anesñIeLIgeday Hsu
1. 5
Pn − Pb ⎛ M n ⎞
+⎜ ⎟ = 1.0 (11-18)
Po − Pb ⎜⎝ M o ⎟⎠
Edl =
Pn nominal axial strength énmuxkat;ssr
=
Pb , M b nominal load nig nominal moment énmuxkat; balanced section
M n = nominal bending moment = Pn ⋅ e
enAeBl e=0 P = 0.85 f ' ( A
Po = nominal axial load o c g − Ast ) + Ast f y
A = gross area énmuxkat; = bh

g
A = muxkat;EdkbeNþayminEmnkugRtaMgsrub
st
]TahrN_6³ kMNt; nominal compressive strength P sRmab;muxkat;Edl[dUckñúg]TahrN_TI4

n
edaysmIkar ¬!!-!&¦ nig ¬!!-!*¦edayeRbInUvcMNakp©itdUcKña e = 254mm rYceRbobeFobcemøIy.

dMeNaHRsay³
!> dMeNaHRsaytamsmIkar Whitney
k> lkçN³énmuxkat; b = 350mm / h = 550mm / d = 500mm / d ' = 50mm / A' = 2463mm 2
nig (d − d ' ) = 450mm

x> GnuvtþsmIkar Whitney
350 × 550 × 27 2463 × 400
Pn = + = 2745.15kN
3 × 550 × 254 254
+ 1.18 + 0.5
500 2 450
φPn = 0.65 × 2745.15 = 1784.35kN
K> P EdlKNnaedaysmIkar Whitney CatémøEdlminsnSMsMécenAkñúg]TahrN_enH ehIytémø
n
P = 2745.15kN KWFMCagtémøsuRkit P = 2581.11kN EdlKNnaedaysmIkarsþaTickñúg]TahrN_TI4.

n n
@> dMeNaHRsaytamsmIkar Hsu

k> sRmab; balanced condition P = 1991.8kN nig M = 732.8kN ¬]TahrN_TI2¦
b b
x> P = 0.85 f ' ( A − A ) + A f = 0.85 × 27 × (550 × 350 − 2 × 2463) + 2 × 2463 × 400

o c g st st y
Po = 6275.22kN
Pn − 1991 .8
1 .5
⎛ 0254 Pn ⎞
K> +⎜
6275 .22 − 1991 .8 ⎝ 732 .8 ⎠
⎟ =1

edayKuNnwg 1000 ehIyedaHRsayrk P n
0.23346 Pn + 0.00654 Pn1.5 = 1465

edaykarsakl,gtémø P = 2587.65kN EdlmantémøRbEhl 2581.11kN EdlKNnaedaysþa
n
Tic.
11>9> ]TahrN_sRmab;düaRkamGnþrkmμ (Interaction Diagram Example)

enAkñúg]TahrN_TI11>2 bnÞúk balanced load P , M nig e RtUv)anKNnasRmab;muxkat;dUckñúgrUb
b b b
TI6 ¬ e = 368mm ¦. dUcKña enAkñúg]TahrN_TI3 nigTI4 load capacity sRmab;muxkat;dUcKñaRtUv)anKNna

b
sRmab;krNIenAeBl e = 500mm ¬tension failure¦ nigenAeBl e = 254mm ¬compression failure¦.

témøTaMgenHnwgRtUvbgðajenAkñúgtaragTI1.
edIm,IKUrdüaRkamGnþrkmμrvagbnÞúk nigm:Um:g; témøepSg²én φP nig φM RtUv)anKNnasRmab;témø
n n
e epSg² Edl e ERbRbYlBI e = 0 eTA e = Gtibrma sRmab;krNIm:Um:g;Bt;suT§ pure moment enAeBl
P = 0 . düaRkamGnþrkmμrvagbnÞúk nigm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUbTI11. bnÞÞúk φP = 4078.90kN CabnÞúk

n no
cMG½kStamRTwsþI enAeBl e = 0 . Et ACI Code GnuBaØatbnÞúkGb,brmaRtwmEt 0.8φP = 3263.12kN Edl

no
taragTI1³taragKNnasegçb rUbTI11³düaRkamGnþrkmμrvagbnÞúk nigm:Um:g;

RtUvKñanwgcMNakp©wtGb,brma. cMNaMfa sRmab;kar)ak;edaykarsgát; compression failure e < e nig b
P > P ehIysRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj (tension failure) e > e nig P < P . krNI e = Gtibrma

n b b n b
ssrrgnUv m:Um:g;Bt;suT§dUckrNI Fñwm.
11>10> ssrmuxkat;ctuekaNCamYyEdkxag (Rectangular columns with side bars)

enAkñúgmuxkat;ssrxøH EdkRtUv)aneKdak;BRgaytamRCugTaMgGs;. EdkxagRtUv)andak;tamkm<s;énmux
kat;edaybEnßmeTAelIEdkTaj nigEdksgát; A nig A' ehIyRtUv)aneKkMNt;[eQμaH A ¬rUbTI12¦.
s s ss
kñúgkrNIenH viFIsaRsþkñúgkarKNnaEdl)anBnül;rYcmkehIyGacRtUv)anGnuvtþ edayKitBicarNabEnßmkar

pøas;bþÚr strain tamkm<s;énmuxkat; nigTMnak;TMngkmøaMgenAkñúgEdkxagnImYy²eTAkñúgtMbn;sgát; b¤tMbn;Taj
énmuxkat;. kmøaMgTaMgenHRtUv)anbUkbEnßmeTAelI C C nig T edIm,IkMNt; P smIkarmanragdUcxag
c s n
eRkam³
Pn = Cc + ∑ Cs − ∑ T (11-10a)
]TahrN_TI11> 7 Bnül;BIkarKNnaenH. cMNaMfa RbsinebIEdkxagsßitenAEk,rG½kSNWt ¬rUb12 b¦

strain nigkmøaMg enAkñúgEdkmantémøtUcNas;EdleKGacecal)an. cMENkEdkEdlsßitenAEk,r A nig A' s s
man témøFMKYrsm nigCYybegáInlT§PaBRTRTg;bnÞúkénmuxkat;.
rUbTI12³ EdkxagenAkñúgmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg
]TahrN_11>7³ kMNt;bnÞúk P m:Um:g; M nigcMNakp©it e sRmab;muxkat;bgðajkñúgrUbTI13. edayeRbI

b b b
f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400 MPa .

dMeNaHRsay³ muxkat; balanced section RtUv)anKNnadUcKñanwg]TahrN_TI11>2Edr. eK[ b = h =

/ d = 485mm nig d ' = 65mm . A = A' = 5 π 324 / nigEdkxag
2
550mm s s = 4021.24mm 2 (5DB32 )
6 DB32 ¬ 3DB32 sRmab;mçag¦.
1> KNnacm¶ayeTAG½kSNWt
⎛ 600 ⎞
cb = ⎜ ⎟d = ⎛ 600 ⎞485 = 291mm
⎜ 600 + f ⎟ t ⎜⎝ 600 + 400 ⎟⎠
⎝ y ⎠
ab = 0.85cb = 0.85 × 291 = 247.35mm

2> KNnakmøaMgenAkñúgebtug nigEdk tamry³rUb 13 a . enAtMbn;sgát;
Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab = 0.85 × 28 × 247.35 × 550 = 3237.81kN
Cs = A's ( f 's −0.85 f 'c )

enAnIv:U − 65mm
⎛ c − d' ⎞ ⎛ 291 − 65 ⎞
f 's1 = 600⎜ ⎟ = 600⎜ ⎟ = 466MPa > 400MPa
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 291 ⎠
dUcenH f 's = 400MPa
Cs1 = 4021.24(400 − 0.85 × 28) = 1512.79kN

enAnIv:U − 170mm
⎛ c − d' ⎞ ⎛ 291 − 170 ⎞
f 's 2 = 600⎜ ⎟ = 600⎜ ⎟ = 249.48MPa
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 291 ⎠
π 32 2
Cs 2 = 2 × (249.48 − 0.85 × 28) = 363kN
4
enAnIv:U − 275mm
⎛ c − d'⎞ ⎛ 291 − 275 ⎞
f 's 3 = 600⎜ ⎟ = 600⎜ ⎟ = 32.99MPa
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 291 ⎠
π 32 2
Cs 3 = 2 × (32.99 − 0.85 × 28) = 14.78kN
4
enAkñúgtMbn;Taj ¬nIv:U − 380mm ¦
380 − 291
ε s4 = × 0.003 = 917.53 ⋅ 10 −6
291
f s 4 = 200000 × 917.53 ⋅ 10 −6 = 183.5MPa
π 32 2
T1 = 2 × (183.5) = 295.16kN
4
T2 = 4021.24 × 400 = 1608.5kN

3> KNna Pb = Cc + ∑ C s − ∑ T
Pb = 3237.81 + (1512.79 + 363 + 14.78) − (295.16 + 1608.5) = 3224.72kN

4> KNnam:Um:g;Rtg;TIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞic
M b = 3237.81× 151.325 + 1512.79 × 210 + 363 × 105 + 295.16 × 105 + 1608.5 × 210
M b = 1214.54kN .m
M 1214.54
eb = b = = 0.377m
Pb 3224.72
5> KNna φ sRmab; balanced section ε t /
= ε y = 0.002 φ = 0.65
φPn = 0.65 × 3224.72 = 2096.07kN

niig φM b = 0.65 ×1214.54 = 749.45kN .m
]TahrN_11>8³ edaHRsay]TahrN_TI11>7 eLIgvijenAeBlEdl e = 152mm .

dMeNaHRsay³
1> edaysar enaHvaCalkçxNÐ)ak;edaykarsgát; (compression failure
e = 152mm < eb = 326mm
condition). snμt; c = 399.5mm ¬edaykarsakl,g¦ nig a = 399.5 × 0.85 a = 339.58mm
¬ rUbTI13 b ¦.
2> KNnakmøaMgenAkñúgebtug nigEdk
Cc = 0.85 × 28 × 339.58 × 550 = 4445.1kN
dUcKñanwgkrNI balanced f s1 = 400 MPa nig Cs1 = 1512.79kN
f s 2 = 344.68MPa nig Cs 2 = 516.13kN
f s 3 = 186.98MPa nig Cs 3 = 262.48kN
f s 4 = 29.29MPa nig Cs 4 = 8.83kN
f s 5 = 128.41MPa nig T = 516.37kN
3> KNna Pn = Cc + ∑ Cs − ∑ T = 6228.96kN
M n = Pn ⋅ e = 6228.96 × 152 = 946.8kN .m

4> KNna Pn edayKitm:Um:g;Rtg; As
1⎡ a ⎤
Pn = ⎢Cc (d − ) + C s1 (d − d ' ) + C s 2 (d − d '− s) + C s 3 (d − d '−2s) + Cs 4 (d − d '−3s )⎥
e' ⎣ 2 ⎦
h 550
e' = e + d − = 152 + 485 − = 362mm
2 2
s = 105mm KMlatrvagEdkxag ¬efr sRmab;]TahrN_enH¦
⎡ ⎛ 339.58 ⎞ ⎤
1 ⎢4445.1⎜ 485 − ⎟ + 1512.79(485 − 65) + 516.13(485 − 65 − 105)⎥
Pn = ⎝ 2 ⎠
362 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣+ 262.48(485 − 65 − 2 × 105) + 8.83(485 − 65 − 3 × 105) ⎥⎦
Pn = 6230kN
5> KNna φ
d t = d = 485mm c = 399.5mm
εt ¬enAnIv:UEdkTaj¦ = 0.03(dt − c) / c = 0.03(485 − 399.5) / 399.5 = 0.00064
eday ε t < 0.002 enaH φ = 0.65
φPn = 0.65 × 6228.96 = 4048.8kN

φM n = 0.65 × 946.8 = 615.42kN .m

cMNaM³ RbsinebIEdkxagminRtUv)anKit enaH
Pb = 3142.1kN
¬enA e = 152mm ¦ = 4592.23 + 1512.79 − 422.48 = 5682.54kN
Pn
RbsinebIeKKitEdkxagenaH Pb ekIneLIgRbEhl 2.6% nig Pn ekIneLIgRbEhl 9.6% .
11>11> lT§PaBRTbnÞúkrbs;ssrmuxkat;mUl (Load Capacity of Circular Columns)

11>11>1 lkçxNÐ Balanced
témøénbnÞúk balanced load Pn nigm:Um:g; balanced moment M n sRmab;muxkat;mUlGacRtUv)ankM
Nt;edayeRbIsmIkarlMnwgdUckrNImuxkat;cuekaNpgEdr. srésrEdkenAkñúgmuxkat;rgVg;EdlRtUv)anteRmob
eTAtamcm¶ayBIG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞicERbRbYl KWGaRs½yeTAnwgcMnYnEdkenAkñúgmuxkat;. bBaðacMbgKWrkkm<s;
bøúksgát; a nigkugRtaMgenAkñúgsrésEdk. ]TahrN_xageRkamBnül;BIkarviPaKmuxkat;eRkamlkçxNÐ
balanced condition. nitiviFIdUcKñaGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IviPaKmuxkat;sRmab; tension control b¤ compression
control.
]TahrN_11>9³ kMNt;bnÞúk balanced load Pn nig m:Um:g; balanced moment M n sRmab;ssrmuxkat;rgVg;

EdkkgvNÐGgát;p©it 400mm CamYynwg 8DB28 dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI14. eK[ f 'c = 28MPa nig
Fy = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> edaysarEtEdksIuemRTInwgG½kS A − A Edlkat;tamTIRbCMuTm¶n;rgVg; enaHTIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞicsßitenAelI
G½kSenaH.
2> kMNt;TItaMgTIRbCMuTm¶n;G½kSNWt
fy
d t = 329.34mm εy =
Es
cb 0.003 600
= =
dt 0.003 + ε y 600 + f y
600
cb = 329.34 = 197.6mm
600 + 400
ab = 167.96mm
3> kMNt;lkçN³rbs;ceRmokrgVg; circular segment ¬rgVg;TI15¦
RkLaépÞceRmokrgVg; = r 2 (α − sin α cos α ) (-19)

TItaMgTIRbCMuTm¶n; x ¬BITIRbCMuTm¶n; 0¦
2 (r sin 3 α )
x= (-20)
3 α − sin α cos α
Z =r−x (-21)
⎛ a⎞
r cos α = (r − a ) b¤ cos α = ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ r⎠
(-22)
⎛ 167.96 ⎞
cos α = ⎜1 − ⎟ = 0.16
⎝ 200 ⎠
/
⇒ α = 80.79o sin α = 0.987 nig α = 1.41rad
RkLaépÞceRmokrgVg; = 2002 (1.41 − 0.16 × 0.987)
= 50083.2mm 2
⎛2⎞ 200 × 0.987 3
x =⎜ ⎟ = 102.39mm
⎝ 3 ⎠ (1.41 − 0.987 × 0.16 )
Z = 200 − 102.39 = 97.61mm

4> kMNt;kmøaMgsgát; Cc
Cc = 0.85 f 'c × RkLaépÞceRmokrgVg;
= 0.85 × 28 × 50083.2 = 1192kN

vaeFVIGMeBIenA 102.39mm BITIRbCMuTm¶n;ssr
5> KNna strain, stress nig kmøaMgenAkñúgEdkrgkarTaj nigEdkrgkarsgát;.
kMNt;bERmbRmYlrageFob strain BIdüaRkambERmbRmYlrageFob.
sRmab; T1
ε = ε y = 0.002 f s = f y = 400MPa
π 282
T1 = 2 × 400 = 492.6kN
4
sRmab; T2
55.98
ε s3 = ε y = 8.5 ⋅ 10 − 4
131.74
f s 3 = 8.5 ⋅ 10 −4 × 200000 = 170MPa
π 282
T2 = 2 × 170 = 209.36kN
4
sRmab; Cs1
126.94
ε s1 = × 0.003 = 1.93 ⋅ 10−3
197.6
f s1 = 1.93 ⋅ 10 −3 × 200000 = 386MPa < 400 MPa

282 π
Cs1 = 2 (386 − 0.85 × 28) = 446.05kN
4

sRmab; Cs2
51.18
ε s2 = × 0.003 = 7.77 ⋅10 − 4
197.6
f s 2 = 7.77 ⋅ 10−4 × 200000 = 155.4MPa
282 π
cs 2 = 2 (155.4 − 0.85 × 28) = 162.07kN
4
6> kugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkrgkarsgát;RtUv)ankat;bnßy edIm,IKitenAkñúgebtugEdlCMnYsedayEdk.
kmøaMg balanced KW Pb = Cc + ∑ Cs − ∑ T
Pb = 1192 + (446.05 + 162.07) − (492.6 + 209.36) = 1098.16kN
sRmab;muxkat; balanced ε t = 0.002 nig φ = 0.65
φPb = 713.8kN
7> Kitm:Um:g;Rtg;TIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞic ¬G½kS A − A kat;tamG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;¦ sRmab;kmøaMgTaMgGs;
M b = Pb eb = [Cc × 102.39 + Cs1 × 129.34 + Cs 2 × 53.58 + T1 × 129.34 + T2 × 53.58)
M b = 263.36kN .m
φM b = 171.18kN .m
263.36
eb = = 239.8mm
1098.16

11>11>2 ersIusþg;rbs;muxkat;mUlsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarsgát;
Strength of circular column for compression failure
muxkat;ssreRkamkmøaMgcMNakp©it GacRtUv)anviPaKtamCMhandUcmuxkat; balanced Edr. vaTTYl
)anedaykarsnμt; C > Cb b¤ a > ab nigKNnakmøaMgenAkñúgebtug nigEdkenATItaMgepSgKñaedIm,IkMNt;
Pn1 = Cc + ∑ Cs − ∑ T . dUcKña M n GacRtUv)anKNnaedayKitm:Um:g;Rtg;TIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞic ¬TIRbCuMTm¶n;rbs;
muxkat;¦ ehIykMNt; Pn2 = Men . RbsinebItémø Pn1 nig Pn2 minRbhak;RbEhlKñaeTenaH snμt; C b¤ a fμI
ehIyeFVIkarKNnaeLIgvij ¬emIlcMNucTI8¦. témøxusKñarvag Pn1 nig Pn2 sßitenArgVg; 1% . muxkat;Ca
compression controls enAeBl e < eb b¤ Pn > Pb .
sRmab;]TahrN_ RbsinebIvaTamTarkMNt;ersIusþg;rbs;muxkat;ssrenAkñúg]TahrN_TI9 enAeBlEdl

e = 150mm Pn GacRtUv)anKNnaedayCMhandUcnwg]TahrN_TI 9.
1> eday e = 150mm tUcCag eb = 239.8mm lkçxNÐ)ak;edaykarsgát; compression failure

condition ekIteLIg.
2> snμt; c = 225mm ¬edaykarsμan¦ > Cb = 197.6 nig a = 191.25mm

3> KNna x = 89.63mm / Z = 110.37mm RkLaépÞceRmokrgVg; = 59332.97mm2
4> -5> KNnakmøaMg³ Cc = 1412.125kN / Cs1 = 463.29kN Cs 2 = 228.73kN / T1 = 342.66kN /
T2 = 93.84kN
6> KNna Pn1 = Cc + ∑ Cs − ∑ T = 1667.64kN
7> Kitm:Um:g;Rtg;G½kSssr ¬TIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞic¦³
M n = 248.1kN .m
M
Pn 2 = n = 1653.97 mm
e
EdlmantémøRbEhl Pn1 ¬témøxusKñaRbEhl 1% ¦. dUcenH
Pn = 1653.97kN
cMNaM³ RbsinebIEdkkgrbs;ssrCaEdkkgvNÐdUcrWus½renaH φ = 0.70 .
smIkartémøRbEhl approximate equation sRmab;karKNna Pn sRmab;muxkat;mUl enAeBl
compression controls RtUv)anesñIeLIgedayelak Whitney
Ag f ' c Ast f y
Pn = + (11-23)
⎡ 9.6he ⎤ ⎛ 3e ⎞
⎢ + 1.18⎥ ⎜⎜ + 1⎟⎟
⎣⎢ (0.8h + 0.67 Ds ) ⎝ Ds ⎠
2
⎦⎥
Edl Ag = RkLaépÞmuxkat; gross area
h = Ggát;p©itmuxkat;

Ds = Ggát;p©itmuxkat;ssrEdlvas;BITIRbCMuTm¶n;EdkmçageTATIRbCMuTm¶n;EdkmçageTot
Ast = RkLaépÞmuxkat;EdkbBaÄr
e = cMNakp©itEdlvas;BITIRbCMuTm¶n;)øasÞic
]TahrN_11>10³ KNnaersIusþg;kmøaMgsgát; nominal P sRmab;muxkat;sRmab;]TahrN_TI11>9 edayeRbI

n
smIkar Whitney RbsinebIcMNakp©it e = 150mm

dMeNaHRsay³
1> e = 150mm tUcCag eb = 239.8mm . tamkarKNnadUceBlmun bgðajfamuxkat;ssrCamuxkat;
compression controls.
2> edayeRbIsmIkar Whitney

h = 400mm
π π
Ag =
4
h2 =
4
400 2 = 125663.7 mm 2 /
D s = 400 − 120 = 280mm
π × 28 2
As = 8 × = 4926mm 2
4
125663.7 × 28 4926 × 400
Pn = + = 1785.94kN
⎡ 9.6 × 400 × 150 ⎤ ⎛ 3 × 150 ⎞
⎢ + 1 . 18 ⎥ ⎜ + 1⎟
⎢⎣ (0.8 × 400 + 0.67 × 280 )
2
⎥⎦ ⎝ 280 ⎠
3> M n = Pn e = 1785.94 × 0.15 = 267.89kN .m

témø Pn enAeBlenHFMCagtémø Pn = 1653.97kN EdlKNnaenAeBlmunedaysþaTic.
11>11>3 ersIusþg;rbs;muxkat;mUlsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj
Strength of circular column for tension failure
kar)ak;edaykarTajsRmab;ssrmUlenAeBlbnÞúkRtUv)anGnuvtþn_enARtg;cMNakp©it e > eb b¤
Pn < Pb . enAkñúgkrNIenH muxkat;ssrGacRtUv)anviPaKtamCMhandUckarviPaKmuxkat; balanced nigdUc
kñúg]TahrN_TI8. karviPaKRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaysnμt; C < Cb b¤ a < ab rYcehIyGnuvtþtamCMhanBnül;

kñúgkfaxNÐ11>1. cMNaMfa edaysarEtsrésrEdkRtUv)anteRmobedaymancenøaHefrtambrimaRtmuxkat;
rgVg; enaHEdkTaj As Edlpþl;[GacmantémøtUc ehIylT§PaBRTbnÞúkk¾køayCamantémøtUc. dUcenH eK)an
ENnaM[eCosvagkareRbIR)as;muxkat;mUlsRmab;krNIkar)ak;edaykarTaj tension failure.

11>12> karviPaK nigkarKNnassredayeRbIdüaRkam

Analysis and Design of Column Using Charts
karviPaKmuxkat;ssrEdl)anBnül;BIxagedImKWQrelIeKalkarN_sþaTic. sRmab;karviPaK b¤kar
KNnassrCaCMhandMbUg düaRkam b¤taragBiessGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt; φPn nig φM n sRmab;muxkat;
Edl[ nigkarKNnamuxkat;EdkcaM)ac;sRmab; Pu nig M u Edl[. düaRkam nigtaragenHRtUv)ane)aH Bum<
pSayedayviTüasßanebtugGaemric American Concrete Institute (ACI) viTüasßanebtugBRgwgedayEdk
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) nigsmaKmsIum:gt_Br½Eln Porland Cement Association
(PCA). karKNnassrcugeRkayRtUvEteFVIeLIgedayQrelIsmIkarsþaTic edaykarKNnaedayéd b¤eday
kmμviFIkMuBüÚTr½. kareRbIdüaRkam ACI RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg]TahrN_xageRkam. düaRkamRtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUb

TI16 nigrUbTI17.Tinñn½yTaMgenHRtUv)ankMnt;sRmab;muxkat;ssrdUcbgðajenARCugxagelIEpñkxagsþaMén
tarag.
]TahrN_11³ kMNt;srésrEdkcaM)ac;sRmab;ssr dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18 a

short tied column
edIm,IRTnUvbnÞúkemKuN 2150kN nigm:Um:g;emKuN 440kN.m . ssrmanTTwg 350mm nigbeNþaysrub

h = 500mm . eRbI f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> cMNakp©it e = MP u = 2150
440
= 204.65mm
u
yk d = 500 − 60 = 440mm
γh = 500 − 120 = 380mm enaH γ =
380
= 0.76
500
2> eday e = 204.65 < d snμt;famuxkat;)ak;edaykarsgát; (compression-controlled section)
CamYynwg φ = 0.65
2150
Pn = = 3307.7 kN
0.65
nigMn =
440
0.65
= 676.9kN .m
Pn 3307.7 ⋅ 10 3
Kn = = = 0.675
f ' c Ag 28 × 350 × 500
⎛e⎞ ⎛ 204.65 ⎞
Rn = K n ⎜ ⎟ = 0.675⎜ ⎟ = 0.276
⎝h⎠ ⎝ 500 ⎠





3> BItaragkñúgrUbTI16 sRmab; γ = 0.7 / ρ = 0.048 dUcKñasRmab; γ = 0.8 / ρ = 0.043

eday interpolation sRmab; γ = 0.76 / ρ = 0.045
As = 0.045 × 500 × 350 = 7875mm 2
eRbI 10DB32 (As = 8042.48mm 2 )/ R)aMedImenAtamRCugxøI. eRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 350mm
¬rUbTI18 a¦
]TahrN_12³ eRbItaragedIm,IkMNt;bnÞúkersIusþg; φP rbs;ssrxøIdUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 18 b EdlGnuvtþ

n
enAcm¶aycMNakp©it e = 305mm . eRbI f ' c = 35MPa nig f y = 400 MPa .

dMeNaHRsay³
A. lkçN³rbs;muxkat;³ H = 600mm / γh = 600 − 120 = 480mm ¬cm¶ayrvagEdlTaj
32 2 × π
8×
nigEdk sgát;¦. γ = 600
480
= 0.8 ehIy ρ= 4
600 × 350
= 0.03
B. eday e < d / snμt;vaCa compression-controlled section.

yk ε t = 0.002 / ff s = 1.0 ehIy φ = 0.65 BItaragkñúgrUbTI 17 eKTTYl)an
y
Pn
K n = 0.36 =
35 × 600 × 350
dUcenH Pn = 2646kN
C. EpÞógpÞat;karsnμt;sRmab;muxkat; compression controlled³

sRmab; K n = 0.36
e
Rn = K n = 0.183
h
BIdüaRkameyIgTTYl)an ρ = 0.019 < 0.03 / dUcenH Pn > 2646kN ¬edIm,I)an ρ = 0.03 ¦
D. karsakl,gelIkTI2³ yk ε t = 0.0015 / f s = 0.0015 × 200000 = 300MPa
f s 300
= = 0.75 ρ = 0.03 K n = 0.43
f y 400
Pn = 0.43 × 35 × 600 × 350 = 3160.5kN
E. EpÞógpÞat;karsnμt;³ sRmab; K n = 0.43 / Rn = K n he = 0.219

BItarag ρ = 0.03 dUcGVIEdl[
dUcenH Pn = 3160.5kN
φPn = 0.65 × 3160.5 = 2054.3kN nig φM n = 626.6kN .m
tamkarviPaK φPn = 2027kN ¬mantémøRbEhlKñanwgkarKNnaedayeRbItarag¦.
11>13> karKNnassreRkambnÞúkcakp©it (Design of Columns Under Eccentric Loading)

karKNnassrmanlkçN³sμúKsμajCagkarviPaKssr edaysarEtbnÞúkxageRkA Pu nigm:Um:g; M u
Casmμtikmμ ehIyeKRtUvkarkMNt;nUvGBaØatCaeRcIndUcCa b / h / As / A's CamYynwgkarkMNt;rbs; ACI
Code. vaCakarGnuvtþTUeTA edaysnμt;dMbUgnUvmuxkat;ssr ehIykMNt;brimaNmuxkat;EdkRtUvkar. Rbsin
ebIGñkKNnaRtUvkardUrmuxkat;EdkKNna enaHmuxkat;ssrk¾RtUv)anEkERbeTAtamenaHEdr. ]TahrN_xag

eRkambgðajBIkarKNnassr.
11>13>1 KNnassrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarsgát; (Design of Column for Compression Failure)

sRmab; compression failure eKniymeRbI As = A's sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaN. cMNakp©it e = MP u .
u
edayQrenAelItémørbs; e eKman2krNIRtUv)anbegáIteLIg
1> enAeBlEdl e ≤ 100mm krNIcMNakp©itGb,brmaGacekItman EdlGaceKNnaedayeRbIrUbmnþ
Pu = φPn = φK [0.85 f ' c Ag + Ast ( f y − 0.85 f ' c )] Edl φ = 0.65 nig K = 0.80 sRmab;ssrEdl
manEdkkgdac;² nig φ = 0.70 nig K = 0.85 sRmab;ssrEdlmanEdkvNÐ ¬sUmemIl]TahrN_kñúg

emeronssrrgkmøaMgcMG½kS¦. sRmab;krNIepSgBIenH GñkKNnaGacGnuvtþtamkrNITI2. krNIbnÞúk

enHRbRBwtþeTAsRmab;ssrGKarCan;eRkaménGKareRcInCan; Edlm:Um:g; M u )anmkBIRbB½n§mYyCan; nig

Pu )anmkBIbnÞúkRKb;Can;EdlmanGMeBIenABIelIva.
2> tMbn; compression failure KWtMbn;EdlsßitenAcenøaHG½kSQreTAbnÞat; balanced load dUcbgðaj

kñúgrUbTI 3 nigrUbTI11. kñúgkrNIenH muxkat; bh GacRtUv)ansnμt; ehIybnÞab;mkmuxkat;EdkRtUv)an
KNnasRmab; Pu nig M u Edl[. CMhanénkarKNnaRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
k> snμt;muxkat;kaer b¤ctuekaN bh rYckMNt; d / d ' nig e = MP u
u
A' s f y
x> edaysnμt; As = A's KNna A's BIsmIkar Pn =
bhf 'c
3he
+
e
edayeRbI
+ 1.18 + 0.5
d 2 (d − d ' )
TMhMmuxkat;Edl)ansnμt; nig φ = 0.65 sRmab;ssrEdleRbIEdkkgFmμta. yk As = A's
rYceRCIserIsmuxkat;RKb;RKan;. kMNt;muxkat;BitR)akdEdleRbIsRmab; As nig A's . mü:ag
vijeToteKGaceRbIdüaRkam ACI.
K> epÞógpÞat;fa 1% ≤ ρ g = As bh+ A's ≤ 8% . RbsinebI ρ g mantémøtUc kat;bnßymuxkat;
snμt; b:uEnþBRgIkmuxkat;RbsinebIeKcg;)anmuxkat;EdktUc.
X> epÞógpÞat;PaBRKb;RKan;rbs;muxkat;cugeRkayedayKNna φPn BIsmIkarsþaTic dUcBnül;
kñúg]TahrN_xagedIm. φPn ≥ Pu .
g> kMNt;EdkkgcaM)ac;.
rUbmnþRbhak;RbEhl approximate formula y:agsamBaØ sRmab;kMNt;muxkat;ssrdMbUg bh b¤PaK
ryEdksrub total steel retio ρ g KW
Pn = K c bh 2 b¤ Pu = φPn = φK c bh 2 (11-24)
Edl K c mantémødUcbgðajkñúgtaragTI2 nigbgðajkñúgrUbTI19 sRmab;Edk f y = 400MPa nig

As = A' s . xñatrbs; K c KW kN / m 3 .
taragTI2 témørbs; K ¬ f c y = 400 MPa ¦

Kc
ρ g (% )
f 'c (28MPa) f 'c (35MPa) f 'c (42 MPa)
1% 24817 30246 35286
4% 37574 43003 48044
8% 54675 60103 65144

3
K c ( kN/m )
69000
64000
59000
54000
49000
44000
39000 f'c=28MPa
34000 f'c=35MPa
29000 f'c=42MPa
24000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
ρ g (%)
rUbTI19 témø K c nig ρ g

témø K c RtUv)anbgðajkñúgtaragTI2 CatémøRbhak;RbEhl niggayRsYleRbIedaysar K c ekIneLIg
mþg 5429 sRmab;karekIneLIgrbs; f 'c mþg 7 . sRmab;muxkat;dUcKña enAeBlEdlcMNakp©it e = MP u ekIn
u
eLIg Pn fycuH dUcenH K c fycuH. dUcenH témø K c sMEdgbnÞúk Pn enAelIdüaRkamGnþrkmμcenøaH 0.8Pno nig
Pb dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 3 nigTI 11.
Linear interpolation GacRtUv)aneRbI. ]TahrN_ K c = 46124.5 sRmab; ρ g = 6% nig
f 'c = 28MPa . CMhankñúgkarKNnamuxkat;ssrGacRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
1> snμt;muxkat;dMbUgsRmab;muxkat;ssr bh
2> KNna K c = (φbhPu 2 )
3> kMNt; ρ g BItaragTI 2 sRmab; f 'c Edl[
4> kMNt; As = A's = ρ g2bh rYceRCIserIsEdkbBaÄr nigEdkkg.
5> kMNt; φPn énmuxkat;cugeRkaytamsmIkarsþaTic ¬dMeNaHRsayCak;lak;¦. témøén φPn KYrEt
mantémøFMCagb¤esμI Pu . RbsinebImindUecñaHeT EktRmUv bh b¤ ρ g .
mü:agvijeTot RbsinebIeKcg;)anPaKryEdksrubCak;lak; ]TahrN_ ρ g = 6% bnÞab;mkGnuvtþdUc
xageRkam³
1> snμt; ρ g dUcEdlTamTar nigbnÞab;mkKNna e = MP u

u
2> edayQrelI f 'c nig ρ g Edl[/ kMNt; K c BItaragTI2

3> KNna bh 2 = φPKu bnÞab;mkeRCIserIs b nig h . GnuvtþCMhan 4 nig 5 eLIgvij.
c
eKKYrEtepÞógpÞat;fa 1% ≤ ρ g ≤ 8% . dUcKña epÞógpÞat;fa c

Edl)anmkBIkarKNnatamsþaTicmantémøFMCag cb = 600 600d t
+f
sRmab; compression failure .
y
]TahrN_13³ kMNt;muxkat;EdkTaj nigmuxkat;Edksgát;sRmab;ssrEdleRbIEdkkgFmμtamanmuxkat;

400 × 600 edIm,IRTbnÞúk Pu = 3470kN nig M u = 530kN .m . edayeRbI f 'c = 28kN nig f y = 400 MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNna e = MP u = 3470
530
= 152.74mm . eyIgman h = 600mm yk d = 550mm nig d ' = 50mm
u
edaysar e < 23 d = 366.67mm snμt;fa compression failure.

2> snμt; As = A's . kMNt;témødMbUgrbs; A's tamrUbmnþ
bhf 'c A' s f y
Pn = + (11-17)
3he e
+ 1.18 + 0.5
d 2 (d − d ' )
sRmab; P 3470
Pn = u =
φ 0.65
= 5338.5kN
A' s = 4271.8mm 2 = As
eRbIEdk DB32 ⇒ n = 6 edIm
6 DB32 = 4825.5mm 2 sRmab; As nig A' s ¬rUbTI 20¦

× 4825.5
3> ρ g = 2400 × 600
= 4% EdlvaRtUvEttUcCag 0.08 nigFMCag 0.01
4> epÞógpÞat;muxkat;edaysmIkarsþaTictamCMhanénkarKNnakñúg]TahrN_TI4 eKTTYl)an

a = 430.18mm / c = 506.09mm / Cc = 4095.32kN
C s = 4825.5(400 − 0.85 × 28) = 1815.35kN

⎛ d −c⎞ ⎛ 550 − 506.09 ⎞
f s = 600⎜ ⎟ = 600⎜ ⎟ = 52.06 MPa
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 506.09 ⎠
T = As f s = 4825.5 × 52.06 = 251.21kN
Pn = Cc + C s − T = 5659.5kN > 5338.5kN

cMNaMfa RbsinebI φPn < Pu cUrdMeLIg As nig A's rYceFVIkarKNnaeLIgvij.
5> epÞógpÞat; Pn edayeRbIsmIkar Pn = e1' ⎡⎢Cc ⎛⎜⎝ d − a2 ⎞⎟⎠ + Cs (d − d ' )⎤⎥ Edl e' = e + d − h2
⎣ ⎦
eyIgTTYl)an Pn = 5659kN
6> sRmab;muxkat; balanced section
⎛ 600 ⎞
cb = ⎜ ⎟d t = 600 550 = 330mm
⎜ 600 + f y ⎟ 1000
⎝ ⎠
edaysarEt c = 506.09mm > cb = 330mm vaCakrNI compression failure dUckarsnμt;.
7> edayeRbIEdkkgmanGgát;p©it 10mm
KMlatEdkkg
⎧48φ ⎧48 ×10 ⎧480
⎪ ⎪ ⎪
min ⎨16d = min ⎨16 × 32 = min ⎨512 = 400
⎪ b ⎪ 400 ⎪400
⎩ ⎩ ⎩
dUcenHeRbIEdkkg DB10 @ 400 .
]TahrN_14³ eFVI]TahrN_TI13 eLIgvijedayeRbIsmIkar ¬11-24¦

dMeNaHRsay³
1> muxkat;ssrEdl[ 400× 600
2> kMNt; K c BIsmIkar ¬11-24¦
3> K c = φbhPu 2 = 0.65 ×3470
0 .4 × 0 .6 2
kN
= 37073 3
m
4> BItaragTI 2 b¤rUbTI19 sRmab; K c = 37073 mm

kN
3
f 'c = 28MPa eday interpolation
eyIgTTYl)an ρ g = 1 + (37073 − 24817) 375744 −− 24817

1
= 3.88%

5> KNna As = A's = ρbh / 2 = 0.0388(400)(600)/ 2 = 4656mm 2

eRbIEdk DB32 ⇒ n = 6 edIm
6> 6DB32 = 4825.5mm 2
7> kMNt; φPu edayeFVItamCMhan 4-7 sRmab;]TahrN_TI13. Pn = 5659kN > Pn = 5338.5kN
dUcenHmuxkat;EdkRKb;RKan;
8> RbsinebImuxkat;minRKb;RKan; b¤ φPn < Pn tMeLIgmuxkat; As nig A's rYceFVIkarepÞógpÞat;eLIgvij
edIm,ITTYl)antémøEk,r.
]TahrN_15³ KNnamuxkat;ssrctuekaNEkgedIm,IRTbnÞúk P u = 3150kN nig M u = 630kN .m

CamYynwgPaKryEdksrub ρ g RbEhl 4% . eRbI f ' = 28MPa / f
c y = 400MPa nig b = 450mm .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNna e = MP u = 3150 630
= 0.2m . snμt; compression failure ( φ = 0.65 ) ¬RtUvepÞógpÞat;enA
u
eBleRkay¦ ehIy As = A's

2> sRmab; ρ = 4% nig f 'c = 28MPa enaH K c = 37574 ¬taragTI2¦
3> KNna bh 2 BIsmIkar (-24): Pu = φK cbh 2 b¤ 3150 = 0.65(37574)(0.45)h 2 dUcenH
h = 0.535m dUcenHyk h = 550mm .
KNna As = A's = 0.04(4502 × 550) = 4950mm 2 . eRCIserIs 5DB36

( As = 5089.4mm 2 ) dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 21. eRbIEdkkg DB12 @ 450 .
4> epÞógpÞat; muxkat;cugeRkayedaykarviPaK RsedogKñanwg]TahrN_TI4 eyIgTTYl)an

a = 327.8mm / c = 385.65mm / Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab = 3510.7 kN / f ' s = 400MPa /
⎛ d −c⎞
C s = A' s ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 1914.6kN / f s = 600⎜ ⎟ = 146.79 MPa / nig T = 747 kN
⎝ c ⎠
dUcenH Pn = Cc + Cs − T = 4678.3kN ehIy Pu = φPn = 3041kN < 3150kN
edaysarmuxkat;minRKb;RKan; eyIgRtUvdMeLIgmuxkat;Edk b¤muxkat;ebtug rYceFVIkarepÞógpÞat;eLIg
vij. ¬yk h = 600mm ¦ rUbTI21.
5> sRmab;muxkat; balanced section
⎛ 600 ⎞
cb = ⎜ ⎟d t = 318mm < c = 436.32mm ¬ d = 530mm ¦
⎝ 600 + 400 ⎠
dUcenH vaCa compression failure dUckarsnμt;.
11>13>2 KNnassrsRmab;kar)ak;edaykarTaj (Design of Column for tension Failure)

kar)ak;edaykarTaj (tension failure) ekItmanenAeBl Pn < Pu b¤k¾cMNakp©it e > eb dUckarBnül;
enAkñúgEpñkTI7. kñúgkarKNnassr Pu nig M u RtUv)an[ ehIyvaTamTarnUvkarkMNt;muxkat;ssr nigmux
kat;Edk. vaGacRtUv)ansnμt; ¬dUckarENnaM¦ favaCa tension control enAeBlNa
⎧530 sMrab; h < 600mm
M u
>⎨
600 sMrab; h ≥ 600mm
. kñúgkrNIenH muxkat;ssrGacRtUv)ansnμt; ehIybnÞab;mk As nig
P u ⎩
A' s RtUv)ankMNt;. düaRkam ACI GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNna ρ g sRmab;muxkat;Edl[CamYynwg As = A's .
cMNaMfa φ ERbRbYlcenøaH 0.65(0.7) nig 0.9 dUckarBnül;kñúgEpñkTI 4.
enAeBl tension controls EdkTaj yields b:uEnþEdksgát;Gac yields nigmin yields. karsnμt;dMbUg
f ' s = f y nig As = A' s . smIkar (-16) ¬kñúgEpñkTI 6¦ GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnatémødMbUgrbs; As nig
A' s .
⎛ h a⎞
Pn ⎜ e − + ⎟
As = A' s = ⎝
2 2⎠
(11-16)
f y (d − d ')
edaysar a minRtUv)andwgenAeLIy snμt; a = 0.4d nig Pu = φPn bnÞab;mk

Pu (e − 0.5h + 0.2d )
As = A' s = (11-25)
φf y (d − d ' )
muxkat;ssrcugeRkayKYrRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;edaysmIkarsþaTicedIm,Ibgðajfa φP n ≥ Pu . ]TahrN_
TI16 Bnül;BIviFIsaRsþkñúgkarKNnaenH.

enAeBlbnÞúk P mantémøtUcNas;ebIeRbobeFobCamYynwgm:Um:g; M TMhMrbs;muxkat;GacRtUv)ankM

u u
Nt;edayeRbIEt M EtmYy)anehIy edaysnμt;fa P = 0 . muxkat;cugeRkayKYrRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;eday

u u
smIkarsþaTic. krNIenHekIteLIgsRmab;eRKagGKarmYyCan; b¤BIrCan; EdlGKarenaHRtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;eFVI

CasaltaMgBiBN’ b¤k¾GKarTaMgLayNaEdlmanlkçN³dUcKñaenaH. sRmab;krNIenH A' GacRtUv)ansnμt; s
[mantémøtUcCag A . s
karKNnay:aglMGitsRmab;saltaMgBiBN’km<s;mYyCan;Edlmansnøak;BIrRtUv)anBnül; enAkñúgCMBUkTI 16
FñwmCab; nigeRKag.
]TahrN_16³ kMNt;srésrEdkcaM)ac;sRmab;ssrragctuekaNEkg 400 × 560 EdlmanEdkkg

FmμtaRTbnÞúk P u = 1140kN nig M u = 850kN .m . eRbI f ' c = 28MPa nig f y = 400 MPa
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNna e = MP u
=
850
1140
= 0.7456m . yk d = 560 − 60 = 500mm . edaysar
u
Mu
Pu
= 745.6mm > 530mm b¤edaysar e > d snμt;fassrenH)ak;edaykrNI tension failure
enaH φ = 0.9 ¬RtUvepÞógpÞat;enAeBleRkay¦.
2> snμt; A = A' nig f ' = f nigeRbIsmIkar (-25) edIm,IkMnt; A nig A' . eday P = 1140kN /
s s s y s s u
e = 745.6mm / h = 560mm / d = 500mm / nig d ' = 60mm

1140 ⋅ 10 3 (745.6 − 0.5 × 560 + 0.2 × 500 )
As = A' s = = 4070.71mm 2
0.9 × 400(500 − 60 )
eRbI 5DB32 (4021.24mm ) sRmab; A nig A' . ¬rUbTI22¦ 2

s s
3> epÞógpÞat; ρ = 2400(4021.24) = 0.0359 EdltUcCag 0.08 nigFMCag 0.01 .

× 560
g
4> epÞógpÞat;kareRCIserIsmuxkat;edaysmIkarsþaTic EdlkarKNnaRsedogKñanwg]TahrN_TI3

a. kMNt;témørbs; a edayeRbIsmIkarTUeTA Aa + Ba + C = 0 CamYynwg 2
e' = e + d − = 965.6mm / A = 0.425 f ' b = 4760 / B = 2 A(e'− d ) = 4432512 /

h
c
2
C = A' ( f − 0.85 f ' )(e'− d + d ') − A f e' = −758040793 . eKTTYl)an a = 147.62mm
s y c s y
nig c = a / 0.85 = 173.67mm .

⎛ c − d' ⎞ ⎛ 173.67 − 60 ⎞
b. epÞógpÞat; f ' ³ f ' = 600⎜ s ⎟ = 600⎜
s ⎟ = 392.71MPa
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 173.67 ⎠
c. KNna a eLIgvij
C = A' s ( f ' s −0.85 f ' c )(e'− d + d ') − As f ' s e' = −773454123.3
eKTTYl)an a = 150.25mm nig c = 176.77mm
d. epÞógpÞat; f ' ³ f ' = 600⎛⎜⎝ c −c d ' ⎞⎟⎠ = 600⎛⎜⎝ 176176
s s
.77 − 60 ⎞
.77 ⎠
⎟ = 396.34 MPa
KNna C = 0.85 × 28 × 150.25 × 400 = 1430.38kN

c
C s = A' s ( f ' s −0.85 f ' c ) = 4021.24(396.34 − 0.85 × 28) = 1498.07 kN

T = As f y = 4021.24 × 400 = 1608.5kN
e. Pn = C c + C s − T = 1319.95kN
5> KNna φ ³ ε = 0.003⎛⎜ d c− c ⎞⎟ = 0.0055 edaysarEt ε = 0.0055 > 0.005 enaH φ = 0.9
t
t
t
⎝ ⎠
6> φP = 0.9 × 1319.95 = 1187.95kN > 1140kN muxkat;RKb;RKan;
n
11>14> karBt;tamBIrTis (Biaxial Bending)

karviPaK nigkarKNnassreRkamGMeBIbnÞúkcakp©itEdl)anBiPakSaknøgmk CakrNIkarBt;mYyTis.
enHmann½yfa P GnuvtþenAelIG½kS y ¬rUbTI23¦ begáIt)anbnSMénkmøaMgcMG½kS P nigm:Um:g;Bt;CMuvijG½kS x
n n
esμInwg M nx = Pn e y b¤ P GnuvtþenAelIG½kS x ¬rUbTI24¦ CamYynwgcMNakp©it e begáIt)anbnSMénkmøaMgcM

n x
G½kS P nigm:Um:g;Bt; M ny = Pn e x .
n

RbsinebIbnÞúk P GnuvtþenAkEnøgNamYyEdlmancm¶ay e BIG½kS x nigcm¶ay e BIG½kS y enAeBl

n y x
enaHmuxkat;ssrnwgrgnUvbnSMbnÞúkEdlman bnÞúkcMp©it P m:Um:g;Bt;CMuvijG½kS x KW M nx = Pn e y nigm:Um:g;Bt;

n
CMuvijG½kS y KW M ny = Pn e x ¬rUbTI25¦.kñúgkrNIenHmuxkat;ssrrgnUvkarBt;tamBIrTis. vaminEmngay

RsYleTenAeBlEdleKeRbIeKalkarN_sþaTicedIm,IviPaK nigKNnamuxkat;ssrsRmab;krNIenH. G½kSNwtsßit
enAelIRCugEdlkat;G½kS x nigG½kS y ehIyeKRtUvkarkarKNnad¾EvgedIm,IkMNt;TItaMgrbs;G½kSNWtbERm
bRmYlrageFob strain RkLaépÞebtugrgkarsgát; nigkmøaMgkñúgrYmTaMgcMNucEdlvaGnuvtþ. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;
RtUvbegáItnUvdMeNaHRsayd¾mansamBaØmYyedIm,IKNnanUvlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrbnÞúkcMp©it nigm:Um:g;Bt;
BIrTis. rUbmnþ Edl)anbegáIteLIgsRmab;ssrrgm:Um:g;BIrTis Tak;TgeTAnwgersIusþg;rbs;vaTb;nwgkarBt;CMuvij
G½kSemnImYy².
rUbTI26 bgðajBIExSekagGnþrGMeBIbnÞúk-m:Um:g;kñúglMh ¬3TMhM¦ sRmab;ersIusþg;m:Um:g;BirTisrbs;ssr
rgkmøaMgcMG½kS. es‘rIénExSekagGnþrGMeBIbnÞúk-m:Um:g;mYyTis EdlmankaMKUsBIG½kS Pn )anbegáItCaépÞénExS
ekag GnþrGMeBIbnÞúk-m:Um:g;BIrTis. ExSekag M ox bgðajnUvExSekagGnþrGMeBIsRmab;m:Umg;mYyTisCMuvijG½kS x
nigExSekag M oy bgðajnUvExSekagGnþrGMeBIsRmab;m:Umg;mYyTisCMuvijG½kS y . bøg;enARtg;bnÞúkcMG½kSefr Pn
bgðajBIExSvNÐénm:Um:g;Bt; M n CMuvijG½kSepSg².
ssrEdlmanmuxkat;epSg²RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbnÞúkcMG½kS nigmU:m:g;Bt;BIrTis. muxkat;
ssrmUl kaer b¤ctuekaNEkgGacRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;CamYynwglT§PaBTb;nwgm:Um:g;CMuvijG½kS x nigG½kS y Edl
mantémøesμIKña b¤minesμIKña.


11>15> ssrmUlCamYynwgkarrayEdkesμIeRkamm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTis
Circular Columns With Uniform reinforcement Under Biaxial Bending
ssrmUlCamYynwgkarrayEdkEdlmanlkçN³ÉksNæan manlT§PaBTb;nwgm:Um:g;dUcKñaRKb;Tis. Rb
sinssrmUlRbQmnwgm:Um:g;BIrTisCMuvijG½kS x nigG½kS y enaHm:Um:g;mYyTissmmUl M u GacRtUv)anKNna
edayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam³
Mu = (M ux )2 + (M uy )2 = Pu ⋅ e (11-26)
nig e = (e x )2 + (e y )2
Mu
= (11-27)
Pu
Edl m:Um:g;emKuNCMuvijG½kS x
M ux = Pu e y
M uy = Pu e x m:Um:g;emKuNCMuvijG½kS y
M u = Pu e m:Um:g;emKuNmYyTissmmUlénmuxkat;EdlekIteday M ux nig M uy
sRmab;ssrmUl eKcaM)ac;eRbIEdky:agtic6edIm ehIyEdkTaMgenaHRtUv)anBRgayesμIenAkñúgmuxkat;

enaH.
]TahrN_17³ ssrmUl
kMNt;lT§PaBRTbnÞúk P rbs;ssrragmUlEdlmanGgát;p©it 500mm CamYyEdk 10DB32 enAeBl
n
Edl e x = 100mm nig e y = 150mm . eRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa .

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnacMNakp©itEdlsmmUleTAnwgkareFVIGMeBItammYyTisedayeRbIrUbmnþ (11-27)
e = e x2 + e 2y = 100 2 + 150 2 = 180.28mm
2> kMNt;lT§PaBRTbnÞúkrbs;ssredayQrelIcMNakp©it e = 180.28mm . edaHRsaydUc]TahrN_

TI 9 eKTTYl)an³
d = 430.7 mm a = 250.75mm c = 295mm ¬edaysakl,g¦
C c = 2345.49kN ∑ C s = 1188.35kN ∑ T = 662.09kN

Pn = C c + ∑ C s − ∑ T = 2871.75kN
3> sRmab;lkçxNÐ balanced condition

600 600
cb = dt = 430.7 = 258.42mm
600 + 400 1000
c = 295mm > cb EdlCakrNI)ak;edaykarsgát; (compression failure)

11>16> ssrmuxkat;kaer nigctuekaNeRkamm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTis

(Square and Rectangular Columns under Biaxial Bending)
11>16>1> viFI; Bresler Reciprocal Method
ssrkaer b¤ctuekaNrgnUvm:Um:g;Bt;CMuvijG½kSemrbs;vamantémøminesμIKña RtUvkarbrimaNEdkxusKña
sRmab;TisedAmYy². viFIsaRsþRbEhlsRmab;viPaKmuxkat;EbbenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayelak Boris
Bresler ehIyRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa viFI Bresler Reciprocal Method. tamry³viFIenH lT§PaBRTbnÞúkrbs;
ssreRkamGMeBIm:Um:g;Bt;2TisGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam³
1 1 1 1
= + − (11-28)
Pu Pux Puy Puo
b¤ 1
=
1
+
1
−
1
Pn Pnx Pny Pno
(11-29)
Edl Pu = lT§PaBRTbnÞúkemKuNeRkamGMeBIm:Um:g;BIrTis
Pux = lT§PaBRTbnÞúkemKuNtamG½kSmYyenAeBlbnÞúkeFVIGMeBIenAcMNakp©it e nig e x = 0
y
Puy = lT§PaBRTbnÞúkemKuNtamG½kSmYyenAeBlbnÞúkeFVIGMeBIenAcMNakp©it e x nig e y = 0
Puo = bnÞúkcMp©itemKuNenAeBlEdl e y = e x = 0
Pu Pux Puy Puo
Pn = Pnx = Pny = Pno =
φ φ φ φ
lT§PaBRTbnÞúktamTismYy Pnx / Pny / Pno GacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkarnigviFIsaRsþEdl)an
ENnaMBIxagmuxkñúgemeronenH. bnÞab;mk vaRtUv)anCMnYseTAkñúgsmIkarTI (-29) edIm,IKNna Pn .
smIkar Bresler mann½ysRmab;RKb;krNITaMgGs;enAeBlNaEdl Pn ≥ 0.10Pno . enAeBlEdl
Pn < 0.10 Pno kmøaMgtamG½kSGacRtUvecal ehIymuxkat;GacRtUv)anKNna dUcGgát;rgnUvm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTissuT§
edayeRbIsmIkarxageRkam³
M ux M uy
+ ≤ 1.0 (11-30)
Mx My
M nx M ny
b¤ +
M ox M oy
≤ 1.0 (11-31)
Edl
M ux = Pu e y = m:Um:g;KNnaCMuvijG½kS x
M uy = Pu e x = m:Um:g;KNnaCMuvijG½kS y
M x nig M y = lT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;CMuvijG½kS x nigG½kS y

M ux M uy Mx My
M nx = M ny = M ox = M oy =
φ φ φ φ

smIkar Bresler minRtUv)anENnaM[eRbIenAeBlEdlmuxkat;rgnUvbnÞúkTajtamG½kSeT.
11>16>2> viFIExSvNÐbnÞúk Bresler (Bresler Load Contour Method)

sRmab;viFIenH épÞ)ak; failure surface Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 26 RtUv)ankat;edaybøg;éntémøefr
P pþl;nUvtémøénmU:m:g; M nig M . CaTUeTA rUbmnþsRmab;viFIenHKW³
n nx ny
α1 α2
⎛ M nx ⎞ ⎛M ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ny
⎜M
⎟
⎟
= 1.0 ` (11-32)
⎝ M ox ⎠ ⎝ oy ⎠
elak Bresler )anbgðajfa niTsSnþ α GacmantémødUcKñasRmab;tYTaMgBIrénsmIkarenH (α1 = α 2) .
mü:agvijeTot Kat;)anbBa¢ak;fatémø α ERbRbYlcenøaH 1.15 nig 1.55 ehIyvaGacRtUv)ansnμt;esμI 1.50
sRmab;ssrmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg. sRmab;muxkat;kaer α ERbRbYlBI 1.5 eTA 2 ehIytémømFüm α = 1.75
RtUv)aneKeRbIsRmab;karKNnaGnuvtþn_. enAeBlEdsrésEdkRtUv)anBRgaymanlkçN³dUcKñasRmab;muxTaMg
bYnrbs;ssrkaer enaHeKGacsnμt;yk α = 1.5 .
1. 5
⎛M ⎞
1.5
⎛ M nx ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ny ⎟ = 1.0 (11-33)
⎜M ⎟
⎝ M ox ⎠ ⎝ oy ⎠
bTdæanGg;eKøs British Code )ansnμt; α = 1.0; 1.33; 1.67 nig 2.0 enAeBlEdlpleFob 1.1PP u
uo
esμInwg 0.2; 0.4; 0.6 nig 0.8 erogKña.
11>17> viFIExSvNÐbnÞúk Parme (Parme Load Contour Method)

viFIExSvNÐbnÞúk load contour methode EdlesñIeLIgeday smaKmn_sIum:gt¾Br½ELn Porland
Cement Association (PCA) CaviFImYyEdlbegáIteLIgedayeRbIviFIExSvNÐ½bnÞúk Bresler. enAkñúgviFIenH Edl
eKGac ehAmü:ageTotfa Parme load contour methode cMNuc B enAelIExSvNÐbnÞúk ¬énbøg;edkenARtg;bnÞúk

efr P dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 26¦ RtUv)ankMNt;y:agdUcenHfa pleFobénlT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;BIrTis M nig
n nx
M esμI nwgpleFobénlT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;mYyTis M nig M .

ny ox oy
M
M
=
M
M
nx
b¤ ox M
M
=
M
M
=β nx ny
ny oy ox oy
témø β EdlmanenAkñúgrUbTI 27 bgðajnUvEpñkefrEdllT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;tamTisnImYy²GacRtUv)an

GnuBaØati[GnuvtþmkelImuxkat;ssrkñúgeBldMNalKña.

sRmab;karKNnaGnuvtþn_ ExSvNÐbnÞúk load contour Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI27 GacRtUveRbIedIm,I

KNnaedaykarRbhak;RbEhledayeRbIbnÞat;Rtg; AB nig BC . CRmal (slope) rbs;bnÞat; AB KW
(1 − β ) / β nigCRmal (slope) rbs;bnÞat; BC KW β /(1 − β ) . dUcenHenAeBl
M ⎛1− β ⎞
M
>
M ny
enaH nx
M
+ ⎜
ny
M ⎜ β ⎟
⎟ =1
nx
(11-34)
M M oy ox M oy ⎝
ox ⎠
M ⎛1− β ⎞
ehIyenAeBl M ny
<
M nx
enaH M nx
+ ny ⎜⎜
M oy ⎝ β
⎟⎟ = 1 (11-35)
M oy M ox M ox ⎠
témøBitR)akdrbs; β GaRs½yeTAnwgpleFob sMPar³ niglkçN³énmuxkat;. sRmab;ssrEdl
Pn
Po
RTnUvbnÞúkRsal β nwgERbRbYlBI 0.55 eTA 0.7 . témømFüm β = 0.65 GacRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;karKNna.
enAeBlEdlsrésEdkRtUv)anBRgaymanlkçN³dUcKñaRKb;épÞTaMgbYnrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN enaHpl
eFob MM mantémøRbhak;RbEhlnwg bh Edl b nig h CaTTwg nigkm<s;srubrbs;muxkat;ctuekaNerogKña.
ox
oy
edayCMnYspleFobenHeTAkñúgsmIkarTI (-34) nig (-35) eKTTYl)an

⎛ b ⎞⎛ 1 − β ⎞
M ny + M nx ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≈ M oy (11-36)
⎝ h ⎠⎝ β ⎠
⎛ h ⎞⎛ 1 − β ⎞
M nx + M ny ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≈ M ox (11-37)
⎝ b ⎠⎝ β ⎠
sRmab; β = 0.65 nig
h
b
= 1.5

M oy ≈ M ny + 0.36M nx (11-38)
M ox ≈ M nx + 0.8M ny (11-39)
BIkarbgðajenH eyIgeXIjfasmIkarsμúKsμajEdlmanlkçN³pÞal;sRmab;KNnassreRkambnÞúkcM
G½kS nigm:Um:g;BIrTisminGaceFVIeTA)aneLIy. dUcenHGñkKNnaKYrmanbTBiesaFn_RKb;RKan;edIm,IsμannUvmuxkat;
dMbUgedayeRbInUvtémø P / M nig M CamYynigsmIkarsRmab;mYyTis nigbnÞab;mkepÞógpÞat;PaBRKb;RKan;
n nx ny
rbs;muxkat;edayeRbIsmIkarsRmab;m:mU :g;BIrTis b¤edayeRbIkMuBüÚT½r.

]TahrN_18³ ssrxøIEdleRbIEdkkgFmμtamanmuxkat; 400 × 600 CamYynwg 8DB32 BRgaydUc
bgðajkñúgrUbTI 28. kMNt;bnÞúkKNna design load φP enAelImuxkat; RbsinebIvaeFVIGMeBIenA e = 205mm
n x
nig e = 305mm . eRbI f ' = 35MPa / f y = 400MPa nig smIkar Bresler Reciprocal equation.
y c
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;lT§PaBRTbnÞúkmYyTis P tamG½kS x enAeBl e = 305mm . kñúgkrNIenH b = 400mm nig
nx y
h = 600mm / d = 540mm / d '= 60mm nig A = A' = 2412.74mm .s s

2
dMeNaHRsayGaceFVIeTAtamCMhandUckñúg]TahrN_TI 2 nigTI4sRmab;lkçxNÐmuxkat; balanced

condition nigmuxkat; compression-control condition.
a. sRmab; balanced condition

⎛ 600 ⎞
cb = ⎜ ⎟d = ⎛⎜ 600 ⎞⎟540 = 324mm
⎜ 600 + f ⎟ ⎝ 600 + 400 ⎠
⎝ y ⎠
ab = 0.8 × 324 = 259.2mm ¬β 1 = 0 .8 enAeBl f 'c = 35MPa ¦

Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab = 3084.48kN
⎛ 324 − 60 ⎞
f 's = 600⎜
⎝ 324 ⎠
⎟ = 488.89MPa dUcenH f 's = f y = 400MPa
Cs = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 893.32kN T = As f y = 965.1kN
Pbx = Cc + Cs − T = 3012.7 kN
φPbx = 0.65Pbx = 0.65 × 3012.7 = 1958.25kN ¬ φ = 0.65 sRmab; ε = 0.002 ¦ t
b. sRmab; e = 305mm < d = 540mm / snμt;famuxkat;sßitkñúglkçxNÐ compression failure

y
ehIy GnuvtþtamCMhankñúg]TahrN_TI4 edIm,ITTYl)an a = 265.69mm nig

= 332.1mm > c = 324mm . dUcenH muxkat;Camuxkat; compression control.
a
c= b
0.8
epÞógpÞat;
⎛ c − d'⎞
f ' = 600⎜
s ⎟ = 491.60MPa > f dUcenH eyIgyk f ' = f = 400MPa
y s y
⎝ c ⎠

epÞógpÞat; f = 600⎛⎜⎝ d c− c ⎞⎟⎠ = 375.59MPa < f

s y
KNnakmøaMg C = 0.85 f ' ab = 3161.71kN

c c
Cs = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 893.32kN
T = As ⋅ f s = 906.2kN
Pnx = Cc + Cs − T = 3148.83kN > Pbx dUcenHvaCakrNI compression
failure dUckarsnñidæan.
⎛d −c⎞
εt = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.00188 < 0.002 ⇒ φ = 0.65
⎝ c ⎠
φPnx = 2046.74kN
c. Kitm:Um:g;Rtg; A edayeRbIsmIkar (-11)
s
d "= 240mm e' = 545mm

1⎡ ⎛ a⎞ ⎤
Pnx = ⎢Cc ⎜ d − ⎟ + Cs (d − d ')⎥ = 3148.80kN
e' ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
2> kMNt;lT§PaBRTbnÞúkmYyTis P tamG½kS y enAeBl e = 205mm . kñúgkrNIenH h = 400mm nig
ny x
b = 600mm / d = 340mm / d ' = 60mm nig A = A' = 2412.74mm . s s

2
dMeNaHRsaynwgeFVIeLIgedayeRbIsmIkarsþaTic dUcesckþIBnül;kñúgCMhanxagelI.
a. sRmab; balanced condition
⎛ 600 ⎞
cb = ⎜ ⎟d = ⎛⎜ 600 ⎞⎟340 = 204mm
⎜ 600 + f ⎟ ⎝ 600 + 400 ⎠
⎝ y ⎠
ab = 0.8 × 204 = 163.2mm ¬β 1 = 0 .8 enAeBl f 'c = 35MPa ¦

Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab = 2913.12kN
⎛ 204 − 60 ⎞
f 's = 600⎜
⎝ 204 ⎠
⎟ = 423.5MPa dUcenH f 's = f y = 400MPa
Cs = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 893.32kN T = As f y = 965.1kN
Pby = Cc + Cs − T = 2841.34kN
φPby = 0.65Pby = 0.65 × 2841.34 = 1846.9kN ¬ φ = 0.65 sRmab; ε = 0.002 ¦ t
b. sRmab; e = 205mm < d = 340mm / snμt;famuxkat;sßitkñúglkçxNÐ compression failure

x
ehIyGnuvtþtamCMhankñúg]TahrN_TI4 edIm,ITTYl)an a = 166mm nig c = 0a.8 = 207.5mm

> c = 204mm . dUcenH muxkat;Camuxkat; compression control. epÞógpÞat;
b
⎛ c − d'⎞
f ' = 600⎜
s ⎟ = 426.5MPa > f dUcenH eyIgyk f ' = f = 400MPa
y s y
⎝ c ⎠

epÞógpÞat; f = 600⎛⎜⎝ d c− c ⎞⎟⎠ = 383MPa < f

s y
KNnakmøaMg C = 0.85 f ' ab = 2963.3kN

c c
Cs = A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) = 893.32kN
T = As ⋅ f s = 924.22kN
Pny = Cc + Cs − T = 2932.4kN > Pby dUcenHvaCakrNI compression
failure dUckarsnñidæan.
⎛d −c⎞
εt = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0019 < 0.002 ⇒ φ = 0.65
⎝ c ⎠
φPny = 1906.1kN
c. Kitm:Um:g;Rtg; A edayeRbIsmIkar (-11)
s
d "= 140mm e' = 345mm

1⎡ ⎛ a⎞ ⎤
Pny = ⎢Cc ⎜ d − ⎟ + Cs (d − d ')⎥ = 2932.5kN
e' ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
3> kMNt;bnÞúkcMp©it P tamRTwsþI no
Pno = 0.85 f 'c Ag + Ast ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )
= 0.85 × 35 × (400 × 600 ) + 6434(400 − 0.85 × 35) = 9522.2kN

φPno = 6189.4kN
4> edayeRbIsmIkar Bresler (11-28) nigKuNCamYy 1000 eyIg)an
1000 1000 1000 1000
= + − = 0.8516
Pu 2046.74 1906.1 6189.4
Pu = 1174.3kN
P
nig
Pn = u = 1806.6kN
0.65
cMNaM³
1> smIkarRbEhl approximate equation b¤taragExSekag ACI GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt; P nig nx
P . edaysarEtsmIkar Bresler pþl;cUvdMeNaHRsayEdlmantémøRbhak;RbEhl enaHeKKYr

ny
EteRbIviFIsaRsþkñúgkaredaHRsayEdlmanlkçN³suRkitdUcEdl)anGnuvtþkñúg]TahrN_xagelIenH
edIm,IkMNt; P nig P . dMeNaHRsayRbhak;RbEhlCaeRcIn pþl;nUvlT§plminsuRkit. eKGac
nx ny
rk)annUvkmμviFIkMuBÚüT½rEdlQrelIeKalkarN_smIkarsþaTic ehIyeKGaceRbIvaedIm,IepÞógpÞat;nUv
lT§plrbs;eyIg.

2> enAkñúg]TahrN_TI 18 xagelI RkLaépÞEdkenARKb;RCugRtUv)aneRbIBIrdg edaymþgeRbIedIm,I

KNna P nigmþgeToteRbIedIm,IKNna P . dMeNaHRsayEdlmanlkçN³snSMsMéc KweRbIEdk
nx ny
EdlsßitenARCugEtBak;kNþalsRmab;TismYy² Edl A = A' = 1608.5mm enaHvanwgkat;bnßy

s s
2
témørbs; P nig P . nx ny
]TahrN_19³ kMNt;bnÞúkKNna nominal design load P sRmab;ssrmuxkat;dUc]TahrN_TI18

n
edayeRbIviFIExSvNÐbnÞúk Parme. emIlrUbTI29.

dMeNaHRsay³
1> snμt; β = 0.65 . lT§PaBRTbnÞúktammYyTissRmab;TisedA x nig y RtUv)anKNnaenA
kñúg]TahrN_TI18.
2> P = 2046.74kN P = 1906.1kN
ux uy P = 3148.83kN
nx P = 2932.4kN
ny
lT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;rbs;muxkat;CMuvijG½kS x
M ox = Pnx e y = 3148.83 × 0.305 = 960.4kN .m
lT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;rbs;muxkat;CMuvijG½kS x
M oy = Pny ex = 2932.4 × 0.205 = 601.14kN .m
3> eday P Ca nominal design load enaH nominal design moment enAelImuxkat;CMuvijG½kS x KW
n

M nx = Pn e y = 0.305Pn
ehIy nominal design moment enAelImuxkat;CMuvijG½kS y KW

M ny = Pn ex = 0.205Pn
4> RtYtBinitü MM ny
>
M nx
M ox
oy
0.250 Pn 0.305Pn
601.14
>
960.4
b¤ 3.41⋅10 −4
Pn > 3.17 ⋅ 10 −4 Pn
dUcenHeRbIsmIkar (-34)
0.250 Pn 0.305Pn ⎛ 1 − 0.65 ⎞
5> 601.14
+ ⎜
960.4 ⎝ 0.65 ⎠
⎟ =1
eyIgTTYl)an Pn = 1953.125kN
Pu = φPn = 1269.5kN (φ = 0.65)

eyIgeXIjfa P EdlKNnaedaysmIkar Parm FMCag P EdlKNnaedaysmIkar Bresler
u u
RbEhl 8% .

11>18> smIkarépÞ)ak; (Equation of failure surface)

smIkarTUeTAsRmab;viPaK nigKNnassrebtugxøIEdkkgFmμtamuxkat;ctuekaNEkgRtUv)anesñIeLIg
edayelak Hsu. smIkarRtUv)ansnμt;tMNag[épÞ)ak; failure surface nigdüaRkamGnþrkmμ interaction
diagram rbs;ssrEdlrgnUvm:Um:g;BIrTis nigbnÞúkcMG½kS dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI26. bnÞúkcMG½kSGacCakmøaMgsgát;
b¤kmøaMgTaj.
1.5
⎛M ⎞
1.5
⎛ Pn − Pb ⎞ ⎛ M nx ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ny ⎟ = 1.0 (11-40)
⎜M ⎟
⎝ Po − Pb ⎠ ⎝ M bx ⎠ ⎝ by ⎠
Edl Pn = ersIusþg;Tb;kmøaMgtamG½kS nominal axial strength ¬viC¢manenAeBlrgkarsgát; nigGviC¢
manenAeBlrgkarTaj¦ sRmab;cMNakp©itEdl[.
P = bnÞúktamG½kS nominal axial load ¬viC¢manenAeBlrgkarsgát; nigGviC¢manenAeBlrgkar
o
Taj¦ sRmab;cMNakp©itsUnü.
P = bnÞúksgát;tamG½kS nominal axial compressive load enAkñúglkçxNÐ balanced strain.
b
M nx , M = m:Um:g;Bt; nominal bending moment CMuvijG½kS x nig y erogKña.

ny
M bx , M = m:Um:g;Bt; nominal balanced bending moment CMuvijG½kS x nig y erogKña enAlkçxNÐ

by
balanced strain condition.
edIm,IeRbIsmIkar (11-40) RKb;tYTaMgGs;RtUvmansBaØaviC¢man. témørbs; P KW o
Po = 0.85 f 'c ( Ag − Ast ) + Ast f y (11-41)
bnÞúk nominal balanced load, P / nigm:Um:g; nominal balanced moment, M = P e Edl)an[

b b b b
enAkñúgsmIkar (11-6) nig (11-7) erogKña sRmab;muxkat;CamYynwgEdkrgEtkarTaj nigsgát;b:ueNÑaH.

sRmab;muxkat;epSgeTot témøenHGacTTYl)anedayeRbIeKalkarN_smIkarsþaTic.
cMNaMfa smIkarépÞ)ak; failure surface k¾GaceRbIsRmab;m:Um:g;mYyTisEdlbgðajenA kñúgdüaRkam
Gnþrkmμ (interaction diagram) pgEdr. kñúgkrNIenH GgÁTIbInwgRtUvlb;ecalenAeBl e = 0 nigGgÁTIBIrRtUvx
)anlb;ecalenAeBl e = 0 . y
enAeBl e = 0 ¬manEtm:Um:g;Bt;CMuvijG½kS x ¦
x
1. 5
⎛ Pn − Pb ⎞ ⎛ M nx ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 1.0 (11-42)
⎝ Po − Pb ⎠ ⎝ M bx ⎠
¬vaCasmIkar (11-18) EdlmanBIxagedIm¦ enAeBl e y =0 ¬manEtm:Um:g;Bt;CMuvijG½kS y ¦
1. 5
⎛ Pn − Pb ⎞ ⎛ M ny ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = 1 .0 (11-43)
− ⎜M ⎟
⎝ o
P Pb ⎠ ⎝ by ⎠

Gnuvtþn_smIkar (11-42) eTAkñúg]TahrN_TI 2 nigTI 4. P = 1991.8kN M = 732.8kN .mb bx
28 × π 28 × π
e = 254mm nig P = 0.85 × 27 × (550 × 350 −
2 2
y o × 8) + ( × 8 × 400) = 6275.23kN
4 4
Pn − 1991.8
1.5
⎛ 0.254 Pn ⎞
+⎜ ⎟ =1
6275.23 − 1991.8 ⎝ 732.8 ⎠
0.02764 Pn1.5 + Pn = 6275.23
Pn = 2603.5kN EdlvamantémøRbEhlnwg P EdlKNnaedaykarviPaK.
n
]TahrN_20³ kMNt;bnÞúkKNna nominal design load P sRmab;ssrmuxkat;dUc]TahrN_TI18 n
edayeRbIsmIkarépÞ)ak; (equation of failure surface).

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNna P = 0.85 f ' ( A − A ) + A f
o c g st st y
32 2 π π 32 2
Po = 0.85 × 35(600 × 400 − 8) + 8 400 = 9522.18kN
4 4
2> KNna P nig M edayeRbIsmIkar (11-8) nig (11-9) tamG½kS x nig y erogKña
b b
A. tamG½kS x d = 540mm t
600d t 600 × 540

cbx = = = 324mm
600 + f y 600 + 400
abx = 0.8 × 324 = 259.2mm

⎛ c − d'⎞
f 's = 600⎜ ⎟ = 488.89MPa f 's = 400MPa
⎝ c ⎠
d "x = 240mm As = A's = 2412.74mm 2
Pbx = 0.85 f 'c abx b + A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c ) − As f y
= 0.85 × 35 × 259.2 × 400 + 2412.74(400 − 0.85 × 35) − 2412.74 × 400 = 3012.7kN

⎛ a ⎞
M bx = 0.85 f 'c abx b⎜ d − bx − d "x ⎟ + A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )(d − d '−d "x ) + As f y d "x
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 973.28kN .m
B. tamG½kS y d t = 340mm d " y = 140mm As = A's = 2412.74mm 2
600d t 600 × 340
cby = = = 204mm
600 + f y 600 + 400
aby = 0.8 × 204 = 163.2mm

⎛ c − d'⎞
f 's = 600⎜ ⎟ = 423.53MPa f 's = 400MPa
⎝ c ⎠

Pby = 0.85 × 35 × 163.2 × 600 + 2421.74(400 − 0.85 × 35) − 2412.74 × 400 = 2841.34kN
⎛ a ⎞
M by = 0.85 f 'c aby h⎜⎜ d − by − d " y ⎟⎟ + A's ( f y − 0.85 f 'c )(d − d '−d " y ) + As f y d " y
⎝ 2 ⎠
= 605.09kN.m
3> KNnabnÞúk nominal balanced load P sRmab;m:Um:g;BirTis
bb
M ny Pn ex 205
tan α = = = = 0.672 α = 33.9o
M nx Pn e y 305
Pbx − Pby ΔPb 3012.7 − 2841.34 ΔP
= = o b o
90 o
90o − α 90 o
90 − 33.9
ΔPb = 106.8kN
Pbb = Pby + ΔPb = 2841.34 + 106.8 = 2948.14kN
4> KNna P BismIkarépÞ)ak; failure surface³

n
⎛ Pn − 2948.14 ⎞ ⎛ 0.305Pn ⎞
1.5 1.5
⎛ 0.205Pn ⎞
⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 1.0
⎝ 9522.18 − 2948.14 ⎠ ⎝ 973.28 ⎠ ⎝ 605.09 ⎠
Pn + 0.0775Pn1.5 = 9522.18
edaykarsakl,g eyIgTTYl)an P = 2094.3kN . edaysar P < P vaCakrNI)ak;eday
n n bb
karTaj tension failure sRmab;karBt;BIrTis. dUcenHeyIgyk P = −9522.18kN o
edIm,IrkSaGgÁ TImYyviC¢man.
Pn − 2948.14
1.5 1. 5
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 0.305Pn ⎞ ⎛ 0.205Pn ⎞
⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 1.0
⎝ − 9522.18 − 2948.14 ⎠ ⎝ 973.28 ⎠ ⎝ 605.09 ⎠
Pn − 0.147 Pn1.5 = −9522.18
Pn = 1811.5kN nig P = 1177.5kNu
cMNaM³ ersIusþg;RTbnÞúk φP rbs;ssrmuxkat;ctueekaNEdl)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkar Bresler

n
reciplocal equation (11-18) viFI Parme method (11-19) nigviFI Hsu method (11-20) edIm,I
TTYl)an φP = 1174.3kN / 1269.5kN nig 1177.5kN erogKña. eyIgeXIjfa viFI Parme

n
method pþl;nUvtémøFMCageKsRmab;]TahrN_enH.

XII. ssrEvg
12>1> esckþIepþIm
sRmab;karKNnassrxøIEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgBIremeronxagedIm )ansnμt;fa karPøat; (buckling) kar
rYjxøIeGLasÞic (elastic shortening) nigm:Um:g;TIBIr (secondary moment) EdlbNþalmkBIPaBdabtamTTwg
(lateral deflection) man\T§iBlCaGb,brmaeTAelIersIusþg;cugeRkay (ultimate strength) rbs;ssr dUcenH
ktþaTaMgenH minRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgdMeNIrkarénkarKNnaeT. b:uEnþ sRmab;ssrEvg ktþaTaMgGs;enHRtUv

EtykmkBicarNa. RbEvgbEnßmnwgbNþal[mankarkat;bnßyersIusþg;rbs;ssr edayERbRbYlCamYynwg
km<s;RbsiT§PaB nigTTwgrbs;muxkat; pleFobrlas; (slenderness ratio) niglkçxNÐcugssr.
ssrEdlman slenderness ratio FMnwgkat;bnßylT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ssry:agxøaMg Et slenderness
ratio tUcmann½yfassrxøI ehIykarkat;bnßyersIusþg;GacnwgminKYr[cab;GarmμN_. pleFobrlas;
(slenderness ratio) KWCapleFobrvagkm<s;ssr l CamYynwgkaMniclPaB radius of gyration r Edl
r = I / A kñúgenaH I Cam:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat; moment of inertia of the section nig A CaRkLaépÞ

2
muxkat;.
sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdlmanTTwg b nigkm<s; h ¬rUbTI 1¦ I = bh / 12 nig A = bh dUcenH
x
3
r = 0.288h ¬b¤edaytémøRbEhl r = 0.3h ¦. dUcKña I = b h / 12 nig r = 0.288b ¬b¤ r = 0.3b ¦.

x x y
3
y y
sRmab;ssrmUlCamYynwgGgát;p©it D enaH I = I = πD / 64 nig A = πD / 4 dUcenH r = r = 0.25D .

x y
4 2
x y
CaTUeTA ssrGacRtUv)anBicarNa dUcteTA³

1> EvgCamYynwg slenderness ratio FM RtUvkarRbB½n§BRgwg b¤ shear wall.
2> EvgCamYynwg slenderness ratio lμmEdlbgá[mankarkat;bnßyersIusþg;ssr enaHRbB½n§BRgwg
GacnwgminRtUvkar Etkarkat;bnßyersIusþg;RtUvEtBicarNa.
3> xøIEdl slenderness ratio tUcEdlbNþal[mankarkat;bnßyersuIsþg;sþÜcesþIg. kmøaMgkat;Gac
RtUv)anecal dUcerobrab;BIemeronmun.
12>2> RbEvgssrRbsiT§PaB (Effective Column Length) Kl u
pleFobrlas; (slenderness ratio) l / r GacRtUv)anKNnay:agsuRkitenAeBlEdlRbEvgRbsiT§PaB

rbs;ssr ¬ Kl ¦ RtUv)aneRbI. RbEvgRbsiT§PaBenHGnuKmn_eTAnwgBIrktþaFM²³
u
1> RbEvgKμanTRm (unsupported length) l sMEdgnUvkm<s;minKitTRmrbs;ssrrvagBIrkRmal

u
xNÐ. vaRtUv)anvas;Ca clear distance rvagkRmalxNÐ Fñwm

ssrEvg 315 T.Chhay
b¤GgÁeRKOgbgÁúMEdlpþl;nUvTRmxagdl;ssr. enAkñúgRbB½n§kRmalxNÐ flat slab CamYynwg

column capital km<s; unsupported height rbs; ssrRtUv)anvas;BIépÞxagelIrbs;kRmalxNÐ
xageRkameTA)atrbs; column capital. RbsinebI ssrRtUv)anRTCamYyFñwmEdlmankm<s;x<s;

tamTismYyCagtamTismYyeTot enaH l KYrEtKNnatamTisTaMgBIr ¬tamTis x nig y ¦
u
énmuxkat;ssr. lT§plEdlFMCagRtUv)anBicarNakñúgkarKNna.
2> emKuNRbEvgRbsiT§PaB K bgðajnUvpleFobéncm¶ayrvagcMNucénm:Um:g;sUnüenAkñúgssr nig
km<s;KñanTRmrbs;ssrkñúgTisedAmYy. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIRbEvgKμanTRm (unsupported
height) rbs;ssr TRmsnøak; (hinged) enAcugsgçag ¬Edlkareyalxag (sidesway) RtUv)an
Tb;¦ KW l nigcMNucm:Um:g;sUnüenAcug nigKl;ssr EdlenAcugTRmRtIekaN (hinged) enaHemKuN

u
K = l / l KWesμInwg 1. RbsinebIssr manTRmbgáb; (fixed) enAcugsgçag ehIykareyalxag

u u
(sidesway) RtUv)anTb; cMNucrbt; ¬cMNucm:Um:g;sUnü¦ sßitenA l / 4 BIcugTRm. dUcenH K =

u
0.5l / l = 0.5 ¬rUbTI2¦ edIm,IKNnatémød¾RtwmRtUvrbs; K krNI cMbgBIrRtUv)anBicarNa.

u u
- enAeBleRKagbgÁúMEdlpÁúMeLIgedayFñwm nigssrRtUv)anBRgwgedayCBa¢aMg shear wall

RbB½n§BRgwgrwg (rigid bracing) b¤TRmxagEdl)anmkBIeRKagbgÁúMenACab;nwgva. cugrbs;
ssrnwgsßitenATItaMgdEdl EdlkarrMkilxagrbs;tMNRtUv)ankarBar. CaTUeTAsRmab;
eRKagBRgwg témørbs; K KWtUcCag b¤esμInwg 1. ACI code, section 10.12 esñI[eRbI
K = 1.
- enAeBleRKagbgÁúMminRtUv)anBRgwg vanwgGaRs½yeTAnwgPaBrwgRkaj (stiffness) rbs;Fñwm

nigssr edIm,ITb;nwgPaBdabxag. edaysarkarrMkilrbs;tMNminRtUv)ankarBar eRKag
egakeTAtamTisrbs;bnÞúkxag. témørbs; K sRmab;ssr nigeRKagRtUv)an[enAkñúg
rUbTI2 edayBicarNakrNITaMgBIr KWenAeBlkareyalxag sidesway RtUv)ankarBar nig
minRtUv)ankarBar.
12>3> emKuNRbEvgRbsiT§PaB (Effective Length Factor) K

RbEvgRbsiT§PaBrbs;ssrGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIdüaRkam alignment chart kñúgrUbTI3. edIm,Irk
emKuNRbEvgRbsiT§PaB K dMbUgeKcaM)ac;RtUvKNnarkemKuNTb; restraint factor ψ nig ψ enAxagcugnig
A B
Kl;ssrerogKña Edl
T.Chhay 316 Slender Column

ψ =∑
rbs;ssr
EI / lc
(12-1)
∑ EI / l rbs;Fwm
Edl l = RbEvgKitBIG½kSeTAG½kSéntMNrbs;eRKag
c
l = RbEvgElVgKitBIG½kSeTAG½kSéntMNrbs;eRKag
¬TaMgBIrsßitenAkñúgbøg;Bt;¦. emKuN ψ enAxagcugKYrEtrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgssr nigFñwmEdlCYbKñaenARtg;

tMN. sRmab;TRmsnøak; hinged end ψ KWGnnþ nigGacsnμt;esμI 10 . sRmab;TRmbgáb; fixed end ψ KWsUnü
nigGacsnμte; sμI 1. témøsnμt;TaMgenHGaceRbI)anedaysarEtenAkñúgeRKagbgÁúMebtugGarem:Kμansnøak;Kμankkit
l¥\tex©aH b¤TRmbgát;l¥\tex©aHenaHEdr.
dMeNIrkarrk K KWKNna ψ sRmab;cugssr nigψ sRmab;Kl;ssr. dak; ψ nig ψ eTAkñúgdüa
A B A B
Rkam alignment chart énrUbTI3 rYcP¢ab;cMNucTaMgBIredaykat;ExSkNþal EdlbgðajBItémø K . düaRkam

BIrEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKñaRtUv)anbgðaj mYysRmab;eRKagBRgwg Edlkareyalxag (sidesway) RtUv)an
karBar nigmYyeTotsRmab;eRKagFmμta Edlkareyalxag (sidesway) minRtUv)ankarBar. karbegáItdüaRkam
enHKWQrelIkarsnμt;fa³
- eRKagbgÁúMpÁúMeLIgedayeRKagctuekaNsIuemRTI
- m:Um:g;Bt;Fñwm)anEckmkssredayTak;TgnwgPaBrwgRkajrbs;va
- ssrTaMgGs;TTYlnUvbnÞúkFMenAeBlCamYyKña
edIm,ICMnYsnUvkareRbIdüaRkam alignment chart EdlbgðajkñúgrUbTI3 ACI Code Commentary )an
esñInUvsmIkarsRmYldUcxageRkamsRmab;KNnaemKuNRbEvgRbsiT§PaB K .
ssrEvg 317 T.Chhay

1> sRmab;Ggát;rgkarsgát;EdlmankarBRgwg témørbs; K GacRtUv)anyktémøtUcCageKkñúg

cMeNamsmIkarTaMgBIrxageRkam
K = 0.7 + 0.05(ψ A + ψ B ) (12-2)
K = 0.85 + 0.05ψ min (12-3)
Edl ψ nig ψ Catémørbs; ψ enAcugsgçagrbs;ssr nig ψ CatémøtUcbMputéntémøTaMgBIr.
A B min
2> sRmab;Ggát;rgkarsgát;EdlKμankarBRgwgEtRtUv)anTb;enAcugsgçag témørbs; K Gacsnμt;dUc

xageRkam
sRmab; ψ < 2 / K = 2020−ψ 1 +ψ
m
m
m (12-4)
sRmab; ψ ≥ 2 / K = 0.9 1 +ψ
m m (12-5)
Edl ψ CatémømFümrbs; ψ enAcugsgçagGgát;rgkarsgát;.

m
3> sRmab;Ggát;rgkarsgát;KμankarBRgwgmanTRmsnøak; hinged enAcugmçag enaH K GacRtUv)an

snμt;dUcxageRkam
K = 2 + 0.3ψ (12-6)
Edl ψ CatémøenAcugEdlmankarTb;.
]TahrN_ 1³ edayeRbInUvsmIkarxagedIm cUrkMNt;emKuNRbEvgRbsiT§PaB K sRmab;Ggát;rgkarsgát;enA

kñúgeRKagCamYynwglkçxNÐxageRkam³
1> eRKagRtUv)anBRgwgedIm,ITb;nwgkareyalxag (sidesway) ehIy ψ = 2.0 nig ψ = 3.0 enAcug
A B
xagelI nigxageRkamrbs;Ggát;.
2> eRKagminRtUv)anBRgwgedIm,ITb;nwgkareyalxag (sidesway) eT ehIy ψ = 2.0 nig ψ = 3.0 .
A B
¬Ggát;RtUv)anbgáb;enAcugsgçag¦.
3> eRKagminRtUv)anBRgwgedIm,ITb;nwgkareyalxag (sidesway) eT ehIy ψ = 0.0 ¬TRmsnøak;¦ nig
A
ψ = 3 .0 .
B
dMeNaHRsay³
1> BIsmIkar (-2) nig (-3)
K1 = 0.7 + 0.05(2 + 3) = 0.95 < 1.0
K 2 = 0.85 + 0.05(2) = 0.95 < 1.0

eRCIserIsyknUvtémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam K nig K . kñúgkrNIenH K = 0.95 .
1 2

ssrEvg 319 T.Chhay

2> témømFümrbs; ψ m = (2 + 3) / 2 = 2.5 . eday ψ m >2 eRbIsmIkar (12-5)

K = 0.9 1 + 2.5 = 1.684
3> BIsmIkar (12-6)
K = 2 + 0.3(3) = 2.9

12>4> PaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggát; (Member Stiffness) EI

PaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggát;eRKagesμInwgplKuNrvagm:UDuleGLasÞic E CamYynwgm:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;
I . témøén E nig I sRmab;ebtugGarem:GacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
1> m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugRtUv)anBnül;kñúgemeronTI2. bTdæan ACI Code [smIkarxag eRkam

E = 0.043w
c f' 1.5
b¤ E = 4780 f '
c c c
sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;Fmμta. cMENkÉm:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;EdkKW E = 2.1⋅10 MPa .

s
5
2> sRmab;Ggát;ebtugGarem: m:Um:g;niclPaB I ERbRbYltambeNþayrbs;Ggát; GaRs½yeTAnwgkRmit

eRbH nigPaBryEdkEdl)aneRbIR)as;.
edIm,IkMNt;nUvemKuN ψ EI RtUvEt)ankMNt;sRmab;Fñwm nigssr. dUcenH EI GacRtUv)ankM
Nt;dUcxageRkam ¬ACI Code, section 10.11.1¦³
sRmab;Fñwm I = 0.35 I g
sRmab;ssr I = 0.70 I g
sRmab;CBa¢aMg¬KμaneRbH¦ I = 0.70 I g
sRmab;CBa¢aMg¬maneRbH¦ I = 0.35 I g
sRmab;kRmalxNÐ (flat plate nig flat slab) I = 0.25I g
Edl I Cam:Um:g;niclPaBsRmab;muxkat;ebtugeBjeFobG½kSkat;tamTIRbCMuTm¶n; edayecal

g
Edk.
3> RkLaépÞmuxkat; A = A ¬RkLaépÞmuxkat;eBj gross-sectional area¦
g
4> m:Um:g;niclPaBKYrEtRtUv)anEckeday (1 + β ) enAeBlEdlbnÞúkxagefr (sustained lateral load)

d
manGMeBIelIeRKagbgÁúM b¤sRmab;epÞógpÞat;sßirPaB stability check Edl

maximum factored sustained axial load
βd =
total factored axial load
12>5> EdnkMNt;sRmab;pleFobrlas; (Limitation of The Slenderness Ratio) Kl / r u
12>5>1> eRKagGt;eyal (Nonsway Frames)

bTdæan ACI Code, section 10.12 ENnaMnUvEdnkMNt;xagRkamrvagssrxøI nigssrEvgenAkñúgeRKag
BRgwg ¬Gt;eyal nonsway¦³
1> \T§iBlrbs;PaBrlas; slenderness GacRtUv)anecal ehIyssrGacRtUv)anKNnaedayKitCassrxøI
enAeBlEdl³
ssrEvg 321 T.Chhay

Klu 12 M 1
≤ 34 − (12-7)
r M2
Edl M nig M Cam:Um:g;emKuNenAcugssr ehIy M
1 2 2 > M1 .
2> pleFob MM RtUvcat;Tukfa viC¢manRbsinebIGgát;RtUv)anenAkñúgkMeNageTal single curvature

1
nigGviC¢mansRmab;kMeNagDub double curvature dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI4.

3> tY (34 − 12M / M ) KYrminRtUvFMCag 40.
1 2
4> RbsinebIm:Um:g;ssremKuN (factored column moment) esμIsUnü b¤ e = M / P < e témørbs;

u u min
M KYrEtRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIcMNakp©itGb,brma³
2
emin = (15.24 + 0.03h) (12-8)

M 2 = Pu (15.24 + 0.03h) (12-9)
Edl M Cam:Um:g;Gb,brma. m:Um:g; M KYrEtRtUv)anBicarNaedayeFobnwgG½kSnImYy²rbs;ssrdac;
2 2
edayELkBIKña. témø K GacRtUv)ansnμt;esμInwg 1.0 sRmab;eRKagBRgwg braced frame elIkElgEt

vaRtUv)anKNnaedayQrelIkarviPaK EI .

12>5>2> eRKageyal (sway Frames)

enAkñúgGgát;rgkarsgát;minBRgwgTb;nwgkareyalxag sidesway \T§iBlrbs;pleFobrlas;
slenderness ratio GacecalenABlEdl
Klu
< 22 (ACI Code, section 10.13) (12-10)
r
12>5>3> pleFobrlas;FM (High slenderness ratio)

enAeBlEdlGgát;rgkarmYydac;edayELkenAkñúgeRKagmanpleFobrlas; slenderness ratio
Kl / r > 100 viFIm:Um:g; magnifier (moment magnifier method) rbs; ACI Code minGacRtUv)aneRbI
u
ehIykarviPaK rigorous dWeRkTIBIr rigorous second-order RtUv)aneRbICMnYsvij. Etmuxkat;GacRtUv)an

dMeLIgedIm,Ikat;bnßypleFob Kl / r . tMé;l 100 bgðajBIkarBiesaFCak;EsþgcMNat;fñak;x<s; (ACI
u
Code, section 10.10.5) .
12>6> viFIKNnabEnßmm:Umg; (Moment-Magnifier Design Method)

12>6>1> esckþIepþIm (Introduction)
CMhandMbUgkñúgkarKNnam:Um:g;enAkñúgssrEvgKWkMNt;faetIeRKagEdlKNna CaeRKakBRgwg b¤min
BRgwgTb;nwg sidesway . RbsinebImanGgÁBRgwgxag dUcCa shear walls nig shear trusses b¤ssrmanPaBrwg
RkajTTwg lateral stiffness efr enaHPaBdabTTwg lateral deflection mantémøtUc ehIy\T§iBlrbs;vaeTAelI
ersIusþg;ssrk¾tUcEdr. eKGacsnμt;faeRKagbgÁúMenAkñúgmYyCan;²RtUv)anBRgwgRbsinebI
Q = ∑ u o ≤ 0.05
PΔ
(-11)
Vuslc
Edl ∑ Pu nig V CabnÞúkbBaÄrsrub nigkmøaMgkat; erogKña ehIy Δ PaBdabeFobdWeRkTImYy (first-
us o
order relative deflection) rvagkMBUl nig)atrbs;Can;EdlbNþalmkBI V . RbEvg l CaRbEvgrbs;Ggát;rg

us c
karsgát;enAkñúgeRKagbgÁúM edayvas;BIG½kSeTAG½kSrbs;tMNrenAkñúgeRKag.
CaTUeTA Ggát;rgkarsgát;GacrgnUgPaBdabTTwg lateral deflection EdlbNþalmkBIm:Um:g;TIBIr
(secondary moment). RbsinebIm:Um:g;TIBIr M ' RtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIm:Um:g;EdlGnuvtþelIssr M enaHm:Um:g;
a
cugeRkayKW M = M + M ' . viFIRbEhl (approximate method) sRmab;kMNt;m:Um:g;cugeRkay M KWCakar

a
KuNm:Um:g; M edayemKuNEdleKehAfa emKuNbEnßmm:Um:g; (magnifying moment factor) ehIyemKuNenH

a
RtUvEt FMCagb¤esμInwg 1.0 . b¤ M = δM nig δ ≥ 1.0 . m:Um:g; M RtUv)anTTYlBIkarviPaKeRKageGLasÞic

max a a
ssrEvg 323 T.Chhay

eday eRbIbnÞúkemKuN ehIyvaCam:Um:g;GtibrmaEdlmanGMeBIenAcugssr b¤enAkñúgssr RbsinebIbnÞúkxagman

vtþman.
RbsinebI\T§iBl P − Δ RtUv)anykmkBicarNa vanwgcaM)ac;RtUvEteRbIkarviPaKdWeRkTIBIr edIm,IKitBI
TMnak;TMng nonlinear relationship rvagbnÞúk PaBdabTTwg nigm:Um:g;. eKGaceRbIkmμviFIkMuBüÚTr½edIm,IedaHRsay
va. bTdæan ACI Code GnuBaØati[eRbIkarviPaKssrdWeRkTImYy b¤deW RkTIBIr. karviPaKssrdWeRkTIBIr RtUv)an
tRmUv[eRbIenAeBlEdl Klu / r > 100 . viFIKNnam:Um:g;bEnßmrbs; ACI Code CaviFIsRmYlsRmab;KNna
emKuNbnÞúkbEnßmTaMgeRKagBRgwg nigeRKagminBRgwg.
12>6>2> m:Um:g;bEnßmenAkñúgeRKagGt;eyal (Magnified Moments in Nonsway Frames)

\T§iBlrbs;pleFobrlas; slenderness ratio Klu / r enAkñúgGgát;rgkarsgát;éneRKagBRgwgGac
RtUv)anecalRbsinebI Klu / r ≤ 34 − 12M1 / M 2 dUcbgðajenAkñúgEpñk 5>1 . RbsinebI Kl / r > u
34 − 12 M / M enaH\T§iBlPaBrlas;RtUv)anBicarNa. dMeNIrkarkMNt;emKuNbEnßm δ ns enAkñúgeRKagmin

1 2
eyalGacRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam (ACI Code, section 10.12)³

1> kNt;faeRKagCaeRKagBRgwgTb;nwg sidesway b¤Gt; rYckMNt;RbEvgKμanTRm lu nigemKuNRbEvg
RbsiT§PaB K ¬ K RtUv)ansnμt;[esμI 1.0 ¦
2> KNnaPaBrwgRkajrbs;Ggát; EI edayeRbIsmIkar
0.2 Ec I g + Es I se
EI = (12-12)
1 + βd
b¤smIkarEdlsRmYlCag
0.4 Ec I g
EI = (12-13)
1 + βd
EI = 0.25Ec I g ¬sRmab; β d = 0.6 ¦ (-1214)
Edl Ec = 4780 f 'c
Es = 2.1 ⋅ 105 MPa

Ig = m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;ebtugtamG½kSNamYyEdleyIgBicarNaedayecal As
I se = m:Um:g;nicalPaBénmuxkat;EdkeFobG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat;ebtug
maximum factored axial sustained load 1.2 D (sustained)
βd = =
maximum factored axial load 1.2 D + 1.6 L
cMNaMfa³ β d xagelICapleFobEdlFøab;KNnam:Um:g;bEnßmenAkñúgssrEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúk
sustained .

smIkar (-13) nig (-14) manlkçN³suRkitticCagsmIkar (-12) . elIsBIenH smIkar (12-14)

TTYl)anedaysnμt; β d = 0.6 CMnYskñúgsmIkar (-13) .
3> kMNt;bnÞúk Euler buckling/ Pc ³
π 2 EI
Pc = (12-15)
(Klu )2
eRbItémørbs; EI / K nig lu dUcKNnaBICMhan 1> nigCMhan 2>.
4> KNnatémøénemKuN Cm edIm,IeRbIenAkñúgsmIkarénemKuNm:Um:g;bEnßm moment-magnifier
factor. sRmab;Ggát;BRgwgedayKμanbnÞúkxag transverse load
0.4 M 1
Cm = 0.6 + ≥ 0.4 (12-16)
M2
Edl M1 / M 2 viC¢manRbsinebIssrRtUv)anBt;kñúgkMeNageTal. sRmab;Ggát;CamYybnÞúkxag
enA cenøaHTRm Cm KYrRtUv)anykesμInwg 1.0 .
5> KNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnßm δ ns
Cm
δ ns = ≥ 1.0 (12-17)
1 − ( Pu / 0.75Pc )
Edl Pu CabnÞúkemKuN nig Pc nig Cm RtUv)anKNnaBIxagelI.
6> KNnaGgát;rgkarsgát;edayeRbIbnÞúkemKuNtamG½kS Pu BIkarviPaKeRKagd¾RtwmRtUv nigm:Um:g;
bEnßm magnified moment M c EdlKNnadYcxageRkam³
M c = δ ns M 2 (12-18)
Edl M 2 Cam:Um:g;emKuNEdlFMCagEdlekItBIbnÞúk EdllT§plmineyal. sRmab;eRKagBRgwg
Tb;nwg sidesway emKuNeyalKW δ s = 0 . enAkñúgeRKagGt;eyal nonsway frame PaBdab
TTwgRtUv)anrMBwg[tUcCagb¤esμInwg H /1500 Edl H Cakm<s;srubrbs;eRKag.
12>6>3> m:Um:g;bEnßmenAkñúgeRKageyal (Magnified Moments in sway Frames)

\T§iBlrbs;PaBrlas;GacRtUv)anecalenAkúñgeRKageyal sway frame ¬KμanBRgwg unbraced¦
enAeBlEdl Klu / r < 22 . karKNnaemKuNbEnßm magnification factored δ s sRmab;eRKageyal ¬Kμan
BRgwg¦ RtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam (ACI Code, Section 10.13)³
1> kMNt;faeRKagCaeRKagKμanBRgwgTb;nwg sidesway b¤Gt; rYckMNt;RbEvgKμanTRm lu nigemKuN
RbEvgRbsiT§PaB K EdlGacTTYlBIsmIkar (12-4) (12-5) nig (12-6) b¤düaRkamrUbTI3.
ssrEvg 325 T.Chhay

2-4> KNna EI / Pc nig Cm dUc[kñúgsmIkar (12-12) dl; (12-16). cMNaMfa βd ¬edIm,IKNna EI ¦

KW CapleFobrvagkmøaMgkat;TTwgefremKuNGtibrma maximum factored sustained shear
tamCan; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuNsrubenAkñúgCan;enaH.
5> KNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnßm moment-magnifier factor/ δ s ³
1
δs = ≥ 1.0 (12-19)
1 − (∑ Pu / 0.75∑ Pc )
Edl δ s ≤ 2.5 nig ∑ Pu CaplbUkbnÞúkbBaÄrTaMgGs;enAkñúgmYyCan; nig ∑ Pc CaplbUk
bnÞúksRmab;ssrEdlTb;nwgkareyal sway enAkñúgmYyCan;. dUcKña³
M 2s
δsM s = ≥ Ms (12-20)
1 − (∑ Pu / 0.75∑ Pc )
Edl M s Cam:Um:g;emKuNxagcugbNþalmkBIbnÞúkEdlbegáItkareyalEdlTTYlyk)an.
6> KNnam:Um:g;cugbEnßm M1 nig M 2 enAxagcugGgát;rgkarsgát;EtÉg dUcxageRkam³
M 1 = M 1ns + δ s M 1s (12-21)
M 2 = M 2ns + δ s M 2 s (12-22)
Edl M1ns nig M 2ns Cam:Um:g;EdlTTYlBIlkçxNÐGt;eyal b:uEnþ M1s nig M 2s Cam:Um:g;Edl
TTYl)anBIlkçxNÐeyal. RbsinebI M 2 > M1 BIkarviPaKeRKag enaHkarKNnam:Um:g;bEnßmKW³
M c = M 2 ns + δ s M 2 s (12-23)
m:Um:g;cug M1 nig M 2 enAkñúgsmIkar (-21) (-22) nig (-23) manm:Um:g;Gt;eyal bUknigm:Um:g;
eyalbEnßm CamYynwglkçxNÐEdl
lu 35
< (12-24)
r Pu / f 'c Ag
enAkñúgkrNIenH Ggát;rgkarsgát;KYrEtRtUv)anKNnasRmab;bnÞúkemKuNtamG½kS Pu nig M c .

b:uEnþkñúgkrNIEdl
lu 35
> (12-25)
r Pu / f 'c Ag
Ggát;rgkarsgát;KYrEtRtUv)anKNnasRmab; Pu nigm:Um:g;Gt;eyalbEnßm δ ns M 2 bUkCamYy

nwgm:Um:g;eyalbEnßm δ s M 2 CamYynwgm:Um:g;KNna M c = δ ns M 2ns + δ s M 2s . krNIenHGac
ekItmansRmab;ssrEvg slender column CamYynwgbnÞúktamG½kSFM enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;Gtibrma
ekItmanenAcenøaHcugssr nigminenAxagcug.
bTdæan ACI Code, section 10.13.4 GnuBaØatnUvviFIepSgeTotsRmab;karKNna δ s M s én
smIkar (12-20) edayeRbIsnÞsSn_sißrPaB stability index Q Edl[kñúgsmIkar (12-11) Edl
δ s ≤ 1.5 ³

Ms
δsM s = ≥ Ms (-26)
1− Q
]TahrN_ 2³ muxkat;ssrdUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI5 RTbnÞúktamG½kS P D nigm:Um:g; M D = 157kN .m
= 605kN
EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúktamGk½S PL = 490kN nigm:Um:g; M L = 126kN .m EdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúk

cl½t. ssrCaEpñkrbs;eRKagBRgwg nigmankMeNageTaltamG½kSem. RbEvgKμanTRmrbs;ssrKW lc = 5.8m
ehIym:Um:g;enAcugTaMgsgçagrbs;ssrmantémøsμIKña. epÞógpÞat;muxkat;ssredayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig
f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnabnÞúkcugeRkay ultimate load³
Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 1.2 × 605 + 1.6 × 490 = 1510kN
M u = 1.2M D + 1.6M L = 1.2 × 157 + 1.6 × 126 = 390kN .m

M 390
e= u = = 258.3mm
Pu 1510
2> RtYtBinitüemIlfaetIssrEvgb¤xøI. edaysareRKagRtUv)anBRgwg snμt; K = 1.0
r = 0.3h = 0.3 × 550 = 165mm nig lu = 5.8m
Klu 5800
= = 35.15
r 165
sRmab;ssrBRgwg RbsinebI Klu / r ≤ 34 − 12M1 / M 2 \T§iBlénPaBrlas;GacRtUv)anecal.
edaysarssrekagedaykMeNageTal enaH M1 / M 2 viC¢man. dUcenH
ssrEvg 327 T.Chhay

M1
34 − 12 = 34 − 12 = 22
M2
edaysar Klu / r = 35.15 > 22 enaH\T§iBlénPaBrlas;RtUv)anBicarNa.
3> KNna EI BIsmIkar (-12)³
A. KNna E c
Ec = 4780 f 'c = 4780 28 = 25293.4MPa
Es = 2.1 ⋅105 MPa

B. m:Um:g;niclPaBKW
350(550) 4π 282
3
Ig = = 4852.6 ⋅ 106 mm 4 As = A's = = 2463mm 2
12 4
⎛ 550 − 120 ⎞
2
I se = 2 × 2463⎜ ⎟ = 227.7 ⋅ 10 mm
6 4
⎝ 2 ⎠
pleFobm:Um:g;GefrKW
1.2 × 605
βd = = 0.48
1510
C. PaBrwgRkajKW
0.2 Ec I g + Es I se
EI =
1 + βd
0.2 × 25293.4 × 4852.6 ⋅ 106 + 2.1 ⋅ 105 × 227.7 ⋅ 106
= = 48.9 ⋅ 1012 N .mm 2
1 + 0.48
4> KNna P c
π EI
2
π 2 48.9 ⋅ 1012
Pc = = = 14346.72kN
(Klu )2 (5800) 2
5> KNna C BIsmIkar (-16)³

m
M1
Cm = 0.6 + 0.4 ≥ 0.4
M2
= 0.6 + 0.4(1) = 1.0

6> KNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnßmBIsmIkar (12-17)³
Cm 1
δ ns = = = 1.16
1 − ( Pu / 0.75Pc ) 1 − [1510 /(0.75 × 14346.72]
7> KNnam:Um:g;KNna design moment nigbnÞúkKNna design load edaysnμt; φ = 0.65
1510
Pn = = 2323kN
0.65
390
Mn = = 600kN .m
0.65
KNna M c = 1.16 × 600 = 696kN .m

KNnacMNakp©it e=
696
2323
= 300mm
8> kMNt;ersIusþg; nominal load strength énmuxkat;edayeRbI e = 300mm edayeRbIsmIkar (11-4)³

Pn = 8.33a + 926.58 − 2.46 f s (I)
h 550
e' = e + d − = 300 + 490 − = 515mm
2 2
1 ⎡ ⎛ a⎞ ⎤
Pn = ⎢8.33a⎜ 490 − ⎟ + 926.58(490 − 60 )⎥
515 ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
−3 2
= 7.93a − 8.1 ⋅ 10 a + 773.65 (II)
BIsmIkar (I) nig (II) eyIgTTYl)an a = 267mm / f = 338MPa nig P = 2319.2kN .
s n
edaysarEtersIusþg;bnÞúk load strength P = 2319.2kN nigbnÞúktRmUvkar required load

n
P = 2323kN mantémøRbhak;RbEhlKña enaHmuxkat;RtUv)ancat;TukfaRKb;RKan;. RbsinebI

n
muxkat;minRKb;RKan; RtUvdMeLIgmuxkat;Edk.
9> epÞógpÞat;témøsnμt; φ
a = 267 mm c = 314.12mm d t = 490mm
⎛ dt − c ⎞
εt = ⎜ ⎟0.003 = 0.00168 < 0.002
⎝ c ⎠
dUcenH φ = 0.65
]TahrN_ 3³ epÞógpÞat;PaBRKb;RKan;rbs;ssrkñúg]TahrN_TI2 RbsinebIRbEvgKμanTRm (unsupported

length) lu = 3m . kMNt;bnÞúk nominal load GtibrmaenAelIssr.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> bnÞúkEdlGnuvtþKW P = 2323kN nig M = 600kN .m
n n
2> epÞógpÞat;PaBEvgxøIrbs;ssr³ l = 3m / r = 0.3 × 550 = 165mm nig K = 1.0 ¬eRKagRtUv)anBRgwg

u
Tb;nwgkareyalxag sidesway ¦.
Klu 3000
= = 18.2
r 165
epÞógpÞat; Kl u / r = 34 − 12 M 1b / M 2b
34 − 12(1) = 22
eday Klu
r
= 18.2 < 22
enaH \T§iBlénPaBrlas;Gacecal)an.
ssrEvg 329 T.Chhay

3> kMnt;lT§PaBRTbnÞúk nominal load ebs;ssrxøI dUcBnül;enAkñúg]TahrN_TI4 énemeronTI11

¬eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát; nigkarBt;;¦. eyIgTTYl)an Pn = 2574.9kN ¬sRmab; e = 258.3mm ¦
EdlFMCagbnÞúkcaM)ac; Pn = 2323kN .
]TahrN_ 4³ epÞógpÞat;PaBRKb;RKan;rbs;ssrkñúg]TahrN_TI2 RbsinebIeRKagminRtUv)anBRgwgTb;nwgeyal

xag sidesway emKuNbgáb;cug end-restraint factor KW ψ A = 0.8 nig ψ B = 2 ehIyRbEvgKμanTRm
unsupported length KW lu = 4850mm .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;témø K BIdüaRkam alignment chart rUbTI3 sRmab;eRKagminBRgwg. P¢ab;témø ψ A = 0.8
nig ψ B = 2 kat;ExS K Rtg; K = 1.4 .
Klu 1.4 × 4850
= = 41.15
r 165
2> sRmab;eRKagKμanBRgwg RbsinebI Klu / r ≤ 22 ssrGacRtUv)anKNnadUcssrxøI.
edaysarEttémø Klu / r = 41.15 > 22 eKRtUvEtKitBI\T§iBlénPaBrlas;.
3> KNnaemKuNm:Um:g;bEnßm δ ns eK[ Cm = 1 / K = 1.4 / EI = 48.9 ⋅1012 N .m2
¬BI]TahrN_TI2¦ nig
π 2 EI π 2 × 48.9 ⋅ 1012
Pc = = = 10468.1kN
(Klu )2 (1.4 × 4850)2
Cm 1
δ ns = = = 1.24
⎛ Pu ⎞ ⎛ 1510 ⎞
1 − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 1 − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.75 × Pc ⎠ ⎝ 0.75 × 10468.1 ⎠
4> BI]TahrN_TI2 Pu = 1510kN nig M u = 390kN .m b¤ Pn = 2323kN nig M n = 600kN .m

m:Um:g;KNna M c = 1.24 × 600 = 744kN .m dUcenH
δ ns M n 744
e= = = 320.3mm
Pn 2323
5> epÞógpÞat;PaBRKb;RKan;rbs;ssrxøIsRmab; Pn = 2323kN / M c = 744kN .m nig e = 320.3mm .
viFIsaRsþkñúgkaredaHRsayRtUv)anBnül;kñúg]TahrN_TI4 én emeronTI 11 ¬eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát;
nigkarBt;¦.
6> BI]TahrN_TI4 én emeronTI11 ¬eRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát; nigkarBt;¦ eyIg)an
Pn = 8.33a + 926.58 − 2.46 f s
h 550
e' = e + d − = 320.3 + 490 − = 535.3mm
2 2

1 ⎡ ⎛ a⎞ ⎤
Pn = ⎢8.33a⎜ 490 − ⎟ + 926.58(490 − 60 )⎥
535.3 ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
= 7.625a − 0.00778a 2 + 744.31

eyIgTTYl)an a = 259.86mm
dUcenH c = 305.7mm nig Pn = 2200kN . lT§PaBRTbnÞúkrbs;ssr Pn = 2200kN tUc
CagbnÞúkEdlRtUvRT Pn = 2323kN . dUcenHmuxkat;minRKb;RKan;.
7> begáInmuxkat;EdkBI 4DB28 eTA 4DB30 ehIyeFVIkarKNnaepÞógpÞat;eLIgvij enaHeyIg
TTYl)an Pn = 2335kN / ε t < 0.002 nig φ = 0.65 .
]TahrN_ 5³ KNnassrkaer:xagkñúgsRmab;Can;TImYyénGKarkariyal½y8Can;. km<s; clear height énCan;

TImYyKW 4.9m nigkm<s;sRmab;Can;d¾éTeTotKW 3.4m . GKarenHman 24RbGb; ¬rUbTI6¦ ehIyssrminRtUv
)anBRgwgTb;nwgkareyalxag sidesway. bnÞúkEdlGnuvtþmkelIssrxagkñúgCan;TImYy bNþalmkBITMnaj
EpndI nigxül;dUcxageRkam³
bnÞúkefrtamG½kS = 1690 kN
bnÞúkGefertamG½kS = 623kN
bnÞúkxül;tamG½kS = 0kN
m:Um:g;bnÞúkefr = 43.4kN.m ¬xagelI¦ 73.2kN.m ¬xageRkam¦
m:Um:g;bnÞúkGefr = 27.1kN.m ¬xagelI¦ 48.8kN.m ¬xageRkam¦
m:Um:g;bnÞúkxül; = 67.8kN.m ¬xagelI¦ 67.8kN.m ¬xageRkam¦
EI / l sRmab;Fñwm = 40 ⋅ 106 kN.mm
eRbI f 'c = 35MPa / f y = 400MPa nigtRmUvkarrbs;bTdæan ACI Code. snμt;fa bnÞúkEdlman

GMeBIelIssrxageRkAesμI 2 / 3 énssrxagkñúg ehIybnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIelIssrRtg;RCugesμI 1 / 3 énssrxag
kñúg ehIy β d = 0.55 .
ssrEvg 331 T.Chhay

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnabnÞúkemKuNedayeRbIkarpSMbnÞúk. sRmab;bnÞúkTMnajEpndI³
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 1690 + 1.6 × 623 = 3024.8kN
M u = M 2ns = 1.2 M D + 1.6 M L = 1.2 × 73.2 + 1.6 × 48.8 = 165.92kN .m

sRmab;bnÞúkTMnajEpndI nigbnÞúkxül;
Pu = (1.2 D + 0.5L + 1.6W ) = 1.2 × 1690 + 0.5 × 623 + 0 = 2339.5kN
M uns = M 2ns = 1.2 M D + 1.6 M L = 1.2 × 73.2 + 1.6 × 48.8 = 165.92kN .m
M us = M 2 s = 1.6 M w = 1.6 × 67.8 = 108.48kN .m

bnSMbnÞúkepSgeTotEdlminsMxan;
Pu = 0.9 D + 1.6W = 0.9 × 1690 + 1.6 × 0 = 1521kN
M 2 = 0.9 M D = 1.2 × 73.2 = 87.84kN .m

M 2 s = 1.6 M w = 1.6 × 67.8 = 108.48kN .m
M M 165.92
e = u = 2ns = = 54.85mm
Pu Pu 3024.8
emin = (15.24 + 0.03h) = 15.24 + 0.03 × 460 = 29.04mm < 54.85mm

2> eRCIserIsmuxkat;dMbUgrbs;ssredayEp¥kelIbnSMbnÞúkTMnajEpndIedayeRbItaragb¤düaRkam.
eRCIserIsmuxkat;ssr 460 × 460 CamYynwgEdk DB32 cMnYn4edIm ¬rUbTI7¦.
3> epÞógpÞat; Klu / r

460 4
Ig = = 37.3 ⋅ 108 mm 4 Ec = 28278.9 MPa
12
sRmab;ssr I = 0.7 I g
sRmab;ssrEdlmankm<s; 4.9m
EI 0.7 × 37.3 ⋅ 108 × 28278.9

= = 15.1 ⋅ 109 N .mm
lc 4900
sRmab;ssrEdlmankm<s; 3.4m
EI 0.7 × 37.3 ⋅ 108 × 28278.9
= = 21.7 ⋅ 109 N .mm
lc 3400
sRmab;Fñwm EI g / lb = 40 ⋅109 N .mm / I = 0.35I g nig
EI / lb = 0.35 × 40 ⋅ 109 = 14 ⋅ 109 N .mm
ψ (top) = ψ (bottom) = ∑
(EI / lc ) = (15.1 + 21.7) ⋅ 10 = 1.3 9
∑ (EI / lb ) 9
2 × 14 ⋅ 10
BItarag alignment chart K = 1.4 sRmab;eRKagKμanBRgwg nig K = 0.8 sRmab;eRKag
BRgwg.
Klu 1.4 × 4900
= = 49.7
r 0.3 × 460
EdlFMCag 22 nigtUcCag 100 . dUcenH eKRtUvBicarNaBI slenderness ratio.
4> epÞógpÞat; lu / r = 4900 /(0.3 × 460) = 35.5
35 35
= = 54.8 (-24)
Pu / f 'c Ag 3024800 /(35 × 460 × 460)
edaysarEt lu / r < 54.8 m:Um:g; nonsway moment mincaM)ac;bEnßm.

5> KNna Pc
Ec = 28278.9MPa Es = 2.1 ⋅ 105 MPa
2
460 4 4π 32 2 ⎛ 340 ⎞
Ig = = 37.3 ⋅ 108 mm 4 I se = ⎜ ⎟ = 93 ⋅ 10 mm
6 4
12 4 ⎝ 2 ⎠
β d = 0.55
0.2 Ec I g + E s I se
EI =
1 + βd
0.2 × 28278.9 × 37.3 ⋅ 108 + 2.1 ⋅ 105 × 93 ⋅ 106
EI = = 26.2 ⋅ 1012 N .mm 2
1 + 0.55
edIm,IKNna δ s / β d = 0 enaH EI = 1.55 × 26.2 ⋅1012 = 40.63N .mm2
π 2 EI π 2 × 26.2 ⋅ 1012
Pc =
( Kl ) 2
=
(0.8 × 4900) 2
= 16827.86kN ¬BRgwg¦
u
π EI 2
π 2 × 40.63 ⋅ 1012
Pc =
( Klu ) 2
=
(1.4 × 4900) 2
= 8521.15kN ¬KμanBRgwg¦
sRmab;mYyCan;enAkñúgGKar eKmanssrxagkñúg 14 ssrxageRkA 18 nigssrkac;RCug 4 .
2 1
∑ Pu = 14(2339.5) + 18( × 2339.5) + 4( × 2339.5) = 63946.3kN
3 3
ssrEvg 333 T.Chhay

2
∑ Pc = 14(8521.15) + 22( × 8521.15) = 244273kN
3
1
δs = = 1.54
63946.3
1− ( )
0.75 × 244273
EdlFMCag 1 nigtUcCag 2.5 smIkar (-19)
M c = M 2 ns + δ s M 2 s = 165.92 + 1.54 × 108.48 = 333kN .m
6> bnÞúkKNnaKW Pu = 2339.5kN nig M c = 333kN .m
333
e= = 142.34mm
2339.5
emin = (15.24 + 0.03h) = 15.24 + 0.03 × 460 = 29.04mm < e
tamkarviPaK sRmab; e = 142.34mm nig A = 1608.5mm2 ¬ φ = 0.65 ¦
lT§PaBRTbnÞúkrbs; ssrmuxkat; 460 × 460 KW φPn = 2348.1kN nig φM n = 334.2kN .m
dUcenHmuxkat;KWRKb;RKan;. ¬dMeNaHRsaymanlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwg]TahrN_TI4 kñúg
emeroneRKOgbgÁúMrgkarsgát; nigkarBt;. témø a = 242.86mm /
c = 303.57 mm / f s = 190.6 MPa / f ' s = 400 MPa / φPb = 1676.8kN nig
eb = 218mm ¦.
400 − 303.57
ε t = 0.003 = 0.00095 < 0.002 / φ = 0.65
303.57

XIII. eCIgtag
FOOTINGS

eCIgtagebtugGarem:CaGgát;éneRKOgbgÁúMEdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRTssr nigCBa¢aMg nigmannaTI
bBa¢Ún ehIynigBRgaybnÞúkrbs;vaeTAdI. karKNnaKWQrelIkarsnμt;faeCIgtagmanlkçN³rwg dUcenH
bERmbRmYlsm<aFdIEdlenABIeRkameCIgtammanlkçN³CabnÞat; (linear). eKTTYl)ansm<aFdIman
lkçN³esμIenAeBlEdlbnÞúkssrRtYtsIuKñaCamYynwgTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;eCIgtag. ebIeTaHbICakarsnμt;enH
Gac TTYlyk)ansRmab;eCIgtagrwg Etkarsnμt;enHkøayeTACaminsUvsuRkitenAeBlEdleCIgtagkøay
eTACamanlkçN³Tn; (flexible) xøaMg. karKNnad¾RtwmRtUvrbs;eCIgtagtRmUv[³
- minRtUvFMCaglT§PaBRTRTg;bnÞúkrbs;dI.
- RtUveCosvagsRmutFM sRmutDIepr:g;Esül (differential settlement) b¤mMurgVil.
- RtUvmanemKuNsuvtßiPaBRKb;RKan;Tb;nwgkarrGil (sliding) nig¼b¤ karRkLab; (overturning).
RbePTeCIgtagEdlmanlkçN³TUeTAbMputenAkñúgsMNg;RtUv)aneRbIKW single footing nig wall
footing ¬rUbTI13>1 nig 13>2¦. enAeBlEdlbnÞúkssrRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAdIedayeCIgtag enaHdIrg
karsgát;. brimaNénsRmutGaRs½ynwgktþaCaeRcIn dUcCa RbePTdI GaMgtg;sIuetbnÞúk CeRmABIeRkamnIv:U

dI RbePTeCIgtag. RbsinebIrcnasm<½n§EtmYymaneCIgtagxusKña enaHvanwgmansRmutxusKña ehIykug
RtaMgfμInwgekItmanenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúM. sRmutDIepr:g;EsülFMnwgbgá[Ggát;enAkñúgsMNg;EdlminEmnCa
eRKOgbgÁúMrgeRKaHfñak; b¤EpñkxøHEdlrgplb:HBal;Gac)ak;.
CaTUeTA bnÞúkbBaÄrRtUv)andak;enAcMTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;eCIgtag. RbsinebIkmøaMgGnuvtþn_pÁÜbmin
RtYtsIunwgTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;eCIgtag enaHm:Um:g;Bt;ekItman. kñúgkrNIenH sm<aFenABIeRkameCIgtagmçag
FMCag sm<aFenABIeRkameCIgtagmçageTot.
RbsinebIlT§PaBRTRTg;bnÞúkrbs;dIxusKñaenAeRkameCIgtagepSgKña enaHsRmutDIepr:g;Esülnwg
ekItman ¬]TahrN_ RbsinebIeCIgtagénGKarxøHQrelIdI ÉxøHeTotQrelIfμ¦. enAkñúgkrNIEbbenH
eKKYreFVIkarEcksMNg;enHCaBIrEpñkedaytMN edIm,IGnuBaØat[vaRsutedayÉkraCüBIKña.
CeRmAeCIgtagBIeRkamnIv:UdIKWCaktþad¾sMxan;kñugkarKNnaeCIgtag. CeRmAKYrRtUv)ankMNt;BIkar
BiesaFdI Edl)anpþl;nUvB½t’mand¾KYr[TukcitþBIlT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;dId¾mansuvtßiPaBeTAtamRsTab;dI
eCIgtag 335 T.Chhay
epSgKñaBIeRkamnIv:UdI. r)aykarN_BIkarBiesaFdIkMNt;nUvlT§PaBRTRTg;GnuBaØatedIm,IeRbIkñúgkarKNna.
enAtMbn;RtCak;EdlmanFøak;RBil (frost action) GacnwgekIneLIg b¤fycuH. dUcenHeKcaM)ac;RtUvdak;
eCIgtagBIeRkam freezing depth edIm,IeCosvagkarmanclna.
13>2> RbePTeCIgtag (Types of Footings)
eKmaneCIgtagCaeRcInRbePTEdleRbIsRmab;RTssr b¤CBa¢aMg. eCIgtagEdleKeRbICaTUeTAman
dUcxageRkam³
- Wall footings RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRT structural wall EdlRTbnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐ b¤edIm,IRT
nonstructural walls. vamanTTwgkMNt; nigmanRbEvgCab;KñaenABIeRkamCBa¢aMg ¬rUbTI13>1¦. Wall
footings GacmankRmas;EtmYy Gacmanfñak; b¤GacmanCRmal.
T.Chhay 336 Footings

- b¤ single footings RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRTssreTal ¬rUbTI13>2¦. vaGacmanragkaer

Isolated,
ctuekaNEkg b¤rgVg;. mþgeTot eCIgtagmankRmas;esμI manfñak; b¤manCRmal. vaCaRbePTeCIgtag

EdlmanlkçN³snSMsMécbMput nigvaRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlssrmanKMlatq¶ay. RbePTEdleKcUlcitþ
eRbICageKKWmanragkaer b¤ctuekaNEkgCamYykRmas;esμI.
- Combined footing ¬rUbTI13>3¦CaTUeTARTssrBIr b¤ssrbIEdlminenACYrEtmYy. ragrbs;
eCIgtagkñúgbøg;GacCactuekaNEkg b¤ctuekaNBñay GaRs½ynwgbnÞúkssr. Combined footings

RtUv)aneRbIenAeBlssrBIrenACitKñaEdleCIgtag single footings minGaceRbI)an b¤enAeBlssrmYy
sßitenAelI b¤enAEk,r property line.
eCIgtag 337 T.Chhay

- ¬rUbTI13>4¦ rYmmaneCIgtag single footings BIrP¢ab;edayFñwm

Cantilever or strap footings
mYy b¤ strap mYy nigRTssreTalBIr. vaRtUv)aneRbIenAeBlEdleCIgtagmYyRTssrcakp©it ehIy

eCIgtagmYysßitenAEk,rmancm¶ayKMlattUc. RbePTeCIgtagenHCMnYs combined footings nigeBlxøH
manlkçN³snSMsMécCag.
- Continuous footings ¬rUbTI13>5¦ RTnUvssrmYyCYrEdlmancMnYncab;BIbIeLIg. vamanTTwg
kMNt; nigCab;KñaBIeRkamssrTaMgGs;.

- Raft b¤ mat foundations ¬rUbTI13>6¦ pSMeLIgedayeCIgtagmYy CaTUeTARtUv)andak;enABI

eRkamtYGKarTaMgmUl nigRTssrGKar. vaRtUv)aneRbIenAeBl
a. lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;dItUc
b. bnÞúkssrFM
c. Single footings minGaceRbI
d. Piles minRtUv)aneRbI
e. sRmutDIepr:g;EsülRtUv)ankat;bnßytamry³RbB½n§RKwHTaMgmUl
- Pile caps ¬rUbTI13>7¦ CakRmalx½NÐRkas;EdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IcgP¢ab;RkumssrRKwHCamYy
Kña nigedIm,IRT nigbBa¢ÚlbnÞúkssreTAssrRKwH.
13>3> karBRgaysm<aFdI (Distribution of soil pressure)

rUbTI 13>8 bgðajBIeCIgtagEdlRTssreTal. enAeBlbnÞúkssr P RtUv)andak;enABIelITI
RbCMuTm¶n;eCIgtag enaHsm<aFesμIRtuv)ansnμt;ekItmanenAelIépÞdIBIeRkamépÞeCIgtag. b:uEnþkarBit kar
BRgaysm<aFdIBitR)akdminesμIeT vaGaRs½ynwgktþaCaeRcIn CaBiessGaRs½ynwgFatupSMrbs;dI
(composition of the soil) nigkRmitTn;rlas; (degree of flexibility) rbs;eCIgtag.
eCIgtag 339 T.Chhay

]TahrN_ karBRgaysm<aFenAelIdIEdlKμanPaBs¥it (cohesionless soil) b¤dIxSac;enABIxag

eRkameCIgtagrwg (rigid footing) RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 13>9. sm<aFmantémøGtibrmaenABIxag
eRkamG½kSeCIgtag ehIyfycuHenAxagcugeCIgtag. dIEdlKμanPaBs¥it)ancl½tecjBIcugéneCIgtag
begáIt[mankarkat;bnßysm<aF b:uEnþsm<aFekIneLIgenAmþúMG½kSedIm,IbMeBjlkçxNÐlMnwg. RbsinebI
eCIgtagsßitenABIelIdIs¥it (cohesive soil) dUcCadI\dæ sm<aFenABIxageRkamcugeCIgtagFMCagenARtg;
G½kSrbs;eCIgtag ¬rUbTI 13>10¦. dI\dæEk,rcugRKwHmanPaBs¥itxøaMgCamYynwgdI\dæenAEk,rEdlB½T§CMu
vijeCIgtag begáIt)anCakarBRgaysm<aFminesμI.
CaTUeTAsm<aFdIRTRTg;GnuBaØat qa RtUv)ankMNt;ecjBIkarBiesaFn_dI. sm<aFdIRTRTg;GnuBaØat
enHERbRbYleTAtamRbePTdI BItémøx<s;bMputsRmab;RsTab;fμ (rocky bed) eTAtémøTabbMputsRmab;Rs
Tab;dIl,b; (silty soil). ]TahrN_ qa sRmab; sedimentary rock esμI 1450kN / m 2 / sRmab;
compacted gravel esμI 400kN / m 2 / sRmab; well-graded compacted sand esμI 300kN / m 2 / nig
sRmab; silty-gravel esμI 150kN / m 2 .

eyagtamrUbTI 13>8 enAeBlEdlbnÞúk P manGMeBI EpñkéneCIgtagBIeRkamssrrkklnwg

RsutcuHeRkam. eCIgtagnwgyknUvTRmg;ExSRtg;esμI EdlbegáItCasm<aFbukeLIgelIvijedIm,ITb;Epñkén
eCIgtag. EpñknImYy²mannaTICa cantilever nigRtUv)anKNnasRmab;TaMgm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwg.
karKNnaeCIgtagnwgRtUv)anBnül;y:aglMGitenAeBleRkay.
13>4> karBicarNakñúgkarKNna (Design Consideration)

eCIgtagRtUv)anKNnaedImI,RTbnÞúkssr nigbBa¢ÚnbnÞúkssreTAdIy:agsuvtßiPaB. viFIsaRsþkñúg
karKNnaRtUvEtykersIusþg;caM)ac;xageRkammkBicarNa³
- RkLaépÞeCIgtagQrelIlT§PaBRTRTg;dIGnuBaØat
- kmøaMgkat;mYyTis one-way shear
- kmøaMgkat;BIrTis two-way shear b¤kmøaMgpug punching shear
- m:Um:g;Bt; nigbrimaNEdkRtUvkar
- lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrenA)atrbs;va nigEdk dowel caM)ac;
- RbEvgf<k;rbs;Edk
- sRmutDIepr:g;Esül
ersIusþg;caM)ac;TaMgenHnwgRtUvBnül;enAkñúgEpñkxageRkam.
13>4>1> TMhMeCIgtag (size of Footing)

RkLaépÞeCIgtagGacRtUv)anKNnaBIbnÞúkxageRkABitR)akd ¬m:Um:g; nigbnÞúkKμanemKuN¦Edl
minFMCaglT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;dI. CaTUeTA sRmab;bnÞúkQr
RkLaépÞeCIgtag = total service load (including self - weight)
allowable soil pressure, q
¬!#>!¦
a
b¤ Area =
P (total )
qa
Edl bnÞúkeFVIkarsrubCabnÞúkKNnaKμanemKuN. enAeBlEdlRkLaépÞRtUv)ankMNt;sm<aFdI
emKuNRtUv)anTTYledayEckbnÞúkemKuN Pu = 1.2D + 1.6L eday®kLaépÞeCIgtag. kareFVIEbb
enHedIm,IKNnaeCIgtagtamviFIKNnaersIusþg; (strength design method) .
eCIgtag 341 T.Chhay

qu =
Pu
area of footing
¬!#>@¦
sm<aFdIGnuBaØat qa RtUv)anTTYlBIkarBiesaFdI nigQrelIlkçxNÐbnÞúkeFVIkar (service load) .
13>4>2> kmøaMgkat;mYyTis ¬kmøaMgkat;Fñwm¦ Vu1 One-Way Shear (Beam Shear)

sRmab;eCIgtagCamYynwgkmøaMgBt;mYyTis muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sßitenAcm¶ay d BIépÞmuxrbs;
ssr. kmøaMgTajGgát;RTUgenAmuxkat; m − m kñúgrUbTI13>11 GacRtUv)anBinitüemIldUcGVIEdl)aneFVI
sRmab;Fñwm. kmøaMgkat;TTwgGnuBaØatenAkñúgkrNIenHesμInwg³
2
φVc = φ f ' c bd
12
¬ φ = 0.75 ¦ ¬!#>#¦
Edl b = TTwgrbs;muxkat; m − m . kmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuNenAmuxkat; m − m GacRtUv)an
KNnadUcxageRkam³
⎛L C ⎞
Vu1 = qu b⎜ − − d ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠
¬!#>$¦
RbsinebIEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgminRtUv)aneRbI enaH d GacRtUv)anKNna edaysnμt; Vu = φVc ³
d=
12Vu1
2φ f ' b
¬!#>%¦
c

13>4>3> kmøaMgkat;BIrTis ¬kmøaMgpug¦ Vu1 Two-Way Shear (Punching Shear)

kmøaMgkat;BIrTisCargVas;énkmøaMgTajGgát;RTUgEdlbNþalmkBI\T§iBlénbnÞúkssrenAelI
eCIgtag. sñameRbHeRTt GacekIteLIgenAkñúgeCIgtagenAcm¶ay d / 2 BImuxépÞssrenARKb;RCug. eCIg
tagnwg)ak;enAeBlEdlssrBüayamTMlHu EpñkéneCIgtag ¬rUbTI13>12¦.
ACI Code, Section 11.12.2 GnuBaØatersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwg Vc enAkñúgeCIgtagEdlKμanEdk
kmøaMgkat;TTwgsRmab;GMeBIkmøaMgkat;BIrTis esμInwgtémøtUcCageKbMputén
Vc1 =
4
12
f 'c bo d ¬!#>^¦
⎛ 4 ⎞ f ' c bo d
Vc 2 = ⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟⎟
β ⎠ 12
¬!#>&¦
⎝
⎛α d ⎞ f ' c bo d
Vc3 = ⎜⎜ s + 2 ⎟⎟ ¬!#>*¦
⎝ bo ⎠ 12
Edl pleFobRCugEvgelIRCugxøIrbs;ssr
β=
bo = brimaRténmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;EdlenAcm¶ay d / 2 BIRkLaépÞbnÞúk ¬muxkat;ssr¦
emIlrUbTI 13>12
d = km<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;eCIgtag
sRmab;témø Vc1 nig Vc2 eyIgeXIjfa Vc1 lub ¬tUcCag Vc2 ¦ enARKb;eBlEdl β ≤ 2 b:uEnþ
Vc 2 lub ¬tUcCag Vc1 ¦ enARKb;eBlEdl β > 2 . enHbgðaj[eXIjfakmøaMgkat;TTwgGnuBaØat Vc
RtUv)ankat;bnßysRmab;eCIgtagEvgxøaMg. bERmbRmYlsm<aFdIBitR)akdtambeNþayRCugEvgCamYynwg
karekIneLIgén β . sRmab;rUbragdéTeToteRkABIctuekaN β KWCapleFobrvagTMhMEvgCageKbMputén
RkLaépÞbnÞúkRbsiT§PaBkñúgTisedAEvg elITTwgFMCageKbMputkñúgTisedAxøI ¬EkgnwgTisedAEvg¦.
sRmab;smIkar ¬!#>*¦ α s RtUv)ansnμt;esμI 40 sRmab;ssrenAkNþal/ esμI 30 sRmab;ssr
enAxag nigesμI 20 sRmab;ssrenARCug. ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtug Vc3 bgðajBI\T§iBlén
kMeNIn bo elI d . sRmab;pleFobx<s;én bo / d enaH Vc3 nwglub.
eCIgtag 343 T.Chhay

QrelItémøTaMgbIxagelIrbs; Vc km<s;RbsiT§PaB d EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;BIrTisKW)an

mkBItémøEdlFMCageKkñúgcMeNamrUbmnþxageRkam ¬ φ = 0.75 ³
d1 =
3Vu 2
φ f' b
¬Edl β ≤ 2 ¦ ¬!#>(¦
c o
b¤ d1 =
⎛
12Vu 2
4⎞
¬Edl β > 2 ¦ ¬!#>!0¦
φ ⎜⎜ 2 + ⎟⎟ f ' c bo
⎝ β⎠
d2 =
⎛α d
12Vu 2
⎞
¬!#>!!¦
φ ⎜⎜ s + 2 ⎟⎟ f ' c bo
⎝ bo ⎠
kmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis Vu 2 nigkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d caM)ac; ¬RbsinebIEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgminRtUv
)aneRbI¦GacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam ¬eyagtamrUbTI 13>12¦³
a. snμt; d
b. kMNt; bo ³ bo = 4(c + d ) sRmab;ssrkaer EdlRCugesμI c .

bo = 2(c1 + d ) + 2(c 2 + d ) sRmab;ssrctuekaN EdlmanRCugesμInwg c1 nig

c2
c. kmøaMgkat;TTwg Vu 2 eFVIGMeBIenAelImuxkat;EdlmanbeNþay bo = 4(c + d ) b¤ bo = 2(c1
+ d ) + 2(c 2 + d ) nigkm<s; d . muxkat;enHrgnUvkmøaMgbBaÄrcuHeRkam Pu nigkmøaMg
bBaÄreLIgelI qu ¬smIkar !#>@¦. dUcenH

Vu 2 = Pu − qu (c + d ) 2 sRmab;ssrkaer ¬!#>!@a¦
Vu 2 = Pu − qu (c1 + d )(c 2 + d ) sRmab;ssrctuekaNEkg ¬!#>!@b¦
d. kMNt; d FMbMput ¬én d1 nig d 2 ¦. RbsinebI d EdlrkeXIjminmantémøEk,rtémø
d Edl)ansnμt; eFVIkarsnμt;nigedaHRsayeLIgvij.
13>4>4> ersIusþg;Bt; nigEdkeCIgtag (Flexural Strength and Footing Reinforcement)

muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;ekItmanenABImuxépÞssr ¬muxkat; n − n / rUbTI 13>13¦.
eKRtUvBinitüemIlm:Um:g;Bt;enAelITisnImYy²rbs;eCIgtag nigdak;brimaNEdkRKb;RKan;. sRmab;eCIg
tagkaer nigssrkaer m:Um:g;Bt;mantémøesμIKñaTaMgBIrTis. edIm,IkMNt;muxkat;EdkcaM)ac; eKRtUveRbI
km<s;rbs;eCIgtagTaMgBIrTis. edaysarEtEdkenAkñúgTismYysßitenAelIEdkenAkñúgTismYyeTot
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d ERbRbYleTAtamGgát;p©itrbs;EdleRbI. témømFümrbs; d GacRtUv)anykmk
eRbI. témøsRmab;karGnuvtþ d RtUv)ansnμt;esμI h − 110mm .
CaerOy² km<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;eCIgtagRtUv)anRKb;RKgedaykmøaMgkat;TTwg EdlcaM)ac;
RtUvkarkm<s;eCIgtagFMCagkm<s;eCIgtagEdlRtUvkaredaym:Um:g;Bt;. EdkBRgwgkñúgTisedAnImYy²Gac
RtUv)anKNnaenAkñúgkrNIGgát;rgkarBt;dUcxageRkam³
⎛ As f y ⎞
M u = φAs f y ⎜⎜ d − ⎟
1.7 f ' b ⎟
¬!#>!#¦
⎝ c ⎠
mü:ageTot PaKryEdk ρ GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam ¬smIkar $>@¦
0.85 f ' c ⎡ ⎤
ρ=
f y ⎣⎢
⎢1 − 1 −
2 Ru
⎥
φ (0.85 f ' c ) ⎦⎥
¬!#>!$¦
Edl Ru = M u / bd 2 . enAeBlEdl Ru RtUv)ankMNt; ρ k¾RtUv)anTTYlBIsmIkar !#>!$.
tRmUvkarpleFobEdkGb,brmaenAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt;KWesμInwg 1.4 / f y enAeBl
f 'c < 31MPa nigesμInwg f ' c / 4 f y enAeBl f 'c ≥ 31MPa . b:uEnþ ACI Code, Section 10.5
eCIgtag 345 T.Chhay

bgðajfasRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlmankRmas;esμIRkLaépÞGb,brma nigKMlatGtibrmaénEdkenAkñúgTis
edAénkarBt;KYrRtUvkarEdkrYmmaD nigEdksItuNðPaB. tRmUvkarEdkGb,brmaelIkeRkayenHmantémø
tUcehIypleFobEdkGb,brmaEdlmantémøFMCagRtUv)anesñIeLIg EtvaminKYrFMCag 1.4 / f y .
EdkenAkñúgeCIgtagmYyTis nigeCIgtagBIrTisRtUvEtBRgayeBjTTwgeCIgtag. kñúgkrNI

eCIgtagctuekaNBIrTis ACI Code, Section 15.4.4 kMNt;faenAkñúgTisedAEvg EpñkénEdksrub γ s l
RtUv)anEbgEckesμIenAelITTwgrbs;eCIgtag. enAkñúgTisedAxøI PaKryBitR)akdrbs;EdksrubenAkñúgTis
edAenHRtUvEt)andak;esμIenAkñúg bandwidth esμInwgRbEvgénRCugxøIéneCIgtagGaRs½ynwg
γs =
2
β +1
¬!#>!%¦

Edl β=
long side of footing
short side of footing
¬!#>!^¦
Bandwidth RtUvEtsßitenAkNþalénG½kSrbs;ssr ¬rUbTI13>14¦. EdkEdlenAsl;enA
kñúgTisedAxøIRtUvEtBRgayesμIBIxageRkA Bandwidth . PaKryEdkenAsl;enHminKYrticCagEdkrYmmaD

nigEdksItuNðPaB.
enAeBlEdlssreRKOgbgÁúMGMBIEdk b¤ssr\dæRtUv)aneRbI enaHmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;
m:Um:g;Bt;enAkñúgeCIgtagRtUv)anykenAcenøaHBak;kNþal nigEKmCBa¢aMg\dæ nigcenøaHBak;kNþalépÞ
ssr nigEKmén steel base plate (ACI Code, Section 15.4.2).
13>4>5> lT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ssrenARtg;)at (Bearing Capacity of Column at Base)
bnÞúkmkBIssrmanGMeBIelIeCIgtagenAKl;rbs;ssr EdlmanRkLaépÞesIμnwgRkLaépÞmux
kat;ssr. kmøaMgsgát;RtUv)anbBa¢ÚnmkssredaypÞal;eday bearing enAelIebtug. kmøaMgEdlman
GMeBIenAelIebtugenARtg;Kl;énssrminRtUvelIslT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;ebtugEdlkMNt;eday ACI Code,
Section 10.17 ³
lT§PaBRTRTg; N1 = φ (0.85 f 'c A1 ) ¬!#>!&¦

Edl φ = 0.65 nig A = RkLaépÞ bearing énssr.
1
témøénlT§PaBRTRTg;Edl[ edaysmIkar 13.17 GacRtUv)anKuNedayemKuN A / A ≤ 2.0 2 1
sRmab; bearing enAelIeCIgtagenA eBlépÞEdlRTFMCagRkLaépÞbnÞúkenARKb;RCug. A enATIenHCa 2
RkLaépÞénEpñkéneCIgtagEdlrUb FrNImaRtdUcKña ehIyRtYtsIuKñaCamYynwgRkLaépÞbnÞúk ¬rUbTI

13>15¦. edaysarEt A > A enaH emKuN A / A nwgFMCagmYy EdlbgðajfalT§PaBRTRTg;
2 1 2 1
GnuBaØatekIneLIgedaysarTRmxagénRkLaépÞeCIgtagEdlB½T§CMuvijKl;ssr. lT§PaBRTRTg;kMEN
modified bearing strength KW³
A
N 2 = φ (0.85 f ' c A1 ) 2 ≤ 2φ (0.85 f ' c A1 )
A
¬!#>!*¦
1
RbsinebIbnÞúkemKuN P FMCag N b¤ N EdkRtUv)andak;edIm,IbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgelIs. eKGac

u 1 2
TTYlva)anedaydak;Edk dowel b¤EdkssrRtUv)andak;bgðÜscUleTAkñúgeCIgtag. kmøaMgelIsKW

Pex = Pu − N1 ehIyRkLaépÞrbs;Edk dowel KW Asd = ( Pex / f y ) ≥ 0.005 A1 Edl A CaRkLaépÞ 1
rbs;muxkat;ssr. y:agehacNas;EdkbYnedImRtUv)aneRbIbYnedImenARCugTaMgbYnrbs;ssr.
eCIgtag 347 T.Chhay
RbsinebIkmøaMgemKuNtUcCag N b¤ N enaHeKdak;EdkGb,brma. ACI Code, Section

1 2
15.8.2 bgðajfaRkLaépÞEdkGb,brmarbs;Edk dowel y:agehacNas;esμInwg 0.005 Ag ¬nigminRtUv
ticCagbYnedIm¦ Edl A CaRkLaépÞeBj (gross section) rbs;muxkat;ssr. EdkGb,brmak¾RtUv)an

g
eRbIEdrenAeBlEdlkmøaMgemKuNFMCag N b¤ N . Edk dowel RtUv)andak;enARCugTaMgbYnrbs;ssr

1 2
ehIybgðÜscUleTATaMgkñúgssr nigTaMgkñúgeCIgtag. Ggát;p©itEdk dowel minKYrFMCagEdkbBaÄrenAkñúg

ssr 4mm . tRmUvkarenHcaM)ac;edIm,IFanakareFVIkard¾l¥rvagssr nigeCIgtag. Edkb®Ba¢Üsrbs;Edk
dowel RtUv)anBinitüemIledIm,IkMNt;nUvkarbBa¢Únd¾l¥énkmøaMgsgát;eTAkñúgeCIgtag.

13>4>6> RbEvgEdkRCYs (Development Length of the Reinforcing bars)

muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;RtYtBinitüRbEvgEdkbgáb;dUcKñasRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;.
RbEvgbgáb;sRmab; Edksgát;RtUv)an[enAkñúgemeronTI7³
0.24 f y d b
l dc =
f 'c
b:uEnþvaenHminRtUvtUcCag 0.044d b f y ≥ 20cm . sRmab;témøepSgeToteyag tamemeronTI7.
13>4>7> sRmutDIepr:g;Esül ¬karKNnaeCIgtagkñúglkçxNÐlMnwg¦
Differential Settlement (Balanced Footing Design)
CaTUeTAeCIgtagRTnUvbnÞúkdUcxageRkam³
- bnÞúkefrEdl)anmkBIeRKagxageRkam (substructure) nigeRKagxagelI
(superstructure) .
- bnÞúkGefrEdlGnuvtþmkelI
- Tm¶n;rbs;smÖar³EdleRbIsRmab;cak;bMeBj
- bnÞúkxül;
eCIgtagnImYy²enAkñúgGKarRtUv)anKNnaedIm,IRTbnÞúkGtibrmaEdlGacekItmanenAelIssr
Edl)anBIkarbnSMbnÞúkd¾eRKaHfñak;bMput edayeRbIsm<aFRTRTg;rbs;dIGnuBaØat.
bnÞúkefr nigRbEhlCabnÞúkGefrmYyEpñktUc ¬EdleKehAfa bnÞúkGefrFmμta (usual live
load)¦ GacGnuvtþCab;Gt;dac;mkelIeRKagsMNg;. bnÞúkGefrEdlenAsl;epSgeTot GacekItmanyUr²
mþg ehIymanGMeBImkelIeRKagsMNg;EpñkxøHEtb:ueNÑaH EdlbNþal[manbnÞúkepSg²KñaenAelIssr.

dUcenH sm<aFdIenABIeRkameCIgtagepSgKña nwgERbRbYlGaRs½ynwgbnÞúkenAelIssr ehIysRmutDIepr:g;
EsülnwgekItmanenABIeRkameCIgtagepSgKñaénsMNg;EtmYy. edaysarsRmutedayEpñk (partial
settlement) minGaceCosput enaHbBaðabEgVr[sRmutDIepr:g;Esülrbs;sMNg;CagGt;»n[)an.
brimaNénsRmutDIepr:g;EsülGaRs½ynwgPaBxusKñaénkRmitENnrbs;dI/ kRmas;smÖar³EdlGacsgát;
)anenABIeRkamnIv:UeCIgtag nigPaBrwgRkajén combined footing nigsMNg;xagelI. sRmutDIepr:g;
EsülFMFIV[ebtugeRbH nigeFVI[xUcxatdl;kargarbegðIy (cladding or finishing) CBa¢aMgxNÐ nigBi
dan.
eCIgtag 349 T.Chhay

sRmutDIepr:g;EsülGacsMEdgedaykarrmUlrbs;eRKag (angular distortion of structure).

Bjerrum bgðajfakarEdkkMNt;eRKaHfñak;rbs;karrmYlsRmab;lkçxNÐxøHERbRbYlcenøaHBI 1 / 600 eTA
1 / 150 GaRs½ynwgkarxUcxatEdlnwgekItmanenAelIrcnasm<½n§.
sRmab;karGnuvtþn_ eKGacsnμt;fasm<aFdIeRkambnÞúkefrmantémøesμIKñasRmab;RKb;eCIgtag
dUcenH vaeFVI[manbnÞúkesμI. bnÞúkefr ¬b¤bnÞúkFmμta¦ GacRtUv)ansnμt;esμInwgplbUkrvagbnÞúkGefr nig
PaKryénbnÞúkGefrEdlekItmanCaerOy²enAelIeRKagsMNg;. KμankrNIEdllT§PaBRTRTg;dIGnuBaØat
FMCagbnÞúkefrbUknwgbnÞúkGefrGnuBaØatsRmab;eCIgtagnImYy²eT. ]TahrN_TI13>4 Bnül;BIviFIsaRsþ
sRmab;KNnaRkLaépÞeCIgtagEdlykmkKitBicarNaBI\T§iBlrbs;sRmutDIepr:g;Esül.
13>5> eCIgtagebtugsuT§ (Plain Concrete Footings)

eCIgtagebtugsuT§GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IRTCBa¢agM \dæ b¤bnÞúkRsal nigbBa¢ÚlbnÞúkTaMgenaHeTAdI
Edlva. ACI Code GnuBaØat[eRbIeCIgtagebtugsuT§enAelIdI RbsinkugRtaMgKNnaminRtUvFMCagkrNI
xageRkam³
- kugRtaMgrgkarBt;GtibrmasRmab;karTajRtUvEttUcCagb¤esμInwg 5φ f 'c / 12 ¬Edl
φ = 0.55 ¦
- kugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkñúgkmøaMgkat;TTWgmYyTis (beam action)RtUvtUcCagb¤esμInwg φ f 'c / 9
¬Edl φ = 0.55 ¦
- kugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkñúgGMeBIBIrTisKW
⎛1 2 ⎞
⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟φ f ' c ≤
2.66
φ f 'c ¬Edl φ = 0.55 ¦
⎝ 9 9β ⎠ 12
- ersIusþg;kmøaMgsgát;GtibrmaminKYrFMCagkarkMNt;rbs;lT§PaBRTRTg;ebtugGnuBaØat. f 'c
énebtugsuT§minKYrtUcCag 17MPa .
- kRmas;Gb,brmarbs;eCIgtagebtugsuT§minKYrtUcCag 20cm .
- muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;KWsßitenAépÞrbs;ssr b¤CBa¢aMg.
- muxkat;eRKaHfñaksRmab;GMeBIénkmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTisKWsßitenAcm¶ay
d nig d / 2 BIépÞénssr b¤CBa¢aMg erogKña. eTaHbICaeCIgtagebtugsuT§minRtUvkarEdkk¾eday
k¾vaCakarEdlRbesIkñúgkardak;srésEdkrYmmaDsRmab;TisTaMgBIrrbs;eCIgtag.

- kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkemKuNRtUv)anKNnaedaysnμt;BRgayCaragbnÞat;enAkñúgebtug.
- km<s;RbsiT§PaB d RtUv)anKitfaesμInwgkm<s;srubdk[ 75mm .
- sRmab;karBt; nigkmøaMgkat;mYyTis eRbImuxkat;eBj bh b:uEnþsRmab;kmøaMgkat;BIrTis eRbI
b h edIm,IKNna φVc .
o
]TahrN_ 13>1³ KNnaeCIgtagebtugBRgwgedayEdkedIm,IRTCBa¢aMgebtugEdlmanTTwg 50cm Edl

RTbnÞúkefr 379.5kN / m EdlrYmbBa©ÚlbnÞúkpÞal;rbs;CBa¢aMg nigRTnUvbnÞúkGefr 292kN / m . )at
rbs;eCIgtagsßitenACeRmA 1.8m BInIv:UdI. eK[ f ' = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa nigsm<aFdIGnuBaØat
c
0.24 MPa = 240kN / m . 2
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnasm<aFdIRbsiT§PaB. snμt;km<s;srubrbs;eCIgtagKW 50cm . Tm¶n;rbs;eCIgtagKW
0.5 × 25 = 12.5kN / m . edaysnμt;Tm¶n;maDrbs;dIesμInwg 16kN / m
2 3
enaHTm¶n;dIbMeBjBIelIeCIgtagKW 16 × (1.8 − 0.5) = 20.8kN / m . 2
bnÞúkCBa¢aMgEdlbgáb;enAkñúgdIKW 25 × 0.5 × (1.8 − 0.5) /1m = 16.25kN / m .

2
bnÞúkCBa¢aMgebtugbgát;kñúgdIKitCadI 16 × 0.5 × (1.8 − 0.5) /1m = 10.4kN / m .

2
sm<aFdIRbsiT§PaBenA)atrbs;eCIgtagKW
240 − 12.5 − 20.8 − 16.25 + 10.4 = 200.85kN / m . 2
2> KNnaTTwgrbs;eCIgtagsRmab;CBa¢aMgRbEvg 1m
TTwgrbs;eCIgtag = bnÞúksrub ¼ sm<aFdIRbsiT§PaB
total loal
width of footing =
effective soil pressure
379.5 + 292
= = 3.34m
200.85
yk 3.4m
3> sm<aFdIsuT§= bnÞúkemKuN ¼ TTwgeCIgtag ¬sRmab;RbEvg 1m ¦
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 379.5 + 1.6 × 292 = 922.6kN / m
sm<aFdIsuT§ æ
(net upward pressure) q u = =
922.6
3.4
= 271.4kN / m 2
eCIgtag 351 T.Chhay

4> epÞógpÞat;km<s;snμt;sRmab;tRmUvkarkmøaMgkat;TTwg. kRmas;karBarEdksRmab;eCIgtagKW

75mm ehIysnμt;eRbIEdk DB 25 enaH d = 500 − 75 − 12 = 413mm .
muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMg kat;TTwgmYyTisKWsßitenAcm¶ay d BIépÞénBa¢aMg³

⎛B c⎞ ⎛ 3400 500 ⎞ −6
Vu = q u ⎜ − d − ⎟ = 271.4⎜ − 413 − ⎟10 = 0.28kN
⎝2 2⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
kmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTisGnuBaØat= 0.17 28 = 0.9
d EdlRtUvkar =
Vu 280
= = 415mm
0.17φ f ' b 0.75 × 0.9 × 1
c
km<s;srubKW 415 + 75 + 12 = 502mm b¤ 500mm . d Cak;EsþgKW 500 − 75 − 12 = 413mm

¬dUckarsnμt;¦.
cMNaMfa eKnwgRtUvkarkarsakl,gmYycMnYnedIm,Isnμt; nigKNnatémø d [mantémøEk,r.
5> KNnam:Um:g;Bt; nigEdk. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;KWsßitenAépÞénCBa¢aMg³
2 2
1 ⎛B c⎞ 271.4 ⎛ 3.4 0.5 ⎞
Mu = qu ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ − ⎟ = 285.3kN .m
2 ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
M 285.3 ⋅ 10 6
Ru = u2 = = 1.67 MPa
bd 1000 × 413 2
sRmab; Ru = 1.67MPa / f ' c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa enaHPaKryEdk
0.85 f ' c ⎡ 2 Ru ⎤ 0.85 × 28 ⎡ 2 × 1.67 ⎤
ρ= ⎢1 − 1 − ⎥= ⎢1 − 1 − ⎥ = 0.0048
fy ⎣⎢ φ (0.85 f ' c ) ⎦⎥ 400 ⎣ 0.9 × 0.85 × 28 ⎦
PaKryEdkGb,brmasRmab;Ggát;rgkarBt;
1.4 1.4
ρ min = = = 0.0035
f y 400
PaKryEdkrYmmaDKW 0.18% ¬sRmab; f y = 400MPa ¦. dUcenHeRbI ρ = 0.0048

dUcEdl)an KNna
As = 0.0048 × 1000 × 413 = 1982.4mm 2 / m
eRbIEdk DB25 EdlmanKMlat 225mm ¬ As = 2182mm 2 ¦
6> RtYtBinitüRbEvgEdkbgáb;sRmab;Edk DB25
l d = 48d b = 48 × 25 = 1200mm ¬eyagtamemeronTI 7¦
Edl[
B c 3400 500
ld = − − 75 = − − 75 = 1375mm
2 2 2 2

7> KNnaEdkrgkñúgTisedAbeNþayeCIgtag³ As = 0.0018 × 1000 × 500 = 900mm 2 / m

eRbIEdk DB16 KMlat 200mm ¬ A = 1005mm ¦. bøg;lMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
s
2
13>16.
]TahrN_ 13>2³ KNnaeCIgtag single footing edIm,IRTssrebtugeRbIEdkkgFmμtasßitenAxagkñúg

EdleRbI 8DB28 . ssrenHRTnUvbnÞúktamG½kSGefrKμanemKuN 1090kN nigbnÞúkcMG½kSefrKμanemKuN
890kN . )atrbs;eCIgtagsßitenACeRmA 1200mm BInIv:UdI ehIysm<aFdIGnuBaØatKW 240kN / m 2 .
eK[ f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa .

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnasm<aFdIRbsiT§PaB. snμt;kRmas;srubrbs;eCIgtag 600mm . Tm¶n;eCIgtagKW
0.6 × 25 = 15kN / m . bnÞúkdIenABIelIeCIgtag ¬snμt;Tm¶n;maDrbs;dIesμInwg 16kN / m ¦ KW
2 3
0.6 × 16 = 9.6kN / m 2
sm<aFdIRbsiT§PaBKW = = 240 − 15 − 9.6 = 215.4kN / m 2
2> KNnaRkLaépÞrbs;eCIgtag
bnÞúkeFVIkar = D + L = 1090 + 890 = 1980kN
RkLaépÞeCIgtag = 2151980
.4
= 9.2m
2
eCIgtag 353 T.Chhay

RCugrbs;eCIgtagKW = 3.03m
dUcenHeRbI = 3m ¬rUbTI 13>17¦
3> sm<aFdIsuT§= bnÞúkemKuN ¼ RkLaépÞeCIgtag
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 1090 + 1.6 × 890 = 2732kN
sm<aFdIsuT§ æ =
(net upward pressure) q u =
2732
3× 3
= 303.6kN / m 2
4> epÞógpÞat;km<s;snμt;EdlbNþalmkBIkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis. RbsinebIeKGt;eRbIEdkkmøaMgkat;

TTwg enaHkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTiskMNt;km<s;caM)ac;rbs;eCIgtag. sRmab;km<s;eCIgtagsrub
snμt; 600mm KNna d eTAG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;énEdkRsTab;xagelIedIm,Idak;enAkñúgeCIgtagTaMg
BIrTis. eRbIEdk DB15 sRmab;KNna d .
d = 600 − 75 − 37 = 488mm
¬vaCakarRbesIrEdlsnμt; d = h − 112 ¦
bo = 4(c + d ) = 4(450 + 488) = 3752mm
c + d = 450 + 488 = 938mm

Vu 2 = Pu − q u (c + d )2 = 2732 − 303.6(0.450 + 0.488)2 = 2464.9kN
3 × 2464900
d1 caM)ac;=
3Vu 2
φ f ' c bo
=
0.75 × 28 × 3752
¬
= 496.6mm β = 1 smIkar !#>(¦
12 × 2464900
d2 caM)ac;
=
⎛αsd
12Vu 2
⎞
=
⎛ 40 × 488 ⎞
= 275.8mm
φ ⎜⎜ + 2 ⎟⎟ f ' c bo 0.75⎜ + 2 ⎟ 28 × 3752
⎝ bo ⎠ ⎝ 3752 ⎠
¬ α = 40 sRmab;ssrenAkNþal¦ edaysar d > d snμt; dUcenHeyIgRtUveFVIkarKNnasak

s 1
l,grhUtdl; d nig d mantémøRbEhlKña. eRkayBIkarKNnamkeyIgTTYl)an

1
h = 610mm / d = 498mm / d = 495.5mm . dUcenH km<s;snμt;elIkeRkay h = 610mm

1
RKb;RKan;.
5> RtYtBinitükm<s;EdlbNþaledaysarGMeBIkmøagM kat;mYyTis³ muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAcm¶ay d BI
épÞssr
cm¶ayBIcugeCIgtag = ⎛⎜⎝ L2 − 2c − d ⎞⎟⎠ = 777mm
Vu1 = 303.6 × 0.777 × 3 = 707.7 kN
km<s;caM)ac;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTisKW
Vu1 707700
d= = = 350mm < 498mm
0.75 × 0.17 f ' c b 0.75 × 0.17 28 × 3000
6> KNnaEdk nigm:Um:g;Bt;. muxkat;eRKaHsßitenAépÞssr. cm¶ayBIcugeCIgtagKW
⎛L c⎞
⎜ − ⎟ = 1500 − 225 = 1275mm
⎝ 2 2⎠
2
1 ⎛L c⎞ 1
Mu = q u ⎜ − ⎟ b = 303.6 × 1.275 2 × 3 = 740.3kN .m
2 ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2
M 740.3 ⋅ 10 6
Ru = u2 = = 0.995MPa
bd 3000 × 498 2
BIsmIkar !#>!$ eyIg)an ρ = 0.0028
As = ρbd = 0.0028 × 3000 × 498 = 4183.2mm 2
AsGb,brma ¬EdkrYmmaD¦ = 0.0018 × 3000 × 498 = 2689.2mm < 4183.2mm 2 2
A Gb,brma ¬EdkrgkarBt;¦ = 0.0033 × 3000 × 498 = 4930.2mm

s
2
dUcenH eyIgyk As = 4930.2mm 2 . eRbI 13DB22 ¬ As = 4941.7mm 2 ¦ KMlat rbs;EdkKW

s = (3000 − 150) / 12 = 237.5mm enAkñúgTiwedATaMgBIr.
7> RtYtBinitükugRtaMgRT (bearing stress)

a. ersIusþg;RT (bearing strength) N enA)atrbs;ssr ¬ A1 = 450 × 450mm 2 ¦KW
1
N1 = φ (0.85 f ' c A1 ) = 0.65 × 0.85 × 28 × 450 × 450 × 10 −3 = 3132.7 kN

b. ersIusþg;RT (bearing strength) N enAépÞxagelIrbs;eCIgtag ¬ A
2 2 = 3 × 3m 2 ¦ KW
A2
N 2 = N1 ≤ 2N 1
A1
A2 = 9000000mm 2 A1 = 202500mm 2
9000000
= 6.67 > 2
202500
dUcenH N 2 = 2 N1 = 6265.4kN . edaysar Pu = 2732kN < N1 enaHkugRtaMgRTKWRKb;
RKan;. RkLaépÞGb,brmaénEdk dowel caM)ac;KW 0.005 A = 0.005 × 450 × 450
1
= 1012.5mm . cMnYnEdkGb,brmaKW 4 dUcenHeRbIEdk DB 25 dak;enARCugTaMgbYnrbs;

2
ssr.
c. RbEvgbgáb;rbs;Edk dowel enAkñúgkmøaMgsgát;³
0.24d b f y 0.24 × 25 × 400
l dc = = = 453.5mm
f 'c 28
eCIgtag 355 T.Chhay

Gb,brma = 0.044d b f y = 440mm > 200mm . dUcenHeRbIEdk dowel DB25 4edIm

l dc
RbEvg 455mm dak;kñúgssrnigeCIgtag. cMNaMfa l dc < d = 498mm RKb;RKan;.

8> RbEvgbgáb;rbs;EdkemenAkñúgeCIgtagsRmab; DB22 KW
l d = 48 × 22 = 1056mm ¬eyagtamem eronTI 7¦. RbEvgbgáb;BitR)akdenAkñúgeCIgtagKW
l = L / 2 − c / 2 − 75 = 1500 − 225 − 75 = 1200mm .

d
bøg;lMGitrbs;eCIgtagRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 13>17.
]TahrN_ 13>3³ KNnaeCIgtagragctuekaNsRmab;ssrén]TahrN_TI13>2 RbsinebIRCugmYy

rbs;eCIgtagRtUv)ankMNt;esμI 2.6m .

dMeNaHRsay³
1> viFIsaRsþKNnasRmab;eCIgtagctuekaNmanlkçN³RsedogKñanwgkarKNnaeCIgtagkaer
eday KitBicarNaGMeBIrbs;kmøaMgmkelIeCIgtagtmaTisnImYy²dac;edayELkBIKña.
2> BI]TahrN_mun RkLaépÞcaM)ac;rbs;eCIgtagKW 9.2m 2
beNþayeCIgtag = 92..26 = 3.54m

dUcenHyk 3.6m ¬rUbTI 13>18¦. TMhMeCIgtagKW 2.6 × 3.6m 2
3> Pu = 2732kN . dUcenH sm<aFdIsuT§ æ (net upward pressure) KW

2732
qu = = 291.9kN / m 2
2.6 × 3.6
4> RtYtBinitükm<s;EdlbNþalBIkmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sßitenAcm¶ay d BIépÞ
rbs;ssr. sRmab;TisedAEvg
⎛L c ⎞
Vu1 = ⎜ − − d ⎟ × q u b
⎝2 2 ⎠
⎛ 3.6 0.45 ⎞
=⎜
⎝ 2
−
2
− 0.498 ⎟ × 291.9 × 2.6 = 817.4kN
⎠
kmøaMgkat;TTwgenHlb;
sRmab;TisedAxøI V = 606.3kN
u1 ¬mineRKaHfñak;¦
6 × 817.4 ⋅ 10 3
d caM)ac; =
6Vu1
= = 475mm
φ f ' b 0.75 28 × 2600
c
EdleRbI = 498mm > 475mm

d
5> RtYtBinitüGMeBIkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis ¬kmøaMgkat;pug (punching shear)¦. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;

enAcm¶ay d / 2 BIépÞssrTaMgbYnRCug.
bo = 4(450 + 498) = 3792mm
(c + d ) = 450 + 498 = 948mm

3.6
β= = 1.38 < 2
2.6
eRbI Vu = φ f ' c bo d / 3
Vu 2 = Pu − q u (c + d ) 2 = 2732 − 291.9 × 0.948 2 = 2469.7 kN

3Vu 2 3 × 2469700
d1 = = = 492mm
φ f ' c bo 0.75 × 28 × 3792
d 2 = 271.5mm
eCIgtag 357 T.Chhay

6> KNnaEdkenAkñúgTisedAEvg. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAnwgépÞénTRm. cm¶ayBIcugéneCIgtagKW

L c 3600 450
− = − = 1575mm
2 2 2 2
1
M u = 291.9 × 1.575 2 × 2.6 = 941.3kN .m
2
M 941.3 ⋅ 10 −3
Ru = u2 = = 1.46MPa
bd 2.6 × 0.498 2
GnuvtþtamsmIkar !#>!$ eyIgTTYl)an ρ = 0.0042
As = 0.0042 × 2600 × 498 = 5438.2mm 2
As Gb,brma ¬EdkrYmmaD¦ = 0.0018 × 2600 × 610 = 2855mm 2
As Gb,brma ¬EdkrgkarBt;¦ = 0.0033 × 2600 × 498 = 4273mm 2
eRbI As = 5438.2mm 2 . eRCIserIs 10DB28 ¬ As = 6157.5mm 2 ¦ KMlatEdkKW

S = (2600 − 150 ) / 9 = 272mm
7> KNnaEdkenAkñúgTisedAxø.I cm¶ayBIépÞssreTAcugeCIgtagKW
2600 450
− = 1075mm
2 2
1
M u = 291.9 × 1.075 2 × 3.6 = 607.2kN .m
2
M 607.2 ⋅ 10 −3
Ru = u2 = = 0.68MPa
bd 3.6 × 0.498 2
GnuvtþeTAkñúgsmIkar !#>!$ eK)an ρ = 0.0019
As = 0.0019 × 3600 × 498 = 3406mm 2
As Gb,brma ¬EdkrYmmaD¦ = 0.0018 × 3600 × 610 = 3953mm 2
As Gb,brma ¬EdkrgkarBt;¦ = 0.0033 × 3600 × 498 = 5916mm 2
témørbs; As EdlRtUveRbIRtUvEtFMCagb¤esμI 3953mm 2 . eRbI 18DB20 ¬ As = 5655mm 2 ¦

2 2
γs = = = 0.84
β + 1 3 .6
+1
2 .6
cMnYnEdkenAkñúgceRmokRbEvg 2.6m KW 18 × 0.84 = 15 edIm.
cMnYnEdkenAsl;sRmab;RCugmçag² KW (18 − 15) / 2 = 2 edIm. dUcenHdak;Edk 15DB20
enAkñúgceRmokRbEvg 2.6m ehIydak; 2DB20 ¬ As = 628mm 2 ¦ enAelIRbEvg 0.5m
enAelIRCugnImYy²sgçagceRmok 2.6m . cMnYnEdksrubKW 19 edIm. enAkñúg]TahrN_enH

EdkRtUv)anBRgayedayKMlatesμI²Kña elIRbEvg 3.6m / S = (3600 − 150) / 18 = 192mm .

bøg;lMGitsrésrEdkRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg rUbTI !#>!*.
8> RtYtBinitükugRtaMgRTenA)atssr dUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúg]TahrN_mun. eRbIEdk dowel
DB 25 cMnYn 4 edIm.
9> RbEvgbgáb;rbs;Edkem l d = 960mm sRmab; DB20 nig l d = 1344mm sRmab; DB28 .

⎛ 3600 450 ⎞
l d Edldak; ¬TisEvg¦ = ⎜ − − 75 ⎟ = 1500mm
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
l d Edldak; ¬TisxøI¦ = 1000 mm
]TahrN_ 13>4³ KNnaRkLaépÞeCIgtagcaM)ac;sRmab;sRmutesμIKña ¬karKNnaeCIgtagEdlman

lMnwg (balanced footing design)¦ RbsinebIbnÞúkGefrFmμta (usual live load) esμI 20% sRmab;
eCIgtag 359 T.Chhay
RKb;eCIgtagTaMgGs;. eCIgtagrgnUvbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefrdUcbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam. sm<aF

dIsuT§GnuBaØat (allowable net soil pressure) esμI 287kN / m 2 .
elxeCIgtag
1 2 3 4 5
bnÞúkefr 535kN 800kN 620kN 845kN 935kN
bnÞúkGefr 670kN 980kN 890kN 755kN 1070kN
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;eCIgtagEdlmanpleFobbnÞúkGefrelIbnÞúkefrFMCageK. enAkñúg]TahrN_enH eCIgtag
elx 3 manpleFob 1.44 FMCagpleFobdéT.
2> KNnabnÞúkFmμtasRmab;RKb;eCIgtagTaMgGs;. bnÞúkFmμtaKWCabnÞúkefr nigEpñkénbnÞúkGefr
EdlmanGMeBIrCaTUeTAenAelIeRKagsMNg;. enAkñúg]TahrN_enH
bnÞúkFmμta = D.L + 0.2( L.L)
témøénbnÞúkFmμtaRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam.
3> kMNt;RkLaépÞrbs;eCIgtagEdlmanpleFob L.L / D.L
D.L + L.L 620 + 890
RkLaépÞeCIgtagelx 3 = allowable soil pressure
=
287
= 5.26m 2
sm<aFdIFmμtaeRkameCIgtagelx 3 KW
Usual load 798
= = 151.7kN / m 2
Area of footing 5.26
4> KNnaRkLaépÞcaM)ac;sRmab;eCIgtagnImYy²edayEckbnÞúkFmμtarbs;vaedaysm<aFdIenAeRkam
eCIgtagelx 3 . RkLaépÞrbs;vaRtUvbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam. ]TahrN_ eCIgtagelx 1
RkLaépÞcaM)ac;rbs;vaesμI 669 / 151.7 = 4.41m 2 .
5> KNnasm<aFdIGtibrmaeRkameCIgtagnImYy²
D+L
q max = ≤ 287kN / m 2 ¬sm<aFdIGnuBaØat¦
area

elxeCIgtag
1 2 3 4 5
Dead load
Live load 1.25 1.225 1.44 0.89 1.14
bnÞúkFmμta = D.L + 0.2(L.L) (kN ) 669 996 798 996 1149
RkLaépÞcaM)ac; = Usual load

151.7
(m 2 ) 4.41 6.57 5.26 6.57 7.57
D+L
sm<aFdIGtibrma = area (kN / m 2 ) 273.2 270.9 2.87 243.5 264.9
]TahrN_ 13>5³ KNnaeCIgtagebtugsuT§edIm,IRTCBa¢aMgebtugEdlmankRmas; 400mm . bnÞúkEdl

manGMeBIelICBa¢aMgrYmmanbnÞúkefr 233.5kN / m ¬rYmbBa©ÚlbnÞúkpÞal;rbs;CBa¢aMgrYc¦ nigbnÞúkGefr
146kN / m . )atrbs;eCIgtagsßitenACeRmA 1200mm BInIv:Ud. I eK[ f 'c = 20MPa nigsm<aFdI
GnuBaØat 240kN / m 2 .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnasm<aFdIRbsiT§PaB. snμt;km<s;srubeCIgtagKW 710mm
Tm¶n;rbs;eCIgtag = 0.71× 24 = 17kN / m 2
edaysnμt;Tm¶n;maDdIesμI 16kN / m 3 enaHTm¶n;rbs;dIenAelIeCIgtagesμI (1.2 − 0.71) × 16
= 7.84kN / m 2 .
sm<aFdIRbsiT§PaBKW 240 − 17 − 7.84 = 215.16kN / m 2 .

2> KNnaTTwgeCIgtagsRmab;CBa¢aMgRbEvg 1m ¬ b = 1m ¦
total load
width of footing =
effective soil pressure
233.5 + 146
=
215.16
= 1.76m yk 1.8m ¬rUbTI 13>19¦
3> U = 1.2D + 1.6L = 1.2 × 233.5 + 1.6 × 146 = 513.8kN / m
sm<aFdIsuT§ (net upward pressure) esμI qu = 513.8 / 1.8 = 285.4kN / m 2
4> RtYtBinitükugRtaMgBt;. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;KWsßitenAépÞCBa¢aMg. sRmab;RbEvg1m énCBa¢aMg
nigeCIgtag
2 2
1 ⎛L c⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 .8 0 .4 ⎞
Mu = qu ⎜ − ⎟ = 285.4⎜ − ⎟ = 69.9kN .m
2 ⎝ 2 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
eCIgtag 361 T.Chhay

kMNt;km<s;RbsiT§PaB d esμI 710 − 75 = 635mm edaysnμt;fa)at 75mm KμanRbsiT§PaB.

bd 3 1000 × 6353
Ig = = = 2.13 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
12 12
M c 69.9 ⋅ 10 6 ⎛ 635 ⎞
kugRtaMgTajedaykarBt;KW fr = u = ⎜ ⎟ = 1.04MPa
I 2.13 ⋅ 1010 ⎝ 2 ⎠
kugRtaMgTajedaykarBt;GnuBaØatKW 0.415φ f 'c = 0.415 × 0.55 20 = 1.02MPa ¬Ek,r¦
5> RtYtBinitükugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwg³ muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sßitenAcm¶ay d = 635mm BIépÞCBa¢aMg
⎛L c ⎞ ⎛ 1.8 0.4 ⎞
Vu = qu ⎜ − − d ⎟ = 285.4⎜ − − 0.635 ⎟ = 18.55kN
⎝2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
f ' c bd 0.55 20 × 1000 × 635 × 10 −3
φVc = φ = = 173.5kN
9 9
dUcenH muxkat;manlkçN³RKb;RKan;. vaCakarRbesIrEdleRbIbrimaNEdkGb,brmasRmab;TaMg
BIrTis.
13>6> Combined Footings
enAeBlEdlssrmanTItaMgsßitenAEk,rRBM enaHEpñkéneCIgtag single footing GaclycUl

eTAkñúgRBMGñkCitxag. edIm,IeCosvagsßanPaBEbbenH eKGacdak;ssrenAelIRCugEKméneCIgtagbegáIt
)anCabnÞúkcakp©it. eKminGaceRbIdMeNaHRsayenHsRmab;lkçxNÐxøH nigeBlxøHvaCadMeNaHRsay
EdlminsnSMsMéc. karKNnad¾l¥GacTTYledalbBa©ÚleCIgtagCamYynwgeCIgtagssrxagkñúgEdlsßit
enACitCageK begáIt)anCa combined footing . TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs; combined footing RtYtsIuKñaCamYy
nwgkmøaMgpÁÜbénssrTaMgBIr.
krNIepSgeTot Edl combined footing caM)ac;RtUv)aneRbIKWenAeBlEdldImanlkçN³exSay
ehIyeCIgtagssrmYyKgelIeCIgtagenAEk,r. ragrbs;eCIgtag combined footing GacCactuekaN
Ekg b¤ctuekaNBñay ¬rUbTI 13>20¦. enAeBlEdlbnÞúkssrxagenAEk,rRBMmantémøFMCagbnÞúkssr
kñúg eCIgtagmanragctuekaNBñayGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IrkSaTIRbCMuTm¶n;eCIgtagenAelIExSCamYynwgbnÞúk
pÁÜbénssrTaMgBIr. CaTUeTA eKcUlcitþeRbIeCIgtagragctuekaNEkg.
beNþay nigTTwgrbs;eCIgtagRtUv)aneRCIserIsedaykMeNInmþg 75mm EdlGacbNþal[

sm<aFBRgayesμIenAeRkameCIgtagERbRbYltUc. sRmab;sm<aFBRgayesμIeLIgelI (uniform upward
pressure) eCIgtagnwgdabdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 13>21. ACI Code, Section 15.10 min)anpþl;nUvviFI
KNnalMGitsRmab; combined footing eT. CaTUeTA karKNnaQrelIkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM (structural

analysis).
viFId¾samBaØénkarKNnaKWcat;TukeCIgtagdUcFñwmenAkñúgTisedAEvg EdlRTnUvsm<aFBRgayesμI
eLIgelI (uniform upward pressure) qu . sRmab;TisedATTwg eKsnμt;fabnÞúkssrRtUv)anBRgay
eBjTTwgenABIeRkamssrEdlesμInwgTTwgssrbUknwg d énRCugnImYy². mü:agvijeTot bnÞúkssrman
GMeBIelIFñwmenAeRkamssrCamYynwgeCIgtagEdlmanTTWgGtibrma c + 2d nigbeNþayesμInwgRCugxøI
rbs;eCIgtag ¬rUbTI 13>22¦. eKk¾GaceRbITTwgEdlmantémøtUcCagrhUtdl; c + d .
eCIgtag 363 T.Chhay

]TahrN_ 13>6³ KNnaeCIgtag combined footing ragctuekaNEkgedIm,IRTssrBIrdUcbgðajkñúg

rUbTI 13>23. ssrxagelx I manmuxkat; 400 × 400mm nigRT D.L. 800kN nig L.L 535kN .
ssrxagkñúgelx II manmuxkat; 500 × 500mm nigRTbnÞúk D.L. 1115kN nig L.L 625kN . sm<aF
dIGnuBaØatKW 240kN / m 2 ehIy)atrbs;eCIgtagsßitenACeRmA 1.5m BInIv:UdI. KNnaeCIgtagedayeRbI
f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa nigviFIKNnaersIusþg; ACI.

dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;TItaMgkmøaMgpÁÜbénbnÞúkssr. Kitm:Um:g;CMuvijG½kSénssrxagelx I ³
(1115 + 625) × 4900
x= = 2772.7m BIssr I
(1115 + 625) + (800 + 535)
cm¶ayBIkmøaMgpÁÜbmkExSRBMKW 2772.7 + 600 = 3372.7mm . RbEvgrbs;eCIgtagKW
3372.7 × 2 = 6745.4mm yk 6750mm . kñúgkrNIenHkmøaMgpÁÜbrbs;ssrRtYtsIuKñaCamYy
nwgkmøaMgpÁÜbrbs;sm<aFdIEdlmanGMeBIelIeCIgtag.
2> kMNt;RkLaépÞrbs;eCIgtag. snμt;km<s;eCIgtagsrub 920mm ¬ d = 920 − 115 = 805mm ¦
bnÞúkeFVIkarsrub = 800 + 535 + 1115 + 625 = 3075kN ¬Total actual (working)load¦
sm<aFdIfμI = 240 − 0.92 × 25 − 0.58 × 16 = 207.72kN / m 2 ¬New upward pressure¦
¬snμt;Tm¶n;maDdI 16kN / m 3 ¦
RkLaépÞcaM)ac; = 2073075
.72
= 14.8m 2 ¬Required area¦
TTwgeCIgtag = 14 .8
6.75
= 2.19m ¬Width of footing¦
ykTTwgeCIgtagesμI 2.2m . dUcenHTMhMeCIgtagKW 6.75 × 2.2m ¬RkLaépÞ 14.85m 2 ¦

3> kMNt;sm<aFdIemKuN ¬factored soil pressure¦ edayeRbIbnÞúkemKuN³
Pu1 ¬ssrelx I¦ = 1.2 × 800 + 1.6 × 535 = 1816kN
Pu 2 ¬ssrelx II¦ = 1.2 × 1115 + 1.6 × 625 = 2338kN
sm<aFdIemKuNsuT§KW qu = (1816 + 2338) / 14.85 = 279.73kN / m 2 ¬net factored soil

pressure¦
4> KUrdüaRkamkmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuNsRmab;FñwmEdlmanRbEvg L = 6750mm

EdlenAelIssrBIr nigrgnUvsm<aFdI 279.73 × 2.2 = 615.4kN / m ¬kñúgRbEvgeCIgtag 1m ¦
Vu ¬enAépÞxageRkArbs;ssr I ¦ = 615.4 × (0.6 − 0.2) = 246.16kN
Vu ¬enAépÞxagkñúgrbs;ssr I ¦ = 1816 − 615.4(0.6 + 0.2 ) = 1323.68kN
Vu ¬enAépÞxageRkArbs;ssr II ¦ = 615.4 × (1.25 − 0.25) = 615.4kN
Vu ¬enAépÞxagkñúgrbs;ssr II ¦ = 2338 − 615.4 × (1.25 + 0.25) = 1414.9kN
5> KUrdüaRkamm:Um:g;emKuNedayKiteCIgtagCaFñwmEdlman L = 6750mm RTedayssrBIr.

sm<aFdIBRgayesμI 615.4kN / m
eCIgtag 365 T.Chhay
2
M u1 ¬enAépÞxageRkAssr I ¦ = 615.4 × 0.24 = 49.2kN .m
2
M u2 ¬enAépÞxagkñúgssr II ¦ = 615.4 × 12 = 307.7kN .m
m:Um:g;GtibrmaekItmanenAkmøaMgkat;TTwgesμIsUnü
M u Gtibrma¬KNnaBIssr I ¦ = 1816(2.15 + 0.2) − (2.15 + 0.2 + 0.6)2
615.4
2
= 1589.84kN.m
Mu Gtibrma¬KNnaBIssr II ¦ = 2338(2.3 + 0.25) − 6152 .4 (2.3 + 0.25 + 1.25)2
= 1518.7 kN.m
m:Um:g;EdlKNnaBIRCugTaMgBIréneCIgtagRtUvmantémøRbhak;RbEhlKña. kñúgkrNIenH eyIgyk
M u max = 1589.84kN.m . bERmbRmYltémørbs;m:Um:g;GaRs½yCacMbgCamYynwgRbEvg nig
TTwgrbs;eCIgtag.
6> RtYtBinitükm<s;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;mYyTis. kmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekItmanenAcm¶ay
d = 805mm BIépÞssrxagkñúg II ¬rUbTI 13>23¦.
Vu1 = 1414.9 − 615.4 × 0.805 = 919.5kN

Vu1 919500
d= = = 619.5mm
φ 0.17 f 'c b 0.75 × 0.17 × 2200 × 28
km<s;RbsiT§PaBEdl[KW d = 805mm > 619.5mm dUcenHeCIgtagmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;.
7> RtYtBinitükm<s;sRmab;kmøaMgTTwgBIrTis ¬kmøaMgkat;pug¦. sRmab;ssrxagkñúg
bo = 4(c + d ) = 4(500 + 805) = 5220mm
(c + d ) = (500 + 805) = 1305mm

kmøaMgkat;TTwg Vu 2 enAmuxkat; d / 2 BIRKb;RCugrbs;ssresμI
Vu 2 = Pu 2 − qu (c + d ) 2 = 2338 − 279.73 × 1.305 2 = 1861.6kN
3Vu 2 3 × 1861600
d= = = 269.6mm < 805mm
φ f 'c bo 0.75 28 × 5220
ssrxageRkARtUv)anRtYtBinitünigbgðajfaminmaneRKaHfñak;.
8> RtYtBinitükm<s;sRmab;m:Um:g; nigkMNt;srésEdkcaM)ac;enAkñúgTisEvg
m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma = 1589.84kN .m

Mu 1589.84 ⋅ 10 6
Ru = = = 1.115MPa
bd 2 2200 × 805 2
GnuvtþkñúgsmIkar ¬!#>!$¦ PaKryEdkKW ρ = 0.0032 ≈ 0.0033(ρ min )
As = 0.0033 × 2200 × 805 = 5844.3mm 2
AsGb,brma ¬rYmmaD¦ = 0.0018 × 2200 × 920 = 3643.2mm 2
As = 5844.3mm 2 lub. eRbI 10 DB 28 ¬ As = 6157.5mm 2 ¦
KMlatEdk = 22009−(no.150 (concrete cover)

of spacing)
= 228mm
EdkRtUv)andak;bgðÚtenAcenøaHssrenAEpñkxagelIeCIgtagCamYykRmas;karBarEdk 75mm .
dak;EdkGb,brmaenA)atrbs;eCIgtagedIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;viC¢man. RtYtBinitüRbEvgbgáb; ld BIépÞ
ssr.
EdkGb,brmaKW As = 3643.2mm 2 . eRbI 8DB25 ¬ As = 3927mm 2 ¦.
RbEvgEdkbgáb;caM)ac;sRmab;EdkemxagelIKW 1.3ld = 1.3 × 48 × d b = 1747mm RtUv)andak;
ecjBIcMNucm:Um:g;Gtibrma. RbEvgEdkbgáb;Edldak;enARtg;ssrTaMgBIrKWRKb;RKan;.
9> sRmab;EdkenAkñúgTisedAxøI. karKNnam:Um:g;Bt;enAkñúgTisedAxøI ¬TisedATTwg¦ manlkçN³
dUcKñakñúgkrNI single footing. EdkenAeRkamssrnImYy² RtUv)andak;enAkñúgceRmokTTwg
(bandwidth) EdlesμInwgplbUkTTwgssrnigkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d BIrdg ¬rUbTI !#>@$¦.
a. EdkenABIeRkamssr I³
Bandwidth = 400 (column width) + 400 (on exterior side of column) + 805
= 1605mm
eRbI 1.6m . sm<aFdIeLIgelIsßitenAkñúgTisedAxøIeRkamssr I KW
Pu1 1816
= = 825.5kN / m
width of footing 2.2
cm¶ayBIcugTMenreTAépÞssrKW 2200 400
2
−
2
= 900mm
Mu ¬enAépÞénssr ¦ I =
825.5 2
2
0.9 = 334.3kN.m
M 334.3 ⋅ 10 6
Ru = u2 = = 0.32MPa
bd 1600 × 805 2
PaKryEdk ρ tUcCagPaKryEdkGb,brmasRmab;EdkrYmmaD 0.0018 .
As min = 0.0018 × 1600 × 920 = 2649.6mm 2
eCIgtag 367 T.Chhay

eRbI 6DB25 ¬ As = 2945.2mm 2 ¦ dak;enAkñúg bandwidth RbEvg 1.6m .
b. EdkenABIeRkamssr II³
Bandwidth = 500 + 805 + 805 = 2110mm
eRbI 2100mm . sm<aFdIeLIgelIsiT§enAkñúgTisedAxøIeRkamssr II KW
Pu 2 2338
= = 1062.7kN / m
width of footing 2.2
cm¶ayeTAépÞssrKW 2200 500
2
−
2
= 850mm
Mu ¬enAépÞénssr kñúgTisedAxøI¦
II =
1062.7
2
0.85 2 = 383.9kN.m
M 383.9 ⋅ 10 6
Ru = u2 = = 0.28MPa
bd 2100 × 805 2
PaKryEdk ρ tUcCagPaKryEdkGb,brmasRmab;EdkrYmmaD 0.0018 .
As min = 0.0018 × 2100 × 920 = 3477.6mm 2
eRbI 8DB25 ¬ As = 3927mm 2 ¦ dak;enAkñúg bandwidth RbEvg 2.1m BIeRkamssr
II dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUb !#>@# nig !#>@$. RbEvgbgáb;rbs;Edk DB 25 enAkñúgTisedAxøI
KW 1.2m .
eCIgtag 369 T.Chhay

13>7> eCIgtageRkambnÞúkssrcakp©it (Footings under Eccentric Column Loads)

enAeBlEdlssrbBa¢ÚnEtkmøaMgtamG½kS enaHeKGacKNnaeCIgtagEdlmanbnÞúkeFVIGMeBIcMTIRb
CMuTm¶n;rbs;eCIgtag EdlbegáIt)anCasm<aFBRgayesμIeRkameCIgtag. b:uEnþ enAkñúgkrNIxøHssrbBa¢Ún
kmøaMgcMG½kS nigm:Um:g;Bt; dUckñúgkrNIeCIgtageRKagbgáb;cug (fixed-end frame). sm<aF q EdlekIt
manenAelIdInwgminBRgayesμI EdlGackMNt;BIsmIkarxageRkam³
q= ±
P Mc
A I
≥0 ¬!#>!(¦
Edl A nig I CaRkLaépÞ nigm:Um:g;niclPaBéneCIgtag erogKña. eKmanlkçxNÐdIxusKñaEdl
GaRs½ynwgtémø P nig M / nig sm<aFdIGnuBaØat. lkçxNÐKNnaxusKñaRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 13>
25 nigRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
1> enAeBl e = M / P < L / 6 sm<aFdImanragctuekaNBñay
q max = +
P Mc
A I
=
P 6M
LB
+ 2 ¬!#>@0¦
BL
q min
P Mc
= −
A I
=
P 6M
−
LB BL2
¬!#>@!¦
2> enAeBl e = M / P = L / 6 sm<aFdImanragctuekaNEkg
q max =
P 6M 2 P
+ =
LB BL2 LB
¬!#>@@¦
q min =0=
P 6M
−
LB BL2
b¤ LBP = 6M2 ¬!#>@#¦
BL
3> enAeBlEdl e > L / 6 sm<aFdImanragRtIekaN
L− y L
x= = −e
3 2
⎛ 3x ⎞
P = q max ⎜ ⎟ B
⎝ 2⎠
q max =
2P
=
4P
3xB 3B( L − 2e)
¬!#>@$¦
4> enAeBleCIgtagRtUv)anrMkilcm¶ay e BIG½kSénssredIm,IbegáItsm<aFdIBRgayesμIenA
eRkameCIgtag. m:Um:g;GtibrmaekItmanenAmuxkat; n − n
M = M '− Hh nig e =
M
P

13>8> eCIgtageRkamm:Um:g;BIrTis (Footings under Biaxial Moment)

enAkñúgkrNIxøH eCIgtagGacrgnUvkmøaMgtamG½kS nigm:Um:g;Bt;BIrTisCMuvijG½kS x nigG½kS y dUc
krNIm:asIunsÞÚcEdlbgVilxøÜn)an 360o . enaHeCIgtagRtUv)anKNnasRmab;bnÞúkeRKaHfñak;.
tamrUbTI 13>26 RbsinebIbnÞúkcMG½kS P manGMeBIenAcm¶ay ex BIG½kS y nig e y BIG½kS x .
enaH³
M x = Pe y nig M y = Pex
eCIgtag 371 T.Chhay

P M xc y M y cx
sm<aFdIenARCug ! KW q max =
A
+
Ix
+
Iy
P M xc y M y cx
enARCug @ KW q2 =
A
−
Ix
+
Iy
P M xc y M y cx
enARCug # KW q3 =
A
−
Ix
−
Iy
P M xc y M ycx
enARCug $ KW q4 =
A
+
Ix
−
Iy
cMNaMfa kugRtaMgxageRkAminRtUvFMCagsm<aFRTRTg;rbs;dI nigmü:ageTotdIminGacrgkmøaMg

Taj)aneT Edl q ≥ 0 .
]TahrN_ 13>7³ ssrctuekaNEdlmanmuxkat; 300 × 600mm dUcbgðajkñúg rUbTI 13>27 a rgnUv

bnÞúkcMG½kS PD = 980kN nigm:Um:g; M D = 244kN .m EdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkcMG½kS
PL = 734kN nigm:Um:g; M L = 190kN .m EdlbNþalBIbnÞúkGefr. )atrbs;eCIgtagsßitenACeRmA
1.5m BInIv:UdI ehIysm<aFRTRTg;dIGnuBaØatKW 240kN / m 2 . KNnaeCIgtagedayeRbI f 'c = 28MPa /
f y = 400MPa .

dMeNaHRsay³
eCIgtagrgnUvbnÞúkcMG½kS nigm:Um:g;
P = 980 + 734 = 1714 kN
M = 244 + 190 = 434kN .m

cMNakp©itKW e=
M
=
434
P 1714
= 0.253m yk 250mm
eKGacKNnaeCIgtagtmaviFIsaRsþBIrKW³
viFIsaRsþTI1³ rMkilG½kSeCIgtagcm¶ay e = 250mm BIG½kSssr. kñúgkrNIenH sm<aFdIRtUv)an
cat;TukfaBRgayesμIenABIeRkameCIgtag ¬rUbTI 13>27 b¦.
viFIsaRsþTI2³ G½kSrbs;eCIgtag nigG½kSrbs;ssrRtYtsIuKña. kñúgkrNIenH sm<aFdImanragCa
RtIekaN b¤ctuekaNBñay ¬rUbTI 13>27 c¦ ehIytémøGtibrma nigGb,brmaRtUv)anKNnadUcbgðaj
enAkñúgrUbTI 13>27.
karGnuvtþénviFIsaRsþTaMgBIrsRmab;]TahrN_TI 13>7 GacnwgBnül;y:agsegçbdUcxageRkam³
1> sRmab;viFIsaRsþTI1 snμt;km<s;eCIgtag 500mm ¬ d = 420mm ¦ nigsnμt;Tm¶n;maDdIesμI
16kN / m 3
sm<aFdIeLIgelIsuT§KW 240 − 0.5 × 25 − 1× 16 = 211.5kN / m 2
RkLaépÞeCIgtag = 2111714
.5
= 8.1m 2
snμt;TTwgeCIgtagKW 2.7m enaHeCIgtagmanbeNþay 8.1 / 2.7 = 3m . dUcenHeyIgeRCIserIs

eCIgtagEdlmanTMhM 2.7 × 3m nigssrmanTItaMgcakp©itdUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 13>27 d. G½kS
eCIgtagmancm¶ay 250mm BIG½kSssr.
2> \LÚvviFIsaRsþKNnamanlkçN³RsedogKñanwgkarKNnaeCIgtageTal (single footing).
RtYtBinitükm<s;eCIgtagsRmab;GMeBIkmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis. kMNt;m:U
m:g;Bt;enAépÞssrsRmab;TisxøI nigTisEvg. edaysarcMNakp©itrbs;eCIgtag muxkat;eRKaH
fñak;nwgsßitenAxageqVgénépÞssr dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 13>27 d. cm¶ayeTAcugeCIgtagKW
1450mm
Pu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 980 + 1.6 × 734 = 2350.4kN
2350.4
qu = = 290.2kN / m 2
2.7 × 3
eCIgtag 373 T.Chhay

2
m:Um:g;Gtibrma M u = 290.2 × 2.7 × 1.452 = 823.7kN .m ¬enAelITTwg 2.7m ¦
2
enAkñúgTisedAxøI M u = 290.2 × 3 × 1.22 = 626.8kN.m
BinitüelIgvijkm<s;eCIgtagEdl)ansnμt;RbsinebIcaM)ac; nigeRCIserIsbrimaNEdkcaM)ac;enA
kñúgTisTaMgBIrrbs;eCIgtag dUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúg]TahrN_GMBIeCIgtageTal (single
footing).

3> sRmab;viFIsaRsþKNnaTI2 KNnaRkLaépÞrbs;eCIgtagtamviFIdUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgviFI

saRsþTI1 bnÞab;mkKNnasm<aFdIGtibrma nigeRbobeFobvaCamYynwgsm<aFdIGnuBaØatEdleRbI
bnÞúkFmμta
bnÞúksrub P = 1714kN
TMhMrbs;eCIgtag = 2.7 × 3m
edaysarcMNakp©itKW e = 250mm < L / 6 = 3000 / 6 = 500mm karBRgaysm<aFdIeLIgelI
manragCactuekaNBñay. KNnasm<aFdIGtibrma nigGb,brma³
P 6M 1714 6 × 434
q max = + 2 = + = 318.8kN / m 2 > 211.5kN / m 2
LB BL 2.7 × 3 2.7 × 3 2
eCIgtagKμansuvtßiPaB. sakl,g 2.8 × 4m ¬RkLaépÞ = 11.2m 2 ¦

P 6M 1714 6 × 434
q max = + 2 = + = 211.2kN / m 2 < 211.5kN / m 2
LB BL 2.8 × 4 2.8 × 4 2
P 6M 1714 6 × 434
q min = − 2 = − = 94.9kN / m 2
LB BL 2.8 × 4 2.8 × 4 2
5> KNnasm<aFeLIgelIemKuNedayeRbIbnÞúkemKuN bnÞab;mkKNnam:Um:g; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwg dUc

Bnül;kñúg]TahrN_mun.
13>9> kRmalxNÐelIdI (Slabs on Ground)

kRmalxNÐebtugEdldak;pÞal;elIdIGacnwgrgnUv³
- bnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIépÞrbs;va EdlbegáIt)anCakmøaMgkñúgtUc²
- bnÞúkcMcMNuc b¤bnÞúkBRgayminesμIEdlbegáItm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgkat;. kugRtaMgkmøaMgTajekIt
eLIg ehIysñameRbHnwgekItmanEpñkxøHrbs;kRmalxNÐ.
kugRtaMgTajCaTUeTAekItmanedaybnSMén³
- karrYj (contraction)EdlbNþalmkBIsItuNðPaB nigkarrYmmaD EdlbgçaMgedaykmøaMgkkit
rvagkRmalxNÐ nig subgrade begáItCakugRtaMgTaj.
- karxUcragmuxkat;rbs;kRmalxNÐedaykarmYl (warping of the slabe).
- lkçxNÐénkardak;bnÞúk
- sRmut
eCIgtag 375 T.Chhay

tMN contraction joint RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,Ikat;bnßykugRtaMgTajenAkñúgkRmalxNÐ.

tMN expansion joint RtUv)andak; sRmab;kRmalxNÐesþIgEdlmankRmas;rhUtdl; 250mm .
kRmalxNÐCan;eRkamdIéneRKagsMNg;GKarsñak;enA GacCaebtugGarem:EdlmankRmas;BI
100mm eTA 150mm EdlBRgwgedaysMNaj;Edk. sRmab;XøaMg kRmalxNÐGacmankRmas;BI
150mm eTA 300mm GaRs½yelIbnÞúkenAelIkRmalxNÐ. kRmalxNÐCan;eRkamdIRtUv)anKNna
edIm,ITb;nwgsm<aFdI eLIgelI nigsm<aFTwk. RbsinebIkRmalxNÐsßitenAelIdIEdlmanlkçN³sßirPaB

b¤ENn (incompressible soil) enaHsRmutDIepr:g;EsülRtUv)anecal. kñúgkrNIenH kRmas;kRmal
xNÐGacGb,brmaRbsinebIKμanRsTab;TwkeRkamdI. RbsinebIsRmutDIepr:g;EsülFM enaHkRmalxNÐ
RtUv)anKNnaCa stiff raft foundation.
13>10> eCIgtagenAelIssrRKwH (Footings on Piles)
enAeBlEdlRsTab;dImanlkçN³Tn;enAkñúgkRmas;d¾Rkas; ehIylT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;vatUc eK
nwgminENnaM[dak;eCIgtagedaypÞal;enAelIdIeT. vaCakarRbesIrkñúgkarbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgtamssrRKwHeTA
RsTab;d¾eRCAEdlmanlkçN³rwgRKb;RKan;edIm,IRTbnÞúk b¤begáItkmøaMgkkitRKb;RKan;CMuvijépÞxagssr
RKwH.
ssrRKwHCaeRcInRbePTRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;RKwH. kareRCIserIsssrRKwHGaRs½yelIlkçxNÐdI/
vtþmanRsTab;TwkeRkamdI/ tYrnaTIrbs;ssrRKwH nigfvikar. ssrRKwHGaceFVIBI ebtug Edk b¤eQI.
CaTUeTA eCIgtagssrRKwH (pile cap) mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarEbgEckkmøaMgBIssreTAk,al
ssrRKwH. eCIgtagssrRKwH (pile cap)RtUvmanTMhMRKb;RKan;edIm,IQrelIssrRKwH. eCIgtagssrRKWH
(pile cap) RtUv)anKNnadUcFñwmEdledkenAcenøaHssrRKwH nigRTbnÞúkcMcMNucBIssr. enAeBlEdl
ssrRtUv)anRTedayssrRKwHBIr eCIgtagssrRKwHGacRtUv)anKNnadUc truss ebtugGarem:ragRtI

ekaN.
ACI Code, Section 15.2 bgðajfakarKNnam:Um:g; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgsRmab;eCIgtagelIssr
RKwHRtUv)anQrelIkarsnμt;faRbtikmμmkBIssrRKwHsßitenAcMG½kSssrRKwH. RkLaépÞeCIgtag b¤cMnYn

ssrRKwHRtUv)ankMNt;BIbnÞúk nigm:Um:g;KμanemKuN.

kRmas;ebtugGb,brmasRmab;eCIgtagssrRKwHRtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm 300mm (ACI Code,

Section 15.7) . sRmab;karKNnassrRKwH nigeCIgtagssrRKwHlMGit sUmGanesovePAvisVkmμRKwH
(books on foundation engineering) .
eCIgtag 377 T.Chhay

XIV. CBa¢aMgTb;
Retaining Wall

CBa¢aMgTb;CaeRKOgbgÁúMEdlRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ipþl;lMnwgdl;dI b¤smÖar³epSgeTot nigedIm,IkarBarva
BICRmalFmμCatirbs;va. kñúgn½yenH CBa¢aMgTb;rkSadIEdlmankRmitkm<s;xusKñaedayépÞTaMgBIrrbs;va.
smÖar³EdlRtUv)anTb;enAnIv:Ux<s;CagGnuvtþkmøaMgeTAelICBa¢aMgTb;EdlGacbNþal[vaRkLab;
(overturning) b¤)ak; (failure). CBa¢aMgTb;RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgsMNg;s<anCa abutment/ enAkñúgsMNg;Ca
basement walls/ nigenAkñúg embankments. vak¾RtUv)aneRbIedIm,ITb;sarFaturav dUcCaGagTwk nigGag
sewage-treatment tank.
14>2> RbePTCBa¢aMgTb; (Types of Retaining Walls)

CBa¢aMgTb;RtUv)ancat;cMNat;fñak;dUcxageRkam ¬eyagtamrUb 14>1¦³
- Gravity walls CaTUeTArYmmanebtugsuT§ b¤\dæ edayGaRs½yeTAelITm¶n;pÞal;rbs;vaedIm,I
pþl;lMnwgRbqaMgkarrujénsmÖar³EdlRtUvTb;. CBa¢aMgenHmanTMhMFMEdlkugRtaMgTajminekIt
manenAkñúgebtug b¤\dæbNþalmkBIkmøaMgrujelICBa¢aMgeT. km<s;sRmab;Gnuvtþkñúg gravity
walls minRtUvFMCag 3m .
- Semigravity walls Ca gravity walls Edlman)atFMedIm,Ipþl;lT§PaBlMnwgrbs;CBa¢aMg nig

edIm,IkarBarkarekIteLIgénkugRtaMgTajenAelI)at. brimaNEdkd¾tictYcRtUveRbIenAkñúg)at b¤
enAkñúgCBa¢aMgenAeBlxøH edIm,Ikat;bnßymuxkat;d¾FMrbs;CBa¢aMg.
- Cantilever retaining wall CaCBa¢aMgebtugGarem:EdlCaTUeTARtUv)aneRbIEdlmankm<s;BI
2.4m eTA 6m . vaCaRbePTFmμtabMputéneRKagsMNg;Tb; edaysarlkçN³esdækic© nig
lkçN³samBaØrbs;va. CBa¢aMg cantilever retaining wall CaeRcInRbePTRtUv)anbgðajkñúgrUb

14>1.
- Counterfort retaining walls mankm<s;x<s;Cag 6m begáItm:Um:g;Bt;FMenA)aténCBa¢aMgTb;
EdleFVI[karKNnaénCBa¢aMgKμanlkçN³esdækic©.
dMeNaHRsaymYyenAkñúgkrNIenHKWkarbEnßmnUvCBa¢aMgTTwg (counterfort)
T.Chhay 378 Retaining Walls

EdlcgP¢ab;CBa¢aMgeTAnwg)at. Counterfort mannaTICaGgát;rgkarTajEdlRTCBa¢aMgbBaÄr.

karKNnaCBa¢aMgenHmanlkçN³esdækic©edaysarEtCBa¢aMgRtUv)anKitCakRmalxNÐCab;Edl
manKMlattamTisedkcenøaH counterfort.
kRmalxNÐRtUv)anKNnadUckRmalxNÐEdlRTenAelITRmbIRCug ¬rUbTI 14>1 h ¦.
- Buttressed retaining wall manTRmg;RsedogKñanwg nounterfort wall Edr b:uEnþkñúgkrNIenH

CBa¢aMgTTwgmanTItaMgsßitenAmuxmçageTotEdleyIgemIleXIj ehIyCBa¢aMgTTwgenHmannaTICa
Ggát;rgkarsgát; ¬rUbTI 14>1 i ¦. CBa¢aMgEbbenHmanlkçN³esdækic©enAeBlEdlvamankm<s;
x<s;Cag 6m . vaminmankareBjniymeT edaysarEteKemIleXIjCBa¢aMgTTwg (buttress).
CBa¢aMgTb; 379 T.Chhay
- Bridge abutmentCaCBa¢aMgTb;enAEpñkxagelIEdlRtUveRbIedIm,IRTkRmals<an. CBa¢aMgRtUv)an

snμt;fabgáb;enAEpñkxageRkamenAnwg)at nigRTedayTRmsamBaØenAEpñkxagelI.
- Basement walls Tb;sm<aFdIBIépÞmçagrbs;CBa¢aMg niglatsn§wgtamTisQrBIkRmalxNÐCan;
eRkamdIeTAkRmalxNÐCan;TImYy. CBa¢aMgGacRtUv)ansnμt;bgáb;enA)at nigRTedayTRmsamBaØ
b¤Tb;edayEpñk (partially restrained) enAEpñkxagelI.
14>3> kmøaMgenAelICBa¢aMgTb; (Forces on Retaining Walls)
CaTUeTA CBa¢aMgTb;rgnUvbnÞúkTMnajEpndI nigsm<aFdIEdlbNþalmkBIsmÖar³Tb;enAelICBa¢aMg.
bnÞúkTMnajEpndIEdlbNþalmkBITm¶n;rbs;smÖar³RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarKNnaedaypÞal; niggay
RsYl. GaMgtg;sIuet nigTisedArbs;sm<aFdIenAelICBa¢aMgTb;GaRs½yelIRbePT niglkçN³dIEdlRtUv
)anTb; nigktþaepSgeTotEdleKminGacKNna)anRtwmRtUvdUcbnÞúkTMnajEpndIeT. eKGackMNt;sm<aF
dImanGMeBIelICBa¢aMgTb;tamRTwsþI nigviFIsaRsþEdlmanBnül;kñúgmuxviC¢aemkanicdI. sßanPaBlMnwgrbs;
CBa¢aMgTb; nig\T§iBlénkmøaMgDINamiceTAelICBa¢aMgk¾manEcgkñúgmuxviC¢aenHEdr.
dIRtsuH (granular material) dUcCaxSac; manlkçN³emkanicxusBIdIs¥it (cohesive material)
dUcCadI\dæ b¤BIbnSMénRbePTdITaMgBIr. eTaHCaGaMgtg;sIuetsm<aFdIenAelICBa¢aMgTb;manlkçN³sμúKsμaj
eK)ansnμt;karBRgaysm<aFdImkelICBa¢aMgTb;manlkçN³CabnÞat;. GaMgtg;sIuetsm<aFekIneLIg
smamaRtCamYynwgCeRmA ehIytémørbs;vaCaGnuKmn_eTAnwgkm<s;CBa¢agM / Tm¶n;dI nigRbePTdI. GaMg
tg;sIuetdI p enACeRmA h BIeRkamépÞdIRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
p = Cwh ¬!$>!¦
Edl w CaTm¶n;maDdI nig C CaemKuNEdlGaRs½yeTAnwglkçN³rUbrbs;dI. témørbs;emKuN
C ERbRbYlBI 0.35 sRmab;dIRtsuH (loose granular soil) dUcCaxSac; eTA 1.0 sRmab;dIs¥it (cohesive
soil) dUcCadI\dæesIm. RbsinebICBa¢aMgTb;RtUv)ansnμt;rwgdac;xat enaHkrNIsm<aFdIenAes¶omnwgekIt
eLIg. eRkamsm<aFdI CBa¢aMgGacdab b¤rMkiledaybrimaNtictYcBIdI ehIysm<aFdIskmμnwgekIteLIg

dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 14>2. RbsinebICBa¢aMgrMkileq<aHeTAdI enaHsm<aFdIGkmμnwgekItman. TaMgsm<aF
dIskmμ nigsm<aFdIGkmμRtUv)ansnμt;faERbRbYlCabnÞat;CamYynwgCeRmACBa¢aMg ¬rUbTI 14>2¦. sRmab;
dIRtsuH (granular) s¶Üt/ Gt;s¥it (noncohesive) RtUv)ansnμt;fasm<aFBRgaymanragCabnÞat; (linear)
ÉdIs¥it b¤dIxSac;Eq¥tTwkmanlkçN³epSg KWsm<aFBRgaymanlkçN³minEmnbnÞat; (nonlinear). dUc

enH CaTUeTAeKeRbIdIRtsuHCasmÖar³cak;bMeBjedIm,Ipþl;nUvdüaRkamsm<aFbnÞat; nigmü:ageTotpþl;

lT§PaBkñúgkarbgðÚrTwkBICBa¢aMgxageRkay.
sRmab;sm<aFbnÞat; GaMgtg;sIuetsm<aFskmμ nigsm<aFGkmμRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
Pa = C a wh ¬!$>@¦
Pp = C p wh ¬!$>#¦
Edl Ca nig C p CaemKuNénsm<aFskmμ nigsm<aFGkmμerogKña.
14>4> sm<aFdIGkmμ nigsm<aFdIskmμ (Active and Passive Soil Pressures)

RTwsþId¾samBaØCaeKBIrEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAkñúgkarKNnasm<aFdIKW Rankine nig Coulomb.
a. sRmab;viFIrbs; Rankine CBa¢aMgTb;RtUv)ansnμt;fa yield RKb;RKan;edIm,IbegáItnUvsßanPaBlM
nwg)øasÞic enAkñúgdMudIenAépÞCaBa¢aMg. dIEdlenAes¶ómenArkSakñúgsßanPaBeGLasÞic. RTwsþIenH

GnuvtþCacMbgcMeBaHdIKμanPaBs¥it (cohesiveless)/ dIEdlminGacsgát;)an (incompressible)/
dIEdlmanlkçN³sac;mYy (homogeneous) nigminKitnUvkmøaMgkkitrvagdI nigCBa¢aMg. sm<aF
dIskmμenACeRmA h manGMeBIelICBa¢aMgTb;edayQrelIRTwsþI Rankine RtUv)ankMNt;dUcxag
eRkam³
⎛ 1 − sin φ ⎞
Pa = C a wh = wh⎜⎜ ⎟
1 + sin φ ⎟
¬!$>$¦
⎝ ⎠

⎛ 1 − sin φ ⎞
Edl C a = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 + sin φ ⎠
mMukkitkñúgrbs;dI ¬tarag !$>!¦
φ=
wh 2 ⎛ 1 − sin φ ⎞
sm<aFskmμsrub Ha = ⎜
2 ⎜ 1 + sin φ ⎟
⎟ ¬!$>%¦
⎝ ⎠
tarag !$>! témøén w nig φ
RbePTdIcak;bMeBj Tm¶n;maD ¬ kg / m 3 ¦ mMukkitkñúg φ
Soft clay 1440 − 1920 0 o − 15 o
Medium clay 1600 − 1920 15 o − 30 o
Dry loose silt 1600 − 1920 27 o − 30 o
Dry dense silt 1760 − 1920 30 o − 35 o
Loose sand and gravel 1600 − 2100 30 o − 40 o
Dense sand and gravel 1920 − 2100 25 o − 35 o
Dry loose sand, graded 1840 − 2100 33o − 35 o
Dry dense sand, graded 1920 − 2100 42 o − 46 o
kmøaMgpÁÜb H a GnuvtþGMeBIenAkm<s; h / 3 BI)at ¬rUbTI !$>@¦. enAeBlEdldIrgbnÞúkbEnßmeday

mMu δ EdlpÁúMCamYyG½kSedk enaH

⎛ cos δ − cos 2 δ − cos 2 φ ⎞

C a = cos δ ⎜
⎜
⎟
⎟
¬!$>^¦
⎝ cos δ + cos δ − cos φ
2 2
⎠
2
Pa = C a wh nig H a = Ca wh2
kmøaMgpÁÜb H a eFVIGMeBIenAkm<s; h / 3 nigeRTtedaymMu δ eTAnwgbnÞat;edk ¬rUbTI 14>3¦. témø
C a EdlsMEdgedaysmIkar !$>^ sRmab;témøepSg²én δ nig φ RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag
!$>@.
tarag !$>@ témørbs; C a
φ ¬mMukkitkñúg¦
δ 28 o 30 o 32 o 34 o 36 o 38 o 40 o
0o 0.361 0.333 0.307 0.283 0.260 0.238 0.217
10 o 0.380 0.350 0.321 0.294 0.270 0.246 0.225
20 o 0.461 0.414 0.374 0.338 0.306 0.277 0.250
25 o 0.573 0.494 0.434 0.385 0.343 0.307 0.275
30 o 0. 0.866 0.574 0.478 0.411 0.358 0.315
sm<aFdIGkmμekItmanenAeBlEdlCBa¢aMgTb;rkM il nigsgát;dI. sm<aFdIGkmμenAkm<s; h' enA

elICBa¢aMgTb;CamYynwgdIcak;bMeBjtamTisedkRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
⎛ 1 + sin φ ⎞
Pp = C p wh = wh⎜⎜ ⎟
1 − sin φ ⎟
¬!$>&¦
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 + sin φ ⎞ 1
Edl C p = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 1 − sin φ ⎠ C a
sin φ ⎞
sm<aFGkmμsrubKW H p = wh2 ⎛⎜⎜ 11 +− sin
2
⎟
φ ⎟⎠
¬!$>*¦
⎝
kmøaMgpÁÜb H p manGMeBIenA h' / 3 BI)at ¬rUbTI 14>2¦. enAeBldIrgnUvbnÞúkbEnßmedaymMu
⎛ cos 2 δ − cos 2 φ ⎞⎟
δ eTAnwgbnÞat;edk enaH C p = cos δ ⎜⎜ cos δ + 2 ⎟
¬!$>(¦
⎝ cos δ − cos δ − cos φ ⎠
2
wh 2
Pp = C p wh nig H p = Cp
2

Hp manGMeBIenA h' / 3 ehIyeRTtedaymMu δ eTAnwgbnÞat;edk ¬rUbTI 14>4¦. témø C p Edl

sMEdgedaysmIkar !$>( sRmab;témøepSg²én δ nig φ RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag !$>#.
témøén φ nig w ERbRbYleTAtamRbePTdIcak;bMeBj. tamkarENnaM témøFmμtarbs; φ nig
w RtUv)an[enAkñúgtarag !$>!.
tarag !$># témørbs; C p
φ ¬mMukkitkñúg¦
δ 28 o 30 o 32 o 34 o 36 o 38 o 40 o
0o 2.77 3.00 3.25 3.54 3.85 4.20 4.60
10 o 2.55 2.78 3.02 3.30 3.60 3.94 4.32
20 o 1.92 2.13 2.36 2.61 2.89 3.19 3.53
25 o 1.43 1.66 1.90 2.14 2.40 2.68 3.00
30 o 0. 0.87 1.31 1.57 1.83 2.10 2.38
b. sRmab;RTwsþIrbs; Coulomb/ sm<aFdIskmμRtUv)ansnμt;faCalT§pléndMudI (wedge of soil)

rGilRbqaMgmkelIépÞCBa¢aMgTb;. dUcenHRTwsþI Coulomb KWsMedAeTARTwsþI wedge. enAeBl
EdlkmøaMgkkitRtUv)anKitenAkñúgCBa¢aMgTb; eK)ansnμt;faépÞrGilCabøgerobesμI EtkarBitva

manlkçN³ekagbnþic. kMhusenAkñúgkarsnμt;enHRtUv)anecalenAkñúgkarKNnasm<aFdIskmμ.
smIkar Coulomb edIm,IKNnasm<aFdIskmμ nigsm<aFdIGkmμmandUcxageRkam³
sm<aFdIskmμKW Pa = Ca wh
cos 2 (φ − θ )
Edl Ca = ¬!$>!0 a ¦
sin (φ + β )sin (φ − δ ) ⎤
2
⎡
cos 2 θ cos(θ + β )⎢1 + ⎥
⎣ cos(θ + β ) cos(θ − β ) ⎦
Edl φ= mMukkitkñúgrbs;dI
θ = mMuénépÞsm<aFdImkG½kSQr
β = mMukkittambeNþayépÞCBa¢aMg ¬mMurvagdInigebtug¦
δ = mMuénbnÞúkbEnßm (surcharge) eTAG½kSedk
sm<aFdIskmμsrubKW
wh 2 h
H a = Ca = Pa
2 2
enAeBlEdlépÞCBa¢aMgmanlkçN³bBaÄrRtg; enaH θ = 0 o nigRbsinebI β = δ enaH Ca
ehIysmIkar ¬!$>!0 a ¦ køayeTACasmIkar ¬!$>^ ¦ rbs; Rankine.
sm<aFdIGkmμKW Pp = C p wh
cos 2 (φ + θ )
Edl C p = ¬!$>!0 a ¦
sin (φ + β )sin (φ + δ ) ⎤
2
⎡
cos 2 θ cos(θ − β )⎢1 − ⎥
⎣ cos(θ + β ) cos(θ − β ) ⎦
témørbs; φ nig w ERbRbYleTAtamRbePTdIcak;bMeBj. tamkarENnaM témøFmμtarbs; φ

nig w RtUv)an[ enAkñúgtarag !$>!.
c. enAeBlEdldIEq¥tTwk rn§es<atrbs;dIeBjeTAedayTwk EdlbegáItCasm<aFGIuRdUsþaTic. enAkñúg
krNIenHTm¶n;maDdIEdllicTwk (submerged unit weight)RtUv)aneRbI. Tm¶n;maDdIlicTwk Ca
Tm¶n;maDdIEdl)andkTm¶n;maDTwk. \T§iBlrbs;sm<aFTwkGIuRdUsþaTicRtUvEtKitenAkñúgkar
KNnaCBa¢aMgTb;EdlRbQmnwgRsTab;Twkx<s; nigdIlicTwk. eKGaceRbImMukkitkñúgEdl)an
bgðajenAkñúgtarag !$>!.

14>5> \T§iBlénbnÞúkbEnßm (Effect of Surcharge)

bnÞúkepSg²énbnÞúkRtUv)andak;enAelIépÞéndIcak;bMeBjBIxageRkayCBa¢aMgTb;. RbsinebIbnÞúk
CabnÞúkBRgayesμI km<s;smmUlrbs;dI hs RtUv)ansnμt;famanGMeBIeTAelICBa¢aMgedIm,IbegáInsm<aF.
sRmab;CBa¢aMgdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 14>5 sm<aFedkEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkbEnßmmantémøefreBjkm<s;
rbs;CBa¢aMgTb;.
hs =
ws
w
¬!$>!!¦
Edl km<s;smmUlrbs;dI
hs =
ws = sm<aFbnÞúkelIs
w = Tm¶n;maDdI
sm<aFsrubKW H a = H a1 + H a 2 = Ca w⎛⎜⎜ h2 + hhs ⎞⎟⎟

2
¬!$>!@¦
⎝ ⎠
enAkñúgkrNIbnÞúkBRgayesμIedayEpñkmanGMeBIenAcm¶aymYyBICBa¢aMgTb; enaHvamanEtsm<aFén
bnÞúkbEnßmsrubmYyEpñkman\T§iBleTAelICBa¢aMg ¬rUbTI !$>^¦.
vaCakarGnuvtþn_TUeTAedaysnμt;fakm<s;RbsiT§PaBénbnÞúkbEnßmKW h' Edlvas;BIcMnuc B eTA)at
rbs;CBa¢aMgTb;. bnÞat; AB pÁúMmMu 45o CamYyG½kSedk.
kñúgkrNIbnÞúkkg;LanmanGMeBIenAcm¶aymYyCBa¢aMg bnÞúkRtUv)anBRgayelIépÞkMNt;mYy Edl
CaTUeTAkMNt;eday specification EdleKTTYlsÁal;dUcCa AASHTO nig AREA.

14>6> kmøaMgkkitenAelI)atCBa¢aMgTb; (Friction on the Retaining Wall Base)

bgÁúMkmøaMgtamTisedkénkmøaMgTaMgGs;manGMeBIelICBa¢aMgTb;)anrujCBa¢aMgtamTisedAedk.
)atCBa¢aMgTb;RtUvEtFMRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgkarrGilrbs;CBa¢aMg. emKuNkmøaMgkkitEdlRtUv)aneRbIKWCa
emKuNkmøaMgkkiténdIenAelICBa¢aMgsRmab; coarse granular soils nigCaersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgéndI
s¥it. emKuNkmøaMgkkit μ EdlGacTTYlyksRmab;RbePTdIepSg²mandUcxageRkam³
- Coarse-grained soils without silt, μ = 0.55
- Coarse-grained soils with silt, μ = 0.45
- Silt, μ = 0.35
- Sound rock, μ = 0.60
kmøaMgkkitsrub F enAelI)atedIm,ITb;nwgkarrGilKW
F = μR + H p ¬!$>!#¦
Edl μ = emKuNkmøaMgkkit
R = kmøaMgbBaÄrmanGMeBIelI)at
H p = kmøaMgTb;Gkmμ
emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarrGilKW
emKuNsuvtßiPaB = HF = μRH+ H p ≥ 1.5 ¬!$>!$¦
ah ah
Edl H ah CabgÁúMkmøaMgedkénsm<aFskmμ H a . emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarrGilminKYr

tUcCag 1.5 RbsinebIkmøaMgTb;Gkmμ H p RtUv)anecal nigminKYrtUcCag 2.0 RbsinebI H p RtUv)an
ykmkKitBicarNakñúgkarKNna.

14>7> sßanPaBlMnwgRbqaMgnwgkarRkLab; (Stability against Overturning)

bgÁúMkmøaMgedkénsm<aFskmμ H a nwgeFVI[CBa¢aMgTb;RkLab;eFobcMnuc 0 ¬rUbTI 14>7¦. m:U
m:g;eFVI[RkLab; (overturning moment) M 0 = H a h / 3 . Tm¶n;rbs;ebtug nigdIbegáItCam:Um:g;Edl
eFVI[manlMnwg (balancing moment or tightening moment) edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgm:Um:g;eFVI[RkLab;.
m:Um:g;eFVI[manlMnwgsRmab;krNICBa¢aMgdUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 14>7 KW
M b = w1 x1 + w2 x 2 + w3 x3 = ∑ wx
emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarRkLab;KW

emKuNsuvtßiPaB = MM b = ∑H wsh ≥ 2.0 ¬!$>!%¦

0 a
3
emKuNsuvtßiPaBenHminRtUvKYrtUcCag 2.0 eT.
kmøaMgpÁÜbénkmøaMgTaMgGs;manGMeBIelICBa¢aMgTb; R A RbsBVenA)atCBa¢aMgTb;Rtg;cMnuc C ¬rUb
TI 14>7¦. CaTUeTA cMnuc C minRtYtsIuKñaCamYyG½kSrbs;)atCBa¢aMg dUcenHvabegáIt)anCakmøaMgcakp©it
enAelIeCIgtag. vaCakarRbesIredayrkSacMnuc C enAkñúgEpñkkNþalénRbEvgmYyPaKbIén)atCBa¢aMg
edIm,IeFVI[)atCBa¢aMgTaMgmUlsßiteRkamsm<aFdI. ¬krNIeCIgtageRkambnÞúkcakp©itRtUv)anBnül;kñúg
emeronTI 13¦.
14>8> smamaRténCBa¢aMgTb; (Proportions of Retaining Walls)

karKNnaCBa¢aMgTb;cab;epþImCamYynwgkarmuxkat;sakl,gEdlmanTMhMRbhak;RbEhl.
bnÞab;mkmuxkat;snμt;enaHRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;sßanPaBlMnwg nigPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;eRKOgbgÁúM. xageRkam
Cac,ab;EdlGaceRbIedIm,IkMNt;xñatRbhak;RbEhlénEpñkepS²rbs;CBa¢aMgTb; cantilever³

a. km<s;rbs;CBa¢aMg³ km<s;srubrbs;CBa¢aMgesμInwgPaBxusKñaénkRmitkm<s;bUknwg 900mm eTA

1200mm EdlCakarKNnaCeRmAénCRmabTwkkk (frost penetration depth) sRmab;rdæPaK
xageCIgrbs;RbeTsGaemrik.
b. kRmas;CBa¢aMg³ GaMgtg;sIueténsm<aFekIneLIgeTAtamCeRmArbs;CBa¢aMg ehIytémøGtibrma
rbs;vasßitenA)atCBa¢aMg. dUcenH m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaenAkñúgCBa¢aMg
ekItmanenAnwg)atrbs;va. kRmas;CBa¢aMgenA)atRtUv)ankMNt;esμInwg1 / 12 eTA1 / 10 énkm<s;
CBa¢aMg h . kRmas;rbs;CBa¢aMgenAkMBUlRtUv)ansnμt; 200mm nig 300mm . edaysarCBa¢aMg
Tb;RtUvKNnasRmab;Tb;sm<aFdIskmμ edIm,IeFVI[manPaBdabrbs;CBa¢aMgtUc vaCakarRbesIr
edIm,IeFVI[épÞCBa¢aMgmanCRmalGb,brmakñúgkRmit 25mm kñúgkm<s; 1m . sRmab;CBa¢aMgTab
Edlmankm<s; 3m eKGacykkRmas;CBa¢aMgefr)at.
c. RbEvgeCIgtag³ karkMNt;dMbUgsRmab;RbEvg)atesμInwg 2 / 5 eTA 2 / 3 énkm<s;CBa¢aMg h .
d. kRmas;rbs;)at³ kRmas;)atxageRkamRtUv)ankMNt;esμIkRmas;CBa¢aMgenA)at EdlesμInwg1 / 12
eTA 1 / 10 énkm<s;CBa¢aMg. kRmas;Gb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;RbEhl 300mm . )atCBa¢aMgGac
mankRmas;esμI b¤sþÜcenAcugTaMgsgçag Edlmanm:Um:g;Bt;sUnü.
smamaRtrbs;CBa¢aMg cantilever retaining wall RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 14>8.
14>9> tRmUvkarsRmab;KNna (Design Requirement)
ACI Code, Chapter 14 pþl;nUvviFIsaRsþsRmab;KNnalT§PaBRTRTg;rbs;CBa¢aMg. tRmUvkar

cMbgdUcxageRkam³
a. kRmas;Gb,brmaénCBa¢aMgKW 1 / 25 énkm<s; b¤énRbEvgCBa¢aMg ykmYyNaEdltUcCageK b:uEnþ
minRtUvtUcCag 100mm .
b. RkLaépÞGb,brmaénEdkedkenAkñúgCBa¢aMgKW 0.0025bh Edl bh CaRkLaépÞebtugCBa¢aMg.
témøenHRtUv)ankat;bnßyRtwm 0.002bh RbsinebIeKeRbIEdk DB16 b¤EdkEdlmanmuxkat;

tUcCagenH nigman f y ≥ 400MPa . sRmab;EdksMNaj;pSar ¬EdkmUl b¤EdkfñaMgGMeBA¦ Rk
LaépÞEdkGb,brmaKW 0.002bh .

c. RkLaépÞGb,brmaénEdkQrKW 0.0015bh b:uEnþvaRtUv)ankat;bnßyRtwm 0.0012bh RbsinebI

Edk DB16 b¤EdkEdlmanGgát;p©ittUcCagenHCamYynwg f y ≥ 400MPa RtUv)aneRbI. sRmab;
EdksMNaj;pSar ¬EdkmUl b¤EdkfñaMgGMeBA¦ brimaNEdkGb,brmaKW 0.0012bh .
d. KMlatGtibrmaénEdkbBaÄr nigEdkedkKWtémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam 450mm b¤kRmas;CBa¢aMg
bIdg.
e. RbsinkRmas;CBa¢aMgFMCag 250mm enaHEdkbBaÄr nigEdkedkKYrEtdak;BIrRsTab;RsbKñanwg
épÞxagkñúg nigxageRkAdUcxageRkam³
sRmab;épÞCBa¢aMgxageRkA y:agtic1 / 2 énbrimaNEdk As ¬b:uEnþminRtUveRcInCag 2 As / 3 ¦ KYr
mankRmas;karBarEdkGb,brma 50mm b:uEnþminRtUvFMCag 1 / 3 énkRmas;CBa¢aMg. enHeday
sar épÞCBa¢aMgxageRkARbQmnwglkçxNÐGakasFatuepSgKña nigbERmbRmYlsItuNðPaB.
sRmab;épÞCBa¢aMgxagkñúg EdktRmUvkarenAkñúgTisedAnImYy²KYrmankRmas;karBarEdkGb,brma
20mm b:uEnþminRtUvFMCag 1 / 3 énkRmas;CBa¢aMg.
EdkGb,brmaenAkñúgeCIgtagCBa¢aMg eyagtam ACI Code, Section 10.5.3 KWfaEdktRmUvkar

sRmaab;EdkrYmmaD nigEdksItuNðPaB Edlfa 0.0018bh enAeBl f y = 400MPa nig
0.0020bh enAeBl f y = 280 MPa b¤ f y = 350 MPa . edaysarbrimaNEdkGb,brma
mantémøtUceBk enAkñúgkarGnuvtþeKRtUvdMeLIgvadl;brimaNEdkGb,brma As sRmab;karBt;³

A =
s min
4f
f'c
b d nig ≥
w
1.4
f
b d
w ¬!$>!^¦
y y
14>10> karbgðÚrTwk (Drainage)

sm<aFdIEdl)anerobrab;BIxagedImmin)anrab;bBa©Úlsm<aFGIuRdUsþaTic. RbsinebITwkRbmUlpþúMenA
xageRkayCBa¢aMgTb; sm<aFTwkRtUvEtrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgkarKNna. épÞ b¤RsTab;TwkeRkamdIGacRCabenAkñúg
dIcak; nigbegáItkrNIdIlicTwk. edIm,IeCosvagsm<aFGIuRdUsþaTic karbgðÚrTwkKYrRtUvdak;enABIeRkay
CBa¢aMg. RbsinebIdIGt;manPaBs¥itbgðÚrTwk)anl¥RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;cak;bMeBj CBa¢aMgGacRtUv)anKNna
sRmab;E sm<aFdIsuT§. RbBn§karbgðÚrTwkGacrYmmanmYy b¤bnSMénkarerobrab;xageRkam³
- rn§Rbehag (weep holes) enAkñúgCBa¢aMgTb;manGgát;p©it 100mm b¤FMCagenH nigmanKMlat
RbEhl 1.5m enAkNþalG½kSedk nigG½kSQr ¬rUbTI 14>9 a ¦.

- TIbRbehag (perforated pipe) EdlmnaGgát;p©it 200mm dak;tambeNþayénCBa¢aMgB½T§CMu

vijedayxSac; b¤fμbMEbk ¬rUbTI 14>9 b ¦.
- labépÞCBa¢aMgxagcak;bMeBjCamYy asphalt edIm,IkarBarkarRCabTwk.
- viFIepSgeTotedIm,IbgðÚrTwk
]TahrN_14>1³ muxkat;sakl,grbs;CBa¢aMgTb;ebtugsuT§ semigravity RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI

14>10. CBa¢aMgenHcaM)ac;RtUvkarRtYtBinitüsuvtßiPaBTb;nwgkarRkLab;/ karrGil nigRTRTg;nUvsm<aFBI
eRkameCIgtag. eK[³ Tm¶n;maDdIcak;bMeBj 17.6kN / m3 / mMukkitkñúg φ = 35o / emKuNkkitrvag
ebtug nigdI μ = 0.5 / sm<aFdIGnuBaØatKW 120kN / m 2 nig f 'c = 20MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> edayeRbIsmIkar Rankine
1 − sin φ 1 − 0.574
Ca = = = 0.271
1 + sin φ 1 + 0.574
sm<aFGkmμenAEpñkxagmuxKWsRmab;km<s; 300mm EdlCatémøtUcGacecal)an.
C a wh 2 0.271× 17.6 × 3.32
Ha = = = 26kN
2 2
Ha eFVIGMeBIenAcm¶ay h / 3 = 1.1m BI)at.
2> m:Um:g;eFVI[RkLab; (overturning moment) KW M 0 = 26 ×1.1 = 28.6kN .m
3> KNnam:Um:g;eFVI[manlMnwg (balancing moment) M b edayKiteFobcMnuc 0 ¬rUbTI 14>10¦³


Tm¶n; (kN ) édXñas; (m) m:Um:g; (kN .m)

w1 = 0.3 × 3 × 24 = 21.6 0. 4 8.64
w2 = × 3 × (1.05 − 0.3) × 24 = 27
1
0 .8 21.6
2
w3 = 0.3 × 1.6 × 24 = 11.52 0 .8 9.22
w4 = × 3 × (1.05 − 0.3) × 17.6 = 19.8
1
1.05 20.79
2
w5 = 0.3 × 3 × 17.6 = 15.84 1.45 23
∑ w = R = 95.76kN M b = ∑ M = 83.25kN
4> emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarRkLab;KW 83.25 / 28.6 = 2.91 > 2.0

5> kmøaMgRbqaMgkarrGil F = μR = 0.5 × 95.76 = 47.88kN
emKuNsuvtßiPaBTb;nwgkarrGilKW F / H a = 47.88 / 26 = 1.84 > 1.5
6> KNnasm<aFdIeRkam)at
a. cm¶ayrbs;kmøaMgpÁÜbBIcMnuc 0
M b − M 0 83.25 − 28.6
x= = = 0.57 m
R 95.76
cMNakp©itKW e = 0.8 − 0.57 = 0.23m . kmøaMgpÁÜb
R manGMeBIenAkñúgEpñkkNþalénmYyPaKbIRbEvgeCIgtag nigmancMNakp©it
e = 0.23m BIG½kSrbs;)at ¬rUbTI 14>10¦.
b. sRmab;eCIgtagRbEvg 1m nigRbEvgeCIgtagRbsiT§PaB 1.6m

m:Um:g;niclPaB I = 1×1.63 /12 = 0.34m 4 / RkLaépÞ A = 1.6m 2
c. sm<aFdIenAcugTaMgBIrrbs;eCIgtagKW q1, q2 = R / A ± Mc / I .
m:Um:g; M KW R ⋅ e = 95.76 × 0.23 = 22kN .m nig c = 0.8m
95.76 22 × 0.8
q1 = + = 111.6kN
1.6 0.34
95.76 22 × 0.8
q2 = − = 8.1kN
1.6 0.34
7> RtYtBinitükugRtaMgBt;enAkñúgebtugRtg;cMnuc A
a. sm<aFdIRtg;cMnuc A ¬BIFrNImaRt¦KW

⎛ 1.35 ⎞
q A = 8.1 + ⎜ ⎟(111.6 − 8.1) = 95.4kN
⎝ 1.6 ⎠
b. m:Um:g; M A RtUv)anKNnaenARtg; A bNþalmkBIkugRtaMgctuekaNEkg nigkugRtaMg
RtIekaN
95.4 × 0.25 2 16.2 × 0.25 ⎛ 2⎞
MA = + ⎜ 0.25 × ⎟ = 3.32kN .m
2 2 ⎝ 3⎠
c. kugRtaMgBt;enAkñúgebtugKW
Mc 3.32 × 0.15
= −
⋅10 − 3 = 0.221MPa
I 2.25 ⋅10 3
Edl c= =
h 0.3
2 2
= 0.15mnig I = 1× 0.33 / 12 = 2.25 ⋅10 −3 m 4
d. m:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug (modulus of rupture of concrete) KW

0.623 f 'c = 2.8MPa > 0.221MPa
emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkareRbHKW 02.221
.8
= 12.67 . dUcenH
muxkat;manlkçN³RKb;RKan;. eKmincaM)ac;esñInUvmuxkat;epSgeTotedIm,IRtYtBinitüeT.
]TahrN_14>2³ KNnaCBa¢aMgTb; cantilever edIm,ITb;dIRcaMgkm<s; 5m . enAelIdIEdlTb;manbnÞúk

bEnßm 9.25kN / m 2 . eK[³ Tm¶n;maDdIcak;bMeBj 18.5kN / m3 / mMukkitkñúg φ = 35o / emKuNkkit
rvagebtug nigdI μ = 0.5 / emKuNkkitrvagRsTab;dI μ = 0.7 / lT§PaBRTdIGnuBaØat 200kN / m 2 /
f 'c = 20MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;TMhMrbs;CBa¢aMgTb;edayeRbITMnak;TMngRbhak;RbEhlEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 14>8
a. km<s;CBa¢aMg³ edaybgáb;CBa¢aMgTb; 900mm enaHkm<s;rbs;CBa¢aMgTb; h = 5 + 0.9 = 5.9m
b. kRmas;)at³ snμt;kRmas;)atesμI 0.08h = 0.08 × 5.9 = 0.472m yk 0.45m . km<s;
rbs;tYCBa¢aMg 5.45m
c. RbEvgeCIgtag³ RbEvgeCIgtagERbRbYlcenøaH 0.4h nig 0.67h . edaysnμt;yktémø
mFüm enaHRbEvgeCIgtagesμI 0.53h = 0.53 × 5.9 = 3.127m yk 3.2m . RbEvg)atenABI

muxtYCBa¢aMgERbRbYlcenøaH 0.17h nig 0.125h . snμt;RbEvg)atxagmuxesμI
0.17 × 5.9 = 1m .

d. kRmas;CBa¢aMg³ kRmas;Gtibrmarbs;CBa¢aMgsßitenAKl;EdlERbRbYlcenøaH 0.08h eTA

0.1h . eRCIserIskRmas;CBa¢aMgGtibrmaesμInwgkRmas;eCIgtagKW 0.45m .
kRmas;Gb,brmarbs;CBa¢aMg sßitenAkMBUlrbs;CBa¢aMg edaykMNt;yk 0.3m .

CRmalGb,brmarbs;épÞCBa¢aMgKW 25mm / m . sRmab;CBa¢aMgEdlmankm<s;
5.45m enaHRbEvgsþÜcesμInwg 5.45 × 0.025 = 0.136m EdltUcCagRbEvgsþÜcEdlman
0.45 − 0.3 = 0.15m . TMhMrbs;CBa¢aMg Edl)anesñIeLIgRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg
rUbTI14>11.
2> tamsmIkar Rankine ³

1 − sin φ 1 − 0.574
Ca = = = 0.271
1 + sin φ 1 + 0.574
3> emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarRkLab;GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³

a. KNnakmøaMgKμanemKuNBitR)akdEdlmanGMeBIelICBa¢aMgTb;. dMbUg kMNt;nUvral;kmøaMg

EdleFVI[CBa¢aMgRkLab;³
hs ¬EdlbNþalBIbnÞúkelIs¦ = s =
w 9.25
= 0 .5 m
w 18.5
p1 = C a whs = 0.271× 18.5 × 0.5 = 2.5kN / m 2
p 2 = C a wh = 0.271× 18.5 × 5.9 = 29.58kN / m 2
H a 2 = 2.5 × 5.9 = 14.75kN édXñas;=

5.9
2
= 2.95m
1
H a 2 = 29.58 × 5.9 = 87.26kN
2
édXñas;=
5.9
3
= 1.97m
b. m:Um:g;EdleFVI[RkLab; (overturning moment) KW

14.75 × 2.95 + 87.26 × 1.97 = 215.4kN.m
c. m:Um:g;eFVI[manlMnwgEdlRbqaMgnwgkarRkLab; ¬emIlrUbTI 14>12¦
kmøaMg (kN ) édXñas; (m) m:Um:g; (kN .m)
w1 = 0.3 × 5.45 × 25 = 40.875 1.3 53.14
1
w2 = 0.15 × 5.45 × 25 = 10.22 1 .1 11.24
2
w3 = 3.2 × 0.45 × 25 = 36 1.6 57.6
w4 = 1.75 × 5.45 × 18.5 = 176.44 2.375 419
∑ w = R = 263.5kN ∑ M = 541kN .m
emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarRkLab;KW 215
541
.4
= 2.51 > 2
4> KNnasm<aFdIeRkameCIgtag. Kitm:Um:g;eFobcMnuc 0 ¬rUbTI 14>12¦ edIm,IkMNt;TItaMg kmøaMgpÁÜb

R énkmøaMgbBaÄr
x=
∑ M − ∑ Hy = balancing M − overturning M =
541 − 215.4
R R 263.5
3.2
= 1.236m > = 1.066m
3
cMNakp©itKW e = 3.2 / 2 − 1.236 = 0.364m . kmøaMgpÁÜb R manGMeBIenAkñúgEpñkkNþalén
RbEvgmYyPaKbIéneCIgtag nigmancMNakp©it e = 0.476m BIG½kSrbs;eCIgtag. sRmab;
RbEvgbeNþay 1m rbs;eCIgtag
RkLaépÞ = 1× 3.2 = 3.2m 2

3
m:Um:g;niclPaB I = 1× 312.2 = 2.73m 4
R R ⋅ e ⋅ C 263.5 263.5 × 0.364 × 1.6
q1 = + = + = 138.56kN / m 2 < 200kN / m 2
A I 3.2 2.73
R R ⋅ e ⋅ C 263.5 263.5 × 0.364 × 1.6
q2 = − = − = 26.13kN / m 2
A I 3.2 2.73
sm<aFdIKWRKb;RKan;
5> KNnaemKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarrGil. emKuNsuvtßiPaBGb,brmaRtUvesμI 1.5 .

kmøaMgeFVI[rGil = H a1 + H a2 = 14.75 + 87.26 = 102kN

kmøaMgTb;kMu[rGil = μR = 0.5 × 253.5 = 126.75kN

emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarrGil = 126102.75 = 1.24 < 1.5
kmøaMgTb;RbqaMgnwgkarrGilEdlmanmin)anpþl;suvtßiPaBRKb;RKan;RbqaMgnwgkarrGileT. enA
kñúgkrNIenH key RtUv)anbegáItedIm,IbegáItsm<aFGkmμFMRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgkmøaMgd¾FMEdleFVI
[rGil. tYnaTIepSgeTotrbs; key KWpþl;nUvRbEvgbgáb;RKb;RKan;sRmab;Edk dowel rbs;tY
CBa¢aMg. dUcenH key RtUv)andak;enATItaMgEdlépÞxagmuxrbs;vamancm¶ay 150mm BIépÞxag
eRkayrbs;CBa¢aMg ¬rUbTI14>13¦. enAkñúgkarKNnasm<aFGkmμ dIenABIelIeCIgtagEpñkxag
muxRtUv)anecalkñúgkm<s; 300mm . dUcenHenAkñúg]TahrN_enHkm<s;dIKItBI)ateCIgtagesμI
600mm . snμt; key mankm<s; t = 450mm nigTTwg b = 450mm .
1 + sin φ 1 1
Cp = = = = 3.69
1 − sin φ C a 0.271
H p = C p w(h'+t )2 = 3.69 × 18.5(0.6 + 0.45)2 = 37.63kN

1 1
2 2
\LÚvkarrGilGacnwgekItmanenAelIépÞ AC / CD nig EF ¬rUbTI14>13¦. épÞrGil AC
CaépÞrGilrvagRsTab;dInigRsTab;dIEdlmanemKuNkmøaMgkkitkñúg = tan φ = tan 35o = 0.7 .
cMENkÉépÞrGil CD nig EF CaépÞrGilrvagebtugnigRsTab;dIEdlmanemKuNkmøaMgkkitkñúg
esμI 0.5 dUcEdl)an[enAkñúgsmμtikmμrbs;]TahrN_.
ersIusþg;kmøaMgkkitKW F = μ1R1 + μ 2 R2 .
⎛ 138.56 + 92.89 ⎞
R1 = Rbtikmμén AC = ⎜ ⎟ × 1.3 = 150.4kN
⎝ 2 ⎠
R2 = R − R1 = 263.5 − 150.4 = 113.1kN
⎛ 92.89 + 26.13 ⎞
R2 = RbtikmμénCDF = ⎜
⎝ 2
⎟ × 1.9 = 113.1kN
⎠
F = 0.7 × 150.4 + 0.5 × 113.1 = 161.83kN

kmøaMgTb;srubKW F + H p = 161.83 + 37.63 = 199.5kN
emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwgkarrGilKW 199.5
102
= 1.96 < 1.5 b¤
161.83
102
= 1.59 < 1.5
emKuNsuvtßiPaBFMCag 1.5 EdlRtUv)anENnaMenAeBlEdlsm<aFGkmμRbqaMgnwgkarrGilmin

RtUv)anKitbBa©Úl.

6> KNnatYCBa¢aMg. karKNnaénGgát;ebtugGarem:GaceFVI)anedayeRbI ACI Code alternative

design method, appendix B and C.
a. Edkem (main reinforcement)³ kmøaMgtamTisedkEdlGnuvtþmkelICBa¢aMgRtUv)anKNna
edayeRbIemKuN 1.6 . muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;m:Um:g;Bt;KWsßitenARtg;)aténCBa¢aMg

¬km<s; h = 5.45m ¦
KNnakmøaMgemKuN
P1 = 1.6(C a whs ) = 1.6(0.271× 18.5 × 0.5) = 4.01kN / m 2
P2 = 1.6(C a wh ) = 1.6(0.271× 18.5 × 5.45) = 43.72kN / m 2
H a1 = 4.01× 5.45 = 21.85kN édXñas; =

5.45
2
= 2.725m
1
H a 2 = 43.72 × 5.45 = 119.14kN
2
édXñas;=
5.45
3
= 1.82m

Mu ¬enA)atrbs;CBa¢aMg¦ = 21.85 × 2.725 + 119.14 ×1.82 = 276.4kN .m

kRmas;srubEdleRbIKW 450mm / b = 1m nig
d = 0.45 − (concrete cover) − (half the bar diameter) = 0.387m
Mu 276.4 ⋅10 6
Ru = = = 1.85MPa
bd 2 1000 × 387 2
0.85 f 'c ⎡ ⎤
PaKryEdk ρ=
f y ⎢⎣
⎢1 − 1 −
2 Ru
φ 0.85 f 'c
⎥ = 0.0058
⎥⎦
As = 0.0058 × 1000 × 387 = 2244.6mm 2

eRbI DB25 KMlat 200mm ¬ As = 2454.4mm 2 ¦. EdkbBaÄrGb,brma As eyagtam
ACI Code, Section 14.3 KW
As = 0.0015 × 450 × 1000 = 675mm 2 < 2454.4mm 2

edaysarEtm:Um:g;fycuHtamkm<s;rbs;CBa¢aMg As KYrRtUv)ankat;bnßyeTAtamm:Um:g;Edl
ekItmanenAelICBa¢aMg. CakarGnuvtþn_ eKKYreRbI As b¤KMlatmYy
sRmab;Bak;kNþalCBa¢aMg xageRkam nig As b¤KMlatmYyepSgeTot
sRmab;Bak;kNþalCBa¢aMgxagelI. edIm,IKNna m:Um:g;enAkm<s;Bak;kNþalCBa¢aMg
¬ 2.725m BIkMBUl¦
P1 = 1.6(C a whs ) = 1.6(0.271× 18.5 × 0.5) = 4.01kN / m 2
P2 = 1.6(C a wh ) = 1.6(0.271× 18.5 × 2.725) = 21.86kN / m 2
H a1 = 4.01× 2.725 = 10.93kN édXñas;

=
2.725
2
= 1.36m
1
H a 2 = 21.86 × 2.725 = 29.78kN
2
édXñas;
=
2.725
3
= 0.91m
Mu ¬enAkm<s;Bak;kNþal¦ = 10.93 ×1.36 + 29.78 × 0.91 = 41.96kN .m

kRmas;srubenAkm<s;Bak;kNþalKW 300 +2 450 = 375mm / b = 1m nig
d = 0.375 − 0.05 − 0.013 = 0.312m
M 41.96 ⋅10 6
Ru = u2 = = 0.43MPa
bd 1000 × 312 2
0.85 f 'c ⎡ ⎤
PaKryEdk ρ=
f y ⎣⎢
⎢1 − 1 −
2 Ru
φ 0.85 f 'c
⎥ = 0.0013
⎦⎥
As = 0.0013 × 1000 × 312 = 405.6mm 2

As min = 0.0015 × 1000 × 375 = 562.5mm 2 > 405.6mm 2

eRbIEdk DB12 KMlat 200mm ¬ As = 565.5mm 2 ¦.
b. EdksItuNðPaB nigEdkrYmmaD³ EdkedkGb,brmaenA)atCBa¢aMgGaRs½ynwg ACI Code,
Section 14.3 KW
As min = 0.002 × 1000 × 450 = 900mm 2

¬sRmab;mYyPaKbIBI)at¦/ edaysnμt;eRbIEdk DB16 b¤tUcCagenH.
As min = 0.002 × 1000 × 400 = 800mm 2
¬sRmab;BIPaKbIBIkMBUl¦. edaysar épÞxagmuxrbs;CBa¢aMgrgnUvbERmbRmYlsIuNðPaB
dUcenH eKeRbI mYyPaKBIreTAmYyPaKbIénEdkedk enAépÞxageRkArbs;CBa¢aMg nigdak;nUv
brimaNdUcKñaenAépÞxagkñúg.
0.5 As = 0.5 × 900 = 450mm 2
eRbIEdk DB12 KMlat 200mm ¬ As = 565.5mm 2 ¦enATaMgépÞxagkñúg nigépÞxageRkA
rbs;CBa¢aMg. eRbIEdk DB12 KMlat 300mm edIm,IRTEdkedkrYmmaD nigEdksItuNðPaB.
c. Edk dowel sRmab;EdkbBaÄr³ RbEvgf<k;rbs;Edk DB25 eTAkñúgeCIgtagRtUvEtman
RbEvg y:agticbMput 550mm . eRbIRbEvgEdkbgáb; 600mm eTAkñúgeCIgtag nig key
BIeRkamtY CBa¢aMg.
d. KNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg³ muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwgsßitenAcm¶ay
d = 0.387 mm BI)attYCBa¢aMg. enARtg;muxkat;enH cm¶ayBIkMBUlesμI
5.45 − 0.387 = 5.063m

P1 = 1.6(C a whs ) = 1.6(0.271× 18.5 × 0.5) = 4.01kN / m 2
P2 = 1.6(C a wh ) = 1.6(0.271× 18.5 × 5.063) = 40.61kN / m 2
H a1 = 4.01× 5.063 = 20.3kN

1
H a 2 = 40.61× 5.063 = 102.8kN
2
H = H a1 + H a 2 = 123.1kN
φVc = φ 0.17 f 'c bd = 0.75 × 0.17 20 × 1000 × 387 ⋅10 −3 = 220.7kN > 123.1kN
7> KNnaeCIgtagEpñkxageRkayCBa¢aMg³ emKuNbnÞúk 1.2 RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;KNnam:Um:g;Bt; emKuN
nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlekItBIdIcak;bMeBjnigebtug. cMENkÉemKuNbnÞúk 1.6

RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;bnÞúkbEnßm.
sm<aFdIeLIgelIRtUv)anecaledaysarvanwgkat;bnßy\T§iBléndIcak;bMeBj nigebtugeTAelI
eCIgtagEpñkxageRkayCBa¢aMg. eyagtamrUbTI 14>12 bnÞúksrubenAelIeCIgtagEpñkxag
eRkayrbs;CBa¢aMgKW
Vu = 1.2(5.45 × 1.75 × 18.5 + 0.45 × 1.75 × 25) + 1.6 × 0.5 × 1.75 × 18.5 = 261.3kN
Mu ¬enARtg;épÞCBa¢aMg¦= Vu
1.75
2
= 228.64kN .m
CaTUeTAmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwgsßitenAcm¶ay d BIépÞCBa¢aMgenAeBlEdlkmøaMg
RbtikmμbegáItkmøaMgsgát;enAtMbn;xagcugrbs;Ggát;. kñúgkrNIenH muxkat;eRKaHfñak;RtUv)anKit
faekItmanenAnwgépÞCBa¢aMg edaysarEtkmøaMgTaj minEmnkmøaMgsgát;ekItmanenAkñúgebtug.
Vu = 261.3kN
φ2 2
φVc = f 'c bd = 0.75 × 20 × 1000 × 362 ⋅10 − 3 = 202.4kN < 261.3kN
12 12
edaysar φVc < Vu = 216.3kN enaHmuxkat;RtUv)andMeLIgedayGRta 261.3 / 202.4 b¤k¾Edk
kmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;.
d caM)ac; =
261.3
× 362 = 467 mm
202.4
kRmas;eCIgtagsrubcaM)ac; = 467 + 75 + 13 = 555mm
ykkRmas;eCIgtagesμI 560mm nig d = 472mm
228.64 ⋅10 6
Ru = = 1.03MPa ρ = 0.0031
1000 × 472 2
As = 1463.2mm 2
EdkrYmmaDGb,brma As = 0.0018 ×1000 × 560 = 1008mm 2
EdkrgkarBt;Gb,brma As = 0.0033 ×1000 × 472 = 1557.6mm 2
eRbIEdk DB20 manKMlat 200mm ¬ As = 1570.8mm 2 ¦. RbEvgEdkbgáb;sRmab;
DB 20 esμI nwg 1.4l d = 1100mm .
dUcenHEdkRtUv)andak;bgðÜscUleTAkñúgEpñkxagmuxrbs;eCIgtageday RbEvg 1100mm .

EdkrYmmaD igEdksItuNðPaBsRmab;TisedAEvgmincaM)ac;RtUv)andak;enAkñúgeCIgtagEpñkxagmux
nigEpñkxageRkayrbs;eCIgtageT. b:uEnþCakarGnuvtþn_ eKRtUvdak;brimaNEdkGb,brmaenAkñúg
TisedAenH edayeRbI DB12 @ 300 .
8> KNnaeCIgtagEpñkxagmuxCBa¢aMg³ Epñkxagmuxrbs;eCIgtageFVIkardUcCaFñwm cantilever Edl

rgnUvsm<aFdIeLIgelICamYynwgbnÞúkemKuN 1.6 edaysarvaekIteLIgCadMbUledaykmøaMgxag.
muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwgsßitenAcm¶ay d BIépÞxagmuxrbs;CBa¢aMg edaysarEt
RbtikmμenAkñúgTisedAénkmøaMgkat;TTwgbegáItkmøaMgsgát;enAkñúgEpñkxagmuxrbs;eCIgtag.
eyagtamrUbTI 14>13 Epñkxagmuxrbs;eCIgtagrgnUvsm<aFeLIgelIedaysardI nigsm<aFcuH
eRkamedaysarbnÞúkpÞal;rbs;kRmaeCIgtagEpñkxagmux.
⎛ 138.56 + 120 ⎞
Vu = 1.6⎜ ⎟0.528 − 1.2(0.56 × 25)0.528 = 100.3kN
⎝ 2 ⎠
vamantémøtUcCag φVc = 263.8kN .
⎡103.43 2 2⎤ ⎡ 12 ⎤
M u = 1.6 ⎢ 1 + (138.56 − 103.43) × 1× 0.5 × ⎥ − 1.2⎢0.56 × 25 ⎥ = 93.1kN .m
⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Mu 93.1 ⋅10 6
Ru = = = 0.42 MPa ρ = 0.00125
bd 2 1000 × 472 2
As = 0.00125 × 1000 × 472 = 590mm 2
EdkGb,brmasItuNðPaB nigrYmmaD As = 0.0018 ×1000 × 560 = 1008mm 2
EdkGb,brmargkarBt; As = 0.0033 ×1000 × 472 = 1557.6mm 2
eRbIEdk DB20 manKMlat 200mm dUcKñanwgEpñkxagmuxCBa¢aMg. RbEvgEdkbgáb;sRmab;Edk
DB 20 esμInwg 650mm . bgðÜsEdkcUleTAkñúgEpñkxageRkayCBa¢aMgRbEvg 650mm . bøg;srés
EdklMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 14>14.
9> Shear keyway rvagCBa¢aMg nigeCIgtag³ enAkñúgkarsagsg;CBa¢aMgTb; eCIgtagRtUv)ancak;mun
bnÞab;mkeTIbEpñkxagelIRtUv)ancak;bnþ. Construction joint RtUv)aneRbIenA)atCBa¢aMg. épÞ
tMNRtUv)anykmanragCa keyway dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 14>15 b¤RtUvTuk[manlkçN³
KeRKIm ¬rUbTI 14>14¦. tMNRtUvmanlT§PaBbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgkat;TTwgBItYCBa¢aMgeTAeCIgtag.
10> enAkñúgkarKNnaenH eKcaM)ac;RtUvdak;RbB½n§bgðÚrTwkBIdIcak;bMeBj[)anRtwmRtUv BIeRBaHsm<aFdI
EdleRbIKWsRmab;dIcak;bMeBjEdlbgðÚrTwkecj. Weep holes KYrRtUv)andak;enAkñúgCBa¢aMg Edl
manGgát;p©it 100mm manKMlat 1.5m tamTisedAedk nigTisedAbBaÄr.


14>11> CBa¢aMgCan;eRkamdI (Basement Walls)

CBa¢aMgCan;eRkamdIRtUv)aneKsnμt;fasßitenAcenøaHkRmalxNÐCan;eRkamdI nigkRmalxNÐCan;
pÞal;dI. eKmanBIrkrNIkñúgkarKNnaCBa¢aMgCan;eRkamdI.
TImYy enAeBlEdlCBa¢aMgRtUv)ansg;enABIelIkRmalxNÐCan;eRkamdI CBa¢aMgnwgrgnUvsm<aFdI
tamTisedk nigminrgbnÞúkbBaÄreRkABIbnÞúkpÞal;xøÜn. kñúgkrNIenH CBa¢aMgmannaTICa cantilever ehIy
brimaNEdkRKb;RKan;KYrRtUv)andak;sRmab;karKNnaCBa¢aMg cantilever. krNIenHGaceCosvag)an
eda dMeLIgkRmalxNÐCan;eRkamdI nigkRmalxNÐCan;TImYymunnwgcak;bMeBjdI.
TIBIr enAeBlEdlkRmalxNÐCan;TImYy nigkRmalxNÐCan;epSgeTotRtUv)ansg; ehIysMNg;
RtUv)andak;bnÞúkeBj enaHCBa¢agM Can;eRkamdImannaTICaCBa¢aMg propped cantilever EdlrgnUvsm<aFdI
k¾dUcCasm<aFbBaÄr.
sRmab;mMukkitkñúg φ = 35o enaHemKuNsm<aFskmμ Ca = 0.271 . sm<aFsIedkenAnwg)atKW
Pa = C a wh . sRmab; w = 17.6kN / m 3 nigCBa¢aMgmankm<s;mFüm h = 3m enaH
Pa = 0.271× 17.6 × 3 = 14.31kN / m 2

32
H a = 0.271× 17.6 ×
2
= 21.46kN / m énCBa¢aMg
H a eFVIGMeBIenARtg; h / 3 = 3 / 3 = 1m BI)at. sm<aFbEnßmRbEhl 9.6kN / m 2 RtUv)anKitfa
manenAelIdIxageRkayCBa¢aMg enaH
9.6
hs = = 0.55m
17.6
Ps = C a whs = 0.271× 17.6 × 0.55 = 2.62kN / m 2
H s = (Ca whs )h = 2.62 × 3 = 7.86kN / m énCBa¢aMg
H s énbnÞúkbEnßmeFVIGMeBIenA h / 2 = 1.5m BI)at.
kñúgkarKNnaelIkmun eK)ansnμt;fadIcak;bMeBjmanlkçN³s¶Üt b:uEnþsRmab;krNIenHeKcaM)ac;

RtUvKitBIsm<aFTwkenABIeRkayCBa¢aMg. sm<aFTwkGtibrmaekItmanenAeBlkm<s;CBa¢aMgTaMgmUlrbs;
CBa¢aMgCan;eRkamdIrgnUvsm<aFTwk. Pw = 10 × 3 = 30kN / m 2
wh 2 32
Hw = = 10 = 45kN / m énCBa¢aMg
2 2
sm<aFGtibrmaminGacmanvtþmanenABIeRkayCBa¢aMgCab;rhUteT. dUcenH RbsinebIdIesImyUr²
mþg enaHeKGacyksm<aFTwkRtwm 50% mkKit.

Pw 30
= = 15kN / m 2
2 2
H
H ' w = w = 22.5kN / m
2
énCBa¢aMg
H ' w eFVIGMeBIenA h / 3 = 3 / 3 = 1m BI)at. TwkGacRtUv)ankarBarBIkarRbmUlpþúMRbqaMgnwgCBa¢aMg
edayerobcMkarbgðÚrenAEpñkxageRkaménCBa¢aMg.
bEnßmBIelIkarerobcMRbB½n§bgðÚr CBa¢aMgEpñkxageRkARtUvlabfñaMkarBarCMrabTwk (waterproofing
or damp-proofing membrane) . ACI Code, Section 14.5
kMNt;fakRmas;Gb,brmaénCBa¢aMgeRkam dIEpñkxageRkA nigRKwHrbs;vaKW 190mm . CaTUeTA kRmas;

Gb,brmarbs;CBa¢aMgRTesμInwgtémøtUcCageK kñúgcMeNam 1/ 25 énkm<s; b¤ 1/ 25 éRbEvgCBa¢aMg b¤
100mm .
]TahrN_14>3³ kMNt;kRmas; nigbrimaNEdkcaM)ac;sRmab;CBa¢aMgTb;Can;eRkamdIdUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI

14>16. eK[³ Tm¶n;maDdIcak;bMeBj 17.6kN / m3 / mMukkitkñúg φ = 35o / f 'c = 20MPa nig
f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> CBa¢aMgmanElVgtamTisQr nigRtUv)ancat;TukfamanTRmbgáb;enA)at nigTRm propped
enAkMBUl. edaycat;TukRbEvgElVg L = 2.925m dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 14>16. sm<aFxag
epSg²EdlmanGMeBIelICBa¢aMgkñúgRbEvg 1m mandUcteTA³
sm<aFEdlekItBIsm<aFdI Pa = 14.31kN / m nig H a = 21.46kN
sm<aFEdlekItBIsm<aFTwk Pw = 15kN / m nig H w = 22.5kN
sm<aFEdlekItBIbnÞúkelIs Ps = 2.62kN / m nig H s = 7.86kN
H a nig H w KWbNþalmkBIbnÞúkBRgayrayRtIekaN b:uEnþ H s )anBIbnÞúkBRgayesμI. BI
rUbTI 14>16 nigedayeRbIemKuNm:Um:g;énFñwm propped EdlrgbnÞúkRtIekaN nigbnÞúk

BRgayesμI CamYynwgemKuNbnÞúk = 1.6 (ACI Code, Appendix C)
M u = 1.6(H a + H w )
L L
+ 1.6 H s
7.5 8
= 1.6(21.46 + 22.5)
2.925 2.925
+ 1.6 × 7.86 × = 32.03kN.m
7.5 8

⎛ 21.46 + 22.5 7.86 ⎞ 32.03

RB = 1.6⎜ + ⎟− = 18.78kN
⎝ 3 2 ⎠ 2.925
R A = 1.6(21.46 + 22.5 + 7.86 ) − 18.78 = 64.13kN

m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaEdlekItmanenAmuxkat;EdlmankmøaMgkat;sUnü
⎛ 14.31 + 15 ⎞ x
2
Vu = 18.78 − 1.6(2.62 x ) − 1.6⎜ ⎟ =0
⎝ 2.925 ⎠ 2
x = 1.291m
⎛ 2.62 12.94 1.2912 ⎞⎟
M c = 18.78 × 1.291 − 1.6⎜ 1.2912 + = 15kN .m
⎜ 2 2 3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2> edaysnμt; ρ = 0.01 enaH Ru = 3MPa
Mu 30.03 ⋅ 10 6
d= = = 100mm
Ru b 3 × 1000
kRmas;srub = 100 + 40 + 6 = 146mm . eRbIkRmas; 190mm dUcenH d = 144mm

Mu 30.03 ⋅10 6
Ru = = = 1.45MPa
bd 2 1000 × 144 2
PaKryEdk ρ = 0.0045 nig As = 0.0045 ×1000 ×144 = 648mm 2
As Gb,brma = 0.0015bh = 0.0015 × 1000 × 190 = 285mm 2
As Gb,brmargkarBt; = 0.0033 × 1000 × 144 = 475.2mm 2
eRbIEdk DB16 manKMlat 300mm ¬ As = 670mm 2 ¦

3> sRmab;m:Um:g;viC¢man M c = 15kN .m
15 ⋅10 6
Ru = = 0.72 MPa ρ = 0.0022
1000 × 144 2
As = 0.0022 × 1000 × 144 = 316.8mm 2 < 670mm 2
eRbIEdk DB12 manKMlat 250mm ¬ As = 452mm 2 ¦
4> m:Um:g;sUnüekItmanenAcm¶ay 2.288m BIkMBUl nig 0.637m BI)at. RbEvgRCYsrbs;Edk
DB16 KW 360mm ¬tMbn;sgát;¦. dUcenH dak;Edkem DB16 RbEvg 637 mm + 360mm
= 997 mm b¤ 1000mm BI)at rYcbnÞab;mkeRbIEdk DB12 KMlat 300mm enAépÞxageRkA.
sRmab;épÞxagkñúg eRbIEdk DB12 KMlat 250mm .

5> brimaNEdkbeNþay³ eRbIPaKryEdkGb,brma ρ = 0.002 ¬ACI Code, Section 14.3¦

b¤ As = 0.002 × 1000 × 190 = 380mm2 . eRbI DB12 KMlat 300mm enAépÞTaMgsgçag.
6> RbsinebIm:Um:g;Bt;enA)aténCBa¢aMgmantémøFM enaHeKcaM)ac;RtUvkarkRmas;kRmalxNÐ
CBa¢aMgFM ]TahrN_ 300mm b¤FMCagenH. enAkñúgkrNIxøHeKGaceRbI haunch dUcbgðaj
kñúgrUbTI 14>17. eKeFVIEbbenHedIm,Ikat;bnßykRmas;CBa¢aMg edaysarEtm:Um:g;RtUv)an
KNnaenAelI muxkat;BIelI haunch Etmþg.
7> kRmalxNÐCan;eRkamdIGacmankRmas;FMCagkRmas;CBa¢aMg nigGacRtUv)anBnøÚtecjeRkA
hYs épÞCBa¢aMgRbEhl 250mm b¤FMCagenHRbsinebIcaM)ac;.


XV. karKNnasRmab;kmøaMgrmYl
Design for Torsion

kugRtaMgrmYlekItmanenAkñúgmuxkat;FñwmenAeBlEdlm:Um:g;manGMeBIRsbeTAnwgmuxkat;enaH.
m:Um:g;rmYleFVI[Ggát;vil nigmansñameRbHenAelIépÞrbs;va CaTUeTAEtgekItmanenAelImuxkat;mUl.
edIm,IbgðajkugRtaMgrmYl eKGnuvtþkmøaMgrmYl T Fñwm cantilever muxkat;mUlEdleFVIBI elastic
homogenous material dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 15>1. kmøaMgrmYlnwgeFVI[Fñwmvil. cMNuc B cl½teTA
cMNuc B' enAxagcugrbs;Fñwm b:uEnþcugmçageTotrbs;FñwmRtUv)anbgáb;. mMu θ RtUv)aneKehAfa mMurmYl

(angle of twist). bøg; AO' OB nwgdUrrageTACarag AO'OB' . edaysnμt;fa Ggát;enArkSaRbEvgrbs;
vadEdl enaH shear strain KW

BB' rθ
γ = =
L L
Edl L CaRbEvgrbs;Fñwm nig r CakaMrbs;muxkat;rgVg;.
karKNnasRmab;kmøaMgrmYl 411 T.Chhay

enAkñμúgeRKOgbgÁúMebtugGarem: Ggát;nwgrgm:Um:g;rmYlenAeBlGgát;enaHekagenAkñúgbøg;/ RT
cantilever slab/ mannaTICa spandrel beam (end beam)/ b¤CaEpñkrbs;CeNþIrvil.
Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúMGacrgnUvEtkmøaMgrmYlsuT§ b¤enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn vargCamYyKñakñúgeBlEtmYy

nUvkmøaMgkat;TTwg nigm:Um:g;Bt;. ]TahrN_TI15>1 bgðajBIkmøaMgepSg²EdlGacGnuvtþmkelImuxkat;
epSgKñaénFñwm cantilever.
]TahrN_TI15>1³
KNnakmøaMgEdlmanGMeBIenAmuxkat; !/ @ nig # énFñwm cantilever EdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 15>2. Fñwm
rgnUvkmøaMgbBaÄr P1 = 67kN / kmøaMgedk P2 = 53.5kN EdleFVIGMeBIenAcMNuc C nigbnÞúkedk
P3 = 89kN EdlGnuvtþenAcMNuc B nigEkgeTAnwgTisedArbs;kmøaMg P2 .
dMeNaHRsay³
yk N = kmøaMgEkg (normal force)/ V = kmøaMgkat; (shear force)/ M = m:Um:g;Bt; (bending
moment)/ T =m:Um:g;rmYl (torsional moment). kmøaMgTaMgGs;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragxageRkam³
T.Chhay 412 Design for Torsion

muxkat; N (kN ) M x (kN .m) M y (kN .m) Vx (kN ) V y (kN ) T (kN .m)
! 0 − 180.9 144.45 53.5 67 0
@ − 53.5 ¬sgát;¦ 0 144.45 89 67 180.9
# − 53.5 ¬sgát;¦ 241.2 464.85 89 67 180.9
RbsinebI P1 / P2 nig P3 CabnÞúkemKuN ¬ Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL ¦ enaHral;témøenAkñúgtaragCakmøaMg
KNnaemKuN.
15>2> m:Um:g;rmYlenAkñúgFñwm (Torsional Moments in Beams)
dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 15>1 kmøaMgGacGnuvtþenAelIeRKagsMNg;GKar edayeFVI[manm:Um:g;

rmYl. RbsinebIkmøaMgcMcMNuc P GnuvtþenARtg;cMNuc C enAelIeRKag ABC dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUb 15>3
a vabegáItm:Um:g;rmYl T = PZ enAkñúgFñwm AB Rtg;cMNuc D . enAeBl D sßitenAkNþalElVgénFñwm
AB enaHm:Um:g;rmYlKNnaenAkñúgkMNat; AD esμInwgm:Um:g;rmYlKNnaenAkñúgkMNat; DB b¤esμInwg
T . RbsinebIkRmal cantilever slab RtUv)anRTedayFñwm AB ¬rUbTI 15>3 b¦ enaHkRmalxNÐ

1
2

begáItm:Um:g;rmYlBRgayesμI mt tambeNþayFñwm AB . m:Um:g;rmYlBRgayesμIenH KWekItBIbnÞúkenAelI

ceRmokTTwkmYyÉktþarbs;kRmalxNÐ. RbsinebI S CaTTwgén cantilever slab nig w CabnÞúkenA
elIkRmalxNÐ ¬ kN / m 2 ¦ enaH mt = wS 2 / 2 ¬ kN .m / m ¦énFñwm AB . m:Um:g;rmYlKNnaGtibrma
enAkñúgFñwm AB KW T = mt L / 2 EdlGnuvtþenARtg;cMNuc A nig B . krNIbnÞúkepSgeTotRtUv)anbgðaj
enAkñúgtarag 15>1. CaTUeTA düaRkamm:Um:g;rmYlenAkñúgFñwmmanrag nigmantémødUcKñanwgdüaRkamkmøaMg
kat;TTwgsRmab;FñwmEdlrgnUvkmøaMg mt nig T .
15>3> kugRtaMgrmYl (Torsional Moments in Beams)

edayBicarNaelIFñwm cantilever Edlmanmuxkat;mUl ¬rUbTI15>1¦ enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;rmYl T
manGMeBIelIFñwm vanwgbegáIt[mankmøaMgkat;TTwg dV EkgeTAnwgkaMrbs;muxkat;. BIlkçxNÐlMnwgm:Um:g;
rmYlxageRkARtUv)anTb;edaym:Um:g;rmYlxagkñúgEdlmantémø T esμIKñaEtTisedApÞúyKña . RbsinebI dV
CakmøaMgkat;TTwgeFVIGMeBIelIépÞ dA ¬rUbTI 15>4¦ enaHGaMgtg;sIueténkmøaMgrmYlKW
T = ∫ rdV
edayyk v CakugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwenaH
dV = vdA nig T = ∫ rvdA
kmøaMgkat;TTwgeGLasÞicGtibrmaekItmanenAépÞxageRkArbs;muxkat;rgVg;Rtg;kaM r CamYynwg
kRmas; dr enaHkmøaMgrmYlGacRtUv)ankMNt;edayKitm:Um:g;eFobnwgcMNuc 0 sRmab;RkLaépÞkg³
dT = (2πrdr )vr
Edl 2πrdr CaRkLaépÞkg nig v CakugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgkg. dUcenH
T = ∫ (2πrdr )vr = ∫ 2πr 2 dr
R
0
R
0
¬!%>!¦
sRmab;muxkat;RbehagEdlmankaMxagkñúg R1 /
R
T = ∫ 2πr 2 dr
R1
¬!%>@¦
sRmab;muxkat;tan; edayeRbIsmIkar ¬!%>!¦ nig v = vmax r / R
R ⎛v r⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ R
T = ∫ 2πr 2 ⎜ max ⎟dr = ⎜ ⎟ vmax ∫ r 3dr
0 ⎝ R ⎠ ⎝ R ⎠ 0
⎛ 2π ⎞ R4 ⎛ π ⎞
=⎜ ⎟vmax = ⎜ ⎟vmax R 3
⎝ R ⎠ 4 ⎝2⎠


vmax =
2T
πR 3
¬!%>#¦
m:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrénmuxkat;rgVg;KW J = πR 4 / 2 . dUcenH kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;GacRtUv)an
sresrCaGnuKmn_énm:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElrdUcxageRkam³
vmax =
TR
J
¬!%>$¦
15>4> m:Um:g;rmYlenAkñúgmuxkat;ctuekaN (Torsional Moments in Rectangular Sections)

karKNnakugRtaMgenAkñúgGgát;manmuxkat;minmUlEdlrgbnÞúkrmYlminsamBaØdUckarKNna
sRmab;muxkat;mUleT. b:uEnþ lT§plEdlTTYlBIRTwsþIeGLasÞic (theory of elasticity) bgðajfakug
RtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmasRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgGacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
vmax = 2
T
αx y
¬!%>%¦
Edl T= kmøaMgrmYlEdlGnuvtþ
x = RCugxøIrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN
y = RCugEvgrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN
α = emKuNEdlGaRs½ynwgpleFobén y / x témørbs;vaRtUv)an[enAkñúgtarag
xageRkam.
y/x 1 .0 1 .2 1 .5 2 .0 4. 0 10
α 0.208 0.219 0.231 0.246 0.282 0.312

kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekItmanenAtamG½kSénRCugEvg y ¬rUbTI 15>5¦.

sRmab;Ggát;EdlekItBIkarpÁúMénmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg dUcCamuxkat;GkSr L / T nig I témø α
GacRtUv)ansnμt;faesμInwg 1/ 3 ehIymuxkat;GacRtUv)anEckecjCamuxkat;ctuekaNCaeRcInEdlman
RCugEvg yi nigRCugxøI xi . kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgGacRtUv)anKNnaBI
vmax =
3T
¬!%>^¦
∑ i i
x2 y
Edl ∑ xi2 y i CatémøEdl)anBIplbUkmuxkat;ctuekaNEkgtUc². enAeBlEdl y / x ≤ 10 eK

GaceRbIsmIkarsRmYlxageRkam³
v max =
3T
¬!%>&¦
⎛ x⎞
∑ x y⎜⎜1 − 0.63
2 ⎟
y ⎟⎠
⎝
15>5> kmøaMgpÁÜbrvagkmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgrmYl (Combined Shear and Torsion)

enAkñúgkrNIGnuvtþn_CaeRcIn Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúMGacrgnUvTaMgkmøaMgkat; nigkmøaMgrmYlCamYyKña.
kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;GacnwgekItmanenAkñúgmuxkat;CamYynwgkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;mFüm = v1 enAkñúgTis
edAénkmøaMgkat; V ¬rUbTI 15>6 a¦. kmøaMgrmYl T begáItkugRtaMgrmYlenAelIRKb;RCugrbs;muxkat;
ctuekaN ABCD ¬ rUbTI 15>6 a¦ CamYynig v3 > v2 . karBRgaykugRtaMgcugeRkayRtUv)anTTYlBI
karbUkbBa©ÚlnUv\T§iBlénkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgrmYl edIm,IbegáIttémøGtibrmaesμI v1 + v3 enA

elIRCug CD b:uEnþRCug AB nwgmankugRtaMgcugeRkayesμI v1 − v3 . RCug AD nig BC nwgrgEtkugRtaMg

rmYl v2 . muxkat;RtUvd)anKNnasRmab;kugRtaMgGtibrma v = (v1 + v3 ) .
15>6> RTwsþIkarrmYlsRmab;Ggát;ebtug (Torsion Theories for Concrete Members)

eKmanviFICaeRcInsRmab;viPaKGgát;ebtugBRgwgedayEdkEdlrgkarrmYl b¤rgkarrmYl karBt;
nigkarkat;kñúgeBlEtmYy. CaTUeTAviFIKNnasMGageTAelIRTwsþIeKalBIrKW³ the skew bending theory
nig space truss analogy.
15>6>1> Skew Bending Theory

viFIeKalrbs; skew bending theory EdlENnaMeday Hsu CaviFIEdlsikSakar)ak;énmuxkat;
ctuekaNedaykarrmYlEdlekItedaykarBt;eFobG½kSRsbeTAnwgépÞénmuxkat; y FMCag nigeRTteday
mMu 45o eTAnwgG½kSEvgénFñwm ¬rUbTI 15>7¦. QrelIviFIsaRsþenH m:Um:g;rmYlGb,brma Tn GacRtUv)an

KNnadUcxageRkam³
⎛ x2 y ⎞
Tn = ⎜
⎜ 3 ⎟ r
⎟f ¬!%>*¦
⎝ ⎠
Edl f r KWm:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug. f r RtUv)ansnμt;esμInwg 5 f 'c / 12 enAkñúgkrNIenH Edl
RtUv)aneRbobeFobCamYy 7.5 f 'c /12 EdlTTYleday ACI Code sRmab;KNnaPaBdabenAkñúgFñwm.
kmøaMgrmYlTb;edayebtugsMEdgdUcxageRkam³
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
Tc = ⎜ ⎟ x y f 'c ¬!%>(¦
⎝ x⎠
nigkmøaMgTb;karrmYledayEdkTb;karrmYlKW
α1 ( x1 y1 At f y )
Ts =
s
¬!%>!0¦
dUcenH Tn = Tc + Ts Edl Tn lT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;rmYl nominal énmuxkat;.
15>6>2> Space Truss Analogy

viFIsaRsþén space truss analogy KWQrelIkarsnμt;falT§PaBTb;Tl;karrmYlrbs;ebtugGar

em:muxkat;ctuekaNRtUv)anKitecjEtBIEdknigebtugEdlB½T§CMuvijEdkb:ueNÑaH. kñúgkrNIenH muxkat;
thin-wall RtUv)ansnμt;mannaTICa space truss ¬rUbTI 15>8¦. ceRmokebtugv½NÐeRTtcenøaHsñameRbH
Tb;kmøaMgsgát; b:uEnþEdkbeNþayenARCug nigEdkkgTb;nwgkmøaMgTajEdlekItedaym:Um:g;rmYl.

kareFVIkarrbs;FñwmebtugGarem:EdlrgkarrmYlsuT§GacbgðajedayRkaPicénTMnak;TMngrvagkar
rmYlnigmMurmYl dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI15>9. eyIgemIleXIjfa munnwgeRbH ebtugTb;nwgkugRtaMgrmYl
nigEdkswgEtKμanrgkugRtaMg. eRkayeBleRbH kareFVIkarrbs;FñwmCalkçN³eGLasÞicminGacGnuvtþ)an
dUcenHmMurmYlekIteLIgPøam² EdlekIneLIgrhUtdl;lT§PaBTb;Tl;m:Um:g;rmYlekItman. karkMNt;Edl
manlkçN³Rbhak;RbEhlénlT§PaBTb;karrmYlsRmab;muxkat;eRbHGacnwgsMEdgdUcxageRkam³
⎛A f ⎞
Tn = 2⎜ t s ⎟ x1 y1
⎝ s ⎠
¬!%>!!¦
Edl At = éneCIgmçagrbs;Edkkg
s = KMlatEdkkg
x1 nig y1 = RbEvgxøI nigRbEvgEvg KitBIG½kSeTAG½kSénEdkkgbiTCit b¤BIEdkenARCug.

smIkarmunecalnUvlT§PaBTb;karrmYlrbs;ebtug. Mitchell nig Collins ENnaMnUvsmIkarxag

eRkamedIm,IKNnamMurmYlkñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvg ψ ³
⎛ P ⎞ ⎡⎛ ε ⎞ ⎛ P (ε tan α ) ⎞ 2ε d ⎤
ψ = ⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟ ⎢⎜ l ⎟ + ⎜⎜ h h
tan α
⎟⎟ +
sin α
⎥ ¬!%>!@¦
2A ⎝ o ⎠ ⎣⎝ P ⎠ ⎝ o ⎠ ⎦
Edl εl = bERmbRmYlrageFob (strain) enAkñúgEdkbeNþay (longitudinal reinforcing
steel)
εh = bERmbRmYlrageFobenAkñúgEdkkg (hoop steel)
ε d = bERmbRmYlrageFobebtugGgát;RTUgenARtg;TItaMgénkmøaMgpÁÜbénrMhUrkmøaMgkat;
(shear flow)
Ph = brimaRtrbs;EdkkgKitRtwmG½kSEdk
⎡ ⎛ P ⎞⎤
α = mMuénkmøaMgsgát;Ggát;RTUg = (ε d + ε l ) / ⎢ε d + ε h ⎜⎜ h ⎟⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ Po ⎠⎦
Ao =RkLaépÞEdlB½T§CMuvijedaykmøaMgkat; b¤
= torque / 2q ¬Edl q = rMhUrkmøaMgkat;¦
Po = brimaRténKnøgrMhUrkmøaMgkat; ¬brimaRtrbs; Ao ¦
smIkarmMurmYlxagelImanlkçN³RsedogKñanwgsmIkarmMukMeNagkñúgkarBt; ¬rUbTI 15>10¦

εc + εs
φ = curvature =
d
¬!%>!#¦
Edl ε c nig ε s CabERmbRmYlrageFobenAkñúgebtug nigEdk erogKña. smIkard¾samBaØRtUv)an
bkRsayeday Solanki edIm,IkMNt;lT§PaBTb;nwgkarrmYlsuT§rbs;FñwmebtugGarem: edayQrelI
space truss analogy dUcxageRkam³
1
⎡⎛ ∑ As f sy ⎞ ⎛ Ah f hy ⎞⎤ 2
Tu = (2 Ao )⎢⎜⎜ ⎟×⎜
⎟ ⎜ s
⎟⎥
⎟ ¬!%>!$¦
⎣⎢⎝ Po ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥
Edl / nig s RtUv)anBnül;BIxagelI
Ao Po
∑ As f sy = kmøaMg yield énEdkbeNþayTaMgGs;

Ah f hy = kmøaMg yield énEdkkg
ACI Code )anTTYlykRTwsþIenHedIm,IKNnaGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMebtugEdlrgkarrmYl b¤karrmYl
nigkarkat;enAkúñgviFIsaRsþd¾sRmYl.
15>7> ersIusþg;rmYlénGgát;ebtugsuT§ (Torsional Strength of Plain Concrete Members)

Ggát;ebtugrgkarrmYlCaTUeTARtUv)anBRgwgedayEdkTb;nwgkarrmYlBiess. kñúgkrNIEdlkug
RtaMgrmYlmantémøtUc nigRtUvkarKNnasRmab;Ggát;ebtugsuT§ kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat; vtc GacRtUv)an
kMNt;edayeRbIsmIkar !%>^³

3T f 'c
vtc = ≤
φ ∑ x2 y 2
nigmMurmYlKW θ = 3TL / x3 yG / Edl T Cam:Um:g;rmYlEdlGnuvtþmkelImuxkat; ¬tUcCagm:Um:g;

rmYlEdleFVI[eRbH¦ nig G KWCam:UDulkmøaMgkat; nigGacRtUv)ansnμt;esμInwg 0.45 dgénm:UDuleG-
LasÞicrbs;ebtug Ec Edl G = 2135 f 'c . kmøaMgkat;TTwgeFVI[eRbHedaysarkarrmYl (torsional
cracking shear) vc enAkñúgebtugsuT§GacRtUv)ansnμt;esμI 0.5 f 'c . dUcenH sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaN
ebtugsuT§
φ 2
Tc =
12
x y f 'c ¬!%>!%¦
nigsRmab;muxkat;EdlpSMeLIgedayctuekaNEkgeRcIn
φ
Tc =
12
f 'c ∑ x 2 y ¬!%>!^¦
15>8> karrmYlenAkñúgGgát;ebtugBRgwgedayEdk (Torsion in Reinforced Concrete Memebers

(ACI Code Procedure))
15>8>1> sBaØaNTUeTA (General)
dMeNIrkarKNnasRmab;karrmYlmanlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwgkmøaMgkat;TTwgedaykarBt;. enA
eBlEdlm:Um:g;rmYlemKuNGnuvtþenAelImuxkat;FMCaglT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;rmYlkñúgrbs;ebtugGacTb;)an
enaHsñameRbHEdlekItedaykarrmYl (torsional crack) ekIteLIg dUcenHEdkTb;karrmYl (torsional
reinforcement) kñúgTRmg;CaEdkkgbiTCit (closed stirrup or hoop reinforcement) RtUv)andak;.
bEnßmBIelIEdkkgbiTCit EdkbeNþayk¾RtUv)andak;enAtamRCugrbs;Edkkg nigRtUv)anBRgayy:ag

l¥enACMuvijmuxkat;. TaMgEdkkgbiTCit nigEdkbeNþaymansarsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarTb;nwgkmøaMgTaj
Ggát;RTUgEdlbNþaymkBIkmøaMgrmYl EdkEtmYyRbePTnwgKμanRbsiT§PaBeTebIKμanEdkmYyRbePT
eTot. EdkkgRtUvEtbiTCit edaysarkugRtaMgrmYlekItmanenARKb;RCugrbs;muxkat;.
EdkcaM)ac;sRmab;karrmYlRtUv)anbEnßmelIEdkcaM)ac;sRmab;kmøaMgkat; sRmab;karBt; nig
kmøaMgtamG½kS. EdkEdkcaM)ac;sRmab;karrmYlRtUv)andak;edIm,IeFVI[ersIusþg;m:Um:g;rmYlrbs;muxkat;
φTn FMCagb¤esμInwgm:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tu EdlRtUv)anKNnaBIbnÞúkemKuN.
φTn ≥ Tu ¬!%>!&¦

enAeBleKRtUvkarEdkTb;karrmYl ersIusþg;m:Um:g;rmYl φTn RtUv)anKNnaedaysnμt;kmøaMg

rmYl Tu TaMgGs; RtUv)anTb;edayEdkkg nigEdkbeNþayCamYynwgersIusþg;Tb;karrmYlrbs;ebtug
Tc = 0 . kñúgeBlCamYyKña ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;EdlTb;edayebtug vc RtUv)ansnμt;enAdEdledayKμan
karERbRbYledaysarvtþmanrbs;ersIusþg;rmYl.
15>8>2> )a:ra:Em:RtFrNImaRténkarrmYl (Torsional Geometric Parameters)

enAkñúg ACI Code, Section 11.6 karKNnasRmab;karrmYlKWQrenAelI space truss analogy

dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 15>8. eRkayeBlEdlsñameRbHedaykarrmYlekIteLIg karrmYlRtUv)anTb;
edayEdkkgbiTCit EdkbeNþay nigersIusþg;kmøaMgsgát;Ggát;RTUgrbs;ebtug. sac;ebtugenAxageRkA
EdkkgkøayeTACaKμanRbsiT§PaB nigRtUv)anecalenAkñúgkarKNna. RkLaépÞB½T§CMuvijedayG½kSénEdk
kgbiTCitxageRkAbMput RtUv)ankMNt;eday Aoh ¬épÞqUtenAkñúgrUbTI 15>11¦. edaysarGgÁdéTeTot
RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgsmIkarKNna vak¾RtUv)anENnaMCadMbUgenATIenHedIm,ICYy[karyl;nUvsmIkarman
lkçN³gayRsYl. BIrUbTI 15>11 GgÁEdl[RtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
Acp = RkLaépÞmuxkat;ebtugEdlB½T§CMuvijedaybrimaRtxageRkAénmuxkat;ebtug
Pcp = brimaRténmuxkat;ebtugTaMgmUl Acp
Aoh = RkLaépÞEdlB½T§CMuvijedayG½kSénEdkrgkarrmYlTTwgbiTCitxageRkAbMput ¬épÞqUtkñúgrUbTI
15>11¦
Ao = RkLaépÞEdlB½T§CMuvijedayKnøgrMhUrkmøaMgkat;TTwg nigGacykesμInwg 0.85 Aoh
Ph = brimaRtebtugrbs;EdkrgkarrmYlTTwgbiTCitxageRkAbMput
θ = mMuénkmøaMgsgát;Ggát;RTUgcenøaH 30 o eTA 60 o ¬b¤GacykesμInwg 45o sRmab;Ggát;ebtugGarem:¦

sRmab;muxkat;GkSr T nig L TTwgRbsiT§PaBénsøabmçag²RtUv)ankMNt;esμInwgkm<s;FñwmEdl
sßitenABIelI b¤BIeRkamkRmalxNÐ edayykmYyNaEdlFMCag b:uEnþminRtUvFMCag 4 dgkRmas;kRmal
xNÐeT ¬ACI Code, Sections 11.6.1 and 13.2.4¦.
15>8>3> m:Um:g;rmYleFVI[eRbH Tcr (Cracking Torsional Moment T ) cr
m:Um:g;eFVI[eRbHeRkamm:Um:g;rmYlsuT§ Tcr GacRtUv)anTajecjedayCMnYsmuxkat;BitR)akd

munnwgeRbH CamYynwg thin-walled tube smmUl t = 0.75 Acp / Pcp / CamYynwgRkLaépÞEdlB½T§CMuvij
edayG½kSCBa¢aMg A0 = 2 Acp / 3 . enAeBlEdl kugRtaMgTajGtibrma ¬kugRtaMgem¦ mantémøesμI
f 'c / 3 sñameRbHnwgekItman ehIyCaTUeTAm:Um:g;rmYl T esμInwg
T = 2 Aoτt ¬!%>!*¦
Edl τ = kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;edaykarrmYl = f 'c / 3 sRmab;sñameRbHedaykarrmYl.
CMnYs τ eday f 'c / 3

f 'c ⎛⎜ Acp ⎞⎟
2
Tcr =
3 ⎜ Pcp ⎟
= Tn nig Tu = φTcr ¬!%>!(¦
⎝ ⎠
edaysnμt;fam:Um:g;rmYltUcCagb¤esμInwg Tcr / 4 nwgmineFVI[mankarkat;bnßyersIusþg;Tb;karBt;
b¤Tb;kmøaMgkat;enAkñúgGgát;énrcnasm<½n§ ACI Code, Section 11.6.1 GnuBaØat[ecalnUv\T§iBlm:Um:g;
rmYlenAkñúgGgát;ebtugGarem:enAeBlEdlm:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tu ≤ φTcr / 4 b¤
f 'c ⎛⎜ Acp ⎞⎟
2
Tu ≤ φ
12 ⎜ P ⎟
= Ta ¬!%>@0¦
⎝ cp ⎠
enAeBlEdl Tu FMCagtémøenAkñúgsmIkar !%>@0 Tu TaMgGs;RtUv)anTb;edayEdkkgbiTCit
nigEdkbeNþay. m:Um:g;rmYl Tu RtUv)anKNnaBImuxkat;EdlmanTItaMgRtg;cm¶ay d BIépÞénTRm nig
Tu = φTn Edl φ = 0.75 .
]TahrN_TI15>1³
sRmab;muxkat;bIEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 15>12 nigQrelIkarkMNt; ACI Code cUrkMNt;
a. m:Um:g;eFVI[eRbH φTcr
b. m:Um:g;rmYlemKuNGtibrma φTn EdlGacGnuvtþelImuxkat;nImYy²edaymineRbIEdkRTnugTb;kar
rmYl.

snμt; f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400 MPa / kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk 40mm nigeRbIEdkkg

DB12 .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> muxkat; !
a. mU:m:g;eFVI[eRbH φTcr GacRtUv)anKNnaBIsmIkar !%>!(
f 'c ⎛⎜ Acp ⎞⎟
2
φTcr = φ
3 ⎜ Pcp ⎟
⎝ ⎠
sRmab;muxkat;enH Acp = xo yo RkLaépÞmuxkat;TaMgmUl Edl xo = 400mm nig
yo = 610mm
Acp = 400 × 610 = 244000mm 2
Pcp = brimaRténmuxkat;ebtugTaMgmUl
= 2( xo + yo ) = 2(400 + 610) = 2020mm
28 ⎛⎜ 244000 2 ⎞⎟
φTcr = 0.75 = 39kN .m
3 ⎜⎝ 2020 ⎟⎠
b. φTn GnuBaØatEdlGacGnuvtþedaymineRbIEdkTb;karrmYlRtUv)anKNnaBIsmIkar !%>@0

φTcr 39
Ta = = = 9.75kN .m
4 4
2> muxkat; @
a. dMbUgKNna Acp nig Pcp sRmab;muxkat;enH nigGnuvtþsmIkarTI !%>!( edIm,IKNna
φTcr . edaysnμt;søabRtUv)andak;CamYyEdkkgbiTCit
enaHsøabRbsiT§PaBEdlRtUveRbIenA RCugmçag²énRTnugesμInwg $dgkRmas;søab b¤
4(100 ) = 400mm = hw = 400mm
Acp = web area + area of effective flanges
Acp = 500 × 350 + 2 ×100 × 400 = 255000mm 2
Pcp = 2(b + h ) = 2(350 + 2 × 400 + 500) = 3300mm

28 ⎛⎜ 255000 2 ⎞⎟
φTcr = 0.75 = 26kN .m
3 ⎜⎝ 3300 ⎟⎠

cMNaM³ RbsinebIsøabRtUv)anecal ehIyEdkTb;karrmYlRtUv)andak;EtenAkñúgRTnug

enaH
Acp = 350 × 500 = 175000mm 2
Pcp = 2(350 + 500) = 1700mm
φTcr = 23.8kN .m
b. φTn GnuBaØatEdlGacGnuvtþedaymineRbIEdkTb;karrmYl
φTcr 26
Ta = = = 6.5kN .m
4 4
3> muxkat; 3
a. snμt;søabRtUv)andak;EdkkgbiTCit RbEcgRbsiT§PaBesμInwg
hw = 370mm < 4 ×150 = 600mm
Acp = 350 × 520 + 370 ×150 = 237500mm 2
Pcp = 2(b + h) = 2(350 + 370 + 520) = 2480mm

28 ⎛⎜ 237500 2 ⎞⎟
φTcr = 0.75 = 30kN .m
3 ⎜⎝ 2480 ⎟⎠
cMNaM³ RbsinebIsøabRtUv)anecal enaH

Acp = 350 × 520 = 182000mm 2
Pcp = 2(350 + 520) = 1740mm
φTcr = 25.2kN .m
b. φTn GnuBaØat φTn = φT4cr = 304 = 7.5kN .m
15>8>4> m:Um:g;rmYllMnwg nwgm:Um:g;rmYlRtUvKña (Equilibrium Torsion and Compatibility Torsion)

kñúgkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁáúMGgát;ebtug kmøaMgepSg²EdlGnuvtþrYmman kmøaMgEkg (normal force)/
m:Um:g;Bt; (bending moment)/ kmøaMgkat; (shear force) nigm:Um:g;rmYl Edl)anBnül;enAkñúg]TahrN_
TI 15>1. karKNnaGgát;ebtugGarem:KWQrelIkar)ak;rbs;Ggát;GMeBIrbs;bnÞúkemKuN. sRmab;Ggát;
sþaTicminkMNt; (statically indeterminate member) karEbgEckm:Um:g;mþgeTot (redistribution of
moments) ekItmanmuneBl)ak; dUcenHm:Um:g;KNnaGacnwgRtUv)ankat;bnßy b:uEnþ sRmab;Ggát;sþaTickM

Nt; (statically determinate member) dUcCaFñwmsamBaØ (simple beam) b¤Fñwm cantilever Kμankar
EbgEckm:Um:g;mþgeTotekIteLIgeT.
enAkñúgkarKNnaGgát;Edlrgm:Um:g;rmYl eKmanBIrkrNIEdlGacGnuvtþbnÞab;BIkareRbH.
!> krNIm:Um:g;rmYllMnwg (equilibrium torsion case) ekItmanenAeBlm:Um:g;rmYlEdlRtUvkar
sRmab;eRKOgbgÁúMsßitkñúgsßanPaBlMnwg ehIy Tu minGacRtUv)ankat;bnßyedaykarEbg
EckeLIgvijrbs;m:Um:g;eT dUckrNIFñwmTMrsamBaØ. kñúgkrNIenHEdkTb;rmYlRtUv)andak;
edIm,ITb;RKb; Tu . rUbTI 15>13 FñwmEdlenAEKmRTkRmalxNÐ cantilever EdlKμankar
EbgEckm:Um:g;mþgeTotekItman.
@> krNIm:Um:g;rmYlRtUvKña (compatibility torsion case) ekItmanenAeBlm:Um:g;rmYl Tu Gac
RtUv)ankat;bnßyedaykarEbgEckkmøaMgkñúgmþgeTotbnÞab;BIeRbH enAeBlEdlPaBRtUvKña
énkMhUcRTg;RTay (compatibility of deformation) RtUv)anrkSa enAkñúgGgát;eRKOgbgÁúM.
rUbTI 15>14 bgðajBI]TahrN_sRmab;krNIenH EdlFñwmTTwgBIrmanGMeBIelIFñwmEKmbegáIt
m:Um:g;rmYl. mMurmYlFMekItman enAeBlsñameRbHedaykarrmYlelcecj Edlpþl;nUvkar
bgEckbnÞúkd¾FMenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúM. vanwgeTAdl;m:Um:g;rmYlEdleFVI[eRbH Tcr eRkamGMeBI
énbnSM karBt; karkat; nigkarrmYl enAeBlEdlkugRtaMgem (principle stress) mantémø
RbEhl f 'c / 3 . enAeBlEdl Tu > Tcr m:Um:g;rmYlesμInwg Tcr ¬smIkar !%>!(¦ Edl
Gacsnμt;ekItmanenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enACitépÞénTRm.
ACI Code kMNt;m:Um:g;rmYlKNnaesμInwgtémøtUcCageKén Tu Edl)anBIbnÞúkemKuN b¤ φTcr
BIsmIkar !%>!(.
15>8>5> karkMNt;énersIusþg;m:Um:g;rmYl (Limitation of Tortional Moment Strength)

ACI Code,Section 11.6.3 kMNt;TMhMmuxkat;edaysmIkarxageRkamBIr³
!> sRmab;muxkat;tan;
2 2
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎤
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎟ ≤ φ ⎢⎜ Vc ⎟ + 2
⎜ ⎟ f 'c ⎥ ¬!%>@!¦
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 Aoh ⎠ ⎣⎝ bw d ⎠ 3 ⎦

@> sRmab;muxkat;Rbehag
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎤
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜
⎜ 2
⎟ ≤ φ ⎢⎜ Vc ⎟ + 2
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ f 'c ⎥ ¬!%>@@¦
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 Aoh ⎠ ⎣⎝ bw d ⎠ 3 ⎦
Edl Vc = f 'c bwd / 6 = ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;sRmab;ebtugTMgn;Fmμta. Ggát;déTeTotRtUv)an
kMNt;enAkñúgEpñk 8>2.
karkMNt;enHKWQrelIPaBCak;EsþgEdlfaplbUkénkugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIkmøaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;
rmYl ¬GgÁxageqVg¦ minRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgEdleFVI[eRbHbUknwg 2 f 'c / 3 . krNIdUcKñaRtUv)anGnuvtþ
edIm,IKNnakmøaMgkat;edayKμanm:Um:g;rmYlenAkñúgemeronTI 8. eKRtUvkarkarkMNt; (limitation) edIm,I
kat;bnßysñameRbH nigedIm,IkarBarEbképÞebtugEdlbNþalmkBIkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgeRTt nig
m:Um:g;rmYleRTt.

15>8>6> muxkat;Rbehag (Hollow Section)

bnSMénkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat; nigkugRtaMgm:Um:g;rmYlenAkñúgmuxkat;RbehagRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUb
15>6 EdlkRmas;CBa¢aMgRtUvOansnμt;faefr. enAkñúgmuxkat;RbehagxøH
kRmas;CBa¢aMgGacERbRbYlCMuvij brimaRt. sRmab;krNIenH smIkar !%>@@
RtUv)ankMNt;enATItaMgEdlGgÁxageqVgmantémøGtibrma. cM NaMfa enAnwgsøabxagelI
nigsøabxageRkam CaTUeTAkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;RtUv)anecal. CaTUeTA Rbsin
ebIkRmas;CBa¢aMgénmuxkat;Rbehag t tUcCag Aoh / Ph enaHsmIkar !%>@@ køayCa
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ V ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ φ ⎢⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟ + f 'c ⎥ ¬!%>@#¦
⎝b dw ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 A t oh ⎠ b d ⎣⎝ 3 w ⎠ ⎦
(ACI Code, Section 11.6.3) .
15>8>7> EdkRTnug (Web Reinforcement)

dUcEdl)anBnül;rYcehIy viFI ACI Code sRmab;KNnaGgát;Edlrgm:Um:g;rmYlKWQrelI space
truss analogy enAkñúgrUbTI 15>8. bnÞab;BIkareRbHedaykarrmYl eKRtUvkarEdkBIrRbePTedIm,ITb;nwg
m:Um:g;rmYlEdlGnuvtþ Tu KW EdkTTwg (transverse reinforcement) At enAkñúgTRmg;CaEdkkgbiTCit

nig EdkbeNþay (longitudinal reinforcement) Al . ACI Code )anbgðajnUvsmIkarxageRkamedIm,I
KNna At nig Al ³
!> EdkkgbiTCit At EdlGacKNnadUcxageRkam³
2 Ao At f yt cot θ
Tn =
s
¬!%>@$¦
Edl Tn = Tφu nig φ = 0.75
At = RkLaépÞéneCIgmYyrbs;EdkkgbiTCit
f yt = ersIusþg;yal (yield strength) rbs; At At ≤ 400MPa
s = KMlatEdkkg
Ao nig θ RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpñk 8>2. smIkar !%>@$ GacRtUv)ansresrdUcxageRkam

At
=
Tn
s 2 A f cot θ
¬!%>@%¦
o yt
RbsinebI θ = 45o enaH cot θ = 1.0 nigRbsinebI f yt = 400 MPa enaHsmIkar !%>@% køayCa

At
=
Tn
s 800 Ao
¬!%>@^¦
Edl Tn KitCa N .mm . KMlatEdkkg s minRtUvFMCagéntémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam Ph / 8 nig
300mm . sRmab;muxkat; RbehagrgkarrmYl cm¶ayEdlvas;BIG½kSénEdkkgeTAépÞxagkñúgrbs;
CBa¢aMgminRtUvtUcCag 0.5 Aoh / Ph .

@> EdkbeNþaybEnßm Al EdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karrmYlminKYrtUcCagtémøxageRkam³
⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ f yt ⎞⎟ 2
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ Ph ⎜
⎜ f ⎟
cot θ ¬!%>@&¦
⎝s ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
Rbsin θ = 45 nig o
f yt = f y = 400MPa sRmab;TaMgEdkkg nigEdkbeNþay enaHsmIkar
!%>@& køayCa
⎛A ⎞ ⎛A ⎞
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ Ph = 2⎜ t ⎟( x1 + y1 ) ¬!%>@*¦
⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s ⎠
Ph RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgEpñk 8>2. cMNaMfa EdkEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;karrmYlKYrRtUv)anbEnßmBI
elI EdlEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;kmøaMgkat; m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgtamG½kSEdleFVIGMeBIrYmKñaCamYykmøaMgrmYl.

karkMNt;epSgeTotsRmab;EdkbeNþay Al mandUcxageRkam³
a. Ggát;p©itEdktUcbMputsRmab;EdkbeNþayKW DB10 b¤KMlatEdkkgelI 24 b¤ s / 24
edayykmYyNaEdlmantémøtUcCageK.
b. EdkbeNþayKYrRtUv)anBRgayCMuvijbrimaRtrrbs;EdkkgCamYyKMlatGtibrma
300mm .
c. EdkbeNþayKYrEtdak;enAkñúgEdkkg y:agehacNas;k¾dak;EdkenARKb;mMurbs;Edkkg.
EdkEdldak;enAnwgmMurbs;EdkkgRtUv)aneKrkeXIjfamanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkarbegáItersIu
sþg;m:Um:g;rmYl nigkñúgkarkarBarsñameRbH.
d. EdkTb;m:Um:g;rmYlRtUvdak;enAcm¶ay (bt + d ) BIcMNucEdlRTwsþIRtUvkar Edl bt
CaTTwgén Epñkrbs;muxkat;EdlmanEdkkgTb;kmøaMgrmYl.
15>8>8> EdkTb;karrmYlGb,brma (Minimum Torsional Reinforcement)

enAkEnøgNaEdlEdkTb;karrmYlGb,brmaRtUvkar EdkTb;karrmYlGb,brmaRtUv)ankMNt;dUc
xageRkam (ACI Code, Section 11.6.5) ³

!> EdkkgbiTCitGb,brmasRmab;bnSMénkmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkarrmYl ¬emIlEpñk 8>6¦³

Av + 2 At ≥
0.35bw s
f
¬sRmab; f 'c < 31MPa ¦
yt
⎛b s⎞
Av + 2 At ≥ 0.063 f 'c ⎜ w ⎟
⎜ f yt ⎟
¬sRmab; f 'c ≤ 31MPa ¦
⎝ ⎠
¬!%>@(¦
Edl Av = RkLaépÞeCIgTaMgBIrrbs;EdkkgEdlkMNt;)anBIkmøaMgkat;
At = RkLaépÞeCIgEtmYyrbs;EdkkgEdlkMNt;BIm:Um:g;rmYl
s = KMlatEdkkg
f yt = ersIusþg;yal (yield strength) rbs;Edkkg ≤ 400 MPa
KMlatEdkkg s minKYrFMCagtémøtUcCagkñúgcMeNam Ph / 8 nig 300mm . KMlatenHRtUvkar

edIm,IRKb;RKgsñameRbH.
@> RkLaépÞEdksrubGb,brmarbs;EdkbeNþayTb;karrmYl³
5 f 'c Acp ⎛ At ⎞ ⎛ f yt ⎞
Al min = − ⎜ ⎟ Ph ⎜
⎜ f ⎟
⎟ ¬!%>#0¦
f y s ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
Edl At / s minRtUvyktUcCag 173bw / f yt .
Al Gb,brmaenAkñúgsmIkar !%>#0 RtUv)ankMNt;edIm,Ipþl;nUvGRtaGb,brmaénmaDEdkTb;
kMmøaMgrmYlelImaDebtug mantémøRbEhl 1% sRmab;ebtugGarem:EdlrgkmøaMgrmYlsuT§.

15>9> segçbviFIsaRsþKNnaeday ACI Code (Summary of ACI Code Procedures)
viFIsaRsþKNnasRmab;bnSMkmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkmøaMgrmYlGacRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
!> KNnakmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuN Vu nigm:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tu BIkmøaMgEdlGnuvtþmkelIeRKOg
bgÁúM. témøeRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkmøaMgrmYlKWsßitenARtg;muxkat;EdlmancM
gay d BIépÞrbs;TMr.
@> a. eKRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAeBl Vu > φVc / 2 Edl Vc = f 'c bw d / 6 .
b. EdkTb;karrmYlRtUvkarenAeBlEdl
f 'c ⎛⎜ Acp ⎞⎟
2
Tu > φ
12 ⎜ P ⎟
¬!%>@0¦
⎝ cp ⎠
RbsinebIEdkRTnugRtUvkarGnuvtþviFIsaRsþxageRkam.
#> KNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg
a. KNnaersIuisþg;kmøaMgkat; nominal Edlpþl;edayebtug Vc . kMNt;kmøaMgkat;TTwg
EdlTb;edayEdkRTnug³
V − φVc
Vu = φVc + Vs b¤ Vs = u
φ
b. eRbobeFob Vs Edl)anKNnaCamYynwgtémøGnuBaØatGtibrma 2 f 'c bw d / 3 eyag
tam ACI Code. RbsinebI Vs tUcbnþkarKNna EtpÞúymkvijtMeLIgTMhMmuxkat;rbs;

ebtug.
c. EdkRTnugkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
Vs s
Av =
f yt d
Edl Av =RkLaépÞéneCIgTaMgBIrrbs;Edkkg
s = KMlatEdkkg
EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgkñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvgKW
Av V
= s
s f yt d
d. RtYtBinitü Av / s Edl)anKNnaCamYynwg Av / s Gb,brma³

Av ⎛b ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
(min) = 0.063 f 'c ⎜ w ⎟ ≥ 0.35⎜ bw ⎟
s ⎜ f yt ⎟ ⎜ f yt ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Av Gb,brma RtUv)ankMNt;edaybTdæaneRkambnSMénGMeBIrbs;kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkM
laMgrmYlRtUv)an[enAkñúgCMhanTI5
$> KNnasRmab;karrmYl³
a. RtYtBinitüfaetIm:Um:g;rmYlemKuN Tu begáItm:Um:g;rmYllMnwg (equilibrium torsion)
b¤m:Um:g;rmYlRtUvKña (compatibility torsion). sRmab; equilibrium torsion eRbI Tu .

sRmab; compatibility torsion m:Um:g;rmYlKNnaKWtémøtUcCageKén Tu BIbnÞúkemKuN
nig
f 'c ⎛⎜ Acp ⎞⎟
2
Tu 2 = φ
3 ⎜P ⎟
¬!%>!(¦
⎝ cp ⎠

b. RtYtBinitüfaetITMhMénmuxkat;RKb;RKan;b¤Gt;. vaTTYl)anedayeRbIsmIkar !%>@!

sRmab;muxkat;tan; b¤smIkar !%>@@ sRmab;muxkat;Rbehag. RbsinebItémøenAGgÁ
xageqVgFM Cag φ (Vc / bwd + 2 f 'c / 3) enaHbegáInmuxkat; pÞúymkvijKNnabnþ.
sRmab;muxkat; Rbehag RtYtBinitüfaetIkRmas;CBa¢aMg t tUcCag Aoh / Ph b¤Gt;.
RbsinebIvatUcCageRbI smIkar !%>@# pÞúymkvijeRbIsmIkar !%>@@.
c. kMNt;EdkkgbiTCitcaM)ac;BIsmIkar !%>@%
At
=
Tn
s 2 A f cot θ
¬!%>@%¦
o yt
At / sminRtUvtUcCag 173bw / f yt . ehIy mMu θ Gacsnμt;esμI 45o / Tn = Tu / φ nig

φ = 0.75 .
snμt; Ao = 0.85 Aoh = 0.85(x1 y1 )
Edl x1 nig y1 CaTTwg nigkm<s;rbs;muxkat;KitBIG½kSeTAG½kSEdkkg ¬emIlrUb TI
!%>!!¦. sRmab; θ = 45o nig f y = 400MPa
At
=
s 800 Ao
Tn
¬!%>@^¦
KMlatGnuBaØatGtibrma s KWtémøtUcCageKén 300mm b¤ Ph / 8 .
d. kMNt;EdkbeNþaybEnßmBIsmIkar !%>@&³
⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ f yt ⎞⎟ 2
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ Ph ⎜
⎜ f ⎟
cot θ ¬!%>@& a ¦
⎝
s ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠
EtminRtUvtUcCag
⎛ 5 f 'c Acp ⎞ ⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ f yt ⎞
Al min = ⎜
⎜ 12 f y
⎟ − ⎜ t ⎟P ⎜
⎟ ⎝ s ⎠ h⎜ fy ⎟
⎟ ¬!%>@& b ¦
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
sRmab; θ = 45o nig f yt = 400MPa enaH Al = ( At / s )Ph ¬!%>@*¦
EdkbeNþayTb;karrmYlKYrmanGgát;p©ity:agticesμIKMlatEdkkgelI 24 b¤ s / 24 b:uEnþ
minRtUvtUcCag DB10 . EdkbeNþayRtUvdak;enAkñúgEdkkgbiTCitCamYyKMlatGtibrma
esμI 300mm . y:agehaceKRtUvdak;EdkmYyedImenARKb;mMurbs;Edkkg. CaTUeTAmYy
PaKbIén Edk Al RtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIEdkTaj mYyPaKbIenABak;kNþalkm<s;rbs;mux
kat; nigmYyPaKbIeTotenAEpñksgát;.
%> kMNt;RkLaépÞsrubénEdkkgbiTCitEdlbNþalBI Vu nig Tu .
Avt = ( Av + 2 At ) ≥
0.35bw s
f yt
¬!%>@(¦
eRCIserIsEdkkgbiTCitsmrmüCamYyKMlat s EdlmantémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam 300mm
nig Ph / 8 .
EdkkgKYrRtUv)andak;enAcm¶ay (bt + d ) eRkaycMNucEdlRTwsþIRtUvkar Edl bt = TTwgén
muxkat;EdlTb;nwgkmøaMgrmYl.
]TahrN_15>3³ (Equilibrium Torsion)

kMNt;brimaNEdkRTnugcaM)ac;sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 15>15.
muxkat;rgnUvkM laMgkat;emKuN Vu = 213.5kN nigkmøaMgrmYllMnwg (equilibrium torsion)
Tu = 41kN .m enATItaMg Edlmancm¶ay d BIépÞénTMr. eK[ f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
CMhanxageRkambgðajBIviFIsaRsþkñúgkarKNna
1> kmøaMgKNnaKW Vu = 213.5kN nig Tu = 41kN .m
2> a. EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;RtUvkarenAeBl Vu > φVc / 2 .
φ
28 (400)(520) ⋅10 − 3 = 137.6kN
0.75
φVc = f 'c bd =
6 6

φVc
Vu = 213.5kN > = 68.8kN
2
eKRtUvkarEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;.
b. eKRtUvkarEdkTb;karrmYlenAeBl
f 'c ⎛⎜ Acp ⎞⎟
2
Tu > φ = Ta
12 ⎜ Pcp ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Acp = xo yo = 400 × 580 = 232000mm 2
Pcp = 2( xo yo ) = 2(400 + 520) = 1840mm

0.75 28 (232000 )2 − 6
Ta = 10 = 9.7 kN .m
12 × 1840
Tu = 41kN .m > 9.7 kN .m
EdkTb;kmøaMgrmYlRtUvkarcaM)ac;. cMNaMfa RbsinebI Tu tUcCag 9.7kN.m enaHEdkTb;kar
rmYlnwgminRtUvkar b:uEnþEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;RtUvkar.
3> KNnakmøaMgkat;TTwg³
a. Vu = φVc + φVs / Vs = 101.2kN
28 (400)(520) = 733.8kN > Vs

2 2
b. Vs (max) = f 'c bd =
3 3
101.2 ⋅10 3
c.
Av
s
V
= s =
f y d 400 × 520
= 0.5mm 2 / m ¬eCIgBIr¦
Av
2s
= 0.25mm 2 / m ¬eCIgmYy¦
4> KNnasRmab;karrmYl
a. kmøaMgrmYlKNna Tu = 41kN .m . KNnalkçN³muxkat; edaysnμt;kRmas;ebtugkarBar
Edk 40mm nigeRbIEdkkg DB12 ³

x1 = 400 − 2(40 + 6 ) = 308mm
y1 = 580 − 2(40 + 6 ) = 488mm

CakarGnuvtþn_ eKGacsnμt; x1 = b − 90mm nig y1 = h − 90mm
Aoh = x1 y1 = 308 × 488 = 150304mm 2
Ao = 0.85 Aoh = 127758.4mm 2
Ph = 2(x1 + y1 ) = 2(308 + 488) = 1592mm

θ = 45o nig cot θ = 1.0

b. RtYtBinitüPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;muxkat;edayeRbIsmIkar !%>@!³
2 2
⎛ Vu ⎞ ⎛ Tu Ph ⎞ ⎡⎛ ⎞ ⎤
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ ≤ φ ⎢⎜ Vc ⎟ + 2 f 'c ⎥
⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ bw d ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 Aoh ⎠ ⎣⎝ bw d ⎠ 3 ⎦
φVc = 137.6kN nig Vc = 183.5kN
2 2
⎛ 137600 ⎞ ⎛ 41000000 × 1592 ⎞
Left − hand side = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ = 1.82 MPa
⎝ 400 × 520 ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 × 150304 2 ⎠
⎛ 183500 2 ⎞
Right − hand side = 0.75⎜ + 28 ⎟ = 3.3MPa > 1.82 MPa
⎝ 400 × 520 3 ⎠
muxkat;RKb;RKan;
c. kMNt;EdkkgbiTCitcaM)ac;EdlbNþalBIkarrmYlBIsmIkar !%>@%³
At Tn
=
s 2 Ao f yt cot θ
Tu 41
Tn = = = 54.7 kN .m cot θ = 1.0 Ao = 127758.4mm 2
φ 0.75
54.7 ⋅10 6
At
=
s 2 × 127758.4 × 400
d. kMNt;EdkbeNþaybEnßmBIsmIkarTI !%>@&³
⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ f yt ⎞⎟ 2
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ Ph ⎜ cot θ
⎝ s ⎠ ⎜⎝ f y ⎟⎠
At
= 0.535 Ph = 1592mm f yt = f y = 400MPa cot θ = 1.0
s
Al = 0.535 × 1592 = 851.72mm 2
⎛ A ⎞ ⎛ f yt ⎞⎟
5 f 'c Acp
Al (min) = − ⎜ t ⎟ Ph ⎜
12 f y ⎝ s ⎠ ⎜⎝ f y ⎟⎠
At
Acp = 232000mm 2 = 0.535 f yt = f y = 400MPa
s
5 28 (232000 )
Al (min) = − (0.535)(1592) = 427 mm 2
12 × 400
lb;
Al = 851.72mm 2
5> kMNt;RkLaépÞEdkkgsrub
a. sRmab;eCIgmYyrbs;Edkkg vt = t + v
A A A
s s 2s

EdkkgEdlcaM)ac; Avt = 0.535 + 0.25 = 0.785mm 2 / m ¬eCIgmYy¦

eRbIEdk DB12 RkLaépÞmuxkat;rbs;EdkkgsRmab;eCIgmYyKW 113mm 2
= 144mm yk 140mm
113
spacing of stirrups =
0.785
b. KMlatGtibrma s = P8h = 1592
8
= 199mm b¤ 300mm mYyNaEdltUcCag.
KMlatEdleRbIKW 140mm < 199mm

0.35bw 0.35 × 400
c. Avt / s Gb,brma = = = 0.35mm 2 / m < 0.785mm 2 / m
f
yt 400
6> edIm,IrkkarBRgayEdkbeNþay cMNaMfa Al srub = 851.72mm 2 . eRbImYyPaKbIenAEpñkxag

elI b¤ 851.72 / 3 = 283.9mm 2 edIm,IbEnßmenAkñúgEdkrgkarsgát; A's . eRbImYyPaKbIdak;enA
EpñkxageRkam edIm,IbEnßmBIelIEdkrgkarTaj nigEdkmYyPaKbIeTotdak;enAkm<s;Bak;
kNþal.
a. RkLaépÞEdksrubenAEpñkxagelIesμI 226 + 283.9 = 509.9mm 2 . eRbI 3DB16
¬ As = 603mm 2 ¦
b. RkLaépÞEdksrubenAEpñkxageRkamesμI 3078.8 + 283.9 = 3362.7mm 2 . eRbI 3DB 28
nig 2DB32 enARCugmMu ¬ As srub = 3455.8mm 2 ¦

Al srubEdleRbI = (603 − 226 ) + (3455.8 − 3078.8) = 754mm 2
c. enAkm<s;Bak;kNþal eRbIEdk 2DB12 ¬ As = 226mm 2 ¦
bøg;srésEdklMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 15>15. KMlatEdkbeNþayesμInwg

230mm EdltUcCagKMlatEdkGtibrmaEdlRtUvkar 300mm 2 . Ggát;p©itEdkkg DB12 Edl
eRbIFMCagGgát;p©itGb,brma DB10 b¤KMlatEdkkgelI 24 ¬ s / 24 = 5.8mm ¦.
]TahrN_15>4³ (Compatibility Torsion)

edaHRsay]TahrN_TI 15>3 eLIgvij RbsinebIkmøaMgrmYlemKuNCa compatibility torsion.
dMeNaHRsay³
eyagtamdMeNaHRsaykñúg]TahrNITI 15>3
!> kmøaMgKNnaKW V u = 213.5kN nig compatibility torsion Tu = 41kN .m
@> CMhan (a) nig (b) dUcKñaenAkñúg]TahrN_TI 15>3. eKRtUvkarEdkRTnug.

#> CMhan (c) KWdUcKña.

$> KNnasRmab;kmøaMgrmYl³
edaysar compatibility torsion Tu = 41kN.m enaH Tu KNnaRtUvtUvCag 41kN.m b¤ φTcr
RtUv)an[enAkñúgsmIkar !%>!(
f 'c ⎛⎜ Acp ⎞⎟ 0.75 28 ⎛ 232000 2 ⎞ − 6
2
φTcr = φ = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅10 = 38.7 kN .m
3 ⎜ Pcp ⎟ 3 ⎜ 1840 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
edaysarEt φTcr < Tu / eRbI Tu = 38.7kN.m . GnuvtþeLIgvijRKb;CMhanenAkñúg]TahrN_TI
15>3 edayeRbI Tu = 38.7kN.m edIm,IkMNt;famuxkat;RKb;RKan;.
At
s
Al = 0.5 × 1592 = 796mm 2
eRbI Al = 852mm 2 > Al (min)
%> Avt caM)ac; = 02.5 + 0.5 = 0.75mm 2 / m ¬eCIgmYy¦
113
s= = 150.6mm
0.75
eRbI 150mm . eRCIserIsEdkbeNþay nigEdkkgdUckñúg]TahrN_TI 15>3.
]TahrN_15>5³ (L-section with Equilibrium Torsion)

FñwmxagénRbB½n§kRmalxNÐrbs;GKardUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 15>16. muxkat;enAcm¶ay d BIépÞénTRm
rg Vu = 235kN nig equilibrium torque Tu = 27kN.m . KNnaEdkRTnugcaM)ac;edayeRbI
f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa sRmab;RKb;EdkEdleRbIenAkñúgFñwm.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kmøaMgKNnaKW Vu = 235kN nig Tu = 27kN.m
2> a. EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;RtUvkarenAeBl Vu > φVc / 2
φ f 'c 0.75 28
φVc = bw d = 350 × 455 ⋅10 − 3 = 105.3kN
6 6
φVc
Vu > = 52.65kN
2
eKRtUvkarEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg
b. RtYtBinitüfaetIEdkTb;karrmYlRtUvkarb¤Gt;. snμt;fasøabcUlrYmkñúgkarTb;karrmYl RbEvg

søabRbsiT§PaBKW hw = 380mm < 150 × 4 = 600mm .

xo = 350mm nig yo = 530mm
Acp = (350 × 530) + (150 × 380) = 242500mm 2
Pcp = 2(730 + 530) = 2520mm

⎛ 242500 2 ⎞ − 6
BIsmIkar !%>@0 Ta =
0.75
12
28 ⎜
⎜ 2520 ⎟
⎟ ⋅10 = 7.7kN .m
⎝ ⎠
Tu > Ta
muxkat;RtUvkarEdkTb;karrmYl.
3> KNnaEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwg³
a. Vu = φVc + φVs
235 = 105.3 + 0.75Vs
Vs = 173kN
2
b. Vs (max) = f 'c bw d = 561.8kN > Vs
3
c.
Av
s
V
= s =
173000
f y d 400 × 455
= 0.95mm 2 / m ¬eCIgBIr¦
Av 0.95
= = 0.475mm 2 / m
2s 2
4> KNnaEdkTb;karrmYl³ Tu = 27kN.m
a. KNnalkçN³muxkat;edaysnμt; kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk 40mm nigEdkkg DB12 .
RTnug x1 = 350 − (2 × 40) − 12 = 258mm y1 = 530 − (2 × 40) − 12 = 438mm

søab x1 = 380mm ¬EdkkghYscUleTAkñúgRTnug¦
y1 = 150 − 92 = 58mm
Aoh = (58 × 380 ) + (258 × 438) = 135044mm 2
Ao = 0.85 Aoh = 114787.4mm 2
Ph = 2(58 + 380) + 2(258 + 438) = 2268mm
θ = 45o cot θ = 1.0

b. RtYtBinitüPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;muxkat;edayeRbIsmIkarTI !%>@!³ Vu = 235kN /
φVc = 105.3kN / Vc = 140.4kN / Tu = 27kN .m

⎛ 235000 ⎞ ⎛⎜ 27 ⋅10 × 2268 ⎞⎟

2 6
Left − hand side = ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ = 2.47 MPa
⎝ 350 × 455 ⎠ ⎝ 1.7 × 135044 2 ⎟⎠
⎛ 140400 2 ⎞
Right − hand side = 0.75⎜ + 28 ⎟ = 3.3MPa
⎝ 350 × 455 3 ⎠
muxkat;manlkçN³RKb;RKan;
c. kMNt;EdkkgbiTCitedIm,ITb;karrmYl At / s BIsmIkar !%>@%³
27 ⋅ 10 6
At
s
=
Tn
=
2 Ao f yt cot θ 0.75 × 2 × 114787.4 × 400
d. KNnaEdkbeNþaybEnßmBIsmIkar !%>@* ¬sRmab; f 'c = 400 MPa nig cot θ = 1.0 ¦
⎛A ⎞
Al = ⎜ t ⎟ Ph = 0.392 × 2268 = 889mm 2
⎝ s ⎠
Al min ¬BIsmIkar !%>#0¦ KW
5 28 × 242500
Al min = − 889 = 447.7mm 2
12 × 400
karcUlrYmrbs;søabRtUv)anecaledaysarTTYl)anlT§plxusKñatictYc nigtémøBlkmμ
ticCag.
5> kMNt;RkLaépÞmuxkat;EdkkgbiTCit
a. sRmab;eCIgmYy vt = t + v
A A A
s s 2s
muxkat;cM)ac; Avt = 0.392 + 0.475 = 0.867mm 2 / m ¬eCIgmYy¦
eRCIserIsEdk DB12 ¬ As = 113mm 2 ¦
KMlatEdkkg = 0113 .867
= 130mm eRbI 125mm
b. KMlatEdkGtibrma s max = h = = 283.5mm . eRbI s = 125mm dUckarKNna.
P 2268
8 8
Avt 0.35bw 0.35 × 350
c. = = = 0.31mm 2 / m < 0.867mm 2 / m dUcenHeRbI
s f yt 400
DB12 @125
6> kMNt;karBRgayrbs;EdkbeNþay. Al srubKW 889mm 2 . eRbImYyPaKbI b¤
889 / 3 = 296.3mm 2 enAEpñkxagelI EpñkkNþal nigEpñkxageRkam.
a. brimaNEdksrubenAEpñkxagelI = 628.3 + 296.3 = 924.6mm 2 eRbI 3DB 20
¬ As = 942.5mm 2 ¦

b. brimaNEdksrubenAEpñkxagelI = 2463 + 296.3 = 2759.3mm 2 eRbI 5DB28

¬ As = 3078.8mm 2 ¦
Al srubEdleRbI = (942.5 − 628.3) + (3078.8 − 2463) = 930mm 2
c. eRbIEdk 2DB12 enABak;kNþalkm<s; ¬ As = 226mm 2 ¦. bøg;EdklMGitRtUv)anbgðajenA

kñúgrUbTI 15>16. KMlatEdkbeNþayKW 190mm < 300mm . Ggát;p©itrbs;EdkkgKW
12mm EdlFMCagGgát;p©itEdk DB10 b¤KMlatEdkkgelI 24 ¬ s / 24 = 5.2mm ¦.
bEnßmEdkbeNþay DB12 enARKb;mMurbs;EdkkgenAkñúgRTnugFñwm nigsøabFñwm.


XVI. FñwmCab; nigeRKag

Continuous Beams and Frames

GKarebtugBRgwgedayEdkpÁúMeLIgedayGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMCaeRcInRbePTdUcCa kRmalxNÐ (slab) Fñwm
(beam) ssr (column) nigeCIgtag (footing) . Ggát;eRKOgbgÁúMTaMgenHGacRtUv)ancak;dac;eday
ELkBIKña dUcCakRmalebtugcak;eRsc (precast concrete slab) Fñwmcak;eRsc nigssrcak;eRsc eday

manbnSl;TuksrésEdkedIm,IP¢ab;KñaBIGgát;eRKOgbgÁmúM YyeTAGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMmYyeTot edim,IeFVI[vakøay
Carcnasm<½n§EtmYy (monolithic structure). Ggát;Edlcak;eRscRtUv)anKNnadUcGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMenA
elITRmsamBaØ eTaHbICaRbePTénPaBCab;xøHRtUv)anpþl;[enAEpñkcugrbs;va. sRmab;Ggát;Edlman
lkçN³EtmYy (monolithic member) PaBCab;énGgát;nImYy²RtUv)anpþl;[ EdleFVI[Ggát;eRKOg
bgÁúMRtUv)anviPaKdUcrcnasm<½n§sþaTicminkMNt; (statically indeterminate structure) .
karviPaK nigkarKNnakRmalxNÐmYyTisCab;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgemeronTI 9 ehIyemKuNKNna
(design coefficient) nigsrésEdklMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 9>8 nig 9>9. enAkñúgRbB½n§kRmal
xNÐ½mYyTis bnÞúkkRmalxNÐRtUv)anbBa¢ÚnmkFñwmTRm dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUb 16>1 a . RbsinebIbnÞúk

emKuNenAelIkRmalxNÐKW wu enaHbnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIFñwm AB nig BC kñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvgKW
wu s bUknwgTm¶n;pÞal;rbs;Fñwm. bnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIFñwm DE nig EF KW wu s / 2 bUknwgTm¶n;pÞal;
rbs;Fñwm. bnÞúkenAelIssr B esμInwg wu Ls b:uEnþbnÞúkenAelIssr E / A nig D KW ws Ls / 2 /

ws Ls / 2 nig ws Ls / 4 erogKña.
enAkñúgkRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlRTedayFñwmenARCugTaMgbYn bnÞúkkRmalxNÐRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAFñwmBI
RkLaépÞcMNuHEdlB½T§edaybnÞat; 45o dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>1 b. EpñkxøHénbnÞúkkRmalxNÐ
RtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAFñwmEvg AB / BC / DE nig EF BIRkLaépÞctuekaNBñay b:uEnþbnÞúkkRmalxNÐEdl
enAsl;RtUv)an bBa¢ÚneTAFñwmxøI AD / BE nig CF BIRkLaépÞRtIekaN. sRmab;kRmalxNÐkaer bnÞúk
RtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAFñwm EdlB½T§CMuvijBIRkLaépÞRtIekaN. FñwmenAxagkñúgTTYlbnÞúkBIRCugTaMgBIr b:uEnþFñwm
xagrgbnÞúkEtmYyxag b:ueNÑaH. edaysarFñwmTaMgBIrTisRtUv)ancak;ebtugkñúgeBlCamYyKñanwgkRmal
xNÐ enaHvaRtUv)anviPaKCa FñwmCab;sþaTicminkMNt; (statically indeterminate continuous beam).
FñwmbBa¢ÚnbnÞúkbnþeTAssr. bnÞúkenAelIssr B esμInwg wu Ls enAeBlEdl bnÞúkenAelIssr E / A
FñwmCab; nigeRKagCab; 445 T.Chhay

nig D KW ws Ls / 2 / ws Ls / 2 nig ws Ls / 4 erogKña.

RkLaépÞcMNuHsRmab;ssrnImYy²RtUv)anKitBIG½kSrbs;ElVgEdlenA Ek,rRKb;Tis.
16>2> m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkñúgFñwmCab; (Maximum Moment in Continuous Beams)

16>2> 1> eKalkarN_viPaK (Basic Analysis)
CaTUeTA karKNnam:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgFñwmCab;ebtugGarem:KWQrelIRTwsþIeGLasÞic
(elastic theory). enAeBlmuxkat;ebtugGarem:RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIviFIKNnaersIusþg; (strength
design method) lT§plEdlTTYl)annwgmineqøIytbCamYynwgkarviPaKeGLasÞic (elastic analysis)
eT. b:uEnþ ACI Code min)anbBa¢ÚllkçxNÐsRmab;karKNna)øasÞic (provision for a plastic design)

b¤ karKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (limit state design) éneRKOgbgÁúMCab;ebtugGarem: RKan;EtGnuBaØatkarEbg
Eckm:Um:g;eLIgvij (moment redistribution) dUcEdlnwgBnül;enAkñúgemeronenH.
16>2> 2> karGnuvtþkardak;bnÞúk (Loading Application)

m:Um:g;Bt;enARtg;cMNucNamYyenAkñúgFñwmCab; vaminGaRs½yEtnwgbnÞúkEdlmanTItaMgenAelIFñwmdUcKña
enaHeT b:uEnþvak¾GaRs½ynwgbnÞúkEdlsßitenAelIFñwmdéTeTotEdr. kñúgkrNIbnÞúkefr RKb;FñwmTaMgGs;RtUv
T.Chhay 446 Continuouse Beams and Frames

Etdak;bnÞúkkñúgeBldMNalKña edaysarEtbnÞúkefrmanTItaMg nigtémøkMNt;. kñúgkrNIbnÞúkcl½t b¤

bnÞúkGefrEdlekIteLIgmþgmáal EbbbTénkardak;bnÞúkRtUv)anBicarNay:gNaedIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;Gti-
brmaenATItaMgeRKaHfñak;. ExS\T§iBlGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt;TItaMgrbs;bnÞúkGefredIm,IKNnam:Um:g;
Gtibrma nigm:Um:g;Gb,brma. b:uEnþenAkñúgemeronenH k,Ünd¾samBaØEdlQrelIExSekagbnÞúk-PaBdab
(load-deflection curve) RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IkMNt;EbbbTénkardak;bnÞúkEdlbegáItm:Um:g;Gtibrma.
16>2> 3> m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrma nigGb,brmaenAkñúgElVg

Maximum and Minimum Positive Moments within a Span

m:Um:g;Bt;viC¢manGtibrmaenAkñúgFñwmTRmsamBaØEdlrgbnÞúkBRgayesμI w KWsßitenAkNþalElVg Ca
2
mYynwg M = wl8 . RbsinebIcugrbs;vamYy b¤TaMgBIrRtUv)anbnþ karTb;enAcugEdlCab;nwgbegáItm:Um:g;
GviC¢manenAelITRm ehIyTItaMgénbnÞúkviC¢manGtibrmaGacpøas;bþÚrbnþicBIkNþalElVg. ragdabénFñwm
Cab;sRmab;kardak;bnÞúkEtelIElVgEtmYy RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>2 a . PaBdabcuHeRkambgðaj
fam:Um:g;viC¢man ehIyPaBdabeLIgelIbgðajm:Um:g;GviC¢man. RbsinebIRKb;ElVgEdldabcuHeRkamRtUv)an
dak;bnÞúk enaHbnÞúknImYy²nwgbegáInm:Um:g;viC¢manenAkñúgElVg AB ¬rUbTI 16>2 d ¦. dUcenHedIm,IKNna
m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaenAkñúgElVgNamYy bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIElVgenaH nigenAelIElVgqøas;TaMg
sgçag. m:Um:g;bnÞúkGefremKuNEdlKNnadUcBnül;BImunRtUv)anbEnßmBIelIm:Um:g;bnÞúkGefremKuNenA
elImuxkat;dUcKñaedIm,ITTYl)anm:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrma.
düaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;Edl)anBIbnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIElVg AB RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>2 b.
PaBdab nigm:Um:g;Bt;fycuHy:agelOnCamYynwgcm¶ayBIElVg AB EdlrgbnÞúk. dUcenH edIm,IsRmYl
karviPaKFñwmCab; m:Um:g;enAkñúgElVgNamYyGacRtUv)anKNnaedayBicarNaEtFñwmEdlrgbnÞúk AB nig
FñwmBIreTotEdlenAsgçagva nigsnμt;TRmbgáb;enAcugEdlq¶ayTaMgsgçag ¬rUbTI 16>2 c ¦.
RbsinebIElVgEdlCab;nwgElVg AB RtUv)andak;bnÞúk ExSekagdabRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUb 16>2 e .
PabdabenAkñúgElVg AB nwgeLIgelI ehIym:Um:g;GviC¢mannwgRtUv)anbegáItenAkñúgFñwm AB . m:Um:g;GviC¢-
manenHnwgRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelIm:Um:g;viC¢manEdl)anBIbnÞúkefredIm,ITTYl)anm:Um:g;Bt;cugeRkay. dUcenH
edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;viC¢manGb,brma ¬b¤m:Um:g;GviC¢manGtibrma¦ enAkñúgElVg AB bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;
enAElVgEk,rnwgElVg AB nigRKb;ElVgqøas;nwgElVgEdlrgbnÞúk ¬rUbTI 16>2 e ¦.
16>2> 4> m:Um:g;GviC¢manGtibrmaenAelITRm (Maximum Negative Moments at Supports)

kñúgkrNIenH eKcaM)ac;kMNt;m:Um:g;GviCm¢ anGtibrmaenAelITRmNamYy dUcCaTRm A ¬rUbTI 16>3¦.
enAeBlEdlElVg AB RtUv)andak;bnÞúk m:Um:g;GviC¢manRtUv)anbegáItenAelITRm A . dUcKña bnÞúkénElVg
AF k¾nwgbegáItm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelI A Edr. dUcenH edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;GviC¢manGtibrmaenAelITRmNa
mYy bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIElVgEk,rTaMgBIr nigenAelIRKb;ElVgqøas;TaMgsgçag ¬rUbTI 16>3¦.

enAkñúgkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM (structural analysis) énFñwmCab; RbEvgElVgRtUv)anKitBIG½kSeTAG½kS

TRmEdlRTedayTRmcugkaMbiT (knife-edge support). enAkñúgkarGnuvtþ TRmRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayman
TMhMRKb;RKan;edIm,ITTYlbnÞúkEdlbBa¢ÚnedayFñwm CaTUeTAm:Um:g;eFVIGMeBIenAnwgépÞénTRm. edIm,IKNna
m:Um:g;enAnwgépÞénTRm eKGacdkedaym:Um:g;EdlesIμnwg Vu c / 3 BIm:Um:g;emKuNenAG½kSrbs;TRm Edl Vu
KWCakmøaMg kat;TTwgemKuN nig c CaTTwgssr.
16>2> 5> m:Um:g;enAkñúgFñwmCab; (Moments in Continuous Beams)

FñwmCab; nigeRKagCab;GacRtUv)anviPaKedayeRbIviFIRbhak;RbEhl (approximate method) b¤kmμ -
viFIkMuBüÚT½r. viFIepSgeTotdUcCa viFIbnÞúk nigbMlas;TI (displacement and force method) énkarviPaK
EdlQrelIkarKNnaénm:aRTIsénPaBrwgRkaj nigPaBrlas; (stiffness and flexibility matrices)
GacRtUvykmkeRbI. viFI slope deflection nigviFI moment-distibution k¾GacRtUv)aneRbI. viFITaMgenH
manBnül;enAkñúgesovePAEdlniyayBIkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM (structural analysis) énFñwm nigeRKag.
ACI Code, Section 8.3 pþl;nUvemKuNRbhak;RbEhlsRmab;KNnam:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúg
Fñwm nigkRmalxNÐCab;. emKuNTaMgenHRtUv)an[enAkñúgemeronTI 9. m:Um:g;EdlTTYl)anBIemKuN

ACI nwgmantémøFMCagm:Um:g;EdlTTYl)anBIkarKNnaviPaKbnþic. eKRtUveKarBtamkarkMNt;Edlman
EcgenAkñúgkareRbIR)as;emKuNTaMgenaH.
]TahrN_TI 16>1³
RbB½n§kRmalxNÐ-Fñwm Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>4 RTnUvbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 6.2kN / m 2
nigbnÞúkefrEdlrYmmanbnÞúkpÞal;rbs;kRmalxNÐbUknwg 3.8kN / m 2 . edayeRbIemKuNm:Um:g; ACI
KNnaFñwmCab;enAxagkñúg nigKUrmuxkat;lMGit. eK[ f 'c = 28MPa / f y = 400MPa / TTWgFñwm
b = 300mm / muxkat;ssr 300 × 300mm nigkRmas;kRmalxNÐ 125mm .

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnakRmalxNÐ³ kRmalxNÐmannaTICakRmalxNÐmYyTis edaysarpleFobRCugEvgelI
RCugxøIFMCag 2 . karKNnaénRbePTkRmalxNÐCab;RtUv)anBnül;enAkñúg]TahrN_TI 9>4.
2> bnÞúkenAelIkRmalxNÐ³
bnÞúkefr Dead load = 0.125 × 25 + 3.8 = 6.925kN / m 2
bnÞúkGefr Live load = 6.2kN / m 2
bnÞúkemKuN Ultimate load (wu ) = 1.2 × 6.925 + 1.6 × 6.2 = 18.23kN / m 2
bnÞúkenAelIFñwm³ Fñwmxagkñúg ABC RTbnÞúkkRmalxNÐTaMgsgçag
CamYynwgTTwgkRmalxNÐsrub 3.6m
bnÞúkemKuNenAelIFñwm
Factored load on beam = 3.6 × 18.23 + 1.2(self - weight of beam web )
km<s;rbs;FñwmGacRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIemKuNénkRmas;FñwmGb,brmadUcEdl)anbgðajenA
kñúgtarag]bsm<½n§ B.6. sRmab; f y = 420MPa km<s;FñwmGb,brmarbs;FñwmTI1 AB KW

. snμt;km<s;Fñwmsrub 550mm km<s;RTnugFñwmKW

L / 18.5 = 7.2 / 18 = 0.389m
550 − 125 = 425mm . dUcenHbnÞúkemKuNenAelIFñwm ABCD KW
wu = 3.6 × 18.23 + 1.2(0.425 × 0.3) × 25 = 69.45kN / m

yk wu = 69.5kN / m
3> m:Um:g;enAkñúgFñwm ABC ³ emKuNm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 9>8. FñwmCab;Kñaman 5 ElVg
ehIysIuemRTIKñaeFobG½kSkNþalRtg;cMNuc D . dUcenH eKcaM)ac;KNnaEtFñwmBak;kNþal
ABCD BIeRBaHFñwmBak;kNþaleTotnwgmanTMhMehIynwgbrimaNEdkdUcKña. edaysarElVg
AB nig BC minesμIKñaEtmanpleFob 7.9 / 7.2 mantémøtUcCag 1.2 enaHemKuNm:Um:g; ACI
GacGnuvtþ)ansRmab;FñwmenH. elIsBIenHRbEvg clear span mFümEdlenAEk,rRtUv)aneRbI

edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRm.
m:Um:g;enAmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam ¬rUbTI 16>4¦
M u = coefficient × wu ln2
TItaMg ! @ # $ % ^
1 1 1 1 1 1
emKuNm:Um:g; −
16
+
14
−
10
+
16
−
11
+
16
M u ¬ kN .m ¦ − 206.8 236.35 − 365.3 250.9 − 364.9 250.9
4> kMNt;TMhMFñwm nigsrésEdk

a. m:Um:g;GviC¢GtibrmaKW − 365.3kN .m . edayeRbI ρ max = 0.016 enaH Ru = 5MPa / φ = 0.9
Mu 365.3 ⋅10 6
d= = = 493.5mm
Ru b 5 × 300
sRmab;EdkmYyRsTab; km<s;FñwmsrubKW 493.5 + 60 = 553.5mm yk 600mm

d EdleRbIR)as;BitR)akdKW 600 − 60 = 540mm
As = 0.016 × 300 × 540 = 2592mm 2

eRbI 4DB30 ¬mYyRsTab;¦

cMNaMfa³ km<s;FñwmEdleRbIenATIenHKW 600mm EdlFMCagkm<s;Fwñmsnμt;EdlesμInwg 550mm

edIm,IkMNt;Tm¶n;rbs;Fñwm. edaysarbnÞúkbEnßmmantémøtUcGacecal)an eKmincaM)ac;eFVIkar
KNnaeLIgvijeT.
b. muxkat;enATRmeFVIGMeBICamuxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYyEdkTajenAkñúgsøab.
EdkcaM)ac;enAkñúgTRm mandUcxageRkam³
TItaMg ! # %
M u (kN .m) − 206.8 − 365.3 − 364.9
Ru ( MPa) 2.36 4.17 4.17
ρ (%) 0.74 1.39 1.39

As (mm 2 ) 1199 2252 2252
cMnYnEdk DB30 2 4 4
c. sRmab;muxkat;GkSr T enAkNþalElVg M u = 250.9kN.m . sRmab; a = 25mm

nigTTwgsøab
b f = 1.8m
Mu 250.9 ⋅10 6
As = = = 1321.2mm 2
⎛ a ⎞ 0.9 × 400(540 − 12.5)
φf y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
As f y 1321.2 × 400
RtYtBinitü ³ a a= =
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 1800
= 12.34mm
CamYy a = 12.34mm eKTTYl)an As = 1305.5mm 2 . dUcenHeRbIEdk 3DB25

¬ As = 1472.6mm 2 ¦ sRmab;RKb;muxkat;kNþalElVgTaMgGs;. bøg;EdklMGitRtUv)anbgðaj
enAkñúgrUbTI 16>5.
5> KNnaFñwmsRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg dUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgemeronTI 8.
6> RtYtBinitüPaBdab nigsñameRbH dUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgemeronTI 9.

16>3> eRKagsMNg;GKar (Building Frames)

eRKagGKarKWCaRbB½n§eRKOgbgÁúMbITMhM ¬kñúglMh¦ (three-dimensional structural system) EdlpÁúM
eLIgeday Ggát;Rtg;²Edlsagsg;CamYyKña (built monolithically) nigmantMNrwg. eRKagGacman
mYyElVg nigmankm<s;mYyCan; dUcCa portal frame nig gable frame dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>6 a b¤
GacpSM eLIgedayeRcInElVg nigeRcInCan; dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>6 b. RKb;Ggát;rbs;eRKagRtUv)an
cat;Tuk faCab;sRmab;TisTaMgbI ehIyssrcUlrYmCamYynwgFñwmedIm,ITb;bnÞúkxageRkA. eRkABIkarkat;
bnßym:Um:g; edaysarPaBCab; eRKagGKarcg;)ankarBRgaybnÞúkkan;EtesμIkan;Etl¥. \T§iBlénbnÞúk
xag dUcCabnÞúkxül; nigbnÞúkrBa¢ÜydI RtUv)anBRgayenAelIeRKagTaMgmUl edIm,IbegáInsuvtßiPaBrbs;va.
sRmab;karKNna viFIRbhak;RbEhl (approximate method) GacRtUv)aneRbIedaysnμt;RbB½n§eRKag
BIrTMhM ¬kñúgbøg;¦.
eRKagEdlrgnUvRbB½n§bnÞúkGacRtUv)anviPaKedayviFIeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame method).
enAkñúgviFIenH karviPaKtamCan;KWRtUveFVIeLIgedaysnμt;facugssrEdlenAq¶ayBIelI nigBIeRkamnIv:U
kRmalxNÐRtUv)anbgáb; ¬rUbTI 16>7¦. CaTUeTA karviPaKRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayeRbIviFIEbgEckm:Um:g;
(moment-distribution method).

enAkñúgkar TMhMkRmal (panel) cm¶aycenøaHssr/ cMnYnCan; nigkm<s;énCan;nImYy²RtUv)ansÁal;BI

eRBaHBYkvaRtUv)anpþl;[edaykarKNnasßabtükmμ ehIyRbB½n§brikçaRtUv)anKitrYcCaeRsc. TMhMssr
nigTMhMFñwmRtUv)aneFVIkar)a:n;sμanCamun ehIypleFobPaBrwgRkajrbs;vaEdlQrelImuxkat;ebtug
RtUv)aneRbI. enAeBlm:Um:g;RtUv)ankMNt; eKRtUvRtYtBinitümuxkat;Edl)ansnμt;BImun nigeFVIkarEktRmUv
RbsinebIcaM)ac;. karviPaKEdlmanlkçN³suRkitCagGaceFVIeLIgedayeRbIkmμviFIkMuBüÚT½rEdlRtUv)an
ENnaMsRmab;karviPaK eRKOgsþaTicminkMNt;EdlmanGBaØateRcIn. viFIénkarviPaKRtUv)anBN’naenAkñúg
esovePACaeRcInEdlniyayBIkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM.

16>4> Portal Frames
Portal frames pSMeLIgedayFñwmebtugGarem:EdlrwgRtUv)ancak;CamYynigTRmssrrbs;va. tMN

rvagFñwm nigssrRtUv)anBicarNabgáb;rwgCamYynwgplbUkm:Um:g;enARtg;tMNesμIsUnü. Portal frames
RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgsMNg;salEdlmanElVgFM (large-span halls)/erag (sheds)/ s<an nigs<ankat;
RClgPñM (viaducts). Ggát;EpñkxagelIrbs;eRKagGacedk (portal frames) b¤eRTt (gable frames)
¬rUb TI 16>8¦. eCIgeRkamrbs;eRKagGacCaTRmbgáb; b¤TRmsnøak;.
Portal frames sþaTicminkMNt;GacRtUv)anviPaKedayviFIEbgEckm:Um:g; b¤viFIdéTeTotEdleRbI
edIm,IviPaKeRKagsþaTicminkMNt;. Ggát;rbs;eRKagRtUv)anKNnasRmab;m:Um:g; kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigkmøaMg

Ekg b:uEnþeCIgtagRtUv)anKNnaedIm,IRTkmøaMgEdlmanGMeBIenA)atssr.
Fñwm nigssrrbs;eRKagGacmanTMhMesμI b¤ERbRbYl dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>8. kmøaMgenAkñúg
portal frames EdlmanmYyElVgehIymanmuxkat;esμIGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
16>4> 1> cugsnøak;BIr (Two Hinged Ends)

kmøaMgenAkñúgGgát;rbs; portal frames Edlmancugsnøak;BIrGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkar
xageRkam ¬rUbTI 16>9¦³
sRmab;krNIbnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIGgát; BC / yk
⎛I h⎞
K = 3 + 2⎜⎜ 2 × ⎟⎟
⎝ I1 L ⎠
Edl nig I 2 = m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;ssr nigFñwm
I1
h nig L = km<s; nigRbEvgElVgrbs;eRKag
m:Um:g;Bt;enAtMN B nig C KW
wL2
M B = MC = −
4K
2
m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaenAkNþalElVg BC = wL8 + M B
kmøaMgRbtikmμtamTisedkenARtg;cMNuc A KW H A = M B / h = H D
kmøaMgRbtikmμtamTisQrenARtg;cMNuc A KW V A = wL / 2 = VD
sRmab;bnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIEtBak;kNþalFñwm BC ¬rUbTI 16>9 b¦

wL2
M B = MC = −
8K
MB
HA = HD =
h
V A = 3wL / 8 nig VD = wL / 8
16>4> 2> cugbgáb;BIr (Two Fixed Ends)

kmøaMgenAkñúgGgát;rbs; portal frames Edlmancugbgáb;BIrGacRtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIsmIkar
xageRkam ¬rUbTI 16>10¦³
sRmab;krNIbnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIGgát; BC / yk
⎛I h⎞
K1 = 2 + ⎜⎜ 2 × ⎟⎟
⎝ I1 L ⎠
wL2
M B = MC = −
4K

MB
MA = MD =
2
wL2
M (midspan) = + MB
8
3M A
HA = HD =
2
nig V A = VD = wL2
sRmab;bnÞúkBRgayesμIenAelIEtBak;kNþalFñwm BC
⎛I h⎞
K 2 = 1 + 6⎜⎜ 2 × ⎟⎟
⎝ I1 L ⎠
2
wL ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ wL2 ⎛ 2 1 ⎞
MA = ⎜⎜ − ⎟ MB = ⎜⎜ + ⎟
8 ⎝ 3K1 8 K 2 ⎟⎠ 8 ⎝ 3K1 8 K 2 ⎟⎠
wL2 ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ wL2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
MC = ⎜⎜ − ⎟ MD = ⎜⎜ − ⎟
8 ⎝ 3K1 8 K 2 ⎟⎠ 8 ⎝ 3K1 8 K 2 ⎟⎠
wL2 1
HA = HD = ×
8 K1 h
wL ⎛ 1 ⎞
VA =
wL
2
− VD nig VD = ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
8 ⎝ 4 K 2 ⎟⎠

16>5> eRKagTUeTA (General Frames)

rUbragcMbgrbs;eRKagKWtMNrwg EdlP¢ab;FñwmdMbUledk b¤eRTteTAnwgGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMEdlRTva.

PaBCab;rvagGgát;nwgEbgEckm:Um:g;Bt;EdlmanCab;CamYynwgRbB½n§bnÞúkeTAGGát;eRKOgbgÁúMepSgeTot
eTAtampleFobénPaBrwgRkajrbs;va. eRKagGacRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fñak;dUcxageRkam³
- eRKagsþaTickMNt; (statically determinate frame) ¬rUbTI 16>11 a¦
- eRKagsþaTicminkMNt; (statically indeterminate frame) ¬rUbTI 16>12¦
- eRKagsþaTicminkMNt; CamYynwgGgát;cMNg (statically indeterminate frame with tie) ¬rUbTI
16>13¦

16>6> karKNnasnøak;rbs;eRKag (Design of Frame Hinges)

RbePTd¾sMxan;énsnøak;EdleRbIenAkñúgeRKagebtugKW Mesnager hinges, Considère hinges
nig lead hinges.
16>6>1> Mesnager hinges

CaTUeTA kmøaMgEdlmanGMeBIenAelIsnøak;KWkmøaMgedk H nigkmøaMgbBaÄr P . kmøaMgpÁÜbén
kmøaMgTaMgBIr R RtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAeCIgtagtamry³EdkExVg A nig B dUcEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
16>14. PaBeRTtrbs;r)ar A nig B eTAnwgG½kSedkERbRbYlBI 30o eTA 60o CamYynwgcm¶ay
Gb,brma a ¬Edlvas;BIEpñkeRkameKrbs;eRKagssr¦ esμInwg 8D Edl D CaGgát;p©itrbs;Edk
eRTt. cenøaH y rvageRKagssr nigEpñkxagelIrbs;eCIgtagERbRbYlcenøaHBI 25mm eTA 1.3h' Edl
h' Ca TTwgrbs;muxkat;ebtugenAnIv:Usnøak;. km<s;cenøaHsRmab;karGnuvtþn_ERbRbYlBI 50mm eTA
100mm . karvilrbs;cugeRKagRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedaysnøak; ehIyCaTUeTAcenøaHRtUv)anbMeBjeday
bituminous cork nigsmÖar³EdlmanlkçN³bt;EbnRsedogKña. Bitumen karBar cork kMu[xUceday
sarkarb:HCamYydI. EdkExVg A nig B rgnUvkugRtaMgsgát;EdlminRtUvFMCag 1/ 3 énersIusþg;yal

(yield strength) rbs;Edk f y eRkambnÞúkeFVIkar (service load) b¤ 0.55 f y eRkambnÞúkemKuN

(factored load) . kugRtaMgtUcRtUv)ansnμt;edaysarkarvilenAsnøak;cg;Bt;Edk nigegáItkugRtaMgBt;TI

BIr (secondary flexural stresses). CaTUeTA eKcaM)ac;RtUvrkSakugRtaMgsgát;[tUclμmRbesIrCagKNna
kugRtaMgTIBIr. RkLaépÞEdk A nig B RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
RkLaépÞmuxkat;Edk A ³ As1 = 0.55R1 f ¬!^>!¦
y
RkLaépÞmuxkat;Edk B ³ As2 = 0.55R2 f ¬!^>@¦

y
Edl R1 nig R2 CabgÁúMénkmøaMgpÁÜb R enAkñúgTisedAénEdkeRTt A nig B edayeRbIbnÞúkem

KuN. CaTUeTA bgÁúMkmøaMg R1 nig R2 RtUv)anTTYledaysmIkarsþaTicxageRkam³
H + R2 sin θ = R1 sin θ nig R2 = R1 − sinHθ ¬!^># a¦
dUcKña (R1 + R2 )cosθ = Pu
dUcenH R1 = cosPuθ − R2 = cosPuθ − ⎡⎢⎣R1 − sinHθ ⎤⎥⎦
1 ⎡ Pu H ⎤
R1 = +
2 ⎣ cosθ sin θ ⎥⎦
⎢ ¬!^># b¦
Edksnøak;eRTtbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgrbs;vatamry³cMNgenAtamRbEvgEdkbgáb;eTAkñúgssreRKag nig
eCIgtag. dUcenH EdkeRTtbeBa©jkmøaMgFak;ecjeRkA EdlRtUvTb;edayEdkcMNg. EdkcMNgRtUv)an
dak;elIcm¶ay a = 8D ¬Ggát;p©itEdkEdlFMCageKkñúgcMeNam A nig B ¦ TaMgenAkñúgssr nigeCIg
tag. kmøaMgFak;ecj (bursting force) GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
P
F = u tan θ +
2
Ha
0.85d
¬!^>$¦
RbsinebIkarcUlrYmrbs;ebtugRtUv)anecal enaHRkLaépÞmuxkat;rbs;EdkcMNg Ast EdlcaM)ac;
Tb;kmøaMg F KW³
Ast =
F
φf
=
F
0.85 f
¬!^>%¦
y y
kugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkcMNgk¾GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
Pu Ha
tan θ +
f s ( tie) = 2 0.85d ≤ 0.85 f
0.005ab + Ast ( tie)
y ¬!^>^¦
Edl Ast =RkLépÞmuxkat;Edkkgkñúgcm¶ay a = 8D
d = km<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;muxkat;ssr

TTwgrbs;muxkat;ssr
b=
snøak;RbePTenHRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;kmøaMglμm nigRtUv)ankMNt;edaycMnYnEdkeRTtGtibrma
EdlGacRtUv)andak;enAkñúgTTwgssr.
16>6>2> Considère hinges

PaBxusKñarvag Considère hinges nig Mesnager hinges KWfakmøaMgEkg Pu RtUv)ansnμt;fa
vaRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTAeCIgtagedaykUnssrEdkkgv½NÐ (spirally reinforced short columns) mYyb¤eRcIn
Edldak;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgeCIgtag b:uEnþkmøaMgedk H RtUv)ansnμt;Tb;edayEdkeRTt A nig B ¬rUbTI
!^>%¦. lT§PaBRTbnÞúkrbs;kUnssrEdkkgvNÐ½GacRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbIsmIkar !^>& edayecalem
KuN 0.85 sRmab;cMNakp©itGb,brma.
Pu = φPn = 0.70[0.85 f 'c (Ag − Ast ) + Ast f y ] ¬!^>&¦

Edl Ag CaRkLaépÞmuxkat;rbs;muxkat;snøak;ebtug b¤ bh' / nig Ast CaRkLaépÞmuxkat;Edk

beNþayenAkñúgEdkkgv½NÐ. EdkcMNgRtUv)andak;enAkñúgssrrhUtdl;cm¶ayEdlesμInwgRCugEvgrbs;
muxkat;ssr h .
16>6>3> Lead hinges

eBlxøH Lead hinges RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgeRKagssrebtugGarem:. enAkñúgsnøak;RbePTenH CaTU
eTA lead plate EdlmankRmas;BI 20mm eTA 25mm RtUv)anebIedIm,IbBa¢ÚnkmøaMgtamG½kS Pu eTAeCIg
tag. kmøaMgedk H RtUv)anTb;edayEdkbBaÄrEdldak;enARtg;G½kSrbs;ssr nigRtUv)andak;bBa©Úl
eTAkñúgssr ¬rUbTI 16>16¦. enARtg;)atrbs;ssr kmøaMgEkg Pu minRtUvFMCagersIusþg;Tb;
φ (0.85 f 'c A1 ) ¬EdlkMNt;eday ACI Code, Section 10.15¦ Edl φ = 0.65 nig A1 = bh' . RkLa
épÞmuxkat;EdkbBaÄrKW As = H / 0.6 f y Edl H = kmøaMgedkemKuN.

]TahrN_16>2³
salmYymanTMhM 25.2 ×12m RtUv)anRKbedaykRmalebtugGarem:EdlRTeday portal frame Edl
mansnøak;enATRm. Portal frame manKMlatBIG½kSeTAG½kS 3.6m ¬rUbTI 16>17¦. km<s;eRKagKW
4.5m ehIyKμanssrenAkñúgsaleT. bnÞúkefrenAelIkRmalxNÐKW)anBIbnÞúkpÞal;bUknwg 3.6kN / m 2
Edl)anmkBIkargarbegðIyrbs;dMbUl. bnÞúk efrenAelIkRmalxNÐKW 4kN / m 2 . KNnaeRKagenA

xagkñúgeday eRbI f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 400MPa sRmab;eRKag ehIymuxkat;ssrmanTTwg
b = 400mm .
dMeNaHRsay³
karKNnaeRKageménGKarrYmmandUcxageRkam³
- KNnakRmalxNÐmYyTis
- viPaK Portal frame
- KNnaFñwmeRKagEdlbNþalmkBIm:Um:g;
- KNnaFñwmeRKagEdlbNþalmkBIkmøaMgkat;
- KNnassr
- KNnasnøak;
- KNnaeCIgtag
1> kRmalxNÐmYyTis³ kRmas;Gb,brmarbs;kRmalxNÐTI1KW L / 30 edaysarcugmçagCab;

nigcugmçageTotminCab; ¬tarag B.6 enAkñúg]bsm<½n§ B¦.
km<s;Gb,brma = 3600 30
= 120mm
karKNnakRmalxNÐGnuvtþtamCMhanEdlmanenAkñúg]TahrN_9>5.
2> viPaK Portal frame enAxagkñúg³
a. bnÞúkenAelIkRmalxNÐKW
bnÞúkefrenAelIkRmalxNÐ = 3.6 + 0.12 × 25 = 6.6kN / m 2

bnÞúkemKuNenAelIkRmalxNÐ = 1.2 × 6.6 + 1.6 × 4.0 = 14.32kN / m 2
b. kMNt;bnÞúkenAelIeRKag³ eRKagxagkñúgRTbnÞúkBIkRmalxNÐ 3.6m
bEnßmBIelIbnÞúkpÞal;rbs; FñwmeRKag. snμt;km<s;rbs;FñwmKW

L / 24 = 12000 / 24 = 500mm . edayeRbIkm<s;BIeRkam kRmalxNÐ 400mm
enaHkm<s;srubrbs;FñwmKW 520mm .
bnÞúkefrBIbnÞúkpÞal;rbs;Fñwm = 0.4 2 × 25 = 4kN / m
bnÞúkemKuNsrubenAelIeRKag = 14.32 × 3.6 + 1.2 × 4 = 56.352kN / m
dUcenH wu = 56.5kN / m
c. kMNt;m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;Fñwm nigmuxkat;ssr. FñwmeFVIkarCalkçN³muxkat;GkSr T .
TTwgRbsiT§PaBrbs;kRmalxNÐEdleFVIskmμPaBCamYynwgFñwmKWCatémøtUcCageKén 1/ 4
én RbEvgElVg = 12 / 4 = 3m / 16hs + bw = 16 × 0.12 + 0.4 = 2.32m nig 3.6m . yk
b = 2.32m . TIRbCMuTm¶n;énmuxkat;BIsrésxagelIeKKW
2320 × 120 × 60 + 400 × 400 × 320
y= = 154.89mm
2320 × 120 + 400 × 400
⎞ ⎛ 400 ⎞
4
⎛ 2320
I b (beam) = ⎜ × 120 3 + 2320 × 120 × 94.89 2 ⎟ + ⎜ + 400 2 × 165.112 ⎟
⎝ 12 ⎜
⎠ ⎝ 12 ⎟
⎠
= 9336 ⋅10 6 mm 4
vaCakarGnuvtþTUeTAedayKitm:Um:gn; iclPaBRbhak;RbEhlrbs;FñwmGkSr T esμInwg 2 dg
énm:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgEdlmankm<s;srubCaplbUkrvagkm<s;RTnugFñwm
nigkRmas;kRmalxNÐ³
400 × 520 3
I b (beam) = 2 × = 9374 ⋅10 6 mm 4
12
sRmab;Fñwmxag m:Um:g;niclPaBRbhak;RbEhlKW I = 1.5 × bh3 /12 .
snμt;muxkat;ssresμI 400 × 500mm ¬EdlmanTTwgdUcTTwgFñwm¦
400 × 500 3
I c (column) = = 4167 ⋅10 6 mm 4
12
d. KNnaemKuN K
⎛I h⎞ ⎛ 9374 ⋅10 6 4500 ⎞⎟
K = 3 + 2⎜⎜ b × ⎟⎟ = 3 + 2⎜ + = 4.68
⎜ 12000 4167 ⋅ 10 6⎟
⎝ L Ic ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
tamrUbTI 16>17 nigsRmab;bnÞúkBRgayesμI wu = 56.5kN / m enAelIGgát; BC
wu L2 56.5 × 12 2
M B = MC =− =− = −434.6kN .m
4K 4 × 4.68
m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaenAkNþalElVg BC esμInwg
L2 56.5 × 12 2
wu + MB = − 434.6 = 582.4kN / m
8 8
kmøaMgRbtikmμedkenARtg;cMNuc A KW³
M B 434.6
HA = HD = = = 96.6kN
h 4.5
kmøaMgRbtikmμbBaÄrenARtg; A KW³

wu L
V A = VD = + weight of column
2
56.5 × 12
VA = + 0.4 × 0.5 × 4.5 × 25 = 361.5kN
2
düaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>17.
e. edIm,IBicarNa\T§iBl sideway enAelIeRKag bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIEtBak;kNþalFñwm
BC ehIym:Um:g;RtUv)anKNnaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;. krNIenHmineRKaHfñak;enAkñúg]Ta-
hrN_enHeT.
f. kmøaMgkat;TTWgGtibrmaenAcugTaMgBIrrbs;Fñwm BC ekItmanenAeBlFñwmRtUv)andak;bnÞúkCa
mYynwgbnÞúkemKuN wu b:uEnþkmøaMgkat;TTwgGtibrmaekItmanenAeBlEdlFñwmRtUv)andak;
bnÞúkCamYynwgEtBak;kNþalbnÞúkGefr nigbnÞúkefreBj³
56.5 × 12
Vu (at support ) = = 339kN
2
L 12
Vu (at midspan) = W1 = 1.7 × 4 × 3.6 × = 36.72kN
8 8
g. kmøaMgtamG½kSenAkñúgssrnImYy²KW V A = VD = 361.5kN
h. ykcMNucm:Um:g;sUnüenAkñúgFñwm BC sßitenAcm¶ay x BI B / enaH
x x2
M B = wu L − wu
2 2
x2
x
434.6 = 56.5 × 12 − 56.5
2 2
b¤ x 2 − 12 x + 15.384 = 0
x = 1.46m BITRm B
3> KNnaFñwm BC
a. KNnamuxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAkNþalElVg. M u = 582.4kN .m / TTwgRTnugKW bw = 400mm
TTwgsøabKW b = 2320mm nig d = 520 − 90 = 430mm ¬snμt;eRbIEdkBIrRsTab;¦.

RtYtBinitüfaetImuxkat;eFVIkarCaragmuxkat;ctuekaNCamYynwgTTwgRbsiT§PaB
b = 2320mm b¤Gt;? snμt; a = 25mm enaH
Mu 582.4 ⋅10 6
As = = = 3874.9mm 2
φf y (d − ) 0.9 × 400⎛⎜ 430 − ⎞⎟
a 25
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
As f y 3874.9 × 400
a= = = 28mm < 120mm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 2320

a snμt;mantémøRbhak;RbEhl a KNna. muxkat;eFVIkarCamuxkat;ragctuekaN dUcenH

eRbIEdk 6DB28 . RtYtBinitü bmin ¬edIm,Idak;EdkmYyCYr¦
bmin = 11× 28 + 2 × 10 + 80 = 408mm > 400mm
dak;EdkBIrCYr/ bgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>18.
b. KNnamuxkat;eRKaHfñak;enARtg; B ³ M u = 434.6kN .m / b = 400mm nig d = 520 − 60
= 460mm ¬sRmab;EdkmYyRsTab;¦. kRmalxNÐrgkarTaj dUcenHEdkRtUv)andak;enAkñúg
muxkat;EpñkxagelI.
Mu 434.6 ⋅10 6
Ru = = = 5.135MPa
bd 2 400 × 460 2
ρ = 0.0166 < ρ max = 0.018
As = 0.0166 × 400 × 460 = 3054.4mm 2
eRbI 5DB28 kñúgmYyCYr.
4> KNnaFñwm BC edaysarkmøaMgkat;TTwg
a. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAcm¶ay d BIépÞssrCamYycm¶ayBIG½kSssr 250 + 460 = 710mm
dUcenH
Vu (at distance d) = 339 - 56.5 × 0.71 = 298.9kN
b. ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;Edlpþl;edayebtug
φ 0.75
φVc = f 'c bw d = 28 × 400 × 460 ⋅10 − 3 = 121.7 kN
6 6
kmøaMgkat;Edlpþl;edayEdkRTnug (web reinforcement) KW
φVs = Vu − φVc = 298.9 − 121.7 = 177.2kN
177.2
Vs = = 236.3kN
0.75
c. eRCIserIsEdkkg DB12 nig Av = 2 ×122 π4 = 226mm 2
dUcenH s = AvVf y d = 226236× 400 × 460
.3 ⋅10 3
= 176mm yk 175mm
s
d. KMlatGtibrmaénEdkkg DB12 KW
d
s max = = 230mm
2
yk 225mm
× 400
b¤ smax = 0A.35v fby = 0226
.35 × 400
= 646mm
w

RtYtBinitüsRmab;KMlatGtibrmaén d2 ³ Vs ≤ 13 f 'c bw d b¤
28
Vs ≤ 400 × 460 ⋅10 − 3 = 324.5kN
3
témø Vs = 236.3 < 324.5kN . dUcenHeRbI smax = 225mm .
Av f y d 226 × 400 × 460 − 3
V ' s (for s max = 220mm) = = 10 = 184.8kN
s 225
φV ' s = 0.75 × 184.8 = 138.6kN
cm¶ayBIépÞssreTATItaMgEdl smax = 225mm RtUv)aneRbIesμInwg 1.56m
e. karBRgayEdkkg
EdkkgTImYymanKMlat s / 2 = 75mm
7 EdkkgmanKMlat 175mm = 1225mm
19 EdkkgmanKMlat 225mm = 4275mm ¬srub 5575mm ¦
cm¶ayBIépÞssreTAG½kSrbs;FñwmesμInwg 6000mm − 250mm = 5750mm . BRgayEdkkg

dUcKñasRmab;Bak;kNþalFñwmEdlenAsl; nigdak;EdkkgmYyeTotenAkNþalElVg. cMnYnEdk
kgsrubKW 55 kg.
5> KNnamuxkat;ssrenAcMNuc B ³ M u = 434.6kN .m / Pu = 339kN / b = 400mm nig
h = 500mm
a. snμt;eRkamGMeBIbnÞúkEdl[eRKagnwgminrgnUv sideway enaH\T§iBlrbs;PaBrlas;
(slenderness ration) GacRtUv)anecal nigssrGacRtUv)anKNnaCassrxøIenAeBl
12 M 1
KLu
4
< 34 −
M2
¬emIlEpñk 12>5¦
M1 = 0 nig M 2 = 434.6kN .m
yk K = 0.8 ¬rUbTI 12>2¦ Lu = 4.5 − 0.252 = 4.24m nig r = 0.3 × 500 = 150mm enaH
KLu 4.24
= 0.8 = 22.6 < 34
r 0.15
RbsinebI K RtUv)ansnμt;esμInwg 1.0 enaH
KLu
= 28.3 < 34
r
dUcenH/ karKNnaGgát;CassrxøI.
b. dMeNIrkarKNnaRsedogKñanwg]TahrN_TI 11>16 nig 11>3.
cMNakp©it (e) = MP u = 434 .6

339
= 1.282m
u
vaCacMNakp©itFM nigvaRtUv)ansnμt;Camuxkat;enAkñúgtMbn; transition region/ φ < 0.9

d = 500 − 60 = 440mm
c. edaysar e = 1.282m KWFMCag d q¶ayNas;/ kMNt;témøRbhak;RbEhl As nig A's EtBI
M u nigbnÞab;mkRtYtBinitümuxkat;cugeRkayedaysþaTic Edl)anBnül;enAkñúg]TahrN_
11>3. sRmab; M u = 434.6kN .m / b = 400mm / h = 500mm nig d = 440mm /

Ru = M u / bd 2 = 434.6 ⋅10 6 / 400(440 )2 = 5.61MPa
ρ = 0.0183 nig As = ρbd = 3220.8mm 2
eRCIserIs 3DB28 nig 2DB32 ¬ As = 3456mm 2 ¦.
eRCIserIs A's = As / 3 = 3220.8 / 3 = 1074mm 2 nig 3DB22 ¬ A's = 1140mm 2 ¦ ¬rUbTI
16>18¦. enAeBlcMNakp©it e mantémøFM/ vaCakarGnuvtþFmμta A's = As / 3 b¤ As / 2
CMnYs[ As = A's .
d. RtYtBinitülT§PaBénmuxkat;cugeRkayedayeRbI As = 3456mm 2 nig A's = 1140mm 2
Rsedognwg]TahrN_ 11>3 GaRs½yeTAtamCMhanxageRkam³
i. Pn = Cc + C s − T
Cc = 0.85 f 'c ab = 0.85 × 28 × 400a = 9520a
C s = A' s ( f ' s −0.85 f 'c ) = 1140(400 − 0.85 × 28) = 428868kN

T = As f y = 3456 × 400 = 1382400kN
Pn = 9520a + 428868 − 1382400 = 9520a − 953532 (I)
ii. Kitm:Um:g;eFobRtg; As ³
1⎡ ⎛ a⎞ ⎤
Pn = ⎢Cc ⎜ d − ⎟ + C s (d − d ')⎥
e' ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
Edl d " sßitenAcm¶ay As eTATIRbCMuTm¶n;énmuxkat;. TIRbCMuTm¶n;ekItman
e' = e + d "
enAcm¶ay 276.68mm BIsréssgát;xageRkAbMput nig d " = d − x = 163.32mm

e' = 1282 + 163.32 = 1445.32mm
1 ⎡ ⎛ a⎞ ⎤
Pn = ⎢9520a⎜ 440 − ⎟ + 428868(440 − 60 )⎥
1445.32 ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
= −3.3a 2 + 2898.2a + 112757 (II)

iii. KNnasmIkar I nig II eKTTYl)an a = 150mm nig Pn = 474.5kN .

epÞógpÞat; f 's = 600(c − d ')/ c ≤ f y / c = a / 0.85 = 176.47mm / enaHeyIgTTYl)an
f ' s = 600(176.47 − 60 ) / 176.47 = 396 MPa EdlmantémøEk,r 400 MPa dUc
Edl)ansnμt;kñúgkarKNna. eRCIserIsEdkkg DB10 EdlmanKMlat 400mm .

iv. epÞótpÞat; φ ³ d t = 440mm
⎛ dt − c ⎞ ⎛ 440 − 176.47 ⎞
εt = ⎜ ⎟0.003 = ⎜ ⎟0.003 = 0.0045
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ 176.47 ⎠
⎛ 250 ⎞
φ = 0.65 + (ε t − 0.002)⎜ ⎟ = 0.858
⎝ 3 ⎠
φPn = 0.858 × 474.5 = 407 kN > 339kN
muxkat;RKb;RKan;.
6> epÞógpÞat;muxkat;ssrenAkm<s; 2.25m ¬Bak;kNþal¦BI A . M u = 434.6 / 2 = 217.3kN .m
Pu = 339 + 11.25 = 350.25kN
eRbIEdk As = 3DB28 nig A's = 3DB22 . tamviFIedaHRsayRsedogKñakñúgCMhan 5>
φPn = 632.8kN > 350.25kN ¬Edk DB32 Gacpþac;)an EtRtUvBnøÚtRbEvgbgáb;BIeRkam
Bak;kNþalkm<s;ssr¦.
7> KNnasnøak;enARtg;cMNuc A ³ M u = 0 / H = 96.6kN / Pu = 361.5kN
a. eRCIserIssnøak; Mesnager hinge . edayeRbIsmIkar 16.3 a nig 16.3b/ R1 = 305.3kN
nig R2 = 112.1kN ¬eyagtamrUbTI 16>19 CamYynwg θ = 30o ¦

R1 305300
As1 = = = 1387.7mm 2
0.55 f y 0.55 × 400
eRCIserIs 3DB25 ¬ As = 1472.6mm 2 ¦

R2 112100
As 2 = = = 509.5mm 2
0.55 f y 0.55 × 400
eRCIserIs 2DB22 ¬ As = 760mm 2 ¦. teRmobEdkExVgedaydak; DB25 nigbnÞab;mkdak;

DB 22 dUcEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>19 ¬b¤eRbI 5DB 25 ¦

b. EdkcMNgTTwgKYrdak;tambeNþaycm¶ay a = 8D = 8 × 25 = 200mm enAkñúgssr nigeCIg

tag. kmøaMgFak;KW
Pu Ha
F= tan θ +
2 0.85d
/
θ = 30 o d = 440mm nig a = 200mm

361.5 96.6 × 200

F= tan 30 o + = 156kN
2 0.85 × 440
156000
RkLaépÞmuxkat;EdkcMNg =
0.85 × 400
= 458.8mm 2
RbsinebIEdkcMNgbiTCit DB10 ¬eCIgBIr¦ RtUv)anerIs enaHRkLaépÞmuxkat;KW 157mm 2 .

cMnYnEdkcMNgKW 458157
.8
= 2.9 . eRbIEdkcMNg 3 kgEdlmanKMlat 200 / 2 = 100mm
dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>19.
8> KNnaeCIgtag³ RbsinebIkm<s;eCIgtagRtUv)ansnμt;esμI h' enaHkmøaMgEdlmanGMeBIelIeCIgtag
CakmøaMgEkg P nigm:Um:g; M = H / h' . sMBaFdIRtUv)anKNnaBIsmIkar !#>!$ BIemeronTI 13³
P Mc
q=+ ± ≤ allowable soil pressure
A I
viFIsaRsþKNnaeCIgtagmanlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwg]TahrN_TI 13>7.
16>7> esckþIepþImBIkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Introduction to Limit Design)
16>7>1> lkμN³TUeTA (General)

karKNnasßanPaBkMNt;éneRKOgbgÁúMmanbICMhandUcxageRkam³
- karkMNt;bnÞúkKNnaemKuN EdlTTYledayKuNbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefrCamYynwgemKuNbnÞúk.
ACI Code TTYlnUvemKuNdUcEdl[enAkñúgemeronTI3.
- viPaKeKOgbgÁúMeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkemKuN (ultimate or factor load) edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;emKuN nig

kMmøaMgemKuNenAeBlEdleKOgbgÁúMdYl b¤)ak;. viFIénkarviPaKenHRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;karKNna
eRKOgbgÁúMEdk EtsRmab;eRKOgbgÁúMebtugGarem: ACI Code min)anTTYlykviFIenHTaMgGs;eT
edaysarkarxVHPaBsVit (ductility) rbs;Ggát;ebtugGarem:. ACI Code GnuBaØatEtEpñkénkar
EbgEckeLIgvijnUvm:Um:g;edayEpñk (partial redistribution of moment) enAkñúgrcnasm<½n§eday
QrelIPaKryEdl)anmkBIkarBiesaFn_ EdlnwgBnül;kñúgemeronenH.
- KNnaGgát;nImYy²éneRKOgbgÁúMedaysnμt;fava)ak;edaym:Um:g;emKuN nigkmøaMgemKuNEdl)an
mkBIkarviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM. viFIenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaTUeTAsRmab;karKNnaebtugGarem: ehIy
ACI Code GnuBaØatnUvkareRbIR)as;viFIKNnalT§PaBRTRTg; (strength design method)
dUcEdl)an Bnül;kñúgemeronknøgmk.
16>7> 2> KMniténkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Limit Design Concept)

karKNnasßanPaBkMNt;enAknúgebtugGarem:sMedAelIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijEdlekItman
enAelIeRKOgbgÁúMTaMgmUl dUcEdlEdkBRgwgenAmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;eFVIkardl; yield strength rbs;va.
ersIusþg;cugeRkay (ultimate strength) rbs;eRKOgbgÁúMekIneLIgenAeBlmuxkat;rbs;vaekIneLIg. eTaH
bICakaryal (yielding) rbs;EdkeFVI[manPaBdabFM EdlKYrEteCosvageRkambnÞúkeFVIkar (service
load) eRKOgbgÁúMsþaTicminkMNt;mindYlb¤)ak;enAeBlEdlEdkBRgwgénmuxkat;TImYyyal. elIsBIenH
ersIusþg;EdlbMrugTuky:ageRcInsßitenAcenøaHkaryaldMbUg nigkar)ak;rbs;eRKOgbgÁúM.
kñúgkarKNnaeRKOgbgÁúMEdk BakükarKNna)øasÞic (plastic design) RtUv)aneRbIedIm,Ibgðajkar
pøas;bþÚrkñúgkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMdUcCa steel fiber ¬enARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;¦ rgkugRtaMg
rhUtdl;ersIsþg;yal. karekIneLIgnUvkugRtaMgtamkm<s;rbs;muxkat;EdkeRkamkarekIneLIgrbs;bnÞúk
RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>20. Portal frame RtUv)anBiesaFn_edIm,IGegátlT§PaBRTRTg;karvil
rbs;snøak;)øasÞicrbs;ebtugGarem:. b:uEnþ ACI Code tRmUv[mankarsikSaRsavRCavCaeRcIneTotmun
nwgTTYlykkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt;.

16>7> 3> eKalkarN_énsnøak;)aøsÞic (Plastic Hinge Concept)

ExSkMeNag φ rbs;Ggát;ekIneLIgCamYynwgm:Um:g;Bt; M . sRmab;FñwmebtugEdlmanbrmaN
Edktic düaRkamm:Um:g;-ExSkMeNag nigExSekagbnÞúk-PaBdab RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>21. Fñwm
EdlmanbrimaNEdk balanced nigbrimaNEdkeRcInminRtUv)anGnuBaØat[eRbIeday ACI Code eT
edaysarva)ak;edaykarpÞúHEbkebtug nigbgðajnUvRbeLaHExSkMeNagtUcenAeBlm:Um:g;emKuN ¬rUbTI
16>22¦.
EpñksMxan;rbs;düaRkamExSrkMeNag-m:Um:g;enAkñúgrUbTI 16>21 KWsßitenAcenøaHcMNuc B nig C
Edlm:Um:g; M u rkSatémøefrsRmab;RbeLaHéntémø φ d¾FM. kñúgkarviPaKsßanPaBkMNt; ExSekagExSkM
eNag-m:Um:g;GacRtUv)ansnμt;manTRmg; idealized form dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>23 EdlExSkM
eNag φ enAcenøaH B nig C RtUv)ansnμt;faefr edIm,IbegáItrUbragsnøak;)aøsÞic. edaysarebtugCa
smÖar³RsYy CaTUeTAeK)anKitnUvEdnkMNt;edal[Ggát;)ak;enARtg;ExSkMeNagGtibrmaRtg; C .
elak Cranston )anbgðajfaeRKagebtugGarem:EdlKNnaCaTUeTA GacmanlT§PaBTb;nwgkar
vil)anFM ehIyExSkMeNagGtibrmaenARtg;cMNuc C nwgminGaceTAdl; Tal;EteRKag)ak;sin. dUcenH
enAeBlGgát;RTm:Um:g;esμInwgm:Um:g;emKuN M u rbs;va ExSkMeNagbnþekIneLIgcenøaHcMNuc B nig C
edayKμankarERbRbYlm:Um:g; edIm,IbegáItsnøak;)aøsÞic. karekIneLIgénExSkMeNagGnuBaØat[EpñkdéT
eToténeRKOgbgÁúMsþaTicminkMNt;edIm,ITTYlbnÞúkbEnßm.


16>8> emkanicénkar)ak; (The Collapse Mechanism)

kñúgkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; Ggát;ebtugGarem:GaceTAdl;ersIusþg;cugeRkay (ultimate
strength) enAeBlvaCitnwgrlM b¤)ak;. Ggát;dYlrlMenAeBlEdlcMnYnsnøak;)aøsÞicRKb;RKan;bMElgva
[cUleTACaFñwmemkanicénkar)ak;. cMnYn caM)ac;énsnøak;)aøsÞic n GaRs½yeTAnwgdWeRk redundancy r

rbs;eRKOgbgÁúM. TMnak;TMngrvag n nig r edIm,IbegáItFñwmemkanicénkar)ak;KW
n = 1+ r
]TahrN_ enAkñúgFñwmTRmsamBaØKμanGBaØtielIseT Edl r = 0 . dUcenH FñwmkøayeTACaKμansßirPaB
ehIy)ak;enAeBlEdlsnøak;)aøsÞicmYyekItmanenARtg;muxkat;énm:Um:g;Gtibrma dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
16>24 a. karGnuvtþn_eTAelIFñwm nigeRKagk¾RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>24.
16>9> eKalkarN_énkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Principles of Limit Design)

eRkambnÞúkeFVIkar (working load) karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgeRKagsþaTicminkMNt;KWQrelIRTwsþI
eGLasÞic ehIyeRKOgbgÁúMTaMgmUlenAEtrkSaenAkñúgEdneGLasÞic. enAkñúgkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; enA
eBlEdlvaeTAdl;emkanicénkarrlM karEbgEckm:Umg: ;enAeBl)ak;edaybnÞúkemKuN xusKñaBIkarEbg
EckedayQrelIRTwsþIeGLasÞic. karxusKñaenHbgðaj[eXIjnUvkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij (moment
redistribution).
sRmab;karKNnasßanPaBkMNt;mann½y lkçxNÐ 4 RtUvEteKarBdac;xat

- lkçxNÐemkanicénkar)ak; (Mechanism condition)³ snøak;)aøsÞicRKb;RKan;RtUv)anbegáIteLIg
edIm,IbMElgeRKOgbgÁúMTaMgmUl b¤EpñkxøHrbs;eRKOgbgÁúMeTACaGgát;emkanicénkar)ak;.
- lkçxNÐlMnwg (Equilibrium condition)³ karEbgEckm:Um:g;RtUvEtmanlMnwgCamYynwgbnÞúkEdl
Gnuvtþ.
- lkçxNÐyal (Yield condition)³ m:Um:g;emKuNminRtUvelIsersIusþg;m:Um:g;enARKb;TItaMgrbs;
eRKOgbgÁúM.
- lkçxNÐrgVil (Rotation condition)³ snøak;)aøsÞicRtUvEtmanlT§PaBTb;rgVil (rotation
capacity)RKb;RKan; edIm,IGnuBaØatkarekItmanFñwmemkanicénkar)ak;.

manEtlkçxNÐbIdMbUgeTEdlGnuvtþkñúgkarKNna)aøsÞic edaysarlT§PaBTb;rgVilmanenAkñúg
smÖar³sVitdUcCaEdkrYceTAehIy. lkçxNÐTIbYnbegáInEdnkMNt;bEnßmeTAelIkarKNnakMNt;énGgát;eb
tugGarem:edayeRbobeFobCamYykarKNna)aøsÞic (plastic design).

16>10> Ednx<s; nigEdnTabénemKuNbnÞúk (Upper and Lower Bounds of Load Factors)

eRKOgbgÁúMEdlCitdYlrlMRtUvEtmancMnYnsnøak;)aøsÞicRKb;RKan;edIm,IbMElgvaeTACaGgát;emkanic
énkar)ak;. sRmab;TItaMgNamYyénsnøak;)aøsÞicenAelIeRKOgbgÁúM bnÞúkEdleFVI[rlMGacRtUv)anKNna
EdlGacFMCag b¤esμIbnÞúkBit. edaysarbnÞúkKNnaminGacFMCagbnÞúkEdleFVI[rlMBitsRmab;eRKOg
bgÁúM enaHviFIsaRsþKNnabgðajnUvEdnsIueNm:aTic b¤Edkx<s; (upper or kinematic bound) rbs;bnÞúk
EdleFVI[rlMBit. dUcenHRKb;Ggát;emkanicénkarrlMEdlGacekItmanRtUv)aneFVIkarGegát M u EdltUc
CageK nwgekIteLIgedaybnÞúkBit. elak Horne )anBnül;Ednx<s;edaysnμt;eRKOgbgÁúMCaGgát;emka
nicénkar)ak; nigbnÞab;mkKNnakmμnþxageRkA We EdleFVIedaybnÞúkxageRkA nigkmμnþkñúg Wi EdleFVI
enAsnøak;)aøsÞic. RbsinebI We = Wi enaHbnÞúkEdlGnuvtþFMCag b¤esμIbnÞúkEdleFVI[)ak;.
RbsinebIdüaRkamm:Um:g;enARtg;cMNucNamYyRtUv)anbegáItedIm,IbRgÁb;lMnwgsþaTiceRkamGMeBIbnÞú
kGnuvtþenAeBl)ak; enaHbnÞúkEdlGnuvtþtUcCag b¤esμIbnÞúkEdleFVI[)ak;Bit. sRmab;düaRkamm:Um:g;
epSgeTot eKGacTTYlbnÞúkemKuNepSgeTot. témøEdlFMCagénEdntUc b¤EdnsþaTic (lower or static
bound) RtUv)anTTYlenAeBlm:Um:g;enAmuxkat;CaeRcInsRmab;düaRkamm:Um:g;Edlsnμt;xiteTACitm:Um:g;
EdleFVI[rlM. elak Horne )anBnül;EdnTabedaysnμt;karEbgEckm:Um:g;xusKñaedIm,ITTYlnUveRKOg

bgÁúMEdlsßitenAkñúgsßanPaBlMnwgCamYybnÞúkxageRkA nigeKarBlkçxNÐyalenAelIeRKOgbgÁúMTaMgmUl.
kñúgkrNIenH bnÞúkxageRkAtUcCag b¤esμIbnÞúkEdleFVI[rlM.
16>11> karviPaKsßanPaBkMNt; (Limit Analysis)

sRmab;karviPaKedaydMeNIrkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; viFIBIrGacRtUv)aneRbI viFIkmμnþCak;Esþg
(virtual work method) nigviFIlMnwg (equilibrium method). sRmab;viFI virtual work kmμnþRtUv)an
eFVI edaybnÞúkemKuN Pu ¬b¤ wu ¦ edIm,IbegáItPaBdab virtual deflection Edl[ Δ RtUv)andak;

[esμIkmμnþEdlRsUbykenAsnøak;)aøsÞic. kmμnþxageRkAEdleFVIedaybnÞúkKW We = ∑ (wu Δ ) b¤
∑ (Pu Δ ) . kmμnþEdlRsUbykedaysnøak;)aøsÞicKWkmμnþ = Wi = ∑ (M uθ ) .
]TahrN_16>3
FñwmEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>25 RTnUvbnÞúkcMcMNucenAkNþalElVg. KNnam:Um:g;EdleFVI[)ak;enA
muxkat;eRKaHfñak;.
dMeNaHRsay
1> FñwmCaGgát;sþaTicminkMNt; 1 dWeRk ehIycMnYnsnøak;EdlRtUvkaredIm,IbMElgFñwmeTACaFñwm
emkanicénkar)ak;KW n = 1 + 1 = 2 snøak;)aøsÞic enARtg;cMNuc A nig C . snøak;)aøsÞicTI
mYyekItmanenARtg;cMNuc A ehIy FñwmeFVIkarCaFñwmTRmsamBaØrhUtdl;vaxiteTArk
emkanicénkar)ak;.

2> RbsinebImMurgVil θ ekItmanenAsnøak;)aøsÞicenAcugbgáb; A enaHmMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc

C = 2θ . PaBdabenARtg;cMNuc C eRkambnÞúkKW (L / 2 )θ ¬rUbTI 16>25¦.
⎛ Lθ ⎞
We = external work = ∑ Pu Δ = Pu ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
Wi = internal work = ∑ M uθ = M u1 (θ ) + M u 2 (2θ )
RbsinebImuxkat;BIrenARtg; A nig C manTMhM nigbrimaNEdkdUcKña enaH
M u1 = M u 2 = M u nig Wi = 3M uθ . eday[ We = Wi
L
M u1 + 2 M u 2 = Pu = 3M u
2
nig Mu = u
PL
6
]TahrN_16>4
KNnam:Um:g;EdleFVI[)ak;enAmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;FñwmEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>26 EdlbNþal
edaybnÞúkBRgayesμI wu .
dMeNaHRsay
1> cMnYcsnøak;)aøsÞicKW 2 .
2> sRmab;PaBdabenARtg; C = 1.0 mMurgVilenARtg;cMNuc A θ A = 1 / a nig θ B = 1 / b ehIy
a+b L
θc = θ A + θ B = =
ab ab
3> kmμnþxageRkAKW We = ∑ wu Δ = wu ⎛⎜⎝ 1×2 L ⎞⎟⎠ = w2u L
kmμnþxagkñúgKW Wi = ∑ M uθ = M u1θ A + M u 2θ C
1 ⎛1 1⎞
= M u1 + M u2 ⎜ + ⎟
a ⎝a b⎠
2⎛M M ⎞
dak;[ We nig Wi M
wu = ⎜ u1 + u 2 + u 2 ⎟
L⎝ a a L−a⎠
¬!^>(¦
RbsinebIm:Um:g;TaMgsgçagesμIKña enaH
2M u ⎡2 1 ⎤ 2M u ⎡ 2 L − a ⎤
wu = ⎢ a + (L − a ) ⎥ = L ⎢ a (L − a ) ⎥ ¬!^>!0¦
L ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦


4> edIm,IKNnaTItaMgsnøak;)aøsÞicenARtg; C EdlbegáIttémøGb,brmaénbnÞúkEdleFIV[)ak;

wu eFVIedrIevsmIkarTI !^>( eFobnwg a nigdak;[vaesμIsUnü³
δwu ⎛M M M u 2 ⎞⎟
=0 − ⎜ 2u1 + u2 2 − =0
δa ⎜ a (L − a )2 ⎟⎠
⎝ a
2 1
RbsinebI M u1 = M u2 = M u enaH =
a 2
( L − a )2
b¤ a = L(2 − 2 ) = 0.586 L
BIsmIkar !^>!0 bnÞúkEdleFVI[)ak;KW wu = 11.66(M u / L2 ) nigm:Um:g;EdleFVI[)ak; KW

M u = 0.0858wu L2 . RbtikmμenAcMNuc A KW 0.586 wu L nig RbtikmμenARtg;cMNuc B
KW 0.414wu L .
enAkñúgviFIlMnwg lMnwgrbs;Fñwm b¤rbs;Ggát;dac;edayELkrbs;FñwmRtUv)ansikSaeRkambnÞúk
EdlbgðajenAeBl)ak;. edIm,IbgðajkarviPaKedayviFIenH ]TahrN_BIxagmuxTaMgBIr
RtUv)aneFVIeLIgvijenATIenH.
]TahrN_16>5
sRmab;FñwmEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>25 kMNt;m:Um:g;EdleFVI[)ak;edayeRbIviFIlMnwg.
dMeNaHRsay
snøak;)aøsÞicBIrRtUv)anbegáItenAcMNuc A nig C . edayeyagtamrUbTI 16>25 e
kmøaMgRbtikmμenAcMNuc A KW (Pu / 2) + (M u1 / L) nig RbtikmμenAcMNuc B KW (Pu / 2) − (M u1 / L)
KitlMnwgénFñwm BC nigKitm:Um:g;eFobcMNuc C /
⎛ Pu M u1 ⎞⎛ L ⎞
⎜ − ⎟⎜ ⎟ = M u 2
⎝ 2 L ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠
L
M u1 + 2M u 2 = Pu
2
EdlRsedogKñanwgsmIkar !^>#. enAeBl M u1 = M u 2 = M u / enaH
L
3M u = Pu
2
b¤ M u = Pu
L
2

]TahrN_16>6
KNnam:Um:g;EdleFVI[)ak; (collapse moment) sRmab;FñwmEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>26 edayviFI
lMnwg.
dMeNaHRsay
1> snøak;)aøsÞicBIrRtUv)anbegáItenARtg;cMNuc A nig C . eyagtamrUbTI 16>26 d /
kmøaMgRbtikmμenA Rtg; A = wu (L / 2) + (M u1 / L) nigkmøaMgRbtikmμenARtg;
B = wu (L / 2) − (M u1 / L ) . bnÞúkenAelI BC KW wu b EdlmanGMeBIenA b / 2 BI B Edl
b = L − a . edayKitlMnwgénkMNat; BC nigKitm:Um:g; eFobcMNuc C /

⎛ L M ⎞
⎜ wu − u1 ⎟b − (wu b ) = M u 2
b
⎝ 2 L ⎠ 2
RbsinebI M u1 = M u 2 = M u enaH
wu
b
(L − b ) = M u (1 + b ) = M u (2 L − a )
2 L L
2M u (2 L − a )
wu = ×
L a (L − a )
EdlRsedogKñanwgsmIkar !^>$
wu L a(L − a )
Mu = ×
2 (2 L − a )
2> TItaMg a GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcBImun Edl a = 0.586L / M u = 0.0858wu L2 nig
wu = 11.66(M u / L2 ).
16>12> mMurgVilrbs;snøak;)aøsÞic (Rotation of Plastic Hinges)

16>12>1> RbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞic (Plastic Hinge Length)
karsnμt;rbs;RTwsþIeBlfamMurgVilminEmneGLasÞic (inelastic rotation) énebtugekItmanenA
cMNucm:Um:g;GtibrmaenAeBlEdlEpñkdéTeTotrbs;Ggát;eFVIkarCalkçN³eGLasÞic. tamBit mMurgVil
)aøsÞic (plastic rotation) ekItmanenATaMgsgçagénmuxkat;m:Um:g;GtibrmaelIRbEvgkMNt;mYy. RbEvg
enHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa RbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞic l p . RbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞic l p CaGnuKmn_eTAnwgkm<s;
RbsiT§PaB d nigcm¶ayBImuxkat;énm:Um:g;x<s;bMputeTAcMNucm:Um:g;sUnü (contra-flexure) .

eyagtamrUbTI 16>27 a RbEvg l p / 2 tag[RbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞicenAelIEpñkmçagénG½kS rbs;

TRm. M u nig φu Cam:Um:g;emKuN nigkMeNagemKuNenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak; Edl M y nig φ y Ca
m:Um:g; nigkMeNagenARtg;cMNucyaldMbUg (first yield). kMeNag)aøsÞicenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak; φ p esμI
(φu − φ y ) ehIylT§PaBTb;rgVilesμInwg (φ p l p ).
RbEvgsnμt;rbs;snøak;)aøsÞicRtUv)ansnμt;famanRbEvgRbEhlkm<s;RbsiT§PaB.
Corley )anesñInUvsmIkarxageRkamsRmab;RbEvgsmmUlénsnøak;)aøsÞic
⎛z⎞
l p = 0.5d + 0.2 d ⎜ ⎟
⎝d ⎠
¬!^>!!¦
Edl z = cm¶ayénmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;eTAcMNucm:Um:g;sUnü nig d = km<s;RbsiT§PaBrbs;muxkat;.
Mattock )anesñInUvTRmg;d¾smBaØ
l p = 0.5d + 0.05 z ¬!^>!@¦

karBiesaFCaeRcInenAelIebtugGarem:Cab;bgðajfa l p GacRtUv)ansnμt;esμInwg 1.06d . vak¾)an

bgðajEdrfaRbEvgénsnøak;)aøsÞicenAkñúgFñwmebtugGarem:Cab;EdlmanTMBk;enAxagcugekIneLIgCamYynwg
nwgkarekIneLIgénbrimaNEdk fibers nigEdkemGaRs½ynwgsmIkarxageRkam³
l p = (1.06 + 0.13ρρ s )d ¬!^>!#¦
Edl ρ = PaKryEdkemenAkñúgmuxkat; nig ρ s = PaKryén fibers EdkedaymaD/
0 ≤ ρ s ≤ 1.2 . ]TahrN_ RbsinebI ρ = 1% nig ρ s = 0.8% enaH l p = 1.164d .
16>12>2> emKuNEbgEckkMeNag (Curvature Distribution Factor )

emKuNsMxan;mYyeTotEdlTak;TgkñúgkarKNnamMurgVil)aøsÞicKWemKuNEbgEckkMeNag β . kM
eNagtambeNþaysnøak;)aøsÞicERbRbYly:agFM ehIyenAkñúgkarKNnamMurgVilemKuNenHminRtUv)anKit
EdleFVI[karKNnasnøak;)aøsÞicmantémøFM. eyagtamrUbTI 16>27 RkLaépÞqUt ABC tag[mMurgVil
minEmneGLasÞicEdlGacekItmanenAsnøak;)aøsÞic b:uEnþRkLaépÞGt;qUt EBF tag[karcUlrYmén
lkçN³eGLasÞicrbs;mMurgVilelIRbEvgrbs;Ggát;. RkLaépÞqUt ABC GacRtUv)ansnμt; esμInwgplKuN
rvag β nigRkLaépÞsrub ABCD enAkñúgRbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞic l p / 2 EdlenAelIRCugmçag rbs;muxkat;
eRKaHfñak;. emKuNEbgEckkMeNag β CapleFobénmMurgVil)aøsÞicBit θ pc elI φl p Edl φ CakMeNag
nig l p CaRbEvgénsnøak;)aøsÞic. témø β sßitenAcenøaH 0.5 nig 0.6 . karBiesaF)anbgðajfa β
GacRtUv)ansnμt;esμInwg 0.56 . enAeBlEdlEdk fibers EdlmanTMBk;cugRtUv)aneRbIenA kñúgFñwmebtug
témø β fycuHGaRs½yeTAnwgsmIkarxageRkam³
β = 0.56 − 0.16 ρ s ¬!^>!$¦
Edl ρ s CaPaKry fibers Edk/ 0 ≤ ρ s ≤ 1.2% . karfycuHénemKuNEbgEckkMeNagénebtugEdl
eRbIEdk fibers min)anbgðajfalT§PaBTb;rgVilfycuHeT. kMeNag)aøsÞicrbs;ebtugEdleRbIEdk fibers
EtgEtFMCagkMeNag)aøsÞicrbs;ebtugEdlmineRbIEdk fibers. rUbTI 16>28 bgðajBIkarEbgEckkM
eNagtambeNþayRbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞic. RkLaépÞ ABC1 tag[mMurgVil)aøsÞicsRmab;ebtugEdlmin
manEdk fibers/ β = 0.56 b:uEnþRkLaépÞ ABC 2 nig ABC3 tag[mMurgVil)aøsÞicsRmab;ebtugEdl
manEdk fibers 0.8% nig 1.2% erogKña.
16>12>3> snÞsSn_énPaBsVit (Ductilty Index )

pleFobénkMeNagemKuNnigkMeNagyaldMbUgRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfasnÞsSn_énPaBsVit/
μ = φu / φ y . snÞsSn_énPaBsVitrbs;ebtugGarem:ERbRbYlcenøaH 4 nig 6 . RbsinebIEdk fibers
RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúgFñwmebtugGarem: enaHsnÞsSn_énPaBsVitekIneLIgtamsmIkarxageRkam³
μ ' = (1.0 + 3.8ρ s )μ ¬!^>!%¦
Edl μ = pleFobkMeNagemKuNelIkMeNagyaldMbUg
μ ' = snÞsSn_énPaBsViténebtugEdlmanEdk fibers
ρ s = PaKryénEdk fibers edaymaD/ 0 ≤ ρ s ≤ 1.2%

16>12>4> mMurgVilEdlRtUvkar (Required Rotation)

eKRtUvkarmMurgVilénsnøak;)aøsÞicenAeRKOgbgÁúMminkMNt;ebtugGarem:edIm,IGnuBaØat[snøak;)aøsÞic
ekItman ehIyeRKOgbgÁúMEdlxiteTArkemkanicénkar)ak;GacRtUv)ankMNt;eday slope deflection BI
smIkarxageRkam. sRmab;kMNat; AB cenøaHsnøak;)aøsÞicNIr mMurgVilenARtg; A KW
θA =
L
6 Ec I
[2(M A − M FA ) + (M B − M FB )] ¬!^>!^¦
Edl M A nig M B = m:Um:g;emKuNenARtg;cMNuc A nig B erogKña
M FA nig M FB = m:Um:g;bgáb;cugeGLasÞicenARtg;cMNuc A nig B
EC = m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtug = 4730 f 'c
I = m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;eRbH ¬emeronTI 5¦
16>12>5> lT§PaBTb;mMurgVil (Rotation Capacity Provided)

snøak;)aøsÞicrgkarTajKMrUenARtg;muxkat;TRm nigmuxkat;kNþalElVgéneRKagRtUv)anbgðajenA
kñúgrUbTI 16>29.lT§PaBTb;mMurgVilGaRs½yCacMbgeTAnwg³
- Ultimate strain capacity rbs;ebtug ε 'c EdlGacRtUv)ansnμt;esμI 0.003 b¤ 0.0035 .
- RbEvg l p EdlenAelIRbEvgenHsnøak;)aøsÞiceFVIkardl;yal.
RbEvgenHRtUv)ansnμt;mantémøRbEhlkm<s;RbsiT§PaBénmuxkat;Edlsnøak;)aøsÞicekItman
¬lp = d ¦
- km<s;rbs;bøúksgát; c enAkñúgebtugenAeBl)ak;enARtg;muxkat;énsnøak;)aøsÞic. mMurgVil θ
énsnøak;)aøsÞicRtUv)anKNnatamsmIkarxageRkam³
ε pI p
θ=
c
¬!^>!&¦
Edl ε p KWCakMeNInén strain enAkñúgebtugEdlvas;BI initial yielding rbs;EdkenAkñúgmuxkat;
¬rUbTI 16>29 c ¦³
ε p = ε 'c −ε c1 = 0.0035 − ε c1
RbsinebI l p = d ehIypleFob c / d esμInwg λ ≤ 0.5 /
(0.0035 − ε c1 )d 0.0035 − ε c1
θ= =
λd λ

BIRtIekaNbERmbRmYlrageFob (strain triangle) rUbTI 16>29/

⎛ c ⎞ f y ⎛ λd ⎞ f y ⎛ λ ⎞
ε c1 = ε y ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟= ⎜ ⎟
⎝ d − c ⎠ E s ⎝ d − λd ⎠ E s ⎝ 1 − λ ⎠
Edl ersIusþg;yalrbs;Edk nig E s = m:UduleGLasÞicrbs;Edk = 2 ⋅105 MPa . dUcenH
fy =
0.0035 ε c1 0.0035 fy
θ=
λ
−
λ
=
λ
−
E s (1 − λ )
¬!^>!*¦
sRmab;Edk f y = 280MPa nigedayeRbItémøGtibrmaén λ = 0.50 enaH
0.0035 280
θ min = − 5
= 4.2 ⋅ 10 −3 rad
0 .5 2 ⋅ 10 × (1 − 0.5)
sRmab;Edk f y = 400MPa nig λmax = 0.44 enaH
0.0035 280
θ min = − 5
= 4.38 ⋅ 10 −3 rad
0.44 2 ⋅ 10 × (1 − 0.44)

θ min Edl)anKNnaenATIenH)anBIEtmçag ehIymMurgVilGnuBaØatsrubenARtg;snøk;)aøsÞicesμInwg

2θ min b¤ 2θ . λ BitGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
eKman a = β1c nig β1 = 0.85 sRmab; f 'c ≤ 28MPa

a As f y
c= =
β1 (0.85)2 f 'c b
As f y ρf y
λ=
c
= =
d 0.72 f ' c bd 0.72 f ' c
≤ 0.5 ¬!^>!(¦
Edl ρ = As / bd . eKnwgTTYl)an λmax enAeBlEdleRbI ρ max .
RbsinebIlT§PaBTb;rgVilminRKb;RKan; eKGacbegáInmuxkat; b¤kat;bnßyPaKryEdkedIm,I
TTYl)an c tUc/ λ tUc nig θ FM. RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkkgvNÐ bERmbRmYlrageFobemKuNEdleFVI
[EbkebtugnwgekIneLIgx<s;dl; 0.012 .
sRmab;snøak;)aøsÞicsgát; ¬dUcenAkñúgssr¦
ε pl p
θ=
h
¬!^>@0¦
Edl h = km<s;srubrbs;muxkat; nig l p = RbEvgEdl yielding ekItman. enAkñúgsnøak;sgát; l p
ErbRbYlcenøaH 0.5h nig h .
enAeBlebtugrgkugRtaMgemKuNdl; f 'c / ε c = 0.002 dUcenH ε p = ε 'c −0.002
= 0.0035 − 0.002 = 0.0015 CamMurgVilGb,brmaenARCugmçag. dUcenH
0.0015 × 0.5h
θ min = = 0.00075rad
h
CamYynwgEdkkgvNÐ/ θ GacnwgekIneLIgdl;
0.5h
θ max = (0.012 − 0.002) × = 0.005rad
h
témø ε 'c = 0.012 CatémøEdlFMNas; dUcenHtémøtUcCagenHGacRtUv)aneRbICamYyEdkkgvNÐ.
RbsinebImindUcenHeT eKGaceRbImuxkat;epSgeTot.
enAkñúgFñwmCab;ebtugGarem:EdlmanEdk fibers mMurgVil)aøsÞicGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
⎛ 0.0035 fy ⎞
θ p = λβ ⎜⎜
λ
− ⎟
E (1 − λ ) ⎟
¬!^>@!¦
⎝ s ⎠
Edl λ = (4.3 + 2.24 ρ s − 0.00625 f y + 4.17 ρρ s ) ¬!^>@@¦
β = 0.56 − 0.16 ρ s ¬!^>!$¦

fy =ersIusþg;yalrbs;Edk
E s = m:UDúleGLasÞicrbs;Edkem
ρ = PaKryEdkem
ρ s = PaKryEdk fibers KitmaD
smIkar !^>@! Bgðajy:agc,as;famMurgVil)aøsÞicénebtugGarem:EdleRbIEdk fibers KWGaRs½yeTA
nwg PaKryEdkem/ PaKryEdk fibers nigersIusþg;yalrbs;va. karbegáInersIusþg;yalkat;bnßymMu
rgVil)aøsÞic. smIkar !^>@! k¾rab;bBa©ÚlnUv\T§iBlénRbEvgsnøak;)aøsÞicenAelImMurgVilEdr.
xageRkamCaTRmg;EdlRtUv)amsRmYledIm,IKNnamMurgVil)aøsÞic³
⎛ 0.003 ⎞
θ p = λβ ⎜
⎝ λ ⎠
⎟ ¬!^>@#¦
]TahrN_ RbsinebI ρ s = 0 nig f y = 400MPa enaH θ p1 = 0.00289 / λ nigRbsinebI ρ s = 1% /
ρ = 1.5% nig f y = 400MPa enaH θ p 2 = 0.01235 / λ . enHmann½yfa lT§PaBTb;mMurgVilrbs;
FñwmebtugGarem:nwgekIneLIgRbEhlbYndgRbsinebIeKeRbIEdk fibers 1% .
16>13> segçbviFIsaRsþkñúgkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Summary of Limit Design Procedure)

- KNnabnÞúkemKuNedayeRbIemKuNbnÞúkEdl[enAkñúgemeronTI 3³ wu = 1.2D + 1.6L
- kMNt;Ggát;emkanicénkar)ak;/ snøak;)aøsÞic/ nigm:Um:g;emKuN M u
- KNnamuxkat;eRKaHfñak;edayeRbIviFIKNnaersIusþg; (strength design method)
- kMNt;mMurgVilcaM)ac;énsnøak;)aøsÞic
- KNnalT§PaBTb;mMurgVilenARtg;muxkat;énsnøak;)aøsÞic. lT§PaBTb;mMurgVilRtUvEtFMCagmMurgVil
caM)ac;.
- RtYtBinitüemKuNRbqaMg yielding rbs;Edk nigsñameRbHFM² ¬EdlCapleFobrvag
φM u / elastic moment at service load
- epÞógpÞat;PaBdab nigsñameRbHeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkeFVIkar
- RtYtBinitüemIlfaEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRKb;RKan;RtUv)andak;enARKb;muxkat;

]TahrN_16>7
FñwmdUcEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>30 RtUv)anbgáb;enAcugTaMgsgçag nigRTbnÞúkBRgayesμIemKuN
80kN / m nigbnÞúkcMcMNucemKuN 213.5kN . KNnaFñwmedayeRbIdMeNIrkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt;.
eK[ b = 350mm / f 'c = 21MPa nig f y = 280MPa .

dMeNaHRsay
1> bnÞúkBRgayesμIemKuN wu = 80kN / m . bnÞúkcMcMNucemKuN Pu = 213.5kN / m .
2> snøak;)aøsÞicekItmanenARtg;cMNuc A / B nig C EdlbNþal[manemkanicénkar)ak;dUc
bgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>30. edayeRbIviFIkmμnþCak;Esþg (virtual work method) nigsnμt;PaB
dabÉktþaenARtg;cMNuc C enaHkmμnþxageRkAesμInwg
We = 213.5 × 1 + 80 × 3.7 = 509.5kN .m
kmμnþxagkñúgEdlRsUbedaysnøak;)aøsÞicKW
Wi = M uθ (at A) + M uθ (at B) + 2 M uθ (at C)
4M u
= 4 M uθ =
3 .7
eday[ We = Wi enaH M u = 471.3kN .m . tamkarviPaKTUeTA[
wu L2 L 7 .4 2 7 .4
Mu = + Pu = 80 + 213.5 = 471.3kN .m
16 8 16 8
3> KNnamuxkat;eRKaHfñak;enARtg;cMNuc A / B nig C sRmab; M u = 471.3kN .m . BItaragenA
kñúg]bsm<½n§ B nigsRmab; f 'c = 21MPa / f y = 280MPa CamYynwgPaKryEdk
ρ = 0.013 eK)an Ru = 2.95MPa ¬ ρ max = 2.04% ¦
M u = Ru bd 2
471.3 ⋅ 10 6
d= = 676mm
2.95 × 350
km<s;srubrbs;FñwmKW h = 676 + 60 = 736mm yk 740mm
As = ρbd = 0.013 × 350 × 676 = 3075.8mm 2
eRbIEdk 5DB28 mYyRsTab; ¬ As = 3079mm 2 ¦/
bmin = 9 × 28 + 2 × 10 + 70 = 342mm < 350mm
As f y 3079 × 280
a= = = 138mm
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 21 × 350

a c 162.35
c= = 162.35mm λ= = = 0.24
0.85 d 676
4> mMurgVilcaM)ac;rbs;snøak;)aøsÞicKW
a. θ A =
L
[2(M A − M FA ) + (M B − M FB )]
6 Ec I
E c = 4730 f ' c = 4730 21 = 21676MPa
E s = 200000MPa
b. kMNt;m:Um:g;cugbgáb;enARtg; A nig B edayeRbIbnÞúkemKuN³
wu L2 L 7 .4 2 7 .4
M FA = M FB = + Pu = 80 + 213.5 = 562.55kN .m
12 8 12 8
m:Um:g;)aøsÞic M A = M B = 471.3kN .m
c. m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;eRbHGacRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
x3
I cr = b + nAs (d − x )2
3
Edl x Cacm¶ayBIsrésrgkarsgát;eTAG½kSNWt (kd ) . edIm,IkMNt; x ¬emIlemeronTI
6¦/ x = 257.4mm nig I cr = 68.44 ⋅108 mm 4
d. mMurgVilcaM)ac;Gb,brma³ edaycat;Tukm:Um:g;TaMgGs;enARtg; A nig B GviC¢man/ enaH
7400
θA = 8
[2(− 471.3 + 562.55) + (− 471.3 + 562.55)] ⋅ 10 6
6 × 21676 × 68.44 ⋅ 10
= 0.00227 rad
5> lT§PaBTb;mMurgVilKW³
0.0035 fy 0.0035 280
θA = − = −
λ E s (1 − λ ) 0.24 200000(1 − 0.24)
= 0.0127rad > 0.00227rad

lT§PaBTb;mMurgVilesμIRbEhl 5.5 dgénmMurgVilcaM)ac; enHbgðajfamuxkat;RKb;RKan;.
6> RtYtBinitüpleFobrvagm:Um:g;emKuNelIm:Um:g;eGLasÞiceRkambnÞúkeFVIkar
wL2 L 50 × 7.4 2 133.4 × 7.4
MA = MB = +P = + = 351.6kN .m
12 8 12 8
⎡ ⎛ a ⎞⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 138 ⎞⎤ 6
φM n = φAs f y ⎢d − ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 0.9 × 3079 × 280 ⎢676 − ⎜ ⎟⎥ ⋅ 10 = 471kN .m
⎣ 2
⎝ ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
471
pleFobKW 351.6
= 1.34 EdltMNag[emKuNsuvtßiPaBRbqaMgnwg
yielding rbs;Edk
enARtg;TRm.

7> RtYtBinitüPaBdabGtibrmaEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkeFVIkar ¬enAkNþalElVg¦³ ykbnÞúkeFVIkar

BRgayesμI w = 50kN / m nig P = 133.4kN enaH
wL4
Δ1 =
384 EI
sRmab;bnÞúkcMcMNucenAkNþalElVg

PL3
Δ2 =
192 EI
PaBdabsrubKW
50 × 7400 4 133400 × 7400 3
Δ= + = 4.53mm
384 × 21676 × 68.44 ⋅ 108 192 × 21676 × 68.44 ⋅ 108
Δ 4.53 1
= =
L 7400 1633
EdlCapleFobtUcEmnETn
8> brimaNEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRKb;RKan;RtUv)andak;edIm,IeCosvagkar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;TTwg
EdlGacekItman.
16>14> karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijénm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAkñúgFñwmCab;
Moment Distribution of Negative Moments in Continuous Beams
karEbgEckm:Um:g;GviC¢maneLIgvijenAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt;Cab;KWQrelIsac;lUteFobsuT§ (net
tensile strain NTS) ε t sRmab;TaMgebtugGarem: nigebtugeRbkugRtaMg. rUbTI 16>31 bgðajlImIt
GnuBaØatkñúgkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij. vabgðajfaPaKrym:Um:g;GviC¢manekIneLIg b¤fycuHenAelITRm

rbs;FñwmCab; q' EdlKNnaedayRTwsþIeGLasÞicminRtUvFMCag 1000ε t % CamYytémøGtibrma 20% .
karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijRtUv)anGnuBaØatEtenAeBlEdl ε t ≥ 0.0075 EdlbgðajfavamanPaBsVit
RKb;RKan;enARtg;muxkat;Edlm:Um:g;RtUv)ankat;bnßy. enAeBl ε t < 0.0075 karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij
minRtUv)anGnuBaØateLIy. m:Um:g;GviC¢manEdl)anEktMrYvRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;KNnam:Um:g;viC¢manEdl)an
EktRmUv (ACI Code, Section 8.4) . karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijminRtUv)anGnuvtþcMeBaHGgát;Edl
KNnaedayviFIKNnaedaypÞal;sRmab;RbB½n§kRmalxNÐeT ¬eyagtamemeronTI 17¦.
Casegçb PaBryekIneLIg nigPaKryfycuHénm:Um:g;GviC¢manmandUcxageRkam³
- enAeBlEdl ε t < 0.0075 karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijminRtUv)anGnuBaØat ¬ ρ / ρ b > 0.476 ¦.
- enAeBlEdl ε t = 0.0075 PaKryénkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijKW 7.5% ¬ ρ / ρ b = 0.476 ¦.
- enAeBlEdl ε t > 0.020 PaKryénkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijKW 20% ¬ ρ / ρ b = 0.217 ¦.
- enAeBlEdl 0.0075 < ε t < 0.020 PaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijKW
q '= 1000ε t ¬!^>@$¦

]TahrN_ RbsinebI ε t = 0.010 enaHPaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijKW 10% . TMnak;TMngrvag

PaKryEdk ρ enAkñúgmuxkat; nigsac;lUteFobsuT§ ε t KWmandUcxageRkam ¬eyagtamEpñk 3>9¦³
⎡⎛ fy ⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜⎜ 0.003 + ⎟⎥
⎟
ε t = ⎢⎢ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥ − 0.003
Es
⎛ ρ ⎞ ⎥ ¬#>@$¦
⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ρb ⎠ ⎥⎦
sRmab;Edk f y = 400MPa nig Es = 200000MPa . edaysnμt; f y / E s = 0.002 enaH

⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
0.005 ⎥
εt = ⎢
⎢⎛ ρ ⎞ ⎥
− 0.003 ¬#>@%¦
⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ ⎝ ρ b ⎠ ⎦⎥
sRmab; ε t = 0.0075 / lImIténPaBsVitKW ε t / ε y = 0.0075 / 0.002 = 3.75 . PaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;
eLIgvijERbRbYlGaRs½yeTAnwgkarkMNt;TaMgenH nigsRmab; f y = 400MPa RtUv)an[enAkñúgtaragTI
16>1 nig 16>2.

RKb;PaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijEdlRtUv)aneRbI vacaM)ac;RtUvFanafamuxkat;minrgnUvkarxUc
xat b¤mansñameRbHFMedaysarbnÞúkeFVIkar ehIyvaRtUvrkSalT§PaBTb;rgVilenARKb;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enA
kñúgeRKOgbgÁúM. karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijenAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMsþaTicminkMNt;eFVI[m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRm
nigm:Um:g;viC¢manenAkNþalElVgfycuH. karfycuHenHmin)aneFVI[suvtßiPaBrbs;eRKOgbgÁúMfycuH b¤eFVI
[maneRKaHfñak;enaHeT ebIeRbobeFobCamYyeRKOgbgÁúMsþaTickMNt;. CakarBit PaBCab;enAkñúgrcna
sm<½n§pþl;nUversIusþg;/ sßirPaB nigesdækic©bEnßmeTotkñúgkarKNna.
emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij q EdlQrelI (ACI Code 318-99) RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam
⎡ ( ρ − ρ ') ⎤
q = 20 ⎢1 −
ρ ⎥ ¬!^>@%¦
⎣ b ⎦
enAkñúgsmIkarTI !^>@% PaKryEdk ρ b¤ ( ρ − ρ ' ) enARtg;muxkat;Edlm:Um:g;RtUv)ankMNt;
RtwmPaKryGtibrma 0.5ρ b . PaKryEdkGb,brmaenAkñúgmuxkat;rgkarBt;RtUv)ankMNt;Rtwm
f ' c /(4 f y ) ≥ 1.4 / f y . edayeRbIkarkMNt;dac;xatTaMgenHPaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGtibrma
nigGb,brmaRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 16>3.
taragTI 16>1 karpøas;bþÚrPaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij (q' ) f y = 400MPa
εt 0.0075 0.010 0.0125 0.0150 0.0175 0.020 0.0225

ρ / ρb 0.476 0.385 0.323 0.278 0.244 0.217 0.196
q ' (%) 7 .5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 20
taragTI 16>2 karpøas;bþÚrPaKryEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij (q' ) sRmab;kar[PaKry ρ / ρ b
ρ / ρb 0.48 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20

εt 0.0074 0.0081 0.0095 0.0113 0.0137 0.017 0.022
q' (%) 0. 0 8.1 9 .5 11.3 13.7 17.0 20.0

taragTI 16>3 karEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGtibrma nigGb,brma q ¬smIkar !^>@%¦

f 'c ( MPa) f y ( MPa) ρb ρ min q max %(for ρ min ) q min %(for 0.5 ρ b )
21 400 0.0215 0.0033 16.9 10
28 400 0.0285 0.0033 17.7 10
35 400 0.0339 0.003 17.9 10
]TahrN_16>8
kMNt;m:Um:g;eGLasÞicGtibrmaenARtg;TRm nigenAkNþalElVgénFñwmCab;EdlmanbYnElVgdUcbgðajenA
kñúgrUbTI 16>32 a. Fñwmmanmuxkat;esμI nigRTnUvbnÞúkefrBRgayesμI 117kN / m nigbnÞúkGefr
87.5kN . snμt;PaKryEbEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijGtibrma 10% nigBicarNanUvkrNIBIrxageRkam³
- enAeBlEdlbnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIElVgqøas;Kña KNnam:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaenAkñúgElVg
- enAeBlEdlbnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIElVgCab;Kña KNnam:Um:g;GviC¢manGtibrmaenAelITRm
dMeNaHRsay
1> Fñwmmanm:Um:g;niclPaB I esμIKña nigman E dUcKña. dUcenH EI efr. smIkarbIm:Um:g;
sRmab;viPaKFñwmnigsRmab; EI efrKW³
w1 L13 w2 L32
M A L1 + 2 M b (L1 + L2 ) + M C L2 = − −
4 4
edaysarElVgesμIKña
L2
M A + 4M B + M C = −
4
(w1 + w2 ) ¬!^>@^¦
enAkñúg]TahrN_enH M A = M E = 0 . krNIénkardak;bnÞúk6EbbepSgKñaRtUv)an
BicarNadUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>32³
krNITI1> bnÞúkefrRtUv)andak;enAelIFñwm ABCDE TaMgmUl ¬rUbTI 16>32 b¦.
krNITI2> bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIElVg AB nig CD sRmab;m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkñúg
ElVg AB nig CD ¬rUbTI 16>32 c¦.
krNITI3> dUckrNITI 2 sRmab;ElVg BC nig DE ¬rUbTI 16>32 d¦.
krNITI4> bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIElVg AB / BC nig DE sRmab;m:Um:g;GviC¢manenA
Rtg; B ¬rUbTI 16>32 e¦.

krNITI5> bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelIElVg CD nig DE ¬rUbTI 16>32 f¦.

krNITI6> bnÞúkGefrRtUv)andak;enAelI BC nig CD
sRmab;m:Um:g;GviC¢manGtibrmaenARtg; C ¬rUbTI 16>32 g¦.
2> krNITI1> GnuvtþsmIkar !^>@^ eTAelIFñwmkMNat; ABC / BCD nig CDE erogKña
62
4M B + M C = − (117 + 117) = −2106kN .m
4
M B + 4 M C + M D = −2106kN .m
M C + 4 M D = −2106kN .m
KNnasmIkarTaMgeyIgTTYl)an
M B = M D = −451.28kN .m nig M C = −300.9kN .m
sRmab;karkat;bnßym:Um:g; 10%
M ' B = M ' D = 0.9 × (− 451.28) = −406.2kN .m
M 'C = 0.9 × (− 300.9) = −270.81kN .m
m:Um:g;kNþalElVgEdlRtUvKñanwgm:Um:g;Edl)ankat;bnßyehIyKW
wD L2 1 2
ElVg AB = DE = 8 + 2 M ' B = 1178× 6 − 12 406.2 = 323.4kN .m
2
ElVg BC = CD = 1178× 6 − 12 (406.2 + 270.81) = 188kN .m
3> krNITI2> GnuvtþsmIkar !^>@@ eTAelIkMNat;Fñwm ABC / BCD nig CDE erogKña³
62
4M B + M C = − (87.5) = −787.5kN .m
4
M B + 4 M C + M D = −787.5kN .m
M C + 4 M D = −787.5kN .m
M B = M D = −168.75kN .m
nig M C = −112.5kN .m
m:Um:g;eGLasÞickNþalElVgEdlRtUvKñanwgm:Um:g;xagelIKW
2 2
Fñwm AB = wL8L + 12 M B = 87.58× 6 − 12 168.75 = 309.4kN .m
1
BC = 0 − (168.75 + 112.5) = 140.6kN .m
2

wL L2 1 87.5 × 6 2
CD = − (168.75 + 112.5) = − 140.625 = 253.1kN .m
8 2 8
1
DE = 0 − 168.75 = 84.4kN .m
2
edIm,Ikat;bnßym:Um:g;viC¢mankñúgElVg eKRtUvbegáInm:Um:g;Rtg;TRmeday 10% nigKNnam:Um:g;
kñúgElVgEdlRtUvKña. m:Um:g;viC¢manEdlTTYl)anRtUvEtesμIy:agtic 90% énm:Um:g;Edl
KNnadMbUg.
M ' B = M ' D = 1.1(− 168.75) = −185.6kN .m
M 'C = 1.1(−112.5) = −123.75kN .m

m:Um:g;eGLasÞickNþalElVgEdlRtUvKñanwgm:Um:g;xagelIKW
2 2
Fñwm AB = wL8L + 12 M ' B = 87.58× 6 − 12 185.6 = 300.95kN .m
1
BC = 0 − (185.6 + 123.75) = 154.7 kN .m
2
w L2 1 87.5 × 6 2
CD = L − (123.75 + 185.6) = − 154.7 = 239.05kN .m
8 2 8
1
DE = 0 − 185.6 = 92.8kN .m
2
4> krNITI3> RsedogKñanwgkrNITI2> ehIym:Um:g;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>32 d.
5> krNITI4> BicarNaElVg AB / BC nig DE EdlRTbnÞúkGefredIm,IKNnam:Um:g;GviC¢man
GtibrmaenARtg;TM B ³
62
4M B + M C = − (87.5) = −1575kN .m
2
M B + 4 M C + M D = −787.5kN .m
M C + 4 M D = −787.5kN .m
M B = −379.7 kN .m / M C = −56.3kN .m
nig M D = −182.8kN .m
sRmab;karkat;bnßym:Um:g; 10% Rtg; B
M ' B = 0.9(− 379.7 ) = −341.7 kN .m
m:Um:g;kNþalElVgEdlRtUvKñaKW

2
1 87.5 × 6 2 1
Fñwm AB = wL8L 2
+
MB =
8
− 341.7 = 222.9kN .m
2
2
w L 1 87.5 × 6 2
BC = L − (341.7 + 56.3) = − 199 = 194.75kN .m
8 2 8
1
CD = 0 − (56.3 + 182.8) = −119.55kN .m
2
w L2 1 87.5 × 6 2
DE = L − 182.8 = − 91.4 = 302.35kN .m
8 2 8
6> krNITI5> RsedogKñanwgkrNITI4> elIkElgEtElVgxagcugminRtUv)andak;bnÞúkedIm,I
TTYl)anm:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmarnARtg;TRm B ¬b¤TRm D sRmab;kardak;bnÞúkRsedogKña¦.
düaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>32 f.
7> krNITI6> BicarNaElVg BC nig CD EdlRTbnÞúkGefredIm,IKNnam:Um:g;GviC¢man
GtibrmaenARtg;TM B ³
62
4M B + M C = − (87.5) = −787.5kN .m
4
wL L2
M B + 4M C + M D = − = −1575kN .m
2
w L2
M C + 4 M D = − L = −787.5kN .m
4
M B = M D = −112.5kN .m
nig M C = −337.5kN .m
sRmab;karkat;bnßym:Um:g; 10% Rtg; C
M 'C = 0.9(− 337.5) = −303.75kN .m
M ' B = M ' D = 0.9(− 112.5) = −101.25kN .m

m:Um:g;kNþalElVgEdlRtUvKñaKW
Fñwm AB = DE = − 12 101.2 = −50.6kN .m
wL L2 1 87.5 × 6 2
BC = CD = − (101.2 + 303.95) = − 202.6 = 191.15kN .m
8 2 8
8> m:Um:g;Gtibrma nigGb,brmaeRkaykarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag
16>4. Moment envelop RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>32 h.

9> enAkñúg]TahrN_renH muxkat;kNþalElVgRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;PaBgayRsYl. m:Um:g;kNþal

ElVgmincaM)ac;Cam:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaeT. kñúgkrNIElVgcug AB nig DE m:Um:g;Gtibrma
eRkayeBlBIkarEbgEckbnÞúkeLIgvij 10% KWwesμInwg wD L2 / 12.2 nigekItmanenAcm¶ay
0.4 L BI BC nig D .
taragTI 16>4 m:Um:g;cugeRkayén]TahrN_TI 16>8 eRkayBIkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij

krNI 1 2 3 4 ¬1 + 2¦ 5 ¬1 + 3¦
TItaMg m:Um:;g m:Um:;gGviC¢man m:Um:;gviC¢man m:Um:;gGviC¢man m:Um:;gviC¢man
muxkat; DL Gtibrma LL Gtibrma LL Gtibrma DL + LL Gtibrma DL + LL
TRm
A 0 0 0 0 0
B − 406.2 − 341.7 + 28.1 − 747.9 * − 378.1
C − 300.9 − 303.75 - − 604.65 * − 300.9
D − 406.2 − 341.7 + 28.1 − 747.9 * − 378.1
E 0 0 0 0 0
kNþalElVg
AB + 323.4 − 92.8 + 300.95 + 230.6 + 624.35 *
BC + 188 − 154.7 + 239.05 + 33.3 + 427.05 *
CD + 188 − 154.7 + 239.05 + 33.3 + 427.05 *
DE + 323.4 − 92.8 + 300.95 + 230.6 + 624.35 *

(*) m:Um:g;KNnaGtibrma nigGb,brmacugeRkay.



]TahrN_16>9
kMNt;karEbgEckm:Um:g;GviC¢maneLIgvijGnuBaØatenAelITRm B / C / D nig E énFñwmCab; ABCDE
EdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 1633. FñwmEdlmanmuxkat;ctuekaNEkg b = 300mm / h = 550mm nig
d = 490mm nigvaRtUv)anBRgwgdUcbgðajenAkñúgtarag ¬ f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 420MPa ¦
- edayeRbI]bsm<½n§ B .
- edayeRbIkarkMNt; ACI Code.
dMeNaHRsay
1> sRmab; f 'c = 28MPa nig /
f y = 420MPa ρ b = 0.0285 . emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij
RtUv)an[dUcxageRkam³
⎡ ρ − ρ'⎤
q = 20 ⎢1 −
ρ b ⎥⎦
¬!^>@%¦
⎣
2> emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijrbs; ACI Code CaGnuKmn_énbERmbRmYlrageFobEdksuT§ ε t
nigERbRbYlcenøaHBI 7.5% nig 20% dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 16>31
q '= 1000ε t ¬!^>@$¦
fy
0.003 +
Es
εt = − 0.003
ρ
ρb

nig ε t = 0.005
ρ
− 0.003 sRmab; f y = 420MPa
ρs
taragxageRkambgðajBItémø q nig q' EdlminRtUvKña.
EdkTaj Edksgát; ρ − ρ'

TRm ρ ρ' ρb q% εt q '%
As A' s
B 3DB 28 0.0126 0 0 0.44 11.2 0.008 8
C 3DB32 0.0164 0 0 0.58 8 .4 0.0056 0
D 3DB 20 0.0064 0 0 0.225 15.5 0.0192 19.2
E 4DB 25 0.0134 3DB 20 0.0064 0.246 15.1 0.0173 17.3

XVII. karKNnakRmalxNÐBIrTis
Design of Two-Way Slabs

kRmalxNÐGacRtUv)anBicarNaCaGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMEdlmankRmas; h tUcCagRbEvg L nigTTwg
S . TRmg;d¾samBaØrbs;kRmalxNÐKWkRmalxNÐEdlRtUv)anRTedayTRmQmKña Edlvapþl;nUvPaB
dabcMbgkñúgTismYy EdleK[eQμaHfa kRmalxNÐmYyTis (one-way slab). karKNnakRmalxNÐ

mYyTismanniyayenAkñúgemeronTI 9.
enAeBlkRmalxNÐRtUv)anRTedayRCugTaMgbYn nigmanpleFobbeNþay L elITTwg S tUc
CagBIr ehIykRmalxNÐdabBIrTis elIsBIenHbnÞúkenAelIkRmalxNÐRtUv)anbBa¢ÚneTATRmTaMgbYn
RCug. kRmalxNÐEbenHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa kRmalxNÐBIrTis (two-way slab). m:Um:g;Bt; nigPaB
dabenAkñúgkRmalxNÐEbbenHtUcCagenAkñúgkRmalxNÐmYyTis kRmalxNÐdUcKñaGacRTbnÞúk)aneRcIn
CagenAeBlEdlvamanTRmTaMgbYnRCug. bnÞúkenAkñúgkrNIenHRtUv)anRTBIrTis ehIym:Um:g;Bt;kñúgTis
nImYy²tUcCagm:Um:g;Bt;enAkñúgkRmalxNÐRbsinebIbnÞúkrbs;vaRtUv)anRTkñúgTisEtmYy. karteRmob
rt-Fñwm-kRmalxNÐ (slab-beam-girder) KMrUénkRmalxNÐmYyTis nigBIrTisRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
17>1.
17>2> RbePTkRmalxNÐBIrTis (Types of Two-Way Slabs)

kRmalxNÐebtugBIrTisGacRtUv)ancat;cMNat;fñak;dUcxageRkam³
a. kRmalxNÐBIrTisenAelIFñwm (two-way slab on beam)³ krNIenHekItmanenAeBlEdl
kRmalxNÐBIrTisRtUv)anRTedayFñwmenAelIRCugTaMgGs;rbs;va ¬rUbTI17>1¦. bnÞúkBIkRmal

xNÐRtUvbBa¢ÚneTATRmFñwmTaMgbYnrbs;va EdlnwgbBa¢ÚnbnÞúkbnþeTAssr.
b. Flat slab³ CakRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlRtUv)anBRgwgBIrTisedayKñanFñwmRT ehIybnÞúkRtUv)an
bBa¢ÚnpÞal;eTAssrTRm. ssrcg;TMluHkRmalxNÐ EdlRtUv)ankarBaredaybIviFIxageRkam

¬rUbTI 17>2 nig 17>3¦³
- edayeRbI drop panel CamYynwg column capital.
karKNnakRmalxNÐBIrTis 507 T.Chhay

- edayeRbI drop panel EdlKμan column capital. ebtugEdlB½T§CMuvij column capital KYr
EtRkas;RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTajGgát;RTUgEdlekItBIkmøaMgkat; punching
shear.
- edayeRbI column capital edayKμan drop panel EdlCaviFImYyminFmμta.

c. Flat-Plate floor³ CaRbB½n§kRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlmankRmas;kRmalxNÐesμI nigsßitenABIelI
ssredaypÞal;edayKμanFñwm b¤ column capital ¬rUbTI 17>2 a¦. kñúgkrNIenHssrcg;TMluH

kRmalxNÐedaykugRtaMgTajGgát;RTUg. dUcenH CaTUeTAeKRtUvkarbegáInkRmas;kRmalxNÐ
b¤dak;EdkBiess.
d. Two-way ribbed slabs nig waffle slab system³ kRmalxNÐRbePTenHekItBIkRmalxNÐ
EdlmanpleFobbeNþayelITTwgtUcCag 2. CaTUeTA kRmas;rbs;kRmalxNÐsßitenAcenøaH

5cm eTA 10cm nigRtUv)anRTedayrnUt (rib or joist) TaMgBIrTis. rnUtRtUv)anteRmobkñúgTis
nImYy²CamYyKMlatRbEhlBI 50cm − 75cm EdlbegáItragkaer b¤ctuekaNEkg ¬rUbTI 17>2

c¦. rnUtk¾GacRtUv)anteRmobedaymMu 45 o b¤ 60 o BIG½kSrbs;kRmalxNÐ EdlbegáInesaP½N
PaBsßabtükmμ. sRmab; two-way ribbed slabs RbB½n§epSg²GacRtUv)anTTYlyk³

- RbB½n§rnUtBIrTisCamYynwgRbehagcenøaHrnUtEdlTTYledayeRbIBum<Biess EdlCaTUeTA
manragkaer. rnUtRtUv)anRTedayrtTaMgbYnRCugEdlsßitenABIelIssr. kRmalxNÐ
RbePTenHRtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa two-way ribbed (joist) slab system .
T.Chhay 508 Design of Two-Way Slab


- RbB½n§rnUtBIrTisCamYyeRKOgbMeBj (filler) enAcenøaHrnUtEdleFVI[BidanerobesμI. eRKOg

bMeBj (filler) CagRbehag nigeFVIBIebtugTm¶n;Rsal b¤Tm¶n;Fmμta b¤BIsmÖar³Tm¶n;Rsal
epSgeTot. rnUtRtUv)anRTedayrtenARCugTaMgbYnEdlRtUv)anRTbnþedayssr. kRmal

xNÐRbePTenHk¾RtUv)aneK[eQμaHfa two-way ribbed slab system b¤ hollow-block

two-way ribbed system .
- RbB½n§rnUtBIrTisCamYyRbehagcenøaHrnUt nigKμanrt b¤FñwmRTrnUt. vaQrenAelIssreday

pÞal;CamYynwgbnÞHebtugtan;. kRmalxNÐRbePTenHRtUv)anehAfa waffle slab.
17>3> kareRCIserIsRbB½n§kRmalxNÐebtugEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©
Economical Choice of Concrete Floor Systems
RbB½n§kRmalxNÐCaeRcInRbePTRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;GKarTUeTA dUcCa eKhdæan kariyal½y nigGKar
rdæ)alepSg². kareRCIserIsRbB½n§kRmalxNÐEdlmanlkçN³kRmalxNÐ nigRKb;RKan;GaRs½yelI
RbePTGKar rUbragsßabtükmμ esaPN½ nigRbEvgElVgEdlenAcenøaHssr. CaTUeTA bnÞúkGefrenAelI
GKarERbRbYlcenøaHBI 3.8kN / m 2 − 7.2kN / m 2 . karENnaMTUeTAsRmab;kareRbIR)as;RbB½n§kRmal
xNÐEdlmanlkçN³esdækic©RtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
- Flat plate ³ saksmbMputsRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgcenøaHBI 6m − 7.5m nigbnÞúkGefrERb
RbYlBI 2.9kN / m 2 − 4.8kN / m 2 . GtßRbeyaCn_énkarTTYlyk flat plate rYmmankarcM
NayelIBum<Gs;éføefak TTYl)anBidanrabesμI nigkarsagsg;qab;. Flat plate manlT§PaB
Tb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgTab nigPaBrwgRkajtUc EdleFIV[manPaBdabFM;. Flat plate RtUv)an
eRbIy:agTUlMTUlayenAkñúgGKarCakRmalxNÐBRgwgedayEdk b¤k¾ebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
- Flat slab ³ saksmbMputsRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 6m − 9m nigsRmab;bnÞúkGefrERb
RbYlBI 3.8kN / m 2 − 7.2kN / m 2 . vaRtUvkarBum<eRcInCag flat plate CaBiesssRmab;
column capital. kñúgkrNICaeRcIn eKeRbIEt drop panel edayKμan column capital .
- Waffle slab ³ saksmsRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 9m − 14.5m nigsRmab;bnÞúkGefrERb

RbYlBI 3.8kN / m 2 − 7.2kN / m 2 . vaRTbnÞúk)aneRcInCag flat plate nigmanBidanKYr[Tak;
TajEtBum<mantémøéfø.
- kRmalxNÐelIFñwm (slab on beam)³ salsmbMputsRmab;ElVgcenøaH 6m − 9m nigbnÞúk
GefrBI 2.9kN / m 2 − 5.7kN / m 2 . FñwmbegáInPaBrwgRkajrbs;kRmalxNÐEdleFVI[man
PaBdabtUc. eKRtUvkarBum<bEnßmsRmab;Fñwm.

- kRmalxNÐmYyTisenAelIFñwm (one-way slab on beam)³saksmbMputsRmab;ElVgEdlman

RbEvgBI 3m − 6m nigbnÞúkGefrcenøaHBI 2.9kN / m 2 − 4.8kN / m 2 . vaGacRtUv)aneRbI
sRmab;ElVgFMCagenHCamYynwgtémøéføCag elIsBIenHeKnwgTTYl)anPaBdabFM. eKRtUvkarBum<
bEnßmsRmab;Fñwm.
- One-way joist floor system³ saksmbMputsRmab;ElVgEdlmanRbEvgBI 6m − 9m nigman
bnÞúkGefrcenøaH 3.8kN / m 2 − 5.7kN / m 2 . edaysarEtrnUteRCA brimaNebtug nigEdkKWtic
EtkarcMNayelIBum<Gs;eRcIn. Bidanrbs;kRmalxNÐGacnwgemIleTAKYr[Tak;Taj.
17>4> eKalKMnitkñúgkarKNna (Design Concept)

karviPaKd¾suRkitsRmab;kmøaMg nigbMlas;TIenAkñúgkRmalxNÐBIrTisKWsμúKsμaj edaysarEt
PaBminkMNt;x<s;. vaBitCasμúKsμajebIeTaHbICa\T§iBl creep nig nonlinear behavior rbs;ebtugRtUv
)anecalk¾eday. viFI numerical method dUcCa finite element k¾GacRtUv)aneRbI b:uEnþviFId¾samBaØdUc
EdlGVI)anbgðajeday ACI Code saksmbMputsRmab;karKNnasRmab;karGnuvtþ. ACI Code,
Chapter 13 snμt;fakRmalxNÐeFVIkarCaFñwmTUlayEtrak;begáItCaeRKagrwg (rigid frame) CamYynwg
ssrEdlenABIeRkam nigBIelIva. karsnμt;énkarEckeRKagCaeRKagsmmUlRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;eLIgvij

edaykarsikSaRsavRCavCalkçN³viPaK nigBiesaFn_ (analytical and experimental research). va
)anbgðajfa lT§PaBRTbnÞúkcugeRkay (ultimate load capacity) énkRmalxNÐBIrTisCamYynwgkar
Tb;tamRCug ¬restrained boundary) KWesμI RbEhlBIrdgénlT§PaBRTbnÞúkcugeRkayEdlKNnaeday
karviPaKtamRTwsþI edaysarkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvijd¾FMEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgkRmalxNÐmunnwg)ak;.
enAeBlbnÞúkFMbMlas;TI nigPaBdabFMRtUv)anrMBwgTuk dUcenHeKRtUvkarkRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaedIm,I
rkSaPaBdab niglkçxNÐeRbHRKb;RKan; eRkambnÞúkeFVIkar.
ACI Code kMNt;viFIsaRsþBIrsRmab;KNnakRmalxNÐBIrTis³
- viFIKNnaedaypÞal; (direct design method DDM, ACI Code, Section 13.6) CaviFIRbhak;
RbEhl (approximate procedure) sRmab;karviPaK nigkarKNnakRmalxNÐBIrTis. RtUv
)ankMNt;sRmab;RbB½n§kRmalxNÐEdlrgnUvbnÞúkBRgayesμI nigssrmanKMlatesμIKña b¤esÞIr
esμIKña. viFIenHeRbInUvsMnuMemKuNedIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;KNnaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;.

RbB½n§kRmalxNÐEdlmin RtUvKñanwgkarkMNt;rbs; ACI Code, Section 13.6.1 RtUv)anviPaK

edayviFIsaRsþKNnaEdl manlkçN³suRkitCag.
- viFIeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame method EFM, ACI Code, Section 13.7) CaviFImYy
EdlGKarbITMhM (3D) RtUv)anEckecjCaesrIéneRKagsmmUlBIrTMhM (2D) edaykat;GKar
tamExSrcenøaHssr. lT§plrbs;eRKagRtUv)anBicarNadac;edayELkBIKñatamTisbeNþay
nigTisTTwgrbs;GKar nigRtUv)anKitBImYyCan;eTAmYyCan; dUcEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>4.
viFIsaRsþKNnatam ACI Code BIrKWQrelIelIlT§plénkarviPaKeGLasÞic (elastic analysis) én
eRKOgbgÁúMTaMgmUledayeRbIbnÞúkemKuN. viFIEdlEktRmUv (modified approach) viFI direct design
method RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg commentary én code qñaM 1989 CaviFIPaBrwgRkajEktRmUv (modified
stiffness method MSM). vaQrelIkarbBa©ÚlemKuNEbgEckd¾kMNt;mYyCaGnuKmn_énpleFobPaB
rwgRkaj α ec sRmab;KuNnwgm:Um:g;sþaTicsrubenAkñúgElVgxagcug. viFIenHRtUv)anBnül;enAeBleRkay.

bEnßmBIelIviFIrbs; ACI Code eKenAmanviFIepSg²CaeRcIneTotsRmab;KNna nigviPaKkRmal
xNÐ. CalT§pl kRmalxNÐnwgmanbrimaNEdkticCag b¤eRcInCag. viFIviPaK (analytical method)
GacRtUvcat;cMNat;fñak;kñúgRkuménTMnak;TMngeKalrvagbnÞúk nigbMlas;TI CaeGLasÞic/ )aøsÞic nig
nonlinear .
- enAkñúgkarviPaKeGLasÞic (elastic analysis) kRmalxNÐebtugRtUv)anKitCakRmaleGLa

sÞic. karBt;kmøaMgkat;TTwg nigPaBdabRtUv)anKNnaedaysmIkarDIepr:g;EsülTI4 (fourth
differential equation) EdlTak;TgbnÞúkeTAnwgPaBdabsRmab;kRmalesþIgCamYynwgbMlas;TI
tUc dUcEdl)anbgðaj eday Timoshenko. dMeNaHRsay finite difference solution k¾dUc

CadMeNaHRsay finite element solution RtUv)anesñIeLIgedIm,IviPaKkRmalxNÐ. enAkñúgviFI
finite element method kRmalxNÐRtUv)an EbgEckCasMNaj;ragRtIekaN b¤ragkaer (mesh
of triangles or quadrilateral). GnuKmn_bMlas;TIéncMNuc (node) Edlkat;KñaedaycMNuc
sMNaj; (intersecting mesh point) RtUv)anbegáIteLIgCaTUeTA ehIym:aRTicénPaBrwgRkaj

(stiffness matrices) RtUv)anbegáItsRmab;karviPaKedaykMuBüÚTr½.
- sRmab;karviPaK)aøsÞic eKmanbIviFI. viFI yield line method RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday

Johansen edIm,IkMNt;sßanPaB (limit state) énkRmalxNÐedayBicarNafa yield line
EdlekItmanenAkñúgkRmalxNÐCaemkanicénkar)ak; (collapse mechanism). viFIceRmok

(strip method) RtUv)an begáIteday Hillerborg. kRmalxNÐRtUv)anEckecjCaceRmok

(strip) ehIybnÞúkenAelIkRmal xNÐRtUv)anEbgEckTisedABIrEkgKña. ceRmokRtUv)anviPaK
CaFñwmsamBaØ. viFITIbICaviFI optimal analysis method sRmab;eFVI[brimaNEdlTTYl)anman

témøGb,brmaedayQrelIkarviPaK)aøsÞic. dMeNaHRsay optimal solution KWsμúKsμajkñúg
karviPaK nigTTYl)ankarBRgaysrésEdlmYyd¾sμúKsμaj.
- karviPaK nonlinear analysis KitlkçN³bMlas;TIeRkambnÞúkBiténkRmalxNÐebtugGarem:
enAeBlEdlviFI finite element method KitBicarNaEpñk nonlinear énTMnak;TMngkugRtaMg-
bERmbRmYlrageFob (stress-strain relationship) énGgát;mYy²dac;edayELkBIKña. kñúgkrNI
enH dMeNaHRsaykøayCasμúKsμaj RbsinebITMnak;TMngEdl)anBIkarBiesaFedayTTYl)ankar
sRmYlminRtUv)ansnμt;eTenaH.
viFIEdl)anerobrab;xagelI RtUv)anbgðajedIm,IENnaMGñksikSanUvviFIepSg²énkarviPaKkRmalxNÐ.
kargarBiesaFn_elIkRmalxNÐminRtUv)anGPivDÆeTkñúgb:unμanqñaMcugeRkayenH b:uEnþkarsikSaCaeRcInRb-
EhlCaRtUvkaredIm,IsRmYldMeNIrkarKNnabc©úb,nñCamYysuvtßiPaB karbMerIkargar niglkçN³esdækic¢.
17>5> ceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal (Column and Middle Strips)

rUbTI 17>5 bgðajkRmalxagkñúgénkRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlRtUv)anRTenAelIssr A / B / C
nig D . RbsinebIkRmalRTbnÞúkBRgayesμI kRmalxNÐnwgdabBIrTis CamYyPaBdabGtibrmaenAtMbn;
kNþal O . cMNucx<s;bMputsßitenAelIssr A / B / C nig D dUcenHEpñkénkRmalxNÐEdlenACMuvij
ssrnwgmanrage)a:g (convex shape). karpøas;bþÚrrUbragrbs;kRmalxNÐbnþicmþg² ¬BIPaBe)a:genA
elIssreTArkPaBptenAkNþalkRmal¦ eFVI[ExSkaMnImYy²kat;Rtg;cMNucrbt;. muxkat;Rtg; O / E /
F / G nig H nwgmanm:Um:g;Bt;viC¢man b:uEnþenAmþúMbrievNssrnwgmanm:Um:g;Bt;GviC¢manGtibrma. eday
BicarNacMeroktambeNþay AFB ceRmoknwgekagdUcFñwmCab; ¬rUbTI 17>5 b¦ edaymanm:Um:g;GviC¢man

enARtg; A nig B nigmanm:Um:g;Bt;viC¢manRtg; F . ceRmokenHlatsn§wgenAcenøaHssrBIr A nig B
nigCab;enAelIRCugTaMgsgçagénkRmalEdlbegáIt)anCaceRmokelIssr (column strip).


dUcKñasRmab;ceRmoktambeNþay EOG nwgmanm:Um:g;Bt;GviC¢manenARtg; E nig G ehIy

m:Um:g;viC¢manenARtg; O EdlbegáItCaceRmokkNþal. ceRmokTIbItambeNþay DHC nwgeFVIkar
RsedogKñanwgceRmok AFB . dUcenH bnÞHkRmalGacnwgRtUv)anEbgEckbIceRmokKW 1enAkNþaltam
beNþay EOG Edl eK[eQμaHfaceRmokkNþal nigBIreTotsgçagtambeNþay AFB nig DHC
EdleK[eQμaHfa ceRmokelIssr ¬rUbTI 17>5 a¦. ceRmoknImYy²eFVIkarCaFñwmCab;. tamviFIdUcKña
bnÞHkRmalk¾RtUv)anEbgEckCabIcMeroksRmab;TisedAmYyeTotKW ceRmokkNþalmYytambeNþay
FOH nigceRmokelIssrBIreTot tambeNþay AED nig BGC erogKña ¬rUbTI 17>5 e¦.
tamry³rUbTI 17>5 a eyIgeXIjfaceRmokkNþalRtUv)anRTedayceRmokelIssr EdlbBa¢Ún

bnÞúkbnþeTAssr A / B / C nig D enAkñúgbnÞHkRmalenH. dUcenHceRmokssrRTbnÞúkeRcInCag
ceRmokkNþal. dUcenH m:Um:g;Bt;viC¢manenAkñúgceRmokelIssrnImYy² ¬enARtg; E / F / G nig H ¦
mantémø FMCagm:Um:g;Bt;viC¢manenARtg; O EdlsßitenAceRmokkNþal. dUcKña m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelI
ssr A / B / C nig D enAkñúgceRmokelIssrmantémøFMCagm:Um:g;GviC¢manenARtg; E / F / G
nig H enAkñúgceRmokkNþal. Epñkénm:Um:g;KNnaEdlRtUv)ankMNt;enAmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;nImYy²én
ceRmokssr nigceRmokkNþalRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgEpñkTI 8.
TMhMénceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþslnImYy²enAkñúgbnÞHkRmalRtUv)ankMNt;eday ACI
Code, Section 13.2. ceRmokelIssr x EdlRtUv)ankMNt;edayTTwgkRmalxNÐenAelIRCugnImYy²
énG½kSssr esμInwgmYyPaKbYnénTMhMbnÞHkRmal ¬ l1 nig l2 ¦ mYyNaEdltUcCageK rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgFñwm

RbsinebIman.
l1 = RbEvgElVg KitBIG½kSeTAG½kS kñúgTisedAEdlm:Um:g;nwgRtUv)ankMNt;
l 2 = RbEvlElVg KitBIG½kSeTAG½kS kñúgTisedAEkgnwg l1
EpñkénbnÞHkRmalcenøaHceRmokelIssrkMNt;ceRmokkNþal.

17>6> kRmas;kRmalGb,brmaedIm,IkMritPaBdab
(Minimum Slab Thickness to Control Deflection)
ACI Code, Section 9.5.3 kMNt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐsRmab;kRmalxNÐBIrTisedIm,IkMrit
PaBdab. TMhMénPaBdabrbs;kRmalxNÐGaRs½ynwgGefrCaeRcInEdlrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgPaBrwgRkaj
Tb;karBt; (flexural stiffness) rbs;kRmalxNÐEdlbBa©ÚlCaGnuKmn_énkRmas;kRmalxNÐ h .
enAeBlbegáInkRmas; kRmalxNÐ enaHPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;kRmalxNÐk¾ekIneLIg ehIyPaB
dabrbs;kRmalxNÐnwgRtUvkat;bnßy. edaysarkarKNnaPaBdabsRmab;kRmalxNÐBIrTismanPaB
sμúKsμaj nigedIm,IeCosvagPaBdabFM ACI Code kMNt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐTaMgenHedayTTYlykkar

kMNt;Edl)anBIkarBiesaFbI. RbsinebIkarkMNt;rbs;eyIgminsßitenAkñúgEdnkMNt;TaMgbIenHeT eKcaM

)ac;RtUvKNnaPaBdab.
a. sRmab; 0.2 ≤ α fm ≤ 2 /
⎛ fy ⎞
l n ⎜⎜ 0.8 + ⎟
⎟
h= ⎝ 1400 ⎠ ¬!&>!¦
36 + 5β (α fm − 0.2)
b:uEnþminRtUvtUcCag 125mm
b. sRmab; α fm > 2
⎛ fy ⎞
l n ⎜⎜ 0.8 + ⎟
⎝ 1400 ⎟⎠
h=
36 + 9 β
¬!&>@¦
b:uEnþminRtUvtUcCag 90mm
c. sRmab; α fm < 0.2
h = kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaedayKμanFñwmxagkñúg ¬tarag 17>1¦ ¬!&>#¦
Edl ln = clear span sRmab;TisEvgEdlvas;BIépÞQmKñarbs;ssr
β = pleFobén clear span EvgelI clear span xøI
α fm = témømFümén α f sRmab;RKb;FñwménRCugTaMgGs;rbs;bnÞHkRmal
α f = CapleFobénPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;énmuxkat;Fñwm Ecb I b lIPaBrwgRkajTb;
karBt;énkRmalxNÐ Ecs I s EdlBT§½CMuvijedayG½kSbnÞHkRmalenABIelIFñwmRCug
nImYy².
E I
α f = cb b
E cs I s
¬!&>$¦
Edl Ecb nig Ecs Cam:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugenAkñúgFñwm nigkRmalxNÐ erogKña.
I b = m:Um:g;niclPaBTaMgmUlénmuxkat;FñwmeFobG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n; ¬muxkat;FñwmrYmTaMg
beNþaykRmalxNÐenAelIRCugTaMgsgçagrbs;FñwmEdlesμInwgkm<s;FñwmBIelI b¤BI
eRkamkRmalxNÐykmYyNaEdlFMCageK b:uEnþminRtUvFMCagbYndgkRmas;
kRmalxNÐ¦.
I s = m:Um:g;niclPaBénmuxkat;kRmalxNÐTaMgmUl.
b:uEnþ kRmas;kRmalxNÐminKYrtUcCagtémøxageRkam³

- sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlman α fm < 2.0 ³ 125mm
- sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlman α fm > 2 ³ 90mm
tarag 17>1 kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaedayKμanFñwmxagkñúg

edayKμan Drop Panel** man Drop Panel***
Yield
bnÞHkRmalxageRkA bnÞHkRmalxageRkA
Stress
bnÞHkRmalxagkñúg bnÞHkRmalxagkñúg
fy * KμanFñwmxag manFñwmxag KμanFñwmxag manFñwmxag
ln ln ln ln ln ln
280
33 36 36 36 40 40
ln ln ln ln ln ln
420
30 33 33 33 36 36
* sRmab;EdkEdlman Yield Stress cenøaH 280 nig 420 kRmas;Gb,brmaTTYl)anBI linear interpolation.
** Drop panel RtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúg ACI Sections 13.3.7.7 nig 13.3.7.2
*** kRmalxNÐEdlmanFñwmcenøaHssrtambeNþayxagkñúg. témøén α f sRmab;FñwmminKYrmantémøtUcCag
0 .8 .
RbsinebIFñwmminRtUv)aneRbI dUckñúgkrNI flat plate enaH α f = 0 nig α fm = 0 . smIkar ACI

Code sRmab;KNnakRmas;kRmalxNÐ h )anKit\T§iBlrbs;RbEvgElVg/ TRmg;bnÞHkRmal/ yield
stress rbs; Edk f y nigPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;Fñwm. enAeBlFñwmEdlmanlkçN³rwgxøaMgRtUv)aneRbI
smIkar !&>! Gacpþl;nUvkRmas;kRmalxNÐtUc ehIysmIkar !&>@ Gaclub. sRmab; flat plate nig
flat slab enAeBl EdlFñwmxagkñúgminRtUv)aneRbI kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaGacRtUv)ankMNt;eday
pÞal;BItarag 9>5 c én ACI Code EdlRtUv)anbgðajenATIenHKWtarag 17>1.

karkMNt;rbs; ACI Code epSgeTotRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam³
- sRmab;bnÞHkRmalEdlmanxagminCab;; FñwmxagcugEdlman α = 0.8 RtUv)aneRbI ebImindUcenH
eT kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaRtUv)anKNnatamsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ RtUv)anbegáIn 10%
y:ag tic ¬ ACI Code, Section 9.5.3 ¦.
- enAeBl drop panel RtUv)aneRbIedayKμanFñwm kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaKYrRtUv)anbnßy
eday 10% . drop panel KYrRtUv)anlatsn§wgRKb;TisBIG½kSrbs;TRmedaycm¶ayminticCag

RbEvgElVgelI 6 RKb;TiscenøaHG½kSeTAG½kSénTRm nigTMlak;cuHeRkamkRmalxNÐy:agtic

h / 4 . karbnßyenH)anrYmbBa©ÚleTAkñúgtaragTI 17>1.
- edayminKittémøEdlTTYl)anBIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ kRmas;kRmalxNÐBIrTisminRtUvtUcCag

krNIdUcteTA³ ¬!¦ 125mm sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlKμanFñwm b¤ drop panel. ¬@¦ 100mm
sRmab;kRmalxNÐKμanFñwmEtman drop panel. ¬#¦ 90mm sRmab; kRmalxNÐmanFñwmenA
elIRCugTaMgbYnCamYynwg α fm ≥ 2 nig 125mm sRmab; α fm ≤ 2 ¬ ACI Code, Section
9.5.3¦.
CMhanxageRkamsegçbBIkarKNnaTaMgenH³
!> sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlKμanFwñmxagkñúg ¬ flat plate nig flat slab¦
a. KNnakRmas;kRmalxNÐedaypÞal;BItarag 17>1. b:uEnþsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ k¾GacRtUv)an
eRbI ehIyCaTUeTAsmIkar !&>! lub. kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaKYrFMCag b¤esμInwg 125mm

sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlKμan drop panel nigFMCagb¤esμI 100mm sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlman
drop panel.
b. enAxagEdlminCab; FñwmxagEdlman α f ≥ 0.8 KYrRtUv)aneRbI. ebImindUecñaHeT kRmas;
kRmalxNÐGb,brmaRtUv)anKNnaedaysmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ KYrRtUv)anbegáIneday 10% .

karbegáIn 10% RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgCYrQrTI 2 kñúgtaragTI 17>1 rYcehIy.
c. RbsinebI drop panel RtUv)aneRbIenAkñúg flat slab kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaRtUv)anbnßy
eday 10% enAkñúgkrNIEdl drop panel latsn§wgenARKb;TisBIG½kSénTRmCamYycm¶aymin

tUcCag 1 / 6 RbEvgElVg nigTMlak;eRkamkRmalxNÐy:agtic h / 4 . karbnßyenH)anbBa¢Úl
eTAkñúgemKuNéntarag 17>1.
@> sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlmanFñwmenARKb;RCug ¬ α fm > 0 ¦
a. KNna α fm nigbnÞab;mkKNnakRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaBIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@. kñúg
krNICaeRcInsmIkar !&>@ lub.

b. kRmas;kRmalxNÐKYrFMCag b¤esμInwg 125mm sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlman α fm < 2.0 nigKYr
FMCag b¤esμInwg 90mm sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlman α fm ≥ 2.0 .

#> sRmab;RKb;kRmalxNÐ³ kRmas;kRmalxNÐEdltUcCagkRmas;Gb,brmaEdl[enAkñúgCMhan !>

nig @> GacRtUv)aneRbI RbsinkarKNnabgðajfaPaBdabminFMCagkarkMNt;rbs; ACI Code,
Table 9.5 b EdlBnül;enAkñúgemeronTI 6.
]TahrN_17>1³ RbB½n§kRmal flat plate EdlmanTMhM 7.5 × 6m RtUv)anRTenAelIssrkaer

500mm . edayeRbIsmIkar ACI Code kMNt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmacaM)ac;sRmab;bnÞH
kRmalxagkñúg nigbnÞHkRmalkac;RCug dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>6. FñwmxagminRtUv)aneRbI. eK[
dMeNaHRsay³
1> sRmab;bnÞHkRmalxNÐkac;RCugelx ! kRmas;Gb,brmaKW 30
ln
¬ f y = 420MPa nig
KμanFñwmxagRtUv)aneRbI ¬emIltarag 17>1¦.
l n1 = 7500 − 500 = 7000mm
hmin =
7000
30
yk
= 233mm 250mm
müa:gvijeTot smIkar !&>! nig !&>@

GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnakRmas;Gb,brmaCamYy α f = α fm = 0 .
2> sRmab;bnÞHkRmalxagkñúgelx #> CamYy
f y = 420MPa kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaKW
hmin = n = 212mm yk 220 mm

l
33
müa:gvijeTot smIkar !&>! nig !&>@ GacRtUv)aneRbI.
RbsinebIRKb;bnÞHkRmalxNÐTaMgGs;eRbIkRmas;dUcKña enaHeKGacyk
hmin = 250mm .
]TahrN_17>2³ RbB½n§kRmalxNÐdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>7 EdlpSMeLIgedaykRmaltan; nigFñwm

enAelITaMgBIrTisEdlRTedayssrkaerEdlmanRCug 500mm . edayeRbIsmIkar ACI Code kMNt;
kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmacaM)ac;sRmab;bnÞHkRmalxagkñúg. eK[ f 'c = 21MPa nig
f y = 420MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> edIm,IeRbIsmIkar !&>! α fm RtUv)anKNnamun. dUcenH eKcaM)ac;kMNt; I b / I s nig α f sRmab;
Fñwm nigkRmalxNÐtamTisEvg nigTisxøI.
2> m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;FñwmTaMgmUl I b RtUv)anKNnasRmab;muxkat;dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>7 b
EdlRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayFñwm nigEpñksgçagxøHrbs;kRmalxNÐ x = y b:uEnþminRtUvFMCag 4
bYndgkRmas;kRmalxNÐ. snμt; h = 18cm ehIyvaRtUv)anepÞógpÞat;enAeBleRkay enaH
x = y = 56 − 18 = 38cm < 18 × 4 = 72cm . dUcenH be = 40 + 38 × 2 = 116cm nigmuxkat;
GkSr T RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>7 c .

kMNt;TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat;edayKitm:Um:g;eFobkMBUlrbs;søab³
RkLaépÞsøab = 18 × 116 = 2088cm 2
RkLaépÞRTnug = 40 × 38 = 1520cm 2

RkLaépÞsrub 3608cm 2
2088 × 9 + 1520 × 37 = 3608 y
y = 20.8cm
⎡116
Ib = ⎢ (18)3 + 2088(11.8)2 ⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ 40 383 + 1520(19 − 2.8)2 ⎤⎥ = 928924.6cm 4
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦
3> m:Um:g;niclPaBénkRmalxNÐtamTisedAEvgKW
bh 3
Il =
12
Edl b = 600cm nig h = 18cm
600 3
Il = 18 = 291600cm 4
12
¬tamTisedAEvg¦
α fl
EI
= b =
EI s
928924.6
291600
= 3.19
4> m:Um:g;niclPaBénkRmalxNÐtamTisedAxøIKW

760 3
Is = 18 = 369360cm 4
12
¬tamTisedAxøI¦
α fs
EI
= b =
EI s
928924.6
369360
= 2.51
5> α fm CatémømFümén α fs nig α fl

3.19 + 2.51
α fm = = 2.85
2
7.6 − 0.5
6> β=
6 − 0.5
= 1.29
7> kMNt; hmin edayeRbIsmIkar !&>@ ¬ ln = 7.1m ¦³

⎛ 420 ⎞
7.1⎜ 0.8 + ⎟
hmin = ⎝ 1400 ⎠
= 0.148m
36 + 5 × 1.29(2.82 − 0.2 )
b:uEnþ témøenHminRtUvtUcCag h Edl[edaysmIkar !&>@ ¬ α fm > 2.0 ¦
7.81
h= = 0.164m
36 + 9 × 1.29
müa:geTot hmin = 90cm .
dUcenH h = 16.4cm lub.
eKGacTTYlykkRmas;kRmalxNÐEdl)ansnμt; h = 18cm .
cMNaMfa enAkñúgkrNIGnuvtþn_CaeRcIn smIkar !&>@ manlkçN³lub.
17>7> ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;kRmalxNÐ (Shear Strength of Slabs)

sRmab;RbB½n§kRmalxNÐBIrTis bnÞHkRmalRtUvEtmankRmas;RKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;Bt;
TaMgBIr nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;. edIm,IGegátlT§PaBTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgénkRmal
xNÐBIrTis krNIxageRkamRtUv)anBicarNa.
17>7>1> kRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlRTedayFñwm (Two-Way Slabs Supported on Beams)

muxkat;eRKaHfñak;rbs;kRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlRTedayFñwmKWsßitenAcm¶ay d BIépÞénFñwmTRm
ehIy lT§PaBTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgénmuxkat;nImYy²KW φVc = φ f 'c bd / 6 . enAeBlEdlFñwmman
lkçN³rwg nigGacbBa¢ÚnbnÞúkkRmaleTAssr vaRtUv)ansnμt;[RTbnÞúkEdleFVIGMeBImkelIépÞkRmal

xNÐEdlB½T§ edaybnÞat; 45o EdlKUsecjBIRCugEkg dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>8. bnÞúkenAelIépÞ

ctuekaNBñaynwgRtUv)anRTedayFñwmEvg AB nig CD b:uEnþbnÞúkenAelIépÞRtIekaNnwgRtUv)anRTeday
FñwmxøI AC nig BD .
kmøaMgkat;TTwgkñúgmYyÉktþaTTwgrbs;kRmalmantémøx<s;bMputenAcenøaH E nig F tam

TisTaMgBIr ehIy Vu = wu (l2 / 2) Edl wu CabnÞúkemKuNBRgayesμIkñúgmYyÉktþaépÞ.
RbsinebIEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgminRtUv)andak; kmøaMgkat;TTwgenAcm¶ay d BIépÞénFñwm Vud
RtUvEtesμInwg
φ f ' c bd
Vud ≤ φVc ≤
6
⎛ ⎞
Edl Vud l
= wu ⎜ 2 − d ⎟
⎝2 ⎠
17>7>2> kRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlKμanFñwm (Two-Way Slabs without Beams)

Flat plate nig flat slab KμanFñwmeT dUcenHkRmalxNÐRtUv)anRTedayssredaypÞal;. sRmab;
kRmalxNÐEbbenHkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrRtUv)aneFVIkarGegát TImYyKWkmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis b¤
kmøaMgkat;TTwgFñwm (one-way shear or beam shear). muxkat;eRKaHfñak;RtUv)anykenAcm¶ay d BIépÞ
énssr ehIykRmalxNÐRtUv)anBicarNadUcFñwmEdlmanTTwgFMsßitenAcenøaHTRm dUckñúgkrNIFñwmmYy

Tis (one-way beam). lT§PaBTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgénmuxkat;ebtugKW φVc = φ f 'c bd / 6 . RbePTTI
BIrénkmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlRtUvsikSaKWkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis b¤kmøaMgkat;pug (two-way shear or
punching shear) dUcEdl)anerobrab;enAkñúgkarKNnaeCIgtag. kar)ak;edaykmøaMgkat;ekItmantam
beNþaykMNat;ekaN b¤kMNat;BIra:mIt (truncated cone or pyramid) CMuvijssr. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;

sßitenAcm¶ay d / 2 BIépÞssr/ column capital/ b¤ drop panel ¬rUbTI 17>9 a¦. RbsinebIEdkkmøaMg
kat;TTwgminRtUv)andak; ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgrbs;ebtugKWtémøEdltUcCageKkñúgcMeNamsmIkar !&>%
nig !&>^³
⎛1 1 ⎞ φ f ' c bo d
φVc = ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ f ' c bo d ≤ ¬!&>%¦
⎝ 6 3β ⎠ 3
Edl bo = brimaRténmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;
β = pleFobénRCugEvgrbs;ssrelIRCugxøI ¬b¤RkLaépÞbnÞúk¦
φ ⎛α d ⎞
φVc = ⎜⎜ s + 2 ⎟⎟ f 'c bo d ¬!&>^¦
⎝
12 b o ⎠
Edl α s esμI 40 sRmab;ssrxagkñúg/ esμI 30 sRmab;;ssrxag nigesμI 20 sRmab;ssrkac;RCug.
enAeBlEdlEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak; ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTwgminKYrelIs
φ
φVc ≤
2
f ' c bo d ¬!&>&¦
17>7>3> EdkkmøaMgkat;TTWgenAkñúgkRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlKμanFñwm
Shear Reinforcement in Two-Way Slabs Without Beams
enAkñúgRbB½n§kRmalxNÐ flat plate nig flat slab kRmas;kRmalxNÐEdl)aneRCIserIsGacnwg
minRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlGnuvtþeT. kñúgkrNIenH eKGacbegáInkRmas;
kRmalxNÐ b¤dak;EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwg. ACI Code GnuBaØatkareRbIEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgCa
shearhead nig anchored bar b¤ wire.
Shearhead pSMeLIgedayEdkragGkSr I b¤GkSr C EdlpSarExVgCabYn nigRtUv)andak;enAkñúg
kRmalxNÐBIelIssr ¬rUbTI 17>9 c, d ¦. karKNna Shearhead minGnuvtþsRmab;ssrxageRkA

Edlm:Um:g;Bt; nigm:Um:g;rmYlmantémøFMEdlRtUv)anbMElgcenøaHkRmalxNÐ nigssr. ACI Code,
Section 11.12.4 bgðajfaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak; ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat; nominal Vn minKYrelIs

b:uEnþRbsinebIEdk shearhead RtUv)andak; Vn minKYrelIs 7 f 'c bo d / 12 . edIm,IkMNt;

f ' c bo d / 3
TMhMrbs; shearhead, ACI Code, Section 11.12.4 pþl;nUvkarkMNt;dUcteTA³


!> pleFob α v rvagPaBrwgRkaj Es I rbs;éd shearhead nigPaBrwgRkajénmuxkat;EdleRbH

smasEdlmanTTWg c2 + d minRtUvtUcCag 0.15 .
@> søabrgkarsgát;énEdkragminRtUvmanTItaMgenAmþúM 0.13d énépÞrgkarsgát;rbs;kRmalxNÐ.
#> km<s;rbs;EdkragminRtUvFMCag 70 énkRmas;RTnug.
$> lT§PaBTb;m:Um:g;)aøsÞic M P énédnImYy²rbs; shearhead RtUv)anKNnaeday
V ⎡ ⎛ c ⎞⎤
φM P = u ⎢hv + α v ⎜ lv + 1 ⎟⎥ ¬ACI Code, Eq. 11.37 ¦ ¬!&>*¦
2n ⎣ ⎝ 2⎠⎦
Edl φ = 0.9
Vu =kmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuNCMuvijbrievNénépÞssr
n = cMnYnéd
hv = km<s;rbs; shearhead
lv = RbEvg shearhead Edlvas;BIG½kSssr
%> muxkat;kRmalxNÐeRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTWgRtUvEtkat;éd shearhead enAcm¶ayesμInwg

(3 / 4)(l v − c1 / 2) BIépÞssreTcugénédrbs; shearhead dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>9 c. mux
kat;eRKaHfñak;RtUvEtmanbrimaRtGb,brma bo b:uEnþvaminRtUvenACitCag d / 2 BIépÞrbs;ssr.

^> Shearhead RtUv)anBicarNa[cUlrYmkñúgkarEbgEckm:Um:g;eLIgvij M v eTAceRmokkRmalxNÐ
elIssrnImYy²dUcxageRkam³
φ ⎛ c ⎞
Mv = α vVu ⎜ l v 1 ⎟ ¬ACI Code, Eq. 11.38¦ ¬!&>(¦
2n ⎝ 2⎠
b:uEnþvaminRtUvtUcCagtémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam 30% énm:Um:g;emKuNEdlcaM)ac;enAkñúgceRmok
elIssr karpøas;bþÚrm:Um:g;ceRmokelIssrelIRbEvg lv b¤ M p Edl[enAkñúgsmIkar !&>*.
kareRbI anchored bent bar b¤ wire k¾RtUv)anGnuBaØateday ACI Code, Section 11.12.3. Edk
Edldak;enAxagEpñkxagelIrbs;ssr niglT§PaBékarteRmobEdkRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>9 e.
enAeBlEdl bar b¤ wire RtUv)aneRbICaEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwg enaHersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;TTWg nominal KW³
f 'c bo d Av f y d
Vn = Vc + Vs =
6
+
s
¬!&>!0¦
Edl Av CaRkLaépÞEdkkgsrub nig bo CaRbEvgénmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;énkmøaMgkat;BIrTisenA
cm¶ay d / 2 BIépÞssr. ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat; nominal Vn minRtUvFMCag f 'c bo d / 2 .

kareRbIEdkkmøaMgkat;enAkñúg flat plate kat;bnßykRmas;kRmalxNÐ nigenAEtrkSaPaBrabesμI

rbs;BidanedIm,Ikat;bnßyéføBum<. TRmg; stirrup cage sRmab;EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúg
rUbTI 17>9 f . RbePTmü:ageToténEdkkmøaMgkat;pSMeLIgeday studded steel strip ¬rUbTI 17>9 g¦.
Steel strip RtUv)andak;CamYy bar chair nigRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgBum< edayCMnYs stirrup gage . ersIusþg;
yalrbs;Edk stud RtUv)ankMNt;enAcenøaH 280MPa nig 420MPa edIm,ITTYl)an anchorage eBj

eljenAeBlbnÞúkemKuN.
17>8> karviPaKkRmalxNÐBIrTisedayviFIKNnaedaypÞal;
Analysis of Two-Way Slabs by the Direct Design Method
Direct design method CaviFIRbhak;RbEhl (approximate method) RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday
ACI Code edIm,IKNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgkRmalxNÐBIrTisEdlRTbnÞúkBRgayesμI. edIm,IeRbIviFIenH
kar kMNt;xøHRtUv)anelIkeLIgeday ACI Code, Section 13.6.1.
17>8>1> karkMNt; (Limitations)

!> vaRtUvmankRmalxNÐCab;Kñay:agticbIkñúgTismYy²
@> kRmalxNÐRtUvEtkaer b¤ctuekaNEkg. pleFobElVgEvgelIElVgxøIrbs;kRmalminRtUvFM
CagBIr
#> ElVgEdlenAEk,rkñúgTisnImYy²minRtUvxusKñaedayFMCagmYyPaKbIénElVgEvgCag.
$> ssrminRtUvlyecjBIG½kSssrdéTCaeRcIneTotedaytémøGtibrma 10% énRbEvgElVg
enAkñúgTislyecj.
%> bnÞúkTaMgGs;RtUvEtBRgayesμI ehIypleFobénbnÞúkGefrelIbnÞúkefrminRtUvFMCag 2 .
^> RbsinebImanFñwmenARKb;RCug pleFobénPaBrwgRkajEdlTak;TgkñúgTisEkgTaMgBI
α f 1l 22 / α f 2 l12 minRtUvtUcCag 0.2 nigFMCag 5.0 .
17>8>2> m:Um:g;sþaTicemKuNsrub (Total Factored Static Moment)

RbsinFñwmTRmsamBaØRTbnÞúkBRgayesμI w ¬ kN / m ¦ enaHm:Um:g;Bt;viC¢manGtibrmaekItmanenA

kNþalElVgnigesμInwg M o = wl12 / 8 Edl l1 CaRbEvgElVg. RbsinebIRtUv)anbgáb;cugTaMgsgçag b¤Cab;

CamYynwgm:Um:g;GviC¢manesμIKñaenAcugTaMgsgçag enaHm:Um:g;srub M o = M p ¬m:Um:g;viC¢manenAkNþal
ElVg¦ + M n ¬m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRm¦ = wl12 / 8 ¬rUbTI 17>10¦.
\LÚvRbsinebIFñwm AB RTbnÞúk W BIkRmalxNÐEdlmanTTwg l2 Ekgnwg l1 enaH W = wu l2
ehIym:Um:g;srubKW M o = (wl2 )l12 / 8 Edl wu = GaMgtg;sIuetbnÞúkKitCa kN / m 2 . kñúgsmIkarenH
m:Um:g;BitR)akdEdlekItmanenAeBl l1 esμInwg clear span cenøaHTRm A nig B . RbsinebI clear span
RtUv)ankMNt;eday ln enaH
l n2
M o = (wu l 2 ) (ACI Code, Eq. 13.3)
8
Clear span l n RtUv)anvas;BIépÞeTAépÞTRmkñúgTisedAEdlm:Um:g;RtUv)anBicarNa b:uEnþminRtUvticCag

0.65 dgRbEvgElVgBIG½kSeTAG½kSTRm. épÞénTRmEdlmanm:Um:g;GviC¢manKYrRtUv)anKNna RtUv)an
bgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>11. RbEvg l2 RtUv)anvas;kñúgTisedAEkgnwg ln ehIyesμITisedAcenøaHG½kSeTA

G½kSrbs;TRm ¬TTwgkRmalxNÐ¦. m:Um:g;srub M o EdlKNnakñúgTisedAEvgRtUv)anKitCa M ol
nigkñúgTisedAxøIRtUv)anKitCa M os .
enAeBlm:Um:gsrub M o RtUv)anKNnakñúgTisedAmYy vaRtUvEbgEckCam:Um:g;viC¢man M p nigm:U
m:g;GviC¢man M n GBa¢wgehIyeTIb M o = M p + M n ¬rUbTI 17>10¦. enaHm:Um:g;nImYy² M p nig
M n RtUv)anEbgEckqøgkat;TTwgkRmalxNÐcenøaHceRmokssr nigceRmokkNþaldUcEdl)anBnül;
y:agxøI.

17>8>3> karEbgEckm:Um:g;tambeNþaykñúgkRmalxNÐ
(Longitudinal Distribution of Moment in Slabs)
enAkñúgkRmalxagkñúg m:Um:g;sþaTicsrub M o RtUv)anEbgEckenAkñúgm:Um:g;BIr m:Um:g;viC¢man M p
enA kNþalElVgesμInwg 0.35M o nigm:Um:g;GviC¢man M n enATRmnImYy²esμInwg 0.65M o dUcbgðajenA
kñúgrUbTI 17>12. témøm:Um:g;TaMgenHQrelIkarsnμt;fakRmalxagkñúgCab;kñúgTisTaMgBIr ehIyman
RbEvgElVg nigbnÞúkRbhak;RbEhlesμIKña dUcenHtMNxagkñúgKμanmMurgVilFMeT. elIsBIenHeTot m:Um:g;man
témøRbEhlnwgm:Um:g;rbs;Fñwmbgáb;cugTaMgBIrEdlrgbnÞúkBRgayesμI Edlm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRmesμI
BIrdgm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAkNþalElVg. enAkñúgrUbTI 17>12 RbsinebI l1 > l2 / enaHkarEbgEckm:Um:g;enA
kñúgTisedAEvg nigTisedAxøIKW³
l n21
M ol = (wu l 2 ) M pl = 0.35M ol M n1 = 0.65M ol
8
l2
M os = (wu l1 ) n 2 M ps = 0.35M os M ns = 0.65M os
8

RbsinebITMhMénm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRmxagkñúgmantémøxusKñaedaysarRbEvgElVgminesμIKña
ACI Code kMNt;[eRbIm:Um:g;EdlFMCagsRmab;KNnasrésEdk.
enAkñúgbnÞHkRmalxageRkA bnÞúkkRmalxNÐEdlGnuvtþelIssrxageRkA)anmkEtBIRCugmçag
bNþal[ekItmanm:Um:g;minesμI (unbalanced moment) nigmMurgVilenAtMNxageRkA. dUcenH m:Um:g;
viC¢manenAkNþalElVg nigm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRmxagkñúgTImYynwgekIneLIg.TMhMénmMurgViléntMNxag
eRkAkMNt;nUvkarelIneLIgnUvm:Um:g;kNþalElVg nigm:Um:g;enAelITRmxagkñúg. ]TahrN_ RbsinebIRCug
xageRkACaTRmsamBaØ dUckñúgkrNIkRmalxNÐenAelICBa¢aMg ¬rUbTI 17>13¦ m:Um:g;kRmalenARtg;épÞ
CBa¢aMgesμI 0 m:Um:g;viC¢manenAkNþalElVgGacykesμInwg M p = 0.63M o nigm:Um:g;GviC¢manenATRmxag
kñúgKW M s = 0.75M o . témøTaMgenHbMeBjlkçxNÐsmIkarsþaTic
M o = M p + 12 M n = 0.63M o + 12 (0.75M o )
sRmab;RbB½n§kRmal-ssr (slab-column floor system) tMNxageRkAmankarTb; (restraint) xøH

Edlpþl;edayPaBrwgRkaJTb;karBt;énkRmalxNÐ nigedayPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;énssrxageRkA.
eyagtam ACI Code, Section 13.6.3 m:Um:g;sþaTicsrub M o enAkñúgElVgcugRtUv)anEbgEckeday
pleFobepSgKñaedayeyagtamtarag 17>2 nigrUbTI 17>14. emKuNm:Um:g;enAkñúgCYrQrTI 1 sRmab;
RCugEdlminmankarTb;KWQrelIkarsnμt;fa pleFobénPaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;ssrelIPaBrwg
RkajTb;karBt;smasrvagkRmalxNÐ nigFñwmenARtg;tMN α ec KWesμIsUnü. emKuNénCYrQrTI 2 KWQr
elIkarsnμt;fapleFob α ec esμInwgGnnþ. emKuNm:Um:g;enAkñúgCYrQrTI 3/ TI4 nigTI5 RtUv)anbegáIt
eLIgedaykarviPaKRbB½n§kRmalCamYynwglkçxNÐragFrNImaRt niglkçxNÐTRmepSgKña.
taragTI 17>2 karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgbnÞHkRmalxagcug

kRmalxNÐEdlKμan
kRmalxNÐ
RCugxageRkA FñwmenAcenøaHTRmxag
EdlmanFñwm
kñúg
enAcenøaHRKb;
minRtUv manFñwm KμanFñwm
TRm
)anTb; Tb;eBj xageRkA xageRkA
¬#¦
¬!¦ ¬@¦ ¬$¦ ¬%¦
m:Um:g;emKuNGviC¢manxageRkA 0 0.65 0.16 0.30 0.26
m:Um:g;emKuNviC¢man 0.63 0.35 0.57 0.50 0.52
m:Um:g;emKuNGviC¢manxageRkA 0.75 0.65 0.70 0.70 0.70

17>8>4> karEbgEckm:Um:g;tamTTwgkñúgkRmalxNÐ
(Transverse Distribution of Moment in Slabs)
m:Um:g;tambeNþayEdl)anBnül;xagelIKWsRmab;TTwgTaMgmUlrbs;eRKagGKarsmmUl. TTwg
eRKag enHCaplbUkénTTwgceRmokelIssrBIr CamYynwgTTwgceRmokkNþalBIrénbnÞHkRmalBIr
Ek,rKña dUcbgðaj enAkñúgrUbTI 17>15. karEbgEcktamTTwgénm:Um:g;tambeNþayeTAceRmok
kNþal nigceRmokelIssrKW CaGnuKmn_énpleFob l2 / l1
E I
α f = cb b =
E I
beam stiffness
slab stiffness
¬!&>!@¦
cs s

E cb C torsional rigidity of edge beam section

βt = =
2 Ecs I s flexural rigidity of a slab of width equal to beam span length
¬!&>!#¦
Edl C = torsional constant = ∑ ⎛⎜⎜1 − 0.63y x ⎞⎟⎟⎛⎜⎜ x3y ⎞⎟⎟
3
¬!&>!$¦
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Edl x nig y CaTTwg nigbeNþayrbs;muxkat;ctuekaN. PaKryénm:Um:g;KNnanImYy²Edl
nwgRtUvEbgEckeTAceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþalsRmab;bnÞHkRmalxagkñúg nigbnÞHkRmal
xageRkA RtUv)an[enAkñúgtarag 17>3 dl; 17>6. enAkñúgbnÞHkRmalKMrUxagkñúg EpñkxøHénm:Um:g;
KNna EdlminRtUv)andak;eTAkñúgceRmokelIssr ¬tarag 17>3¦ RtUv)anTb;edayceRmokkNþal
Bak;kNþalEdlRtUvKña. kareFVI linear interpolation sRmab;témø l2 / l1 EdlenAcenøaH 0.5 nig
2.0 nigsRmab;témø α f 1l 2 / l1 EdlenAcenøaH 0 nig 1 RtUv)anGnuBaØateday ACI Code. BI
tarag 17>3 eyIgGacemIleXIjfa enAeBlFñwmminRtUv)aneRbI dUckñúgkrNI flat plate nig flat

slab α f 1 = 0 . PaKrycugeRkayénm:Um:g;enAkñúgceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþalCaGnuKmn_én
M o RtUv)an[enAkñúgtaragTI 17>4.
sRmab;kRmalxageRkA Epñkénm:Um:g;KNnaEdlminRtUv)andak;enAkñúgceRmokelIssr ¬tarag

17>5¦ RtUv)anTb;edayceRmokkNþalBak;kNþalEdlRtUvKña. mþgeTot kareFVI linear interpola-
tion cenøaHtémøEdlbgðajenAkñúgtarag 17>5 RtUv)anGnuBaØateday ACI Code, Section
13.6.4.2. enAeBlEdl FñwmminRtUv)aneRbIenAkRmalxageRkA dUckrNI flat plate nig flat slab
edayKμanFñwmxag (spandrel beam) α f 1 = 0 / C = 0 nig β t = 0 . enHmann½yfacugssr pþl;

nUvkarTb;sRmab;cugkRmalxageRkA. témøGnuvtþn_éntarag 17>5 sRmab;krNIBiessenHRtUv)an
bgðajenAkñúgtarag 17>6 nigrUbTI 17>15.
tarag 17>3 PaKryénm:Um:g;tambeNþayenAkñúgceRmokelIssr sRmab;bnÞHkRmalxagkñúg
(ACI Code, Section 13.6.4)
α f 1l 2 / l1
pleFob l2 / l1
0 .5 1 .0 2 .0
m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRmxagkñúg 0 75 75 75
≥ 1 .0 90 75 45
m:Um:g;viC¢manenAEk,rkNþalElVg 0 60 60 60
≥ 1 .0 90 75 45

tarag 17>4 PaKryénm:Um:g;enAkñúgkRmalxNÐxagkñúgBIrTisEdlKμanFñwm ( α 1 = 0)

⎛ l n21 ⎞
m:Um:g;KNnasrub M o = (wu l 2 )⎜ ⎟
n!
⎜ 8 ⎟ r!(n − r )!
⎝ ⎠
m:Um:g;GviC¢man m:Um:g;viC¢man
m:Um:g;tambeNþayenAkñúgkRmalmYy − 0.65M o ± 0.35M o
ceRmokelIssr 0.75(− 0.65M o ) = −0.49 M o 0.60(0.35M o ) = 0.21M o
ceRmokkNþal 0.25(− 0.65M o ) = −0.16 M o 0.40(0.35M o ) = 0.14 M o

tarag 17>5> PaKryénm:Um:g;tambeNþayenAkñúgceRmokelIssr sRmab;bnÞHkRmalxageRkA

(ACI Code, Section 13.6.4)
α f 1l 2 / l1 βt
pleFob l2 / l1
0 .5 1 .0 2 .0
m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRmxag 0 0 75 75 75
≥ 2.5 90 75 45
eRkA ≥ 1 .0 0 60 60 60
≥ 2 .5 90 75 45
m:Um:g;viC¢manenAEk,rkNþalElVg 0 60 60 60
≥ 1.0 90 75 45
m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRmxagkúñg 0 75 75 75
≥ 1 .0 90 75 45
tarag 17>6> PaKryénm:Um:g;tambeNþayenAkñúgceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal

¬sRmab;pleFob l / l ¦ eday[ α = β = 0
2 1 f1 t
m:Um:g;cugeRkayCaGnuKmn_én
% ceRmokelIssr ceRmokkNþal M o nig α ec
¬ceRmokelIssr¦
⎡ 0.65 ⎤
m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRmxageRkA 100 0.26 M o 0 ⎢ ⎥M o
⎣ (1 + 1 α ec ) ⎦
⎡ 0.28 ⎤
m:Um:g;viC¢man¬ 0.6 × 0.52M o ¦ 60 0.312M o 0.208M o ⎢0.63 −
⎣ (1 + 1 α ec )⎥⎦ o
M
m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelIMTRmxagkñúg ⎡ 0.10 ⎤
0.75 − ⎢ ⎥M o
⎣ (1 + 1 α ec ) ⎦
0.52 M o 0.175M o
¬ 0.75 × 0.70M o ¦ 75
BItarag 17>6 eyIgeXIjfaenAeBlEdlFñwmxagminRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;kRmalxageRkA β t = 0

nigm:Um:g;KNna 100% RtUv)anTb;edayceRmokelIssr. ceRmokkNþalnwgminTb;m:Um:g;NamYy
eT dUcenHbrimaNEdkGb,brmaRtUv)andak;. ACI Code, Section 13.6.4.3 kMNt;faenAeBlTRm
xageRkACassr b¤CBa¢aMgEdlRtUv)anBnøÚtsRmab;cm¶ayesμInwgbIPaKbYnRbEvgElVgTTwg l2 Edl

eRbIedIm,I kMNt; M o m:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkAEdlRtUv)anEbgEckesμIkat;tam l2 . enAeBlEdlFñwm

RtUv)andak;tambeNþayG½kSssr ACI Code, Section 13.6.5 tRmUvfam:Um:g;RtUvEtsmamaRtedIm,I
karBarm:Um:g; 85% enAkñúgceRmokelIssr RbsinebI α f 1 (l2 / l1 ) ≥ 1.0 . sRmab;témø α f 1 (l2 / l1 )
enAcenøaH 1.0 nig 0 m:Um:g;EdlmankñúgFñwmRtUv)ankMNt;edayeRbI linear interpolation . m:Um:g;k¾
RtUvEtsmamaRtedIm,IkarBarm:Um:g;bEnßmEdlekItedaybnÞúkTaMgGs;EdlGnuvtþedaypÞal;eTAelIFñwm
edaybBa©Ül TaMgTm¶n;rbs;tYFñwm EdlKitBIeRkamkRmal. Epñkénm:Um:g;Edlmin)andak;eTAkñúgFñwm
RtUv)anTb;edaykRmalxNÐenAkñμúgceRmokelIssr.
17>8>5> karpþl;rbs; ACI sRmab;\T§iBlrbs;KMrUénkardak;bnÞúk

(ACI Provisions for Effects of Pattern Loading)
enAkñúgrcnasm½<n§Cab; m:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma nigGb,brmaenARtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;RtUv)anTTYl
edaykardak;bnÞúkGefrtamKMrUkMNt;mYyedIm,IbegáIttémøx<s;bMput. kardak;bnÞúkGefrenARKb;ElVg
TaMgGs; nwgminbegáItm:Um:g;Bt;viC¢man b¤m:Um:g;Bt;viC¢manGtibrmaeT.m:Um:g;Gtibrma nigGb,brma
GaRs½yCacMbg nwgkrNIxageRkam³
!> pleFobénbnÞúkGefrelIbnÞúkefr. pleFobx<s;nwgbegáIn\T§iBlrbs;KMrUénkardak;bnÞúk
(patter loading).
@> pleFobPaBrwgRkajssrelIFñwm. pleFobtUcnwgbegáIn\T§iBlrbs;KMrUénkardak;bnÞúk.

#> KMrUénkardak;bnÞúk. m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaenAkñúgElVgrg\T§iBltictYcBIKMrUénkardak;bnÞúk.
edIm,IkMNt;m:Um:g;emKuNKNnaenAkñúgrcnasm<n§½Cab; ACI Code, Section 13.7.6 kMNt;dUc
xageRkam³
!> enAeBlKMrUénkardak;bnÞúkRtUv)ansÁal; eRKagsmmUlKYrRtUv)anviPaKsRmab;bnÞúkenaH.
@> enAeBlbnÞúkGefrERbRbYl b:uEnþminFMCagbIPaKbYnénbnÞúkefr wL ≤ 0.75wD b¤enAeBl
EdlRKb;kRmalTaMgGs;RtUv)andak;bnÞúkGefrkñúgtMNalKña karviPaKeRKagEdlmandak;
bnÞúkGefremKuNeBjeRKagRtUv)anGnuBaØat.
#> sRmab;lkçxNÐénkardak;bnÞúkepSgeTot eKGnuBaØat[snμt;fa m:Um:g;emKuNviC¢man
GtibrmaenAEk,rkNþalElVgekItmanCamYynwg 0.75 énbnÞúkGefremKuNeBjenAelI
kRmal nigenAelIkRmalqøas;.

sRmab;m:Um:g;emKuNGviC¢manGtibrmaenAkñúgkRmalxNÐelITRm RtUv)aneKGnuBaØat[
snμt;fa 0.75 énbnÞúkGefremKuNGnuvtþEtenAelIkRmalEk,r.
$> m:Um:g;emKuNminKYryktUcCagm:Um:g;EdlekIteLIgCamYybnÞúkGefremKuNeBjenAelIkRmal
EdlCab;TaMgGs;eT.
17>8>6> karlMGitsrésEdk (Reinforcement Details)

eRkayeBlPaKryTaMgGs;énm:Um:g;sþaTicenAkñúgceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþalRtUv)an
kMNt;brimaNsrésEdkk¾GacRtUv)anKNnasRmab;m:Um:g;viC¢man nigGviC¢manenAkñúgceRmoknImYy²
dUcEdl)aneFVIsRmab;FñwmenAkñúgemeronTI4
⎛ a⎞
M u = φAs f y ⎜ d − ⎟ = Ru bd 2
⎝ 2⎠
¬!&>!%¦
KNna Ru nigkMNt;PaKryEdk ρ edayeRbItarag]bsm<½n§ B b¤eRbIsmIkarxageRkam³
⎛ ρf y ⎞
Ru = φρf y ⎜⎜1 − ⎟
1.7 f ' ⎟
¬!&>!^¦
⎝ c ⎠
Edl φ = 0.9 . RkLaépÞmuxkat;EdkKW As = ρbd . enAeBlEdlkRmas;kRmalxNÐRtUvnwgkar
kMNt; kRmas;kRmalxNÐEdl)anerobrab;kñúgEpñkTI 4> enaHeK minRtUvkarEdkrgkarsgát;eT. rUbTI
13>3>8 én ACI Code bgðajRbEvgGb,brmaénEdk nigkar lMGitsrésEdksRmab;kRmalEdl
KμanFñwm ehIyvak¾RtUvbgðajenATIenHEdr ¬rUbTI 17>16¦. KMlatEdkenAkñúgkRmalxNÐminRtUvFM
CaglImItGtibrmarbs; ACI EdlmanKMlat 450mm b¤BIrdgkRmas; kRmalykmYyNaEdltUc
CageK.
17>8>7> viFIPaBrwgRkajEdlRtUv)anEktRmUvsRmab;ElVgcug
(Modified Stiffness Method for End Spans)
enAkñúgviFIenH PaBrwgRkajrbs;FñwmxagcugkRmal nigrbs;ssrxageRkARtUv)anCMnYsedayPaB
rwgRkajénssrsmmUl K ec . PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;énssrsmmUl K ec GacRtUv)anKNnaBI
smIkarxageRkam³
1
=
1
+
1
b¤ K ec =
∑ Kc ¬!&>!&¦
K ec ∑K K c t 1+ ∑ K / K
c t


Edl PaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarBt;rbs;ssrsmmUl
K ec =
K c = PaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarBt;rbs;ssrBitR)akd
K t = PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;Fñwmxag
plbUkénPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrxagelI nigxageRkamkRmalxNÐGacRtUv)anykdUcxag
eRkam³
⎛ I c1 I c 2 ⎞
∑ K c = 4 E ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ¬!&>!*¦
⎝ Lc1 Lc 2 ⎠
Edl I c1 nig Lc1 Cam:Um:g;niclPaB nigRbEvgrbs;ssrxagelInIv:UkRmalxNÐ nig I c2 nig
Lc 2 Cam:Um:g;niclPaB nigRbEvgrbs;ssrxageRkamnIv:UkRmalxNÐ. PaBrwgRkajTb;nwgkarrmYl
rbs;Fñwmcug K t GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
Kt = ∑
9 E cs C
3
¬!&>!(¦
⎛ c ⎞
l 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠
Edl TMhMrbs;ssrctuekaNEkg b¤ctuekaNEkgsmmUl/ capital column b¤

c2 =
bracket Edlvas;enAelIElVgTTwgénRCugnImYy²rbs;ssr.
E cs = m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugkRmal
C = efrrmYl (torsion constant) EdlkMNt;BIsmIkarxageRkam³

⎛ x ⎞⎛ x 3 y ⎞⎟
C = ∑ ⎜⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎟⎜
y ⎜ 3 ⎟
¬!&>@0¦
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
Edl x CaTMhMTTwgrbs;ctuekaN nig y CabeNþayrbs;ctuekaN. kñúgkarKNna C
vimaRtrbs;muxkat;ctuekaNRtUv)aneRCIserIsy:agNaedIm,IeFVI[)antémø C FMCageK.
smIkarxagedImEdl)anENnaMenATIenH nwgRtUv)anykmkeRbIenAkñúgEpñk 12 “Equivalent
Frame Method” .
RbsinebIkRmalmanFñwmRsbKñanwgm:Um:g;EdlRtuvKNna enaHPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl K t
Edl[kñúgsmIkar !&>!( RtUv)anCMnYseday K ta EdlmantémøFMCag ehIy K ta RtUv)anKNna
dUcxageRkam³
I sb
K ta = K t ×
Is

3
Edl I s = l212h = m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;kRmalxNÐEdlmanTTwgesμInwgTTwgeBjcenøaHG½kS
kRmal ¬edayminrYmbBa©ÚlEpñkrbs;tYrFñwmEdlbnøayeTAelI b¤eTAeRkamkRmal
xNÐ¦.
I sb = I s / edaybBa©ÚlTaMgtYrFñwmEdlbnøayeTAelI b¤eTAeRkamkRmalxNÐ.
muxkat;énGgát;rgkarrmYlxøHEdlmanP¢ab;mkCamYyRtUv)anbgðajenAkúñgrUbTI 17>17.
enAeBlEdl K ta RtUv)anKNna enaHpleFobPaBrwgRkaj α ec RtUv)anTTYldUcxageRkam³
α ec =
K ec
∑ (K + K )
¬!&>@!¦
s b
Edl Ks =
4 E cs I s
l1
=PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;kRmalxNÐ
Kb = =PaBrwgRkajTb;karBt;rbs;Fñwm
4 Ecb I b
l1
I b = m:Um:g;niclPaBTaMgmUlrbs;muxkat;FñwmbeNþay
karEbgEckénm:Um:g;sþaTicsrub M o enAkñúgkRmalxageRkARtUv)an[CaGnuKmn_én α ec
dUcxageRkam³
⎡ 0 .1 ⎤
Interior negative factored moment = ⎢0.75 −
(1 + 1 / α ec )⎥⎦ o
M
⎣
⎡ 0.28 ⎤
Positive factored moment = ⎢0.63 −
(1 + 1 / α ec )⎥⎦ o
M
⎣
⎡ 0.65 ⎤
Exterior negative factored moment = ⎢ ⎥M o
⎣ (1 + 1 / α ec ) ⎦
témøTaMgenHRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgkRmalxageRkAKMrUkñúgrUbTI 17>18. emKuNTaMgenHRtUv
)anBicarNaBI\T§iBlrbs;PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrxageRkAk¾dUcCa\T§iBlrbs;PaBrwgRkajrbs;Fñwm
cugkRmalEdleFVI[karEbgEckm:Um:g;manlkçN³RKb;RKan;.
17>8>8> segçbviFIKNnaedaypÞal; (Summary of the Direct Design Method (DDM))

krNITI1 kRmalKμanFñwm
!> RtYtBinitütRmUvkarénkarkMNt;Edl)anBnül;enAkñúgEpñk 8>1. RbsinebIvaminRtUvnwg
karkMNt;eT eKminGaceRbIviFI DDM )aneT.


@> kMNt;kRmalxNÐGb,brma hmin edIm,IRKb;RKgPaBdabedayeRbItémøenAkñúgtarag

17>1. kRmalxageRkAEdlKμanFñwmxag[ hmin x<s;bMput ¬ ln / 30 sRmab;
f y = 420MPa ¦. vaCa karGnuvtþFmμtaEdleRbIkRmas;kRmalxNÐesμIKñasRmab;RKb;
kRmalxageRkAnigxagkñúg.
#> KNnabnÞúkemKuN Wu = 1.2WD. + 1.6WL
$> epÞógpÞat;kRmas;kRmalxNÐ h edIm,IkarBarkmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkmøaMgkat;TTwg

BIrTis. RbsinebIkRmas;kRmalxNÐ h minRKb;RKan; eKRtUvbegáInkRmas; h b¤dak;Edk
Tb;kmøaMgkat;TTWg.
%> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrub M o sRmab;TisedATaMgBIr ¬smIkar !&>!!¦
^> kMNt;emKuNEbgEcksRmab;m:Um:g;viC¢man nigm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAkñúgTisedAbeNþay nig
TisedATTwgsRmab;ceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþalnImYy²TaMgenAkñúgkRmalxagkñúg
nigkRmalxageRkA dUcxageRkam³
a. sRmab;kRmalxagkñúg eRbIemKuNm:Um:g;Edl[enAkñúgtarag 17>4 b¤rUbTI 17>15
b. sRmab;kRmalxageRkAEdlKμanFñwmxag emKuNm:Um:g;kRmalRtUv)an[enAkñúgtarag
17>2 b¤rUbTI 17>14 ¬krNITI5¦. sRmab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgTisedATTwg

eRbItarag 17>6 b¤rUbTI 17>15 sRmab;GRtaceRmokelIssr. ceRmokkNþalnwg
Tb;Epñkénm:Um:g; EdlminRtUv)andak;eTAkñμúgceRmokssr.
c. sRmab;kRmalxageRkAEdlmanFñwmxag emKuNm:Um:g;kRmalRtUv)an[enAkñúgtarag
17>2 b¤rUbTI 17>14 ¬krNITI4¦. sRmab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgTisedATTwg

eRbItarag 17>5 sRmab;ceRmokelIssr. ceRmokkNþalnwgTb;lMnwgénm:Um:g;
kRmal.
&> kMNt;brimaNEdksRmab;RKb;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;;énceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal
TaMgGs; nigBnøÚtsrésEdkeBjkRmalxNÐ ¬rUbTI 17>16¦
*> KNna unbalanced moment nigRtYtBinitüemIlfaetIkarbMElgm:Um:g; unbalanced
moment edaykarBt;RKb;RKan;b¤Gt;. RbsinebIGt;RKb;RKan;eT kMNt;brimaNEdk
bEnßmEdlcaM)ac;enAkñúgTTwgeRKaHfñak; ¬eyagtamEpñkTI 10¦.

(> RtYtBinitüemIlfaetIkarbMElgm:Um:g; unbalanced moment edaykmøaMgkat;TTwgRKb;
RKan; b¤Gt;. RbsinebIGt;eT begáIn h b¤dak;EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwg. ¬eyagtamEpñkTI
10¦
krNITI2 kRmalEdlmanFñwmxagkñúg nigFñwmxageRkA
!> RtYtBinitütRmUvkarénkarkMNt;Edl)anBnül;enAkñúgEpñk 8>1.

@> kMNt;kRmalxNÐGb,brma hmin edIm,IRKb;RKgPaBdabedayeRbItémøenAkñúgsmIkar TI

!&>! dl; !&>#. kñúgkrNICaeRcIn smIkarTI !&>@ lub. smIkarTI !&>! KYrRtUv)an
KNnadMbUgdUcbgðajenAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>1.
#> KNnabnÞúkemKuN Wu = 1.2WD. + 1.6WL
$> epÞógpÞat;kRmas;kRmalxNÐ h tamry³kmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIr
Tis. CaTUeTA kmøaMgkat;TTWgminmanlkçN³eRKaHfñak;sRmab;kRmalxNÐEdlRTeday
FñwmeT.
%> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrub M o sRmab;TisedATaMgBIr ¬smIkar !&>!!¦
^> kMNt;emKuNEbgEcksRmab;m:Um:g;viC¢man nigm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAkñúgTisedAbeNþay nig
TisedA TTwgsRmab;ceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþalnImYy²TaMgenAkñúgkRmalxag
kñúg nigkRmalxageRkA dUcxageRkam³
a. sRmab;kRmalxagkñúg eRbIemKuNm:Um:g;kñúgrUbTI 17>14 ¬krNITI 3¦ b¤rUbTI
17>12. sRmab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;kñúgTisedATTwg eRbItaragTI 17>3 sRmab;

ceRmokelIssr. cM erokkNþalnwgTb;Epñkénm:Um:g;Edlmin)andak;eTAkñúgceRmok
elIssr. KNna α1 BI smIkar !&>!@.
b. sRmab;kRmalxageRkA eRbIemKuNm:Um:g;kRmalenAkñúgtarag 17>2 b¤rUbTI 17>14
¬krNI TI3¦. sRmab;karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgTisedATTwg eRbItarag 17>5

sRmab;ceRmokelIssr. ceRmokkNþalnwgTb;lMnwgénm:Um:g;kRmal.
c. kñúgkrNITaMgBIr (a) nig (b) FñwmRtUvTb; 85% énm:Um:g;enAkñúgceRmokssr enAeBl
Edl α f 1 (l2 / l1 ) ≥ 1.0 b:uEnþGRtaERbRbYlcenøaH 85% nig 0% enAeBl α f 1 (l2 / l1 )

ERbRbYlcemøaHBI 1.0 nig 0 .
&> kMNt;brimaNEdksRmab;RKb;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;;énceRmokelIssr/ Fñwm nigceRmok
kNþalTaMgGs; bnÞab;mkBnøÚtsrésEdkeBjkRmalxNÐ ¬rUbTI 17>16¦
*> KNna unbalanced moment nigbnÞab;mkRtYtBinitüemIlkarbMElgénm:Um:g; edaykar
Bt; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwg ¬eyagtamEpñkTI 10¦.

]TahrN_TI17>3³ edayeRbIvIFI direct design method KNnakRmal flat plate xagkñúgKMrUdUc

Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUb TI 17>6 nig 17>19. RbB½n§kRmalpSMeLIgeday kRmalbYnenARKb;Tis
EdlkRmalmYy² manTMhM 7.5 × 6m . kRmalTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTedayssrTMhM 50 × 50cm man
RbEvg 3.6m . kRmalxNÐRTbnÞúkGefreFVIkar BRgayesμI 4.8kN / m 2 nigbnÞúkefreFVIkarEdlrYm
mankRmalkargarbegðIy (floor finish) 1.5kN / m 2 rYmTaMgbnÞúkpÞal;rbs;kRmal. eK[

dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaedayeRbItarag 17>1 sRmab; flat plate. BI]TahrN_
TI 17>1 kRmas;kRmalxNÐKW 25cm .
2> KNnabnÞúkemKuN³
wD = 1.5 + weight of slab = 1.5 + 0.25 × 25 = 7.75kN / m 2
wu = 1.2 × 7.75 + 1.6 × 4.8 = 17kN / m 2
3> RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis³
a. RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;pugenAcm¶ay d / 2 BIépÞssr ¬GMeBIBIrTis¦.
Edaysnμt;kRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk 2cm nigeRbIEdk DB16 . enaH d mFümKW

25 − 2 − 1.6 = 21.4cm nig bo = 4(50 + 21.4 ) = 285.6cm ¬emIlrUbTI 17>19 c¦
Vu = [l1l 2 − (71.4 × 71.4)]× wu = (750 × 600 − 5098) × 17 ⋅ 10 −4 = 756.3kN

φ 0.75
φVc = f ' c bo d = 28 × 2.856 × 0.214 × 10 3 = 808.5kN
3 3
EdlFMCag Vu
b. KNnakmøaMgTTwgFñwmenAcm¶ay d BIépÞssr. d mFümKW 21.4cm . BicarNaceRmok
1m ¬rUbTI 17>19 d¦ CamYyRbEvgceRmokKW³
x = 3.75 − 0.25 − 0.214 = 3.286m

Vu = wu (1 × 3.286) = 17 × 3.286 = 55.862kN
φ 0.75
φVc = f 'c bd = 28 × 1 × 0.214 × 10 3 = 141.5kN
6 6
EdlFMCag Vu . Kñugkardak;bnÞúkFmμta kmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTisGt;lub.
4> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrubenAkñúgTisedAEvg nigTisedAxøI
2
kñúgTisedAEvg M ol = wu l82ln1 = 178 6 × 7 2 = 624.75kN .m
wu l1l n22 17
kñúgTisedAxøI M os=
8
= 7.5 × 5.5 2 = 482.11kN .m
8
edaysarEt l2 < l1 TTwgénBak;kNþalceRmokelIssrenAkñúgTisedAEvgKW
0.25 × 6m = 1.5m ehIyTTwgénceRmokkNþalKW 6 − 2 × 1.5 = 3m . TTwgénBak;kNþal
ceRmokelIssrkñúgTisedAxøI KW 1.5m ehIyTTwgénceRmokkNþalKW

7.5 − 2 × 1.5 = 4.5m . edIm,IKNnakm<s;RbsiT§PaB d kñúgTisedAnImYy² snμt;faEdkenA

kñúgTisedAxøIRtUvBIelIEdk enAkñúgTisedAEvg. dUcenH

d (long direction ) = 25 − 2 − 0.8 = 22.2cm nig
. sRmab;karGnuvtþn_ d (average) =
d (short direction) = 25 − 2 − 1.6 − 0.8 = 20.6cm
25 − 3.5 = 21.5cm GacRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;TisedATaMgBIr.
dMeNIrkarKNnaGacRtUv)anerobcMCaTRmg;tarag dUcbgðajenAkñúgtarag 17>7 nig 17>8.

karlMGitsRmab;kareRCIserIssrésEdkRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>20 edayeRbIRbB½n§
EdkRtg;. eKRtUveKarBkardak;RbEvgGb,brmarbs;EdkdUcEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
17>16.
Gñksagsg;cUlcitþeRbIEdkRtg; nigEdkEdlmanersIusþg; f = 420MPa .
y
KMlatGtibrma = width of panel 3000

no. of bars
=
8
= 375mm
taragTI17>7 karKNnabnÞHkRmal flat platexagkñúg ¬kñúgTisEvg¦

M o = 624.75kN .m
M n = −0.65M o = −406.1kN .m
TisEvg M p = +0.35M o = 218.66kN .m
ceRmokelIssr ceRmokkNþal
GviC¢man viC¢man GviC¢man viC¢man
karEbgEckm:Um:g; % 75 60 25 40
M u (kN .m) 0.75M n = −304.6 0.6 M p = ±131.2 0.25 M n = −101.5 0.6 M p = ±87.5
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 3000 3000

km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 222 222 222 222
Mu
Ru = ( MPa)
bd 2 2.06 0.89 0.69 0.59
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.57 0.24 0.19 0.16

As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 3796.2 1598.4 1265.4 1065.6
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 1350 1350 1350 1350
EdkEdleRCIserIs ¬Rtg;¦ 20DB16 8DB16 12DB12 12DB12
KMlat ≤ 2h = 500mm
s 150 375 250 250

taragTI17>8 karKNnabnÞHkRmal flat platexagkñúg ¬kñúgTisxøI¦

M o = 482.11kN .m
M n = −0.65M o = −313.4kN .m
TisEvg M p = +0.35M o = 168.7kN .m
GviC¢man viC¢man GviC¢man viC¢man
karEbgEckm:Um:g; % 75 60 25 40
M u (kN .m) 0.75M n = −235.05 0.6 M p = ±101.2 0.25 M n = −78.35 0.6 M p = ±67.5
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 4500 4500

km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 206 206 206 206
Mu
Ru = ( MPa)
bd 2 1.85 0.79 0.41 0.35
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.51 0.21 0.11 0.09
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 3151.8 1297.8 1019.7 834.3

As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 1350 1350 2025 2025
s 187.5 375 250 250
KMlatEdkenAkñúgceRmokelIssrkñúgTisxøIKW 250mm . vamanlkçN³RKb;RKan; edaysar
vatUcCag 2hs = 500mm nigtUcCag 450mm EdlkMNt;eday ACI Code.
cMNaMfa PaKryEdkTaMgGs;KWticCag ρ max = 0.0182 . dUcenH φ = 0.9 .
]TahrN_TI17>4³
edayeRbIviFI direct design method KNnakRmal flat plate xageRkAEdlmanTMhM bnÞúk ersIusþg;ebtug
nigersIusþg;EdkdUcKñanwgGVIEdl)an[enAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>3. FñwmminRtUv)aneRbI ¬rUbTI 17>21¦.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,bramedayeRbItarag 17>1 sRmab; flat plate.
BI]TahrN_TI 17>1 kRmas;kRmalxNÐKW 25cm .

2> KNnabnÞúkemKuN³ wu = 17kN / m 2

3> RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis nigkmøaMgkat;TTwgBIrTis ¬eyagtam]TahrN_TI 17>3
nigrUbTI 17>9¦.
a. RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;pugenAssrxagkñúg Vu = 756.3kN < φVc = 808.5kN

b. RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;TTwgmYyTis³ Vu = 55.862kN < φVc = 141.5kN
c. RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;pugenAssrxageRkA³ d = 21.4cm
21.4
x = 50 + = 60.7cm
2

y = 50 + 21.4 = 71.4cm

bo = 2 x + y = 192.8cm
⎡ ⎛ 750 ⎞ ⎤
Vu = ⎢600⎜ + 25 ⎟ − 60.7 × 71.4⎥10 −4 × 17 = 400.6kN
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
φ
φVc = f ' c bo d = 545.8kN > 400.6kN
3
d. RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;pugenAssrkac;RCug³ d = 21.4cm
21.4
x = y = 50 + = 60.7cm
2
bo = x + y = 121.4cm
⎡⎛ 600 ⎞⎛ 750 ⎞ ⎤
Vu = ⎢⎜ + 25 ⎟⎜ + 25 ⎟ − 60.7 × 60.7 ⎥10 −4 × 17 = 214.7kN
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦
φ
φVc = f ' c bo d = 343.7kN > 214.7 kN
3
4> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrub ¬BI]TahrN_TI 17>3¦
M ol (long direction ) = 624.7 kN .m d = 22.2cm
M os (short direction) = 482.11kN .m d = 20.6cm

TTwgrbs;ceRmokelIssrKW 300cm nigTTwgceRmokkNþalKW 450cm
5> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgTisedAEvg³ l1 = 7.5m ¬eyagtamtarag 17>5 b¤rUb
17>15¦. karEbgEckm:Um:g;srub M ol enAkñúgceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþalKWRtUv
)anKNnadUcxag eRkam³
a. ceRmokelIssr³
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúg = −0.525M o = −0.525(624.75) = −328kN .m

m:Um:g;viC¢manenAkñúgElVg = 0.312M o = 0.312(624.75) = 195kN.m
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkA = −0.26M o = −0.26(624.75) = 162.4kN .m
b. ceRmokkNþal³
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúg = −0.175M o = −0.175(624.75) = −109.3kN .m

m:Um:g;viC¢manenAkñúgElVg = 0.208M o = 0.208(624.75) = 129.9kN .m
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkA = 0

6> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgTisedAxøI³ l s = 6m . vaRtUv)anKitdUckRmalxagkñúgEdr BIeRBaH

vaCab;TaMgsgçag. eyagtamtarag 17>4 b¤rUbTI 17>15 karEbgEckm:Um:g;srub M os
enAkñúgceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþalRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
a. ceRmokelIssr³
m:Um:g;GviC¢man = −0.49M o = −0.49(482.11) = −236.2kN .m

m:Um:g;viC¢man = 0.21M o = 0.21(482.11) = 101.2kN.m
b. ceRmokkNþal³
m:Um:g;GviC¢man = −0.16M o = −0.16(482.11) = −77.1kN .m

m:Um:g;viC¢man = 0.14M o = 0.14(482.11) = 67.5kN.m
dMeNIrkarKNnaRtUv)anteRmoby:aggayRsYlenAkñúgtarag 17>9. karlMGitsRmab;kar
eRCIserIssrésEdkRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>22 edayeRbIRbB½n§EdkRtg;;enAkñúgTis
Evg. karlMGitsrésEdkenAkñúgTisxøImanlkçN³RsedogKñanwgkarBRgaysrésEdkenA
kñúgrUbTI 17>20 edayeRbIkareRCIserIssrésEdkenAkñúgtarag 17>9.
cMNaMfa RKb;PaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUcCag ρ max = 0.0182 . dUcenH φ = 0.9 .

tarag 17>9 karKNnakRmal flat platexageRkAsRmab;]TahrN_TI 17>4 ¬ d = 22.2cm ¦

TisEvg
xageRkA viC¢man xagkñúg xageRkA viC¢man xagkñúg
M u (kN .m) − 162.4 195 − 328 0 129.9 − 109.3
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000
Mu
Ru = ( MPa)
bd 2 1.10 1.32 2.22 0 0.88 0.74
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.30 0.36 0.62 0 0.24 0.20

As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 1998 2398 4129 0 1598 1332
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350 1350
EdkEdleRCIserIs ¬Rtg;¦ 10DB16 12DB16 22DB16 12DB12 18DB12 12DB12
s 300 250 136 250 167 250
TisxøI ceRmokelIssr ceRmokkNþal
M u (kN .m) − 236.2 101.2 − 77.1 67.5
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 4500 4500

km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 206 206 206 206
Mu
Ru = ( MPa)
bd 2 1.86 0.79 0.40 0.35
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.52 0.21 0.11 0.09
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 3214 1298 1020 834.3

As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 1350 1350 2025 2025
s 187.5 375 250 250
]TahrN_TI17>5³
eFVI]TahrN_TI 17>4 eLIgvij edayeRbIviFI modified stiffness method. ¬eKRtUvkarKNnaRsedogKña
sRmab;viFI equivalent frame method, EpñkTI 12¦.

dMeNaHRsay³
1> GnuvtþRsedogKñasRmab;CMhanTI 1 dl; 4 dUckñúg]TahrN_TI 17>4
2> KNnaPaBrwgRkajssrsmmUl/ K ec ³
1 1 1
= +
K ec ∑ K c K t
eyIgGacsnμt;faEpñkénceRmokkRmalEdlenAcenøaHssrxageRkAeFVIkarCassrTb;nwgkar
rmYl. muxkat;rbs;kRmalxNÐ-ssrKW 50cm ¬TTWgrbs;ssr¦ × 25cm ¬kRmas;kRmal
xNÐ¦ dUcEdlbgðajkñúgrUb.
a. kMNt;PaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl K t BIsmIkar !&>@0³
⎛ x ⎞ x3 y
C = ⎜⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎟ x = 250mm y = 500mm
⎝ y⎠ 3
⎛ 250 ⎞ 250 3 × 500
C = ⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟ = 17.84 ⋅ 10 8 mm 4
⎝ 500 ⎠ 3
9 Ec C 9 E c 17.84 ⋅ 10 8
Kt = 3
= 3
= 3.47 E c ⋅ 10 6
⎛ c ⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
l 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ 6000⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠ ⎝ 6000 ⎠
sRmab;kRmalxNÐEk,rKñaBIr ¬enAelIRCugTaMgsgçagrbs;ssr¦ EdleFVIkarCaFñwmTTwg

K t = 2 × 3.47 E c ⋅ 10 6 = 6.94 E c ⋅ 10 6
b. KNnaPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr K c / km<s;ssr Lc = 3.6m
4 Ec I c 4 E c 500 4
Kc = = × = 5.79 E c ⋅ 10 6
Lc 3600 12
sRmab;ssrBIrenABIelI nigBIeRkamkRmalxNÐ
K c = 2 × 5.79 E c ⋅ 10 6 = 11.58E c ⋅ 10 6
c. KNna K ec ³
1 1 1
= +
K ec 11.58 E c ⋅ 10 6 6.94 E c ⋅ 10 6
K ec = 4.34 E c ⋅ 10 6
3> KNnaPaBrwgRkajrbs;kRmalxNÐ nigemKuN α ec
4Ec I s l 2 hs3
Ks = hs = 250mm l 2 = 6000mm Is =
l1 12

4 E c 6000 × 250 3
Ks = × = 4.17 E c ⋅ 10 6
7500 12
K ec
α ec =
∑ (K s + K b )
Kb = 0 ¬edaysarKμanFñwm¦
4.34 E c ⋅ 10 6
dUcenH α ec = = 1.04
4.17 E c ⋅ 10 6
yk Q = 1+
1
α ec
= 1.96
4> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgTisedAEvg³ ll = 7.5m .

karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgkRmalmYyRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>18.
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúgKW
⎡ 0.10 ⎤ ⎛ 0.10 ⎞
M ni = ⎢0.75 − ⎥ M ol = ⎜ 0.75 − ⎟(624.7) = −436.6kN .m
⎣ Q ⎦ ⎝ 1.96 ⎠
m:Um:g;viC¢manKW
⎡ 0.28 ⎤ ⎛ 0.28 ⎞
M p = ⎢0.63 − ⎥ M ol = ⎜ 0.63 − ⎟(624.7) = 304.3kN .m
⎣ Q ⎦ ⎝ 1.96 ⎠
m:Um:g;GviC¢manKW
M ne =
0.65
( M ol ) =
0.65
(624.7 ) = 207.2kN .m
Q 1.96
5> KNnakarEbgEckm:Um:g;kRmalenAkñúgTisxøIeTAceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal. m:Um:g;
M ni / M p nig M ne RtUv)anEbgEckdUcxageRkam ¬eyagtamtarag 17>6¦³
a. m:Um:g;xagkñúg M nl = −436.6kN .m RtUv)anEbgEck 75% sRmab;ceRmokelIssr nig
25% sRmab;ceRmokkNþal
column strip = 0.75(− 436.6 ) = −327.5kN.m
Middle strip = 0.25(− 436.6 ) = −109.1kN.m

b. m:Um:g;viC¢man M p = 304.3kN .m RtUv)anEbgEck 60% sRmab;ceRmokelIssr nig
40% sRmab;ceRmokkNþal
column strip = 0.60(304.3) = 182.6kN.m
Middle strip = 0.40(304.3) = 121.7 kN.m

c. m:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkA M ne = −207.2kN .m RtUv)anEbgEckGaRs½ytamtarag 17>5³

βt =
E cb C
=
C
2 E cs I s 2 I s
¬ebtugkRmalxNÐ nigebtugssrmanm:UDuleGLasÞicdUcKña¦
250 3
I s = 6000 = 78.125 ⋅ 10 8 mm 4
12
17.84 ⋅ 10 8
β= = 0.114
2 × 78.125 ⋅ 10 8
E I l l2
α f 1 = cb b = 0 α f1 2 = 0 = 0 .8
Ecs I s l1 l1
BItarag 17>5 nigedayeFVIviFanmUlvacar (interpolation) cenøaH β t = 0 ¬PaKry
=100% ¦ nig β t = 2.5 ¬PaKry = 75% ¦ sRmab; β t = 0.114 PaKryKW 98.9% .
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkAenAkñúgceRmokelIssrKW 0.989 × (− 207.2) = −204.92kN.m
nigenAkñúgceRmokkNþalKW − 2.28kN.m . kñúgkrNIenHeKGacKitfaceRmokelIssr
RTm:Um:g; M ne 100% KWesμInwg − 207.2kN.m
6> kMNt;srésEdkEdlcaM)ac;enAkñúgTisedAEvgkñúgtaragEdlmanlkçN³RsedogKñanwg]TahrN_
TI 17>4. lT§plEdlTTYl)anmanlkçN³ERbRbYlticbMputxusBItarag 17>9.
7> eRbobeFoblT§plrvag]TahrN_TI 17>4 nig 17>5 eyIgeXijfam:Um:g;xageRkAenAkñúg
ceRmokelIssr ¬ − 207.2kN.m ¦FMCagcMelIyEdlTTYl)ankñúg]TahrN_TI 17>4
¬ − 162.4kN.m ¦ eday 27.6% b:uEnþm:Um:g;viC¢man ¬182.6kN.m ¦ RtUv)ankat;bnßyeday
6.8% ¬eFobnwg 195kN.m ¦ ÉtémødéTeTotesÞIrEtRtUvKña.
]TahrN_TI17>6³
KNnakRmalxagkñúgénRbB½n§kRmalBIrTisEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>7. kRmalpSMeLIgeday
kRmal EdlmanTMhM 7.6 × 6m cMnYn 6 kñúgTisnImYy². kRmalTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTedayssrEdlman
TMhM 50 × 50cm RbEvg 3.6m . kRmalRtUv)anRTedayFñwmtambeNþayG½kSssrEdlmanmuxkat;dUc
bgðajkñúgrUb. bnÞúkGefreFVIkarRtUv)anyk 4.8kN / m 2 nigbnÞúkefreFVIkarpSMeLIgeday 1kN / m 2
sRmab;kargarbegðIybEnßmBIelITm¶n;pÞal;rbs;kRmal. cUreRbI f 'c = 21MPa / f y = 420MPa nigviFI
direct design method.

dMeNaHRsay³
1> eKRtUveFVItamkarkMNt;rbs; ACI Code. kMNt;kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmaedayeRbIsmIkar
17>1 nig 17>2. kRmas;kRmalxNÐRtUv)anKNnarYcCaeRscenAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>2
ehIy eyIgTTYlykkRmas; 18cm . CaTUeTA kRmas;kRmalxNÐenAkñúgRbB½n§kRmalRtUv)an
RKb;RKgedaykRmalkac;RCugdUcCakarKNna hmin kRmalxageRkApþl;nUvkRmas;kRmalFM
CagsRmab;kRmalxagkñúg.
2> KNnabnÞúkemKuN
wD = 1 + 0.18 × 25 = 5.5kN / m 2
wu = 1.2 × 5.5 + 1.6 × 4.8 = 14.28kN / m 2

3> kugRtaMgkmøaMgenAkñúgkRmalxNÐminmanlkçN³eRKaHfñak;eT. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;mancm¶ay d

BIépÞFñwm. sRmab;TTwg 1m ³
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 0.4 ⎞
Vu = wu ⎜ 3 − beam width − d ⎟ = 14.28⎜ 3 − − 0.15 ⎟ = 37.84kN
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
φ 0.75 21
φVc = f ' c bd = 1000 × 150 ⋅ 10 −3 = 85.9kN
6 6
4> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrubenAkñúgTisEvg nigTisxøI³
wu
l 2 (l n1 )2 = 6(7.1)2 = 539.9kN .m
14.28
M ol =
8 8
w
= u l1 (l n 2 )2 = 7.6(5.5)2 = 410.4kN .m
14.28
M os
8 8
5> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgTisEvg³ ll = 7.6m
a. karEbgEckm:Um:g;enAkñúgkRmal
m:Um:g;GviC¢man M n = 0.65M ol = 0.65 × 539.9 = −350.9kN .m

m:Um:g;viC¢man M p = 0.35M ol = 0.35 × 539.9 = 189kN .m
b. karEbgEckm:Um:g;kRmalkñúgTisTTwgeTAFñwm/ ceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal
α f 1 = α s = b = 3.19 ¬BI]TahrN_TI 17>2¦

l2 6 EI
= = 0.79
l 17 .6 EI s
l
α f 1 2 = 3.19 × 0.79 = 2.52 > 1
l1
c. karEbgEckm:Um:g;GviC¢man M n . Epñkénm:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúgedIm,IkarBaredayceRmok
elIssrRtUv)anTTYlBItarag 17>3 edayeFVI interpolation nigesμInwg 81.3% ¬sRmab;
l 2 / l1 = 0.79 nig α f 1 (l 2 / l1 ) > 1.0 ¦.
ceRmokelIssr = 0.813M n = 0.813 × 350.9 = −285.3kN .m

ceRmokkNþal = 0.187M n = 0.187 × 350.9 = −65.6kN .m
edaysarEt α f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1/ ACI Code, Section 13.6.5 bgðajfa 85% énm:Um:g;
kñúgceRmokelIssrRtUv)anEck[eTAFñwm nigenAsl; 15% RtUv)anEck[eTAkRmal
ceRmokelIssr.
Fñwm = 0.85 × 285.3 = −242.5kN.m
ceRmokelIssr = 0.15 × 285.3 = −42.8kN.m
ceRmokkNþal = −65.6kN.m
d. karEbgEckm:Um:g;viC¢man M p . Epñkénm:Um:g;viC¢manxagkñúgEdlRtUv)anTb;edayceRmok

elIssrRtUv)anTTYlBItarag 17>3 edayeFVI interpolation nigesμInwg 81.3% ¬sRmab;

l 2 / l1 = 0.79 nig α f 1 (l 2 / l1 ) > 1.0 ¦.
ceRmokelIssr = 0.813M n = 0.813 × 189 = 153.7kN .m

ceRmokkNþal = 0.187M n = 0.187 × 189 = 35.3kN .m
edaysarEt α f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1/ ACI Code, Section 13.6.5 bgðajfa 85% énm:Um:g;
kñúgceRmokelIssrRtUv)anEck[eTAFñwm nigenAsl; 15% RtUv)anEck[eTAkRmal
ceRmokelIssr.
Fñwm = 0.85 × 153.7 = 130.6kN.m
ceRmokelIssr = 0.15 × 153.7 = 23.1kN.m
ceRmokkNþal = 35.3kN.m
karlMGitm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>23.
6> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgTisxøI³ ElVg = 6m . viFIKNnaRsedogKñanwgCMhanTI5>
m:Um:g;GviC¢man M n = 0.65M os = 0.65 × 410.4 = −266.8kN .m
m:Um:g;viC¢man M p = 0.35M os = 0.35 × 410.4 = 143.6kN .m
EbgEck M n / M p eTAFñwm/ ceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal
α f 1 = α s = b = 2.51 ¬BI]TahrN_TI 17>2¦
l 2 7.6 EI
= = 1.27
l 1 6 s EI
l2
α f1 = 2.51 × 1.27 = 3.19 > 1
l1
PaKryénm:Um:g;GviC¢man nigGviC¢manenAkñúgceRmokelIssrRtUv)anTTYlBItarag 17>3
edaykareFVI interpolation. ¬sRmab; l2 / l1 = 1.27 nig α f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1.0 PaKryEbgKW
67% ¦.
m:Um:g;GviC¢manceRmokelIssr = 0.67M n = 0.69 × 266.8 = −178.8kN .m

m:Um:g;GviC¢manceRmokkNþal = 0.33M n = 0.33 × 266.8 = −88kN .m
eday α f 1 (l2 / l1 ) > 1.0 / 85% én − 178.8kN.m RtUv)andak;eTAkñúgFñwm. dUcenH
m:Um:g;GviC¢manelIFñwm = 0.85 × 178.8 = −152kN.m
m:Um:g;GviC¢manceRmokelIssr = 0.15 × 178.8 = −26.8kN.m
m:Um:g;viC¢manelIFñwm = 0.85 × 0.67 × 143.6 = 81.8kN.m

m:Um:g;viC¢manceRmokelIssr = 0.15 × 0.67 × 143.6 = 14.4kN.m

m:Um:g;viC¢manceRmokkNþal = 0.33 × 143.6 = 47.4kN.m
7> brimaNEdkcaM)ac; nigcMnYnEdkRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 17>10.
cMNaMfaPaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUcCag ρ max = 0.00137 . dUcenH φ = 0.9 .
tarag 17>10 karKNnaénkRmalxNÐmanFñwmBIrTisxagkñúg
TisEvg
M u (kN .m) − 42.8 23.1 − 65.6 35.3
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 3000 3000
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 150 150 150 150
Mu
Ru = ( MPa) 0.63 0.34 0.97 0.52
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.17 0.09 0.26 0.14
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 765 405 1170 630
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 972 972 972 972
EdkEdleRCIserIs 9DB12 9DB12 11DB12 9DB12
TisxøI
M u (kN .m) − 26.8 14.4 − 88 47.4
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 4600 4600
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 140 140 140 140
Mu
Ru = ( MPa) 0.46 0.24 0.98 0.53
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.12 0.06 0.27 0.14
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 504 252 1739 902
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 972 972 1490 1490

]TahrN_TI17>7³ edayeRbIviFI direct design method kMNt;m:Um:g;viC¢man nigGviC¢mancaM)ac; sRmab;

karKNnaénkRmalxageRkA ¬elx @¦ énRbB½n§kRmalBIrTisEdlmanFñwmdUcEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
17>7. eRbIbnÞúk nig Tinñn½yEdl[enAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>6.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> karkMNt;EdlTamTarbs; ACI Code RtUv)anbMeBjenAkñúg]TahrN_enH. kMNt;kRmas;
kRmalGb,brma hs edayeRbIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@ nigCMhanbnþbnÞab;.
snμt; hs = 18cm . muxkat;rbs;Fñwmxagkñúg nigxageRkARtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>7.
cMNaMfa karbnøykRmalxNÐenARKb;RCugrbs;FñwmKW x = y = 38cm
2> a. m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Fñwm nigkRmalxagkñúgEdlRtUv)anKNnaenAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>2 KW
TaMgBIrTis I b = 928924.6cm 4
TisEvg I s = 291600cm 4
TisxøI I s = 369360cm 4
b. KNna I b nig I s sRmab;Fñwmxag nigkRmalxNÐxag
Fñwmxag I b = ⎡⎢ 68 12
× 183 ⎤ ⎡ 30 × 38 3
+ (68 × 18)(13.5)2 ⎥ + ⎢
⎤
+ (30 × 38)(14.5)2 ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 12 ⎥⎦
= 632987cm 4
KNna I s sRmab;ceRmokxagcugEdlRsbeTAnwgFñwmxag EdlmanTTwg = 7600
2
+
500
2
= 4050mm
kRmalxagcug I s = 40512× 18 = 196830cm 4

3
3> a. KNna α f ¬ α f = EI b / EI s ¦
TisEvg α l = 928924
291600
.6
= 3.19
TisxøI α s = 928924
369360
.6
= 2.51
Fñwmxag α = 196830
632987
= 3.22
3.19 + 2.51 × 2 + 3.22
α mFüm = α fm = = 2.86
4
b. β = pleFob clear span EvgelI clear span xøI

7.1
= = 1.29
5.5
c. KNna hs ³
⎛ 420 ⎞
7100⎜ 0.8 + ⎟
hs min = ⎝ 1400 ⎠
= 150mm
36 + 5 × 1.29(2.86 − 0.2 )
b:uEnþtémøenHminRtUvtUcCag
⎛ 420 ⎞
7100⎜ 0.8 + ⎟
hs min = ⎝ 1400 ⎠
= 164mm ¬lub¦
36 + 9 × 1.29
eRbI hs = 18cm > 9cm ¬témøGb,brmaEdlkMNt;eday code ¦
4> KNnabnÞúemKuN wu = 14.28kN / m 2 ¬BI]TahrN_TI 17>6¦
5> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrub³ M ol = 539.9kN .m M os = 410.4kN .m ¬BI]TahrN_mun¦
6> KNnam:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgTisxøI ¬ElVg = 6m ¦³ edaysarkRmalCab;kñúgTisenH m:Um:g;mantémø
dUcnwgm:Um:g;Edl)anKNnaenAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>6 ehIyRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>23
sRmab;kRmalxagkñúg.
7> KNnam:Um:g;enAkñúgmYykRmaledayeRbIemKuNEdl[enAkñúgtarag 17>2 b¤rUbTI 17>14
¬krNITI 3¦³
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúg M ni = 0.7M o = 0.7 × 539.9 = −378kN .m
m:Um:g;viC¢mankñúgElVg M p = 0.57M o = 0.57 × 539.9 = 307.7kN .m
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkA M ne = 0.16M o = 0.16 × 539.9 = −86.4kN .m
cMNaM³ RbsinebIviFI modified stiffness method RtUv)aneRbI enaH C = 3857.27 ⋅106 mm 4 /
k ta = 39.13E c ⋅ 10 6 / K c = 5.79 E c ⋅ 10 6 / K s = 1.56 E c ⋅ 10 6 / k b = 4.95E c ⋅ 10 6 /
k b = 8.94 Ec ⋅ 10 6 nig α ec = 1.37 . m:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúgkøayCa − 373.7 kN.m ¬Rbhak;
RbEhlKña¦ m:Um:g;viC¢mankøayCa 252.75kN.m ¬fycuH 18% ¦ nigm:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkAkøay

Ca 202.86 ¬ekIneLIg 235% ¦
8> karEbgEckm:Um:g;kRmaleTAFñwm ceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþal³
l2 6
= = 0.79 α f 1 = α l = 3.19
l1 7.6
l
α f 1 2 = 3.19 × 0.79 = 2.52 > 1.0
l1

KNna C ³
⎛ x ⎞ ⎛⎜ x 3 y ⎞
⎟
C = ∑ ⎜⎜ 1 − 0 . 63 ⎟
⎝ y 3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎟
⎠
Eckmuxkat;rbs;FñwmxagCactuekaNBIrEdleFVIy:agNaedIm,ITTYl)an C Gtibrma.
ykmuxkat;Fñwm 300 × 560mm ¬ x = 300mm / y = 560mm ¦ nigmuxkat;kRmal
180 × 380mm ¬ x = 180mm / y = 380mm ¦
⎛ 300 ⎞⎛⎜ 300 3 × 560 ⎞⎟ ⎛ 180 ⎞⎛⎜ 180 3 × 380 ⎞⎟
C = ⎜1 − 0.63 × ⎟⎜ + ⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎜ = 3857.27 ⋅ 10 6 mm 4
⎝ 560 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎟ ⎝ 380 ⎠ 3 ⎟
⎠ ⎝ ⎠
E cb C 3857 ⋅ 10 6
βt = = = 0.66
2 Ecs I s 2 × 291600 ⋅ 10 4
a. EbgEckm:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúg M ni ³ eyagtamtarag 17>3 nigedaykareFVI
interpolation PaKrym:Um:g;Edldak;enAkñúgceRmokelIssr ¬sRmab; l 2 / l1 = 0.79
nig α f 1l2 / l1 > 1.0 ¦KW 81.3%

ceRmokelIssr = 0.813 × 378 = −307.3kN.m
ceRmokkNþal = 0.187 × 378 = −70.7kN.m
edaysar α f 1l2 / l1 > 1.0 / 85% énm:Um:g;enAkñúgceRmokssrKWRtUv)andak;eTAkñúgFñwm
dUcenH³
Fñwm = 0.85 × 307.3 = −261.2kN.m
ceRmokelIssr = 0.15 × 307.3 = −46.1kN.m
ceRmokkNþal = −70.7kN.m
b. EbgEckm:Um:g;viC¢man M p ³ eyagtamtarag 17>3 nigedayeFVI interpolation PaKry
m:Um:g;EdlRtUvdak;kñúgceRmokelIssrKW 81.3% ¬ 85% éntémøenHRtUv)andak;eTAFñwm¦.
dUcenH
Fñwm = 0.85(0.813 × 307.7) = 212.6kN.m
ceRmokelIssr = 0.15(0.813 × 307.7) = 37.5kN.m
ceRmokkNþal = 0.187 × 307.7 = 57.5kN.m

c. EbgEckm:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkA M ne ³ eyagtamtarag 17>5 nigedaykareFVI

interpolation PaKrym:Um:g;Edldak;eTAkñúgceRmokelIssr ¬sRmab; l 2 / l1 = 0.79
nig α f 1l2 / l1 > 1.0 ¦KW 92.5% nig 85%

Fñwm = 0.85(0.925 × 86.4) = −67.9kN.m
ceRmokelIssr = 0.15(0.925 × 86.4) = −12kN.m
ceRmokkNþal = 0.075 × 86.4 = 6.48kN.m
17>9> m:Um:g;KNnaenAkñúgssr (Design Moments in Column)

enAeBlEdlkarviPaKeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame) RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayviFI direct
design method m:Um:g;enAkñúgssrEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkminesμI (unbalanced load) enAelIFñwmEk,rRtUv)an
TTYlBIsmIkarxageRkam EdlRtUv)ankMNt;eday ACI Code, Section 13.6.9:

M u = 0.07[(wd + 0.5wl )l 2 l n2 − w' d l ' 2 (l ' n )2 ] ¬!&>@@ a ¦
RbsinebIviFI modified stiffness method EdleRbI K ec nig α ec enaHm:Um:g; M u RtUv)ankMNt;
dUcxageRkam³
0.08[(wd + 0.5wl )l 2 l n2 − w' d l ' 2 (l ' n )2 ]
Mu =
⎛ 1 ⎞
¬!&>@@ b ¦
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟
⎝ α ec ⎠
Edl wd nig wl = bnÞúkefr nigGefremKuNenAelIElVgEdlEvgCag
w' d = bnÞúkGefremKuNenAelIElVgEdlxøI
l n nig l' n = RbEvgénElVgEdlEvgCag nigxøICag erogKña
α ec =
K ec
∑ (K s + K b )
¬!&>@!¦
m:Um:g;enAkúñgsmIkarTI !&>@@ KYrRtUv)anEbgEckrvagssrxagelI nigxageRkamkRmalxNÐRtg;
tMNreTAtamsmamaRtPaBrwgRkajrgkarBt;rbs;va ¬rUbTI 17>24¦. sRmab;ElVgEdlesμIKña l2 = l '2
nig ln = l 'n
M u = 0.07(0.5wl l 2 l n2 ) ¬!&>@# a ¦

Mu =
(
0.08 0.5wl l 2 l n2 ) ¬!&>@@ b ¦
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟
⎝ α ec ⎠
karbegáItsmIkarTaMgenHedayQrenAelIkarsnμt;fabnÞúkGefrBak;kNþaleFVIGMeBIenAelIElVg
EvgCag b:uEnþbnÞúkGefreFVIGMeBIenAelIElVgTaMgBIr. smIkar !&>@@ k¾GacRtUv)anGnuvtþsRmab;ssrxag
eRkA edaysnμt;faRbEvgElVgEdlxøICagKW 0 ¬rUbTI 17>25¦.

17>10> karbMElgm:Um:g;minesμIeTAkñúgssr (Transfer of Unbalanced Moments to Columns)

17>10>1> karbMElgm:Um:g; (Transfer of Moment)
kñúgkarviPaKeRKagsmmUl (equivalent frame) enAkñúgGKar m:Um:g;ekItmanenARtg;tMNkRmal
xNÐ-ssr EdlekItBIkmøaMgxagdUcCa kmøaMgxül; kmøaMgrBa¢ÜydI b¤kmøaMgTMnajminesμI (unbalanced
gravity load) edayeFVI[manm:Um:g;minesμIenAkñúgkRmalenAelIRCugEdlpÞúynwgssr. mYycMENkén
m:Um:g;minesμIRtUv)anbMElgeTAssredaykarBt; ehIycMENkEdleFVI[m:Um:g;manlMnwgRtUv)anbBa¢Ún
edaykmøaMgkat;bBaÄrEdlmanGMeBIenAelImuxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;pug. RbEhl 60% énm:U
m:g;EdlRtUv)anbMElgeATcugssrTaMgsgçagRtg;tMNRtUv)anbMElgedaykarBt; ehIy 40% EdlenA
sl;RtUv)anbMElgedaykmøaMgkat;cakp©it ¬b¤kmøaMgrmYl¦ enARtg;muxkat;EdlmanTItaMg d / 2 BIépÞ
ssr. ACI Code, Section 13.5.3 bgðajfacMENkén unbalanced moment EdlRtUv)anbMElg
edaykarBt; M f enARtg;tMNkRmalxNÐ-ssrEdlRtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
M f = γ f Mu ¬!&>@$¦
γf =
⎛
1
⎞
=
1
¬!&>@%¦
2 c1 + d ⎟ 2 b
1 + ⎜⎜ ⎟
1+ 1
⎝ 3 c2 + d ⎠ 3 b2
ehIym:Um:g;EdlbMElgedaykmøaMgkat;TTwgKW
(
M v = 1− γ f )M u = M u − M f ¬!&>@^¦
Edl c1 nig c2 CaRbEvgrbs;RCugBIrénssrctuekaN b¤ssrctuekaNEkgsmmUl/ b1 = (c1 + d ) nig
b2 = (c 2 + d ) . enAeBlEdl c1 = c 2 / M f = 0.6M u ehIy M v = 0.4 M u .
17>10>2> karRbmUlpþúMsrésEdkenAelIssr
(Concentration of Reinforcement Over the column)
sRmab;karbMElgm:Um:g;edaypÞal;eTAssr vaCakarcaM)ac;kñúgkarRbmUlpþúMsrésEdkdak;kñúg
ceRmokssrkñúgTTwgkMNt;mYyenAelIssr Epñkénm:Um:g;EdlbMElgedaykarBt; M f RtUv)anBicarNa
[ eFVIGMeBItamry³TTwgkRmalxNÐesμInwgTTwgssr c2 bUknwg 1.15hs enARKb;RCugTaMgGs;rbs;ssr
b¤ tamry³TTwgkRmalxNÐesμInwg (c2 + 3hs ) (ACI Code, Section 13.5.3). srésEdkGacRtUv)an
RbmUlpþúMenAelIssredayKMlatCit²Kña b¤edayeRbIsrésEdkbEnßm.

17>10>3> kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;EdlbNþalBI M f (Shear Stress Due to) M f
kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;EdlbegáItedaycMENkén unbalanced moment M v RtUv)anpSMeLIgCa

mYynwgkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;EdlbegáItedaykmøaMgkat; Vu Edl)anBIkmøaMgbBaÄr. kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;
TaMgBIrRtUv)ansnμt;[eFVIGMeBIenACMubrievNbøg;EdlmanTItaMgenAcm¶ay d / 2 BIépÞssrdUcbgðajenA
kñúgrUb 17>26. smIkarsRmab;KNnakugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;KW³
V M C
v1, 2 = u ± v
Ac Jc
¬!&>@&¦
Edl Ac = RkLaépÞmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;enACMuvijssr
J c = m:Um:g;niclPaBb:UElénRkLaépÞEdlRsbeTAnwgm:Um:g;EdlmanGMeBIbEnßmBIelIm:Um:g;nicl
PaBénmuxkat;xagcugEdleFobnwgG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;énmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;.

sRmab;ssrxagkñúg Ac = 2d (x + y ) ¬!&>@*¦
d ⎛⎜ x 3 ⎞ xd 3
nig Jc =
2 ⎜⎝ 3
+ x2 y⎟ +
⎟ 6
¬!&>@(¦
⎠
sRmab;ssrxageRkA Ac = d (2 x + y ) ¬!&>#0¦
2dx 3 xd 3
nig Jc =
3
− (2 x + y )dx12 +
6
¬!&>#!¦
Edl x1 / x2 nig y Rtuv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>26. kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;Gtibrma
v1 = Vu / Ac + M v C J c RtUvEttUcCag φ f 'c 3 ebImindUecñaHeT EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;RtUv)andak;.
]TahrN_TI17>8³ kMNt;m:Um:g;enAelIssrxagkñúg nigxageRkAkñúgTisedAEvgrbs; flat plate kñúg]Ta-

hrN_TI 17>4.
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;m:Um:g;ssrxageRkA. BI]TahrN_TI 17>4 nig 17>5
wd = 1.2 × 7.75 = 9.3kN / m 2
0.5wl = 0.5 × 1.6 × 4.8 = 3.84kN / m 2

⎛ 1 ⎞
l 2 = l ' 2 = 6m l n = l ' n = 7m ⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ = 1.96
⎝ α ec ⎠
Unbalanced moment EdlRtUvbMElgeTAssrxageRkAedayeRbIsmIkar !&>@@ b KW
Mu =
0.08
1.96
[ ]
(9.3 + 3.84)6 × 7 2 − 0 = 157.7kN .m
RbsinebIsmIkar !&>@@ a RtUv)aneRbI/ M u = 270.4kN .m EdlCatémøEdlsnSMsMéc.
2> enATRmxagkñúg PaBrwgRkajrbs;kRmalenAsgçagssrRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNna α ec ³
α ec =
K ec
∑ (K s + K b )
¬!&>@!¦
BI]TahrN_TI 17>5/ K ec = 4.34Ec ⋅106 / K s = 4.17 Ec ⋅106 nig K b = 0 dUcenH
4.34 Ec ⋅ 10 6
α ec = = 0.52
2 × 4.17 Ec ⋅ 10 6
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ = 2.92
⎝ α ec ⎠
BIsmIkar 17>22 b m:Um:g; unbalance enAssrxagkμñúgKW³

Mu =
0.08
2.92
[ ]
(9.3 + 3.84)6 × 7 2 − 9.3 × 6 × 7 2 = 30.93kN .m
RbsinebIsmIkar !&>@@ a RtUv)aneRbI/ M u = 79kN .m EdlCatémøEdlsnSMsMéc.
]TahrN_TI17>9³ sRmab; flat plate kñúg]TahrN_TI 17>4 KNnakugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;enAkñúgkRmal

xNÐRtg;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;EdlbNþalBI unbalanced moment nigkmøaMgkat;TTWgenAelIssrxagkñúg
nig ssrxageRkA. RtYtBinitükarRbmUlpþúMsrésEdk nigkmøaMgrmYlkñúgrbs;ssrxageRkA. eK[
f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 420MPa
dMeNaHRsay³
1> m:Um:g;EdleFVI[KμanlMnwg (unbalanced moment) enAssrxagkñúgKW M u = 30.93kN .m
¬]TahrN_ TI 17>8¦ Edl γ f = 0.6 ¬edaysar c1 = c2 = 50cm ¦.
m:Um:g;EdlRtUvbMElgedaykarBt;KW M f = γ f M u = 0.6 × 30.93 = 18.56kN .m
m:Um:g;EdlbMElgedaykmøaMgkat;KW M v = M u − M f = 30.93 − 18.56 = 12.37kN .m
müa:gvijeTot m:Um:g;E;dlKNnaBIsmIkar !&>@@ a GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IbegáItkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;
FMCag.
edayeRbI d = 22.2cm ¬]TahrN_TI 17>4¦
Vu = 17(6 × 7.5 − 0.722 2 ) = 756.1kN
BIrUbTI 17>27
Ac = 4 × 72.2 × 22.2 = 6411.4cm 2
d ⎛⎜ x 3 ⎞ xd 3
Jc = + x2 y⎟ +
2 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟
⎠ 6
22.2 ⎛⎜ 72.2 3 ⎞ 72.2
= + (72.2 )2 72.2 ⎟ + 22.2 3 = 5.7 ⋅ 10 6 cm 4
2 ⎝ 3⎜ ⎟ 6
⎠
0.722
12.37 ×
756.1 2 = 1258kN / m 2
v max = +
6411.4 ⋅ 10 − 4 5.7 ⋅ 10 −2
v min = 1179.3 − 78.34 = 1100kN / m 2

φvc = φ f 'c / 3 = 0.75 28 / 3 = 1.323MPa = 1323kN / m 2 > 1258kN / m 2

2> sRmab;ssrxageRkA unbalanced moment EdlRtUvbMElgedaykarBt; M f enARtg;tMN

kRmalxNÐ-ssrKWesμInwg γ f M u Edl M u = 157.7kN .m . cMNaMfa c1 = c2 = 50cm /
d = 22.2cm enAkñúgTisedAEvg nig α f = 0.6 sRmab;ssrkaer.
M f = 0.6 × 157.7 = 94.6kN .m
m:Um:g;EdlRtUvbMElgedaykmøaMgkat;TTwgKW
M v = M u − M f = 157.7 − 94.6 = 63.1kN .m
3> sRmab;karbMElgedaykmøaMgkat;enAssrxageRkA muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sßitenAcm¶ay d / 2

BIépÞssr ¬rUbTI 17>28¦.
wu = 17kN / m 2
Vu = 17(6 × 3.9 − 0.611 × 0.722) = 390kN

kMNt;TItaMgTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;edayKitm:Um:g;eFob AB
⎛ 61.1 ⎞
2⎜ 61.1 × ⎟ = (2 × 61.1 + 72.2 )xl
⎝ 2 ⎠
dUcenH xl = 19.2cm . RkLaépÞmuxkat;eRKaHfñak; Ac KW
22.2(2 × 61.1 + 72.2 ) = 4315.7cm 2 . KNna J c = I x + I y sRmab;RkLaépÞesμIKñaBIr
22.2 × 61.1 EdlmanRCugRsbeTAnwgTisedAén m:Um:g; CamYynwgRkLaépÞ 22.2 × 72.2
EkgeTAnwgTisedArbs;m:Um:g;. m:Um:g;niclPaBénRkLaépÞTaMgBIrRtUvKiteFobnwgG½kS CD .
⎛ bh 3 ⎞
Jc = I x + I y = ∑⎜ + Ax 2 ⎟
⎜ 12 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎡ 61.13 ⎛ 61.1 ⎞ ⎤ 61.1

2
= 2 ⎢22.2 + 22.2 × 61.1⎜ − 19.2 ⎟ ⎥ + 22.2 3 + 72.2 × 22.2 × 19.2 2
⎣⎢ 12 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦⎥ 12
= 1.84 ⋅ 10 6 cm 4
b¤edayeRbIsmIkar !&>#! sRmab;ssrxageRkA. KNNakugRtaMgkmøaMgkat; nominal Gtibrma
nigGb,brmaedayeRbIsmIkar !&>@&³
Vu M v C 390 63.1 × 0.192
v max = + = −
+ −
= 1562.1kN / m 2
Ac Jc 4315.7 ⋅ 10 4
1.84 ⋅ 10 2
V M C
v min = u − v = 903.7 − 658.4 = 245.3kN / m 2
Ac Jc
φvc = φ f 'c / 3 = 0.75 28 / 3 = 1.323MPa = 1323kN / m 2 < 1562.1kN / m 2

kugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;TTwgFMCagkugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;GnuBaØat dUcenHeKRtUvbegáInkRmas;kRmalxNÐ
b¤eRbIEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;.
4> RtYtBinitükarRbmUlpþúMsrésEdkenAssrxageRkA KWRtYtBinitüPaBRKb;RKan;rbs;lT§PaBTb;
karBt;rbs;muxkat;edIm,IbMElgm:Um:g;GviC¢maneTAkñúgssrxageRkA. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;rbs;kM
ralxNÐRtUv)anbnøay 1.5hs enAelIRCugnImYy²rbs;ssr Edl[TTwg (50 + 3 × 25)
= 125cm nigkRmas; 25cm . m:Um:g;srubenAkñúgTTwgceRmokelIssr 3m KW 162.4kN.m
Edl)anKNnaenAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>4 ¬CMhan %¦. m:Um:g;enAkñúgTTwg 125cm KWesμInwg

= 67.67 kN.m .
125
162.4
300
RbsinebIeKeRbIKMlatEdkesμI²KñaenAkñúgceRmokelIssr enaHeKRtUvkarbrimaNEdkbEnßmenAkñúg
TTwg 125cm sRmab;m:Um:g;EdlesμInwg M f − 67.67 = 94.6 − 67.67 = 26.93kN .m . brimaN
EdkcaM)ac; As = 340mm 2 dUcenH 4DB12 ¬ 452mm 2 ¦ GacRtUv)aneRbI.
dMeNaHRsayepSgeTotKWedIm,IteRmobEdkenAkñúgceRmokelIssredIm,IbegáInbrimaNEdkenA
kñúgTTwkceRmok 125cm .
brimaNEdkcaM)ac;enAkñúgTTwgceRmokKYrRKb;RKan;edIm,ITb;nwgm:Um:g;EdlesμInwg 0.6 dgénm:Um:g;
GviC¢manenAkñúgceRmokelIssr b¤ 0.6 × 162.4 = 97.44kN.m .
As =
Mu
⎛ a⎞
snμt; a = 25mm
φf y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
97.44 ⋅ 10 6
As = = 1230mm 2
⎛ 25 ⎞
0.9 × 420⎜ 222 − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
As f y 1230 × 420
RtYtBinitü³ a= =
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 28 × 1250
= 17.4mm
eRbI 11DB12 enAkñúgTTwg 125cm edayEckesμIKñasgçagssredayKitBIG½kSssr ¬rUbTI

17>29¦. kardak;EdkbEnßm 4DB12 Edl)anbgðajxagelICadMeNaHRsaykan;EtRbesI.
5> kmøaMgrmYlenAkñúgkRmalxNÐ³ kmøaMgrmYlBIRCugTaMgsgçagrbs;ssrxageRkAesμInwg 40%
énm:Um:g;elIceRmokTTwg.
Tu = 0.4 × 162.4 = 64.96kN .m
kmøaMgrmYlenAelIRCugmçag³64.96
2
= 32.48kN.m

TTwgénmuxkat;kRmalxNÐEdlesμInwgTTwgssrRtUv)ansnμt;[Tb;nwgkugRtaMgrmYl³
1
Tu = vtu ∑ x 3 y
3
Edl x = 25cm nig y = 50cm . muxkat;eRKaHfñak;KWenAcm¶ay d BIépÞssr ¬rUbTI 17>30¦.
edaysnμt;fakmøaMgrmYlERbRbYlmanragCaExSekag)a:ra:bUleTAG½kSkRmalxNÐ enaHkmøaMg
rmYlenAcm¶ay d KW³
2
⎛ 3.5 − 0.222 ⎞
Tu = 32.48⎜ ⎟ = 28.42kN .m
⎝ 3 .5 ⎠
sRmab;ersIusþg;Tb;karrmYlrbs;ebtug Acp = 25 × 50 = 1250cm 2 / Pcp = 2(25 + 50)
= 150cm tamsmIkar !%>!( φTcp = 0.75 28 (1250 ⋅ 10 2 ) ⋅ 10 −6 / (3 × 1500 )
2
= 13.78kN.m / Ta = 13.78 / 4 = 3.445kN .m < 28.42kN .m .

eKRtUvkarEdkTb;kmøaMgrmYl. EdkkgbiTCitcaM)ac; nigEdkbeNþaybEnßmRtUv)anKNnadUc

Bnül;enAkñúgemronTI 15. muxkat;cugeRkayRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>30. vaCakar
RbesIrRbsinebImanFñwmxagenAssrxageRkAedIm,IbegáInPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYlrbs;kRmal
xNÐ.
]TahrN_TI17>10³ kMNt;brimaNEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgcaM)ac;sRmab;kRmal flat plate xagkñúg

edayBicarNadUcteTA³ kmøaMgkat;put Vu = 870kN / kRmas;kRmalxNÐ = 23cm / d = 19cm /
f 'c = 28MPa / ehIyTMhMssrKW 50 × 50cm .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt; φVc = φ f 'c bo d / 3 sRmab;kmøaMgkat;BIrTis
bo = 4(50 + d ) = 4(50 + 19 ) = 276cm
φVc = 0.75 28 × 2760 × 190 ⋅ 10 −3 / 3 = 693.7kN

edaysar Vu = 870kN > φVc EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgRtUvkarcaM)ac;.
2> φVc GnuBaØatGtibrma EdleRbIEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwgesμInwg
φ f ' c bo d / 2 = 1.5(φVc ) = 1040.6kN > Vu EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTwgGacRtUv)aneRbI.
3> EdkTb;kmøaMgkat;TTWgGacpSMeLIgedayEdksrés Edkrag dUcCaFñwmGkSr I b¤ special
large-head studs welded to a steel strip ¬emIlrUbTI 17>9¦. kñúg]TahrN_enH dMeNaHEdl
minéføedayeRbIEdkTb;kmøaMgkat;FmμtaRtUv)anTTYlykmkeRbI ¬rUbTI 17>9 f ¦. EdkTb;kM

laMgkat;TTwgRtUv)andak;enAelIRCugTaMgbYnrbs;ssrxagkñúg ¬b¤bIRCugsRmab;ssrxageRkA¦
sRmab;RbEvg d + a ¬rUbTI 17>31¦. cm¶ay a RtUv)ankMNt;eday[ φVc = Vu enAmux
kat; bo EdlbgðajedayExSdac; nigsnμt;fa φVc = φ f 'c bo d / 6 .
bo = 4(c + a 2 ) = 4(500 + 2a )
0.75 28 × 4(500 + a 2 )190 / 6 = 870000

enATIenH a = 87cm ehIy (a + d ) = 106cm dUcenHyk 110cm .

4> KNnaEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg³
φVs = (Vu − φVc ) = 870 − 693.7 = 176.3kN
Vs = 235kN
VssRmab;épÞmYyrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfñak; V4s = 58.75kN

eRbI DB10 EdkkgGkSr U / Av = 157mm 2 ¬sRmab;eCIgBIr¦. KMlatKW s = Av f y d / Vs
= 157 × 420 × 190 / 58750 = 213mm . KMlatGtibrmKW d / 2 = 190 / 2 = 95mm / yk
s = 90mm .
5> karEbgEckEdkkg³ cMnYnEdkkgkñúgmYyRCugrbs;ssrKW 110 / 9 = 12.2 b¤ 13 kg.

cm¶aysrubKW 13 × 90 = 1170mm ¬rUbTI 17>31¦
]TahrN_TI17>11³ Flat-Slab Floor System

edayeRbIviFI direct design method KNnaRbePTkRmalxNÐ flate slab xagkñúgEdlmanEt drop
panel ehIyvamanTMhM 7.5 × 6m ¬rUbTI 17>32¦. RKb;kRmalTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTedayssrTMhM
50 × 50cm RbEvg 3.6m . kRmalxNÐRTnUvbnÞúkBRgayesμIGefrKμanemKuN 4.8kN / m 2 nigbnÞúkefr
KμanemKuN 1.15kN / m 2 edayKμanrYmbBa©ÚlTm¶n;pÞal;. eK[ f 'c = 28MPa nig f y = 420MPa

¬dMeNaHRsayKWRsedognwg]TahrN_TI 17>3¦.


dMeNaHRsay³
1> kMNt;kRmas;kRmal nigkRmal; drop panel
a. RbEvg clear span KW 7.5 − 0.5 = 7m . sRmab;kRmalxageRkA témøGb,brmarbs;
h = l n / 33 = 21.2cm b:uEnþkRmalxagkñúg témøGb,brmarbs; h = l n / 36 = 19.4cm .
eRbIkRmalxNÐEdlmankRmal 20cm kRmas;TMlak;cuHBIeRkamkRmalxNÐKW h / 4 = 5cm

dUcenHkRmas; drop panel KW 25cm .
b. TMhMrbs; drop panel KW L / 6 = 7.5 / 6 = 1.25m sRmab;TisnImYy²BIG½kSrbs;TRmkñúg
TisedAEvg nig 6 / 6 = 1m enAkñúgTisedAxøI. dUcenHTMhMsrubrbs; drop panel KW

2.5 × 2m ¬rUbTI 17>32¦.
2> KNnabnÞúkemKuN³
slab load = 1.15 + 0.2 × 25 = 6.15kN / m 2
Wu = 1.2 × 6.15 + 1.6 × 4.8 = 15.06kN / m 2
drop panel load = 1.15 + 0.25 × 25 = 7.4kN / m 2
Wu = 1.2 × 7.4 + 1.6 × 4.8 = 16.56kN / m 2

edaysarEt drop panel manRbEvg L / 3 kñúgTisnImYy² témømFüm
2 1
Wu = 15.06 + 16.56 = 15.56kN / m 2
3 3
3> RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;BIrTis ¬enAcm¶ay d / 2 BIépÞssr¦³
a. enAkñúg drop panel ³ d = 25 − 2 − 0.8 = 22.2cm
bo = 4(50 + 22.2 ) = 288.8cm
[ ]
Vu = 15.56 7.5 × 6 − (0.722 )2 = 692kN
φ
28 (2888 × 222 ) ⋅ 10 −3 = 848.1kN > Vu
0.75
φVc = f 'c bo d =
3 3
b. enAkñúgkRmal³ d = 20 − 2 − 0.8 = 17.2cm ehIy bo RtUv)anvas;ecjBI drop panel
enAcm¶ay 17.2 / 2 = 8.6cm .
bo = 2(250 + 17.2 ) + 2(200 + 17.2 ) = 968.8cm
Vu = 15.56[7.5 × 6 − 2.672 × 2.172] = 609.9kN

φ
28 (9688 × 172 ) ⋅ 10 −3 = 2204kN > Vu
0.75
φVc = f 'c bo d =
3 3

tarag 17>11> karKNnaRbB½n§kRmal flat slab xagkñúg

TisEvg
M ol = 571.8kN .m
emKuNm:Um:g; − 0.49 M o 0.21M o − 0.16 M o 0.14 M o
M u (kN .m) -280.2 120.0 -91.5 80.0
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 3000 3000
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 210 160 160 160

Mu
Ru = ( MPa) 2.12 1.56 1.19 1.04
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.59 0.43 0.32 0.28
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 3717 2064 1536 1344
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 1350 1080 1080 1080
EdkEdleRCIserIs ¬Rtg;¦ 19DB16 11DB16 14DB12 12DB
TisxøI
M os = 441.3kN .m
emKuNm:Um:g; − 0.49 M o 0.21M o − 0.16 M o 0.14 M o
M u (kN .m) -216.2 92.7 -70.6 61.8
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3000 3000 4500 4500
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 210 160 160 160

Mu
Ru = ( MPa) 1.63 1.21 0.61 0.54
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.45 0.33 0.16 0.14
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 2835 1584 1152 1008
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 1350 1080 1620 1620

kmøaMgkat;mYyTisminmaneRKaHfñak;.
c.
4> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrubenAkñúgTisEvg nigTisxøI

6 × 72
M ol = 15.56 = 571.8kN / m 2
8
7.5 × 5.5 2
M os = 15.56 = 441.3kN / m 2
8
TTwgrbs;ceRmokelIssrkñúgTisnImYy²KW 6002
= 300cm
b:uEnþTTwgrbs;ceRmokkNþal KW 300cm kñúgTisedAEvg nig 450cm kñúgTisedAxøI.

5> KNnam:Um:g; nigsrésEdkRtUv)anbgðajtarag 17>11. eRbIkm<s;RbsiT§PaBmFüm
d = 250 − 40 = 210mm sRmab;ceRmokelIssr nig d = 200 − 40 = 160mm sRmab;
ceRmokkNþal. karBRgaysrésEdklMGitmanlkçN³RsedogKñakñúg]TahrN_ flat plate.

17>11> kRmalxNÐ Waffle (Waffle Slabs)

RbB½n§kRmalxNÐ waffle slab BIrTispSMeLIgedayrnUtebtugEdlFmμtaRbsBVKñaCamMuEkg.
kRmalxNÐenHGacsagsg;edayKμanFñwm EdlkñúgkrNIenHk,alssrtan;RtUv)aneFVIenAelIssredIm,I
karBarkarpugEdlbNþalBIkmøaMgkat;. FñwmTUlayk¾GacRtUv)aneRbIenAeLIG½kSssrsRmab;km<s;esμI.
Bum<canEdkragkaer b¤ fiberglass pan RtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAedIm,IbegáItRTnug. kRmalxNÐesþIgkRmas;
75mm eTA 125mm RtUv)ancak;CamYyRTnugedIm,IbegáItCa waffle slab.
kRmalnImYy²RtUv)anEbgEckCaceRmokelIssr nigceRmokkNþþal. ceRmokelIssrrYm

bBa©ÚlRTnugTaMgGs;EdlCab;eTAnwgk,alssrtan; ehIyceRmokkNþalsßitenAcenøaHceRmokelI
ssr. EdkRtg; b¤EdkBt;GacRtUv)aneRbICaEdkBRgwgenAkñúg waffle slab. karKNna waffle slab
BIrTismanlkçN³ RsedogKñanwgkarKNna flat slabEdr edayKitk,alssrtan;Ca drop panel.
edIm,IkarBarkmøaMgTaj FMenAkñúgk,alssr eKRtUveRbITMhMssrFMRKb;RKan; b¤dak; shear cap.
kñúgkarKNna waffle slab kRmalxagelI nigrnUtnImYy²begáItCamuxkat;GkSret EdlesμIkm<s;
kñúg flat plate. dUcenH ElVgEvgEdlRTbnÞúkF¶n;GacRtUv)anKNnaCamYynwgkarsnSMsMécebtug)an
eRcIn. kRmal waffle slab k¾)anpþl;nUvBidand¾KYr[Tak;Taj Edl)anBIkarelcecjnUvRTnug b¤eday
karlMGePøIg. kRmalsþg;darénBum<canEdlRtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAenAkñúg waffle slab
GacsßitenAkñúgCeRmIsBIrxageRkam³
1> Bum<cankaerTMhM 75cm × 75cm CamYynwgkRmas;kRmal 75mm nigTTwgrnUt 150mm
manKM lat 90cm KitBIG½kS. sþg;darRbePTenH mankm<s;ERbRbYlBI 200mm eTA
500 mm eday ekIneLIgmþg 50mm . eyagtam]TahrN_TI17>12 nigrUbTI 17>33.
2> Bum<cankaerTMhM 48cm × 48cm CamYynwgkRmas;kRmal 75mm nigTTwgrnUt 125mm

manKM lat 60cm KitBIG½kS. sþg;RbePTenH mankm<s;ERbRbYlBI 150mm eTA 300mm
edayekIneLIgmþg 50mm . B½t’manepSg²BIkRmalRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 17>12.

tarag 17>12 lkçN³muxkat;

sRmab;rnUt ¬Bum<canTMhM 75cm × 75cm ¦
kRmalxag km<s;rnUt maDxül; RkLaépÞ Ycg Ig
elI (mm ) (mm) (× 10 6 mm 3 / pan ) (× 10 4 mm 2 ) (mm ) (× 10 mm )

8 4
75 200 107.4 10.09 81.91 5.45

75 250 132.7 11.04 98.58 9.02
75 300 157.4 12.02 116.54 13.85
75 350 181.4 13.05 135.4 20.08
75 400 204.9 14.12 155 27.88
75 500 250 16.39 195.7 48.8
115 200 107.4 13.69 95.12 8.25
115 250 132.7 14.64 109.4 12.89
115 300 157.4 15.62 141.8 19.06
115 350 181.4 16.65 141.8 26.95
115 400 204.9 17.72 159.45 36.72
115 500 250 19.99 196.88 62.59
sRmab;rnUt ¬Bum<canTMhM 48cm × 48cm ¦

75 150 32 6.56 72.14 2.31
75 250 42.01 7.33 89.11 4.25
75 250 51.57 8.15 107.57 7.03
75 300 60.75 90 127.08 10.78
115 150 32 8.96 87.47 3.84
115 250 42.01 9.73 102.21 6.44
115 250 51.57 10.55 118.53 10.08
115 300 60.75 11.4 136.12 14.91


]TahrN_TI17>12³ Waffle Slab

KNnaRbB½n§kRmalxNÐ waffle floor EdlpSMeLIgedaykRmalkaerKμanFñwmedayKitnUvTinñn½yxag
Rkam ¬rUbTI 17>33¦³
RbEvgElVgedayKitBIG½kSssreTAG½kSssr= 10m
TTwgrnUt = 150mm manKMlat 900mm BIG½kSeTAG½kS
km<s;rnUt = 350mm
kRmas;kRmalxNÐ = 75mm
TMhMssr = 500 × 500mm
bnÞúkefr ¬minrYmbBa©ÚlbnÞúkpÞal;¦= 2.4kN / m 2
bnÞúkGefr= 4.8kN / m 2 f ' c = 35MPa f y = 420 MPa

dMeNaHRsay³
1> KNnakRmas;Gb,brmarbs;kRmalxNÐedayeRbItarag 17>1³ hmin = ln / 30 /
l n = 10 − 0.5 = 9.5m / hmin = 9.5 / 30 = 0.317 m sRmab;kRmalxagkñúg ehIy
hmin = l n / 33 = 0.288m sRmab;kRmalxagkñúg. smIkar !&>! nig !&>@ GacRtUv)aneRbI.
edaysnμt;km<s;srub 425mm EdlrYmmankRmalkRmas; 75mm nigrnUtkm<s; 350mm .

2> KNnabnÞúkEdlmanGMeBIenAelI waffle floor ³
a. bnÞúkemKuNénEpñktan;enAelIssr = 1.2 × 0.425 × 25 = 12.75kN / m 2
b. maDxül;rbs;rnUtkm<s; 350mm KW 181.4 ⋅ 10 6 mm 3 elIRkLaépÞ 900 × 900mm 2 .
Tm¶n;srubrbs;épÞ 810000mm 2 KW
1.2 × 25(81 ⋅ 10 4 × 425 − 181.4 ⋅ 10 6 )⋅ 10 −9 = 4.89kN
b¤Tm¶n;kñúg 1m 2 KW 4.89kN / m 2
c. bnÞúkefrbEnßmemKuNnigbnÞúkGefremKuNKW 1.2 × 2.4 + 1.6 × 4.8 = 10.56kN / m 2 .
bnÞúkBRgayesμIemKuNenAelIépÞtan; wu = 10.56 + 12.75 = 23.31 ≈ 23.5kN / m 2

bnÞúkBRgayenAemKuNenAelIépÞelIrnUt wu = 10.56 + 4.89 = 15.45 ≈ 15.5kN / m 2
d. bnÞúkenAelImYykRmal ¬eyagtamrUbTI 17>34¦³ enAelIépÞtan;
W = 23.5 × 3.6 + 15.5 × 6.4 = 183.8kN / m

enAelIépÞelIrnUt W = 15.5 × 10 = 155kN / m
3> KNnakmøaMgkat; nigm:Um:g;sþaTicsrub³
Vu (at face of column) = 183.8 × 1.55 + 155 × 3.2 = 780.89kN
3.2 2
M o (at midspan ) = 780.89 × 4.75 − 183.8 × 1.55 × 3.975 − 155 = 1783.2kN .m
2
4> RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;pug ¬eyagtamrUbTI 17>35¦³
a. enAkñúgépÞtan;enAcm¶ay d / 2 BIépÞssr h = 425mm / d = 425 − 30 = 395mm /
c(column) = 500mm / bo = 4(500 + 395) = 3580mm /
Vu = 155 × 6.4 + 183.8 × 3.6 − 23.5 × 0.895 2 = 1634.9kN nig
φVc = φ f 'c bo d / 3 = 0.75 35 (3580 × 395) / 3 = 1952kN > Vu

b. enAkñúgépÞelIrnUtenAcm¶ay d / 2 BIRCugrbs;épÞtan;. kRmas;kRmalKW 75mm . yk
d = 60mm enaH

bo = 4(3800 + 60 ) = 15440mm
Vu = 155 × 6.4 + 183.8 × 3.6 − 23.5 × 3.860 2 = 1304kN

φVc = φ f 'c bo d / 3 = 0.75 35 (15440 × 60) / 3 = 1370kN > Vu
5> KNnam:Um:g; nigsrésEdk
a. kRmalxageRkA³ M o = 1783.2kN .m
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxageRkA = 0.26M o = −463.6kN.m

m:Um:g;viC¢man = 0.52M o = 927.3kN.m
m:Um:g;GviC¢manxagkñúg = 0.7M o = −1248.2kN.m

b. kRmalxagkñúg³ M o = 1783.2kN .m
m:Um:g;GviC¢man = 0.65M o = −1159.1kN.m

m:Um:g;viC¢man = 0.35M o = 624.1kN.m
karlMGItBIkarKNnaRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtaragTI 17>13 nigrUbTI 17>36. cMNaMfa
PaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUc ehIy φ = 0.9
6> KNna unbalanced moment enAkñúgssr nigRtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;sRmab; Vu nig M v
dUckñúg]TahrN_TI 17>8 nig 17>9.

tarag 17>13> karKNnakRmal waffle slab xagkñúg nigxageRkA ¬rnUt 5enAkñúgceRmokelI

ssr nigrnUt 6enAkñúgceRmokkNþal¦
kRmalxageRkA xageRkA xagkñúg
±M −M ±M
−M −M
emKuNm:Um:g; 100 60 75 25 40
M u (kN .m) 463.6 556.4 936.2 312 370.9
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 3800 5000 3800 900 (6 ribs) 5000
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 395 395 395 395 395

Mu
Ru = ( MPa) 0.78 0.71 1.58 2.22 0.48
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.21 0.19 0.43 0.61 0.13
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 3152 3753 6454 2169 2567
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) 2907 765/rib 2907 688.5 637.5/rib
EdkEdleRCIserIs ¬Rtg;¦ 11DB20 2DB25/rib 21DB20 7DB20 2DB22/rib
kRmalxagkñúg xageRkA xagkñúg
±M −M ±M
−M −M
emKuNm:Um:g; - 60 75 25 40
M u (kN .m) - 374.5 869.3 289.8 249.6
TTwgceRmok b(mm) - 5000 3800 900 (6 ribs) 5000
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) - 395 395 395 395

Mu
Ru = ( MPa) - 0.48 1.47 2.06 0.32
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) - 0.13 0.40 0.57 0.09
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) - 2567 6004 2026 1777.5
As (min) = 0.0018bhs (mm 2 ) - 765/rib 2907 688.5 637.5/rib
EdkEdleRCIserIs ¬Rtg;¦ - 2DB25/rib 20DB20 7DB20 2DB22/rib


17>12> viFIeRKagsmmUl (Equivalent Frame Method)

enAeBlEdlRbB½n§kRmalxNÐBIrTismineKarBtamkarkMNt;rbs; direct design method m:Um:g;
KNnaRtUv)ankMNt;edayviFI equivalent method. enAkñúgviFIenH GKarRtUv)anEckCaeRKagsmmUltam
BIrTis nigbnÞab;mkviPaKeRKagkñúgsßanPaBeGLasÞicsRmab;RKb;lkçxNÐénkardak;bnÞúk. PaBxusKña
rvagviFITaMgBIrsßitenAelIviFIénkarKNnam:Um:g;tambeNþayrbs;ElVg. tRmUvkarsRmab;karKNnaRtUv
)anBnül;dUcxageRkam³
k> karBiBN’naBIeRKagsmmUl³ eRKagsmmUlCaeRKagGKarkñúgbøg; ¬BIrTMhM¦ EdlTTYl)an
edaykarkat;GKarkñúglMhM ¬bITMhM¦tambeNþayExSkNþalElVgcenøaHssr ¬rUbTI 17>4¦.
eRKagsmmUlEdlTTYl)anRtUv)anBicarNadac;edayELkenAkñúgTisbeNþay nigTisTTwg
rbs;GKar. sRmab;bBaÄr kRmalnImYy²RtUv)anviPaKdac;edayELk edaysnμt;cugsagelI
nig cugxageRkamrbs;ssrRtUv)ansnμt;fabgáb;. kRmal-Fñwm (slab-beam) RtUv)ansnμt;
fabgáb; enARtg;TRmkRmalBIrEdlQmnwgTRmEdleYigRtUvBicarNa BieRBaHbnÞúkbBaÄrcUlrYm
CamYym:Um:g; tictYcenARtg;tMNrenaH. sRmab;bnÞúkedk eRKagsmmUlpSMeLIgedaykRmal
TaMgGs;sRmab; km<s;TaMgmUlrbs;GKar edaysarkmøaMgenAkRmalnImYy²CaGnuKmn_én
bnÞúkedkenARKb;kRmalBIelInIv:UEdlRtUvBicarNa. karviPaKeRKagk¾GaceFVIeLIgedaykmμviFI
kMuBüÚTr½.
x> karsnμt;bnÞúk³ enAeBlpleFob service live load nig service dead load tUcCagb¤esμInwg
0.75 KMrUénkardak;bnÞúk pattern loading RtUv)aneRbIedayBicarNanUvlkçxNÐxageRkam³
- manEt 75% énbnÞúkefremKuNTaMgmUlGacRtUv)aneRbIsRmab;karviPaK.

- m:Um:g;Bt;GviC¢manGtibrmaenAkñúgkRmalRtg;TRmRtUv)anTTYledaykardak;bnÞúkEtelI
kRmalxNÐBIrEdlCab;Kña.
- m:Um:g;viC¢manGtibrmaenAEk,rkNþalElVgRtUv)anTTYledaykardak;bnÞúkEtenAelIElVg
qøas;.
- m:Um:g;KNnaminRtUvtUcCagm:Um:g;KNnaEdlekIteLIgedaykardak;bnÞúkemKuNeBjelIk
Rmal (ACI Code, Sectoion 13.7.6).
- m:Um:g;GviC¢maneRKaHfñak;RtUv)anBicarNa[manGMeBIenARtg;épÞssrctuekaN b¤enA
Rtg;ssrkaersmmUlEdlmanRkLaépÞdUcKñasRmab;muxkat;minEmnctuekaNEkg.

K> m:Um:g;niclPaBkRmal-Fñwm³ ACI CodekMNt;fakarERbRbYlm:Um:g;niclPaBtamG½kS

beNþay ssr nigFñwmkRmalRtUv)anykmkKitkñúgkarviPaKeRKag. tMbn;eRKaHfñak;sßitenA
cenøaHExSG½kSssr nigépÞssr/ bracket b¤ capital. tMbn;enHRtUv)anBicarNaCamuxkat;
Rkas;énkRmalxNÐ. edIm,IBicarNakm<s;d¾FMrbs;ssr nigkarkat;bnßyTTwg\T§iBlrbs;va
EdlCab;nwg FñwmkRmal ACI Code, Section 13.7.3.3 kMNt;fam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;Fñwm
kRmalrvagG½kSssr nigépÞTRmRtUv)ansnμt;esμInwgFñwmkRmalenARtg;épÞssredayEcknwg
témø (1 − c2 l2 )2 Edl c2 CaTTwgssrkñúgTisedATTwg nig l2 CaTTwgrbs;FñwmkRmal.
RkLaépÞrbs;muxkat;TaMgmUlGacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;FñwmkRmal.
X> m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;ssr³ ACI Code, Section 13.7.4 bgðajfam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;ssr
RtUv)ansnμt;faesμIGnnþBIépÞxagelIrbs;kRmaleTA)atrbs; column capital b¤FñwmkRmal
¬rUbTI 17>37¦.
g> PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr K ec RtUv)ankMNt;eday
1
=
1
+
K ec ∑ K c K t
1
¬!&>!&¦
Edl ∑ K c CaplbUkPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrxagelI nigssrxageRkamenARtg;cugrbs;va
Kt = ∑
9 E es C
3
¬!&>!(¦
⎛ c ⎞
l 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠
⎛ x ⎞⎛ x 3 y ⎞⎟
C = ∑ ⎜⎜1 − 0.63 ⎟⎟⎜
y ⎠⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠
¬!&>@0¦
⎝
c> m:Um:g;ssr³ enAkñúgkarviPaKeRKag m:Um:g;EdlkMNt;sRmab;ssrsmmUl enAcugxagelIssr
eRkamkRmal nigenA)atssrelIkRmalRtUv)aneRbIkñúgkarKNnassr.
q> m:Um:g;GviC¢manenAelITRm³ ACI Code, Section 13.7.7 bgðajfasRmab;ssrxagkñúgm:Um:g;
GviC¢manemKuNRtUv)anykenARtg;épÞssr b¤épÞ capital b:uEnþenAcm¶ayminFMCag 0.1175l1
BI G½kSssr. sRmab;ssrxageRkA m:Um:g;GviC¢manemKuNRtUv)anykmkKitenARtg;muxkat;
EdlsßitenABak;kNþalcm¶ayrvagépÞssr nigEKmrbs;TRm. ssrmuxkat;mUlRtUv)anKit
CassrkaerEdlmanmuxkat;esμIKña.
C> plbUkm:Um:g;³ RbB½n§kRmalxNÐBIrTisEdleKarBtamkarkMNt;rbs;viFI direct design
method k¾GacRtUv)anviPaKedayviFI equivalent frame method . edIm,IFanafaviFITaMgBIr

pþl;nUvlT§pldUcKña ACI Code, Section 13.7.7 bgðajfam:Um:g;EdlkMNt;edayviFI

equivalent frame method GacRtUv)ankat;bnßyedaysmamaRtEdlplbUkénm:Um:g;viC¢man
nigm:Um:g;GviC¢manenAkñúgkarKNnaminRtUvFMCagm:Um:g;sþaTicsrub M o .
]TahrN_TI17>13³
edayeRbIviFI equivalent frame method viPaKeRKagKMrUxagkñúgénRbB½n§kRmal flate plate Edl[enA
kñúg]TahrN_TI 17>3 EtkñúgTisedAEvg. RbB½n§kRmalpSMeLIgedaykRmalbYnkñúgTisedAnImYy² Edl
kRmalnImYy²manTMhM 7.5 × 6m . kRmalnImYy²RtUv)anRTedayssrTMhM 50 × 50cm RbEvg 3.6m .
Service live load KW 3.8kN / m 2 Service dead load KW 6kN / m 2 ¬edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgTm¶n;pÞal;
rbs;kRmal¦. eK[ f 'c = 21MPa / f y = 420MPa . FñwmxagminRtUv)aneRbI. ¬rUbTI 17>38¦

dMeNaHRsay³
1> kRmas;kRmalxNÐ 25cm RtUv)aneRCIserIs dUcEdlBnül;kñúg]TahrN_TI 17>3.
2> bnÞúkemKuNKW wu = 1.2 × 6 + 1.6 × 3.8 = 13.28kN / m 2
pleFob Service dead load elI Service live load KW 3.8 / 6 = 0.63 < 0.75 . dUcenHeRKag
GacRtUvKNnaCamYynwgkarbnÞúkemKuN wu [manGMeBIRKb;kRmalCMnYs[karBRgaybnÞúk
tamKMrUénkardak;bnÞúk.
3> kMNt;PaBrwgRkajrbs;kRmal K s ³

EI s
Ks = k
ls
Edl k CaemKuNPaBrwgRkaj nig
l 2 hs3 6 × 0.25 3
Is = = = 7.81 ⋅ 10 −3 m 4
12 12
emKuNPaBrwgRkajGacRtUv)ankMNt;edayviFI column analogy method EdlRtUv)anBnül;
enAkñúgesovePAviPaKrcnasm<½n§ (structural analysis). edayKitfam:Um:g;niclPaBsRmab;kRmal
I s esμInwg 1.0 dUckñúgrUb m:Um:g;niclPaBrvagG½kSssr nigépÞssrKW
1.0 1.0
2
= 2
= 1.19
⎛ c2 ⎞ ⎛ 500 ⎞
⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ l2 ⎠ ⎝ 6000 ⎠
TTwgén analogous column ERbRbYlCamYy 1 / I dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>38 b ³ 1 / 1.19

= 0.84
emKuNPaBrwgRkajkRmal k = l1 ⎛⎜⎜ A1 +
Mc ⎞
⎟
I a ⎟⎠
¬!&>#@¦
⎝ a
Edl Aa = RkLaépÞénmuxkat; analogous column

I a = m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs; analogous column
M = m:Um:g;EdlekItBIbnÞúkÉktþaenAsrésxageRkAbMputén analogous column
EdlenAG½kSrbs;kRmal.
l1
M = 1.0 ×
2
Aa = 7 + 2 × 0.25 × 0.84 = 7 + 0.42 = 7.42
I a = I (for slab portion of 7m) + I (of end portion) about the centerline
2
73 ⎛ 0.250 ⎞
Ia = + 0.42⎜ 3.75 − ⎟ = 34.1
12 ⎝ 2 ⎠
edayecalm:Um:g;niclPaBénGgát;xøIxagcugeFobnwgTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;va.
emKuNPaBrwgRkaj k = 7.5⎡⎢⎣ 7.142 + 1× 3.34
75 × 3.75 ⎤
.1 ⎥⎦ = 1.01 + 3.09 = 4.1
emKuN carryover = 3.094−.11.01 = 0.507

−3
dUcenH PaBrwgRkajrbs;kRmalxNÐKW K s = 4.1E × 77..81
5
⋅ 10
= 4.27 ⋅ 10 −3 E

4> kMNt;PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr/ K c ³
⎛ EI ⎞
K c = k ' ⎜⎜ c ⎟⎟ × 2
⎝ lc ⎠

sRmab;ssrenABIelI nigBIeRkamkRmal.
k ' = emKuNPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr
0.5 4
l c = 3.6m Ic = = 5.2 ⋅ 10 −3 m 4
12
emKuNPaBrwgRkaj k ' GacRtUv)ankMNt;dUcxageRkam³
⎛ 1 Mc ⎞
k ' = l c ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟
⎝ Aa I a ⎠
sRmab;ssr c = lc / 2 nig M = 1.0(lc 2) = lc 2
Aa = l c − hs = 3.6 − 0.25 = 3.35

(lc − hs )3 3.35 3
Ia = = = 3.133
12 12
⎛ 1 1.8 × 1.8 ⎞
k ' = 3.6⎜ + ⎟ = 4.8
⎝ 3.35 3.133 ⎠
5.2 ⋅ 10 −3
K c = 4.8 E 2 = 0.0139 E
3.6
enAkñúg flat-plate floor system PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssr K c GacRtUv)anKNnaedaypÞal;
dUcxageRkam
3I c l c2
Kc
=
Ic
(l − h )
+ ¬!&>##¦
E c c s (lc − hc )
3
5> KNnaPaBrwgRkajTb;karrmYl K t rbs;kRmalenARtg;épÞrbs;ssr

∑ 9 Rcs C ehIy ⎛ x ⎞ x3 y
Kt = C = ∑⎜
⎜ 1 − 0 .63 ⎟
3
⎛ c ⎞ y⎟ 3 ⎝ ⎠
l 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ lc ⎠
enAkñúg]TahrN_enH x = 250mm ¬kRmas;kRmalxNÐ¦ nig y = 500mm ¬TTWgssr¦

emIlrUbTI 17>17.
⎛ 0.25 ⎞⎛⎜ 0.253 × 0.5 ⎞⎟
C = ⎜1 + 0.63 ⎟⎜ = 3.42 ⋅ 10 −3 m 4
⎝ 0.5 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎟
⎠
9 E cs 3.42 ⋅ 10 −3
Kt = 3
= 6.66 ⋅ 10 −3 E
⎛ 0.5 ⎞
6⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ 6 ⎠
sRmab;kRmalxNÐBIrCab;Kña K t = 2 × 6.66 ⋅10 −3 E = 13.32 ⋅10 −3 E
6> KNnaPaBrwgRkajssrsmmUl/ K ec ³

1 1 1 1 1
= + = +
K ec ∑ K c K t 0.0139 E 13.32 ⋅ 10 −3 E
K ec = 6.8 ⋅ 10 −3 E
7> emKuNEbgEckm:Um:g; (D.F) ³
- sRmab;tMNxageRkA
Ks 4.27 ⋅ 10 −3
D.F (slab) = = = 0.386
K s + K ec 4.27 ⋅ 10 −3 + 6.8 ⋅ 10 −3
K
D.F (columns) = ec = 0.614
∑K
ssrxagelI nigssrxageRkamkRmalxNÐmanPaBrwgRkajdUcKña dUcenHemKuNEbgEck
0.614 RtUv)anEckesμIKñarvagssrTaMgBIr EdlmYy²TTYl)an D.F= 0.614 / 2 = 0.307 .
- sRmab;tMNxagkñúg
Ks 4.27 ⋅ 10 −3
D.F (slab) = = = 0.278
K s + K ec 2 × 4.27 ⋅ 10 −3 + 6.8 ⋅ 10 −3
K 6.8 ⋅ 10 −3
D.F (columns) = ec = = 0.444
∑ K 2 × 4.27 ⋅ 10 −3 + 6.8 ⋅ 10 −3
ssrmYy²man D.F= 0.444 / 2 = 0.222 .
8> m:Um:g;cugbgáb;³ edaysar L.L / D.L tUcCag 0.75 m:Um:g;emKuNTaMgmUlRtUv)ansnμt;faman
GMeBIelIElVgTaMgGs;.
Fixed − end moment = k"wu l 2(L1 ) 2
emKuN k" GacRtUv)ankMNt;eday column analogy method ³ sRmab;bnÞúkÉktþa
w = 1kN / m enAelIbeNþayElVg 7.5m düaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;samBaØRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
17>38 b . RkLaépÞénm:Um:g;Bt; edayBicarNabERmbRmYlm:Um:g;niclPaBtambeNþayElVgKW

RkLaépÞsrub ( Am ) = A1 + A2 + 2A3
⎛1 ⎞
× 7(7 − 0.91) + 7 × 0.91 + 2⎜ × 0.25 × 0.91⎟0.84 = 34.98
2
=
3 ⎝2 ⎠
emKuNm:Um:g;bgáb;cug = Am
Aa l12
Edl Aa sRmab;kRmalxNÐKW 7.42 dUcEdl)anKNnaenAkñúgCMhanTI 3.
34.98
k" = = 0.0838
7.42 × 7.5 2

eyIgeXIjfaemKuNm:Um:g;bgáb;cug k"= 0.0838 mantémøEk,rnwgemKuN 1 / 12 = 0.833 Edl

eRbICaTUeTAedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;bgáb;rbs;Fñwm. eK)anrMBwgTuknUvlT§plenH edaysarEpñkénElVg
manm:Um:g;niclPaBERbRbYltUcenAkúñg flat plate EdlKμan column capital b¤ drop panel.
enAkñúg flat plate EdlmanpleFobElVgelITTwgssrFMCag 20 enaHeKGacykemKuNm:Um:g;
bgáb;cug 0.0833 mkeRbIedIm,IKNnam:Um:g;cugRbhak;RbEhl. m:Um:g;bgáb;cug ¬EdlbNþalBI
wu = 13.28kN / m 2 ¦ = 0.0838 × 13.28 × 6 × 7.5 2 = 375.6kN.m
9> karEbgEckm:Um:g;GaceFVIeTA)ansRmab;Bak;kNþaleRKag edaysarvamanlkçN³sIuemRTI. enA

eBlEdlm:Um:g;cugGviC¢manRtUv)ankMNt; m:Um:g;viC¢manenAkNþalElVgGacTTYl)anedaydk
témømFüménm:Um:g;cugGviC¢manBIm:Um:g;viC¢manFñwmTRmsamBaØ. karEbgEckm:Um:g;RtUv)anbgðaj
enAkñúgrUbTI 17>39. m:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMg kat;TTwgcugeRkayRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
17>40.
10> kRmalxNÐCagRtUv)anKNnasRmab;m:Um:g;GviCm¢ anenARtg;épÞssrdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
17>40.

]TahrN_TI17>14³
edayeRbIviFI direct design method edIm,IKNnakRmal flate slab xagkñúgEdlman drop panel edIm,I
RTbnÞúkefr 8.6kN / m 2 nigbnÞúkGefr11kN / m 2 . RbB½n§kRmalpSMeLIgedaykRmalcMnYn ^ kñúgTis
nImYy² EdlkRmalmYy²manTMhM 6 × 5.4m . RKb;kRmalTaMgGs;RtUv)anRTeday ssrEdlmanGgát;
p©it 0.4m ehIy column capital manGgát;p©it 1.0m . km<s;Can;KW 3.0m . eK[ f 'c = 28MPa nig
f y = 400 MPa

dMeNaHRsay³
1> RKb;karkMNt;rbs; ACI edIm,IeRbI direct design method RtUv)anbMeBj. kMNt;kRmas;
kRmalGb,brma hs edayeRbIsmIkar !&>! nig !&>@. Ggát;p©itrbs; column capital esμInwg
1.0m . muxkat;ssrkaersmmUlEdlmanRkLaépÞesμIKñamanRCugesμInwg πr 2 = π (500 )2

= 885mm b¤ 900mm .
clear span (long direction) = 6.0 − 0.9 = 5.1m
clear span (short direction) = 5.4 − 0.9 = 4.5m

edaysarFñwmminRtUv)aneRbI α fm = 0 / β s = 1.0 nig β = 6 / 5.4 = 1.11 BItarag !&>!/
kRmas;Gb,brma hs = ln / 33 = 5.1 / 33 = 155mm b:uEnþedaysarman drop panel hs GacRtUv
)ankat;bnßy 10% RbsinebI drop panel latsn§wgcm¶ayy:agtic l / 6 kñúgTisnImYy²BIG½kS
rbs;TRm nigTMlak;cuHBIeRkamkRmaly:agtic hs / 4 . dUcenH eRbIkRmas;kRmal
hs = 0.9 × 155 = 140mm ehIyRbEvgbeNþay nigTTwgrbs; drop panel KW
l1 6.0
Long direction = = = 2m
3 3
l 5 .4
Short direction = 2 = = 1 .8 m
3 3
kRmas;rbs; drop panel KW 1.25hs = 1.25 × 140 = 175mm . begáInkRmas;rbs; drop panel
dl; 220mm edIm,Ipþl;nUvkRmas;RKb;RKan;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;pug nigedIm,IecosvagnUvkareRbInUv
PaKryEdkFM. TMhMTaMgGs;RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>41.
2> KNnabnÞúkemKuN
wu = 1.2 × 8.6 + 1.6 × 11 = 28kN / m 2
3> RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;BIrTis. dMbUgenAkñúg drop panel ³ muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAcm¶ay d / 2 CMuvij
column capital. yk d = 220 − 30 = 190mm . Ggát;p©itrbs;muxkat;rgkmøaMgkat;KW
1 + 0.19 = 1.19m
⎡ π ⎤
Vu = 28⎢6 × 5.4 − 1.19 2 ⎥ = 876kN
⎣ 4 ⎦
⎛ 1.19 ⎞
bo = 2π ⎜ ⎟ = 3.74m
⎝ 2 ⎠
0.75 × 0.33
φVc = φ 0.33 × f ' c bo d = 28 × 3740 × 190 = 930kN > Vu
1000
bnÞab;mkeTotepÞógpÞat;kmøaMgkat;BIrTisenAkñúgkRmalxNÐ. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;KWsßitenAcm¶ay
d / 2 BIeRkA drop panel
d (slab ) = 140 − 30 = 110mm

RkLaépÞeRKaHfñak; = (2 + 0.11)(1.8 + 0.11) = 4.03m 2

bo = 2(2.11 + 1.91) = 8.04m
Vu = 28(6 × 5.4 − 4.03) = 794kN

0.75 × 0.33
φVc = 28 × 8040 × 110 = 1158kN > Vu
1000
kmøaMgkat;mYyTismineRKaHfñak;eT.
4> KNnam:Um:g;sþaTicsrubenAkñúgTisEvg nigTisxøI³
wu 28
M ol = l 2 l n21 = 5.4 × 5.12 = 491.6kN .m
8 8
w 28
M os = u l1l n22 = 6 × 4.5 2 = 425.2kN .m
8 8
edaysar l2 < l1 TTwgrbs;ceRmokelIssrkñúgTisedAEvgKW 2(0.25 × 5.4) = 2.7m . TTwgcM
erokelIssrkñúgTisedAxøIKW 2.7m . edaysnμt;Ggát;p©itEdk 12mm ehIyEdkkñúgTisedAxøI
sßitenABIelIEdkkñúgTisedAEvg enaHkm<s;RbsiT§PaBkñúgTisedAxøIKWtUcCagkm<s;RbsiT§PaBkñúg
TisedAEvgRbEhl 10mm . témørbs; d nigdMeNIrkarKNnaRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag
17>14. RbEvgGb,brmarbs;EdkEdl)aneRCIserIsRtUveKarBtamRbEvgtRmUvkarrbs; ACI
Code Edl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 17>16. cMNaMfaPaKryEdkTaMgGs;tUcCag ρ max .
dUcenH φ = 0.9 .
5> PaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrKW
ratio
D.L 8.6
=
L.L 11
= 0.782 ehI y l
l1
= 1.11
2
kMNt; α min =
1
0.782 × 1.11
= 1.15
viFIRbhak;RbEhlRtUv)aneRbIenATIenHedIm,IkMNt;PaBrwg Rkajrbs;ssrCamYynwg capital

rbs;va.
140 3
I s ¬m:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;kRmalkñúgTisxøI¦ = 6000 = 1372 × 10 6 mm 4
12
4 Ec I s 4 E c × 1372 ⋅ 10 6
Ks = = = 1016 ⋅ 10 3 E c
l2 5400
Ic ¬sRmab;ssrmUlEdlmanGgát;p©it
πD 4 π
400 mm ¦ = = (400) 4 = 1257 ⋅ 10 6 mm 4
64 64
4 Ec I c 4 E c × 1257 ⋅ 10 6
Kc = = = 1676 ⋅ 10 3 E c
lc 3000

tarag 17>14 karKNnaénkRmal flat plate xagkñúgEdlman drop panel

M o = 491.6kN .m TisEvg
M n = −0.65M o = −319.5kN .m
M p = +0.35M o = +172.1kN .m ceRmokelIssr ceRmokkNþal

emKuNm:Um:g; − 0.75M n 0.60 M p −0.25M n 0.40M p
M u (kN .m) -239.6 103.3 -79.9 68.8
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 190 110 110 110
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7

Mu
Ru = ( MPa) 2.46 3.16 2.44 2.10
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.71 0.93 0.7 0.6
As = ρbd ( mm 2 ) 3642 2762 2079 1782
As (min) = 0.0018bhs ( mm 2 ) 1070 680 680 680
KMlat (mm) 150 193 135 170
M o = 425.2kN .m TisxøI
M n = −0.65M o = −276.4kN .m
M p = 0.35M o = +148.8kN .m ceRmokelIssr ceRmokkNþal

emKuNm:Um:g; −0.75M n 0.60 M p −0.25M n 0.40 M p
M u (kN .m) -207.3 89.3 -69.1 59.5
TTwgceRmok b(mm) 180 100 100 100
km<s;RbsiT§PaB d (mm) 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.3

Mu
Ru = ( MPa) 2.37 3.30 2.10 1.80
bd 2
PaKryEdk ρ (%) 0.69 1.00 0.60 0.50
As = ρbd (mm 2 ) 3353 2700 1980 1650
As (min) = 0.0018bhs ( mm 2 ) 1070 680 680 680
KMlat (mm) 150 195 185 205

pleFobrvagPaBrwgRkajrbs;ssrnigPaBrwgRkajrbs;kRmal
K c 1676 ⋅ 10 3
= = = 1.65
K s 1016 ⋅ 10 3
EdlFMCag α min = 1.15 . RbsinebI I s kñúgTisEvgRtUv)aneRbI pleFobénPaBrwgRkajssr
elIPaBrwgRkajkRmalEdl)anKNnanwgFMCag 1.65 . dUcenHssrKWRKb;RKan;.
6> kMNt; balanced moment enAkñúgssr nigRtYtBinitükugRtaMgkmøaMgkat;enAkñúgkRmal dUc
Edl)anBnül;enAkñúg]TahrN_TI 17>8 nig 17>9.

XVIII. CeNþIr
Stairs

RKb;GKarTaMgGs; TaMgTab nigx<s;EtgEtmanCeNþIr eTaHbICamanCeNþIreyagRKb;RKan;k¾eday.
CeNþIrpSMeLIgeday km<s;kaM (rise), CMhankaM (run or tread) nigfasCeNþIr (landing)¬rUbTI 18>1¦.
T.Chhay 606 Stairs

TMhMFmμtarbs;km<s;kaM nigCMhankaMenAkñúgGKarEdlTak;Tgnwg empirical rule xøH.

Rise + run = 430mm
2Rise + run = 635mm
Rise × run = 0.05m 2

km<s;kaMGaRs½ynwgRbePTGKar. ]TahrN_ sRmab;GKarsaFarN³ km<s;kaMKWRbEhl 15cm
b:uEnþsRmab;GKarsñak;enAvaERbRbYlcenøaH 15cm eTA 19cm . CMhankaMKWRbEhl 25cm enAkñúgGKar
saFarN³ nigERbRbYlcenøaH 23cm eTA 32cm sRmab;GKarsñak;enA. CaTUeTA km<s;kaMminRtUvFMCag
20cm nigminRtUvtUcCag 10cm ehIycMnYnkm<s;kaM)anBIkarEckTMhC M an;eTACan;rbs;GKarnwgkm<s;kaM
snμt;. kargarbegðIyrbs;kaMCeNþIrman fμdus (troweling Alundum grit) kar:U asphalt kar:U terrazzo
kar:U marble b¤RBM. bEnßmBIelIbnÞúkefr CeNþIrRtUv)anKNnasRmab;bnÞúkGefrGb,brma 4.8kN / m 2 .
18>2> RbePTCeNþIr (Types of Stairs)

eKmanCeNþIrCaeRcInRbePTEdlGaRs½yCacMbgeTAnwgRbePT nigtYnaTIrbs;GKar nigGaRs½y
eTAelItRmUvkarsßabtükmμ. RbePTCeNþIrFmμtabMputmandUcxageRkam³
!> Single-flight stair³ kareFVIkarrbs;rcnasm<½n§éntYCeNþIrRsedogeTAnwgkRmalxNÐmYyTisEdl
RtUv)anRTenAcugsgçag. kRmalrbs;kRmalRtUv)aneKehAfa waist ¬rUbTI 181¦. enAeBltY
CeNþIrmanfas eKRtUvdak;FñwmenARtg; B nig C edIm,IlkçN³esdækic© ¬rUbTI 18>2¦. RbsinebI
FñwmTaMgBIrenHminRtUv)andak; enaHRbEvgElVgCeNþIrnwgekIneLIgedaysarTTwgrbs;fasBIrEdl
latsn§wgcenøaH A nig D . enAkñúgGKarsñak;enATTwgfasKWsßitenAcenøaH1.2m eTA1.8m ehIy
cm¶aysrubcenøaH A nig D KWRbEhl 6m .
viFIepSgeTotkñúgkarRT Single-flight stair KWRtUveRbI stringer b¤Fñwmxag (edge beam)
enARCugBIrtambeNþayCeNþIr. kaMRtUv)anRTedayFñwm ¬rUbTI 18>3¦.
@> Double-flight stair³ GñkeRbInwgmanlkçN³gayRsYlkñúgkareRbIR)as;GKarEdlman double-
flight stair. RbePTEdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaTUeTAKWRbePT quarter-turn ¬rUbTI 18>4¦nig
closed-well stair b¤ open-well stair dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>5. sRmab;karviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM
CeNþIr tYmYy²RtUv)anKitdUc single-flight ehIyRtUv)anBicarNaedayRTenAelIFñwmBIr b¤eRcIn

CeNþIr 607 T.Chhay
dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>2. fasCeNþIrlatsn§wgkñugTisedATTwgcenøaHTRmBIr ehIyRtUv)an

KNnadUc one-way slab. kñúgkrNI open-well stair EpñkkNþalrbs;fasCeNþIrRTbnÞúkeBj
cMENkÉsgçagBIrRTbnÞúkEtBak;kNþal dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>5 d. bnÞúkBak;kNþaleTot
RtUv)anRTenAkñúgTisbeNþayedaytYCeNþIr ¬muxkat; A-A nig B-B¦.
T.Chhay 608 Stairs

#> Three or more flight of stair³ kñúgkrNIxøH EdlTMhMTaMgmUlrbs;CeNþIrRtUv)ankMNt; three or

more flight of stair GacRtUv)anTTYlyk ¬rUbTI 18>6¦. tYCeNþIrmYy²RtUv)anKitdac;eday
ELkBIKñadUckñúgkrNI double-flight staircase.
$> Cantilever stair³ RtUv)aneRbICaTUeTAsRmab;CeNþIr fire-escape stair ehIyvaRtUv)anRTeday

CBa¢aMg b¤Fñwmebtug. CeNþIrRbePTenHGac full-flight EdltYCeNþIrQrelIEtCBa¢aMgmçag nigGac
half-flight EdltYCeNþIrQrelICBa¢aMgsgçag b¤RbePT semispiral dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>7.
enAkñúgCeNþIrRbePTenH kaMnImYy²eFVIkarCaFñwm cantilever ehIyEdkemRtUv)andak;enAkñúgtMbn;

rgkarTajénCMhankaM nigEdkRtUv)anf<k;eTAkñúgCBa¢aMgebtug. EdkTb;sItuNðPaB nigkarrYmmaD
RtUv)andak;kñúgTisedATTwg.
CeNþIr 609 T.Chhay

TRmg;epSgeTotrbs;CeNþIr cantilever stair KWeRbI open-riser step EdlRTedayFñwm

kNþaldUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>8. FñwmmanCRmaldUctYCeNþIr ehIyEpñkxagelIrbs;Fñwm
GnuBaØat[kaMCeNþIrKgelI. kñúgkrNICaeRbIkaMebtugGarem:cak;eRscGacRtUv)aneRbICamYynwg
karpþl;BiesssRmab;rwtb‘ULúgedIm,IP¢ab;kaMeTAnwgFñwm.
T.Chhay 610 Stairs

%> Precast flights of stair³ el,Ónkñúgkarsagsg;enAkñúgKMeragxøHtRmUv[eRbI precast flights of

stair ¬rUbTI 18>8¦. tYCeNþIrGacRtUv)ancak;edayELk ehIybnÞab;mkRtUv)anP¢ab;eTAnwgfas
CeNþIrEdlcak;enAnwgkEnøg. kñúgkrNIepSgeTot tYCeNþIrrYmTaMgfasCeNþIr RtUv)ancak;nig

bnÞab;mkdak;enAelICBa¢aMg b¤FñwmTMr. vaRtUv)anKNnaCakRmalxNÐmYyTisEdlmanTRm
samBaØCamYynwgEdkemenA)at waist rbs;CeNþIr. brimaNEdkRKb;RKan;RtUv)andak;enAelI
tMN dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>9.
TMBk;RtUv)aneKeFVIedIm,IkargarelIkdak; nigdMeLIg. EdkBiessRtUvdak;enARtg;mux
kat;eRKaHfñak; edIm,ITb;nwgkugRtaMgTajEdlekItmanenAkñúgCeNþIrkñúgdMNak;karelIkdak;.
CeNþIr 611 T.Chhay

^> Free standing stair³ sRmab;CeNþIrRbePTenH fasCeNþIrsßitenAkñúgxül;edayKμanTRmenA

xagcug ¬rUbTI 18>10¦. CeNþIreFVIkarkñúglkçN³Cakþaelat (springboard) EdlbegáItCa
kugRtaMgrmYlenAkñúgkRmalxNÐ.
RbB½n§énkardak;bnÞúkbIRbePT RtUv)anykmkBicarNakñúgkarKNnaCeNþIrRbePTenH
edayKitBicarNafam:Um:g;rmYlnwgekItmanenAkñúgkRmalRKb;lkçxNÐ³
- enAeBlbnÞúkGefreFVIGMeBIEtenAelItYCeNþIrxagelI nigBak;kNþalfas ¬rUbTI 18>12¦
tYCeNþIrxagelInwgrgnUvkmøaMgTajbEnßmBIelIm:Um:g;Bt; EttYCeNþIrxageRkamnwgrgnUv
kmøaMgsgát; EdlGacbegáItCakmøaMgPøat; (buckling) enAkñúgkRmal .
T.Chhay 612 Stairs

- enAeBlbnÞúkGefreFVIGMeBIEtenAelItYCeNþIrxageRkam nigBak;kNþalfas tYCeNþIrxag

elInwgrgkmøaMgTaj EttYCeNþIrxageRkamnwgrgm:Um:g;Bt; nigkmøaMgsgát;.
- enAeBlbnÞúkGefreFVIGMeBIenATaMgelItYCeNþIrxagelI nigxageRkam kardak;bnÞúkenAelI
tYCeNþIrmYynwgbNþal[tYrCeNþIrmYyeTotrmYl. kugRtaMgrmYlekItenAkñúgCeNþIr
TamTarsrésEdkRKb;RKan;enAkñúgépÞTaMgsgçagrbs;CeNþIr nigfas. srésEdkTTwg
enAkñúgkRmal nigfasRtUv)andak;enAkñúgépÞTaMgsgçagrbs;ebtugkñúgTRmg;CaEdlGkSr
U biTCit enABak;kNþalTTwgrbs;CeNþIr. srésEdklMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
18>13.
sßabtükrcUlcitþCeNþIrRbePTenH ehIyCeNþIrRbePTenHeBlxøHRtUv)aneKehAfa pliers-
shaped staircase b¤ jackknife staircase.
&> Run-riser stair³ CaRbePTCeNþIrEdlpSMeLIgedaycMnYn km<s;kaM nigCMhankaMCaeRcInEdl

P¢ab;KñaedaypÞal;y:agrwgedayKμankRmal waist ¬rUbTI 18>14 a¦. CeNþIrRbePTenHTTYl
karcab;GarmμN_edaysßabtükredaysarrUbragxageRkArbs;va. karviPaKeRKOgbgÁúMrbs;
run-riser stair GacRtUv)ansRmYledaysnμt;fa\T§iBlrbs;kmøaMgtamG½kSRtUv)anecal nig
snμt;fabnÞúkenAelICMhankaMnImYy²RtUv)anRbmUldak;enAxagcugrbs;CMhankaM ¬rUbTI 18>

14 b¦. sRmab;karviPaKéntYCeNþIrEdlRTedayTMrsamBaØ edayBicarNatYCeNþIrsamBaØén
CMhankaMBIr ABC EdlrgnUvbnÞúkcMcMNuc P enARtg;cMNuc B’ ¬rUbTI 18>14 b¦. edaysar
tMN B nig B’ CatMNrwg m:Um:g;enARtg;tMN B esμIm:Um:g;enARtg;tMN B’ b¤ M B = M B'
= PS / 2 Edl S CaTTwgrbs;CMhankaM. m:Um:g;enAkñúgkm<s;kaM BB' mantémøefr ehIyesμI
nwg PS / 2 .
enAeBlEdlKμankm<s;kaM CeNþIr ABC eFVIkarCaFñwmTMrsamBaØ ehIym:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma
EdlekItmanenAkNþalElVgCamYytémø M B = PL / 4 = PS / 2 . sRmab;tYCeNþIrEdlpSM
eLIgedaykm<s;kaM nigCMhankaMeRcIn viFIdUcKñaRtUv)aneRbIdüaRkamm:Um:g;Bt;RtUv)anbgðaj
enAkñúgrUbTI 18> 15 a. m:Um:g;enAkñúg BB' mantémøefrsμInwgm:Um:g;enARtg;tMN B b¤ 2PS .
dUcKña M C = M 'C = 3PS / M D = M 'D = 3PS nig M E = M 'E = 2PS .
CeNþIr 613 T.Chhay

T.Chhay 614 Stairs

RbsinebImanvtþmanfasCeNþIrenAcugmçag b¤cugsgçag bnÞúkenAelIfask¾RtUv)anRbmUl

CabnÞúkcMcMNucdUckrNICMhankaMEdr. karviPaKrcnasm<½n§k¾GaceFVIedayBicarNabnÞúkBRgay
esμIenAelItYCeNþIr. m:Um:g;enAkñúgkm<s;kaMTaMgGs;mantémøefr nigTTYl)anBIrdüaRkamm:Um:g;
Bt;énFñwmTMrsamBaØEdlrgbnÞúkesμI ¬rUbTI 18>15 b¦. ]TahrN_TI 18>3 bgðajBIkar
KNnaCeNþIredayeRbIkarsnμt;BIr KWbnÞúkcMcMNuc nigbnÞúkBRgayesμI.
RbsinebItYCeNþIrRtUv)anbgáb; b¤Cab;enAcugmçag b¤cugTaMgBIr m:Um:g;GacRtUv)anTTYl
edayeRbIviFIviPaKeRKOgbgÁúMNamYyk¾)an. edIm,IBnül;krNIenH cat;TuktYCeNþIrEdlpSMeLIg
edayCMhankaMBIr nigRtUvbgáb;enAcugTaMgBIr ¬rUbTI 18>16 a¦. m:Um:g;enAcugbgáb; A nig B
EdlbNþalBIbnÞúkenARtg; B esμInwg PL / 8 = PS / 4 . lT§plenHRtUv)anTTYledaysnμt;
faCeNþIrminmankm<s;kaM ABC eFVIkarCaFñwmbgáb;cugEdlrgnUvbnÞúkcMcMNucenAkNþalElVg
¬rUbTI 18>16 b¦. m:Um:g;enAkNþalElVg muxkat; B esμInwg
PL PS PS PS
−MA = − =
4 2 4 4
m:Um:g;Bt;éntYCeNþIrEdlmankm<s;kaMmYyRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>16 a. cMNaMfam:Um:g;
enAkñúgkm<s;kaM BB' mantémøefr ehIy M B = M 'B = PS / 4 .
sRmab;tYCeNþIrEdlmanlkçN³sIuemRTI cugbgáb;TaMgsgçag ehIyrgnUvbnÞúkcMcMNucenA
Rtg;cMNucCMhankaM m:Um:g;enAcugbgáb;GacRtUvKNnadUcxageRkam³
M (fixed end ) =
PS 2
(n − 1)
12
Edl bnÞúkcMcMNucenARtg;cMNucCMhankaM
P=
S = TTwgCMhankaM
n = cMnYnCMhankaM
enAeBl n = 2 enaH M (fixed end) = PS 12

(4 − 1) = PS
4
EdllT§pldUcnwglT§plTTYl)anBIxagedIm.
RbsinebImanfasCeNþIrenAcugmçag b¤cugsgçag bnÞúkenAelIfasCeNþIrGacRtUv)an
dak;CabnÞúkcMcMNucenAKMlat S .
CeNþIr 615 T.Chhay

*> Helical stair (open-spiral stair)³ CaRbePTeRKOgbgÁúMbITMhM EdlCaTUeTAmanragCargVg;enA

kñúgbøg; ¬rUbTI 18>17¦. vaCaRbePTCeNþIrEdleKeRbIenAkñúg entrance hall, theater foyer
nigGKarkariyal½yEdlmankm<s;Tab. témørbs;vaéføCagCeNþIrRbePTFmμta.
CeNþIrGacRtUv)anRTenARCugxøHEdlCab;nwgCBa¢aMg b¤GacKNnaCa free-standing
helical staircase EdlTTYlkareBjniymCaeK. eRkamGMeBIrbs;bnÞúk tYCeNþIrGacrgnUvkug
RtaMgrmYl. tYCeNþIrxagelInwgrgnUvkugRtaMgTaj ÉcMENkÉkugRtaMgsgÁt;ekItmanenAEpñk

xageRkamrbs;CeNþIr. kmøaMgEdleFVIGMeBIenARtg;muxkat;NamYyGacpSMeLIgedaym:Um:g;
bBaÄr m:Um:g;edk m:Um:g;rmYl kmøaMgtamG½kS kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlkat; waist rbs;CeNþIr nigkM
laMg radial horizontal shearing force. EdkbeNþayempSMeLIgedayEdk helical bar
Edldak;enAkñúg waist rbs;CeNþIr nigCMhankaMBIfasxagelIeTATMrxageRkam. EdkTTwgRtUv
EtmanTMrgCaEdkkgbiTCitedIm,ITb;kugRtaMgrmYl b¤CaTRmg;EdkGkSr U pÁÜbKñadak;enA
kNþalTTwgrbs;CeNþIr.
viFIepSgeTotsRmab;pþl;[ helical stair KWeRbIFñwm helical girder enAkNþalTTwg
rbs;CeNþIr. kaMnImYy²RtUv)anKitCaFñwm cantilever ehIyEdkRtUv)andak;enAEpñkxagelI
rbs;kaM.
T.Chhay 616 Stairs

CeNþIr 617 T.Chhay

T.Chhay 618 Stairs

CeNþIr 619 T.Chhay

T.Chhay 620 Stairs

CeNþIr 621 T.Chhay

]TahrN_TI 18>1³ KNnaCeNþIrdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>18 edIm,IRTbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI

4.8kN / m 2. snμt;km<s;kaMesμInwg 15cm ehIyCMhankaMesμInwg 30cm . eK[ f 'c = 21MPa nig
f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> bnÞúk³ snμt;kRmas;kRmal ¬waist¦ esμInwg 10cm .
Tm¶n;rbs;kaMmYy = trapezoidal area × 25
⎛ 0.1118 + 0.2618 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ × 0.3 × 25 = 1.4kN / m
⎝ 2 ⎠
eyagtamrUbTI 18>18 b snμt;Tm¶n;kargarbegðIyEdlRKbBIelIkaMCeNþIrKW 0.3kN / m .
dUcenHbnÞúkefrsrub D.L. = 1.7kN / m
Wu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 1.2 × 1.7 + 1.6 × 4.8 × 0.3 = 4.35kN / m
T.Chhay 622 Stairs

CeNþIr 623 T.Chhay

2> m:Um:g;Bt;GtibrmaenAkñúgmYykaMKW Wu l 2 / 2
4.35 2
Mu = 1.8 = 7.05kN .m
2
⎛ 11.18 + 26.18 ⎞
kRmas;mFümrbs;kaMCeNþIrKW ⎜
⎝ 2
⎟ = 18.68cm
⎠
.
yk d = 18.68 − 2 − 0.6 = 16.1cm
⎛ a⎞
M u = φAs f y ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
snμt; a = 12.5mm
7.05 ⋅10 6
As = = 127 mm 2
⎛ 12.5 ⎞
0.9 × 400⎜161 − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
As f y 127 × 400
RtYtBinitü a= =
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 21× 300
¬mantémøRbEhlkarsnμt;¦
= 9.5mm
brimaNEdkGb,brma As = 0.00333(300)(161) = 161mm 2

eRbI 2DB12 sRmab;mYykaM. kRmas;kRmalGacyktUcCagkarsnμt;enH b:uEnþedIm,IeCosvag
PaBdabFM nigPaBrMj½rrbs;CeNþIr eKRtUveRCIserIskRmas;kRmalsmrmü.
3> KNnakmøaMgkat;enAcm¶ay d BIépÞTRm
Vu = 4.35(1.8 − 0.161) = 7.13kN
21(300 × 161) ⋅10 − 3 = 27.7 kN

0.75 0.75
φVc = f 'c bd =
6 6
edaysarEt Vu < φVc / 2 dUcenHeKminRtUvkarEdkkgeT. b:uEnþeKRtUvdak;Edkkg DB10 @100
edIm,IcgCamYyEdkembeNþay.
4> CeNþIrRtUvrkSalMnwgedayTm¶n;rbs;CBa¢aMg b¤edayFñwmebtugGarem:enAkñúgCBa¢aMg. kñúgkrNIenH
FñwmrgnUvm:Um:g;rmYl 7.05kN .m / m .
5> srésEdklMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>18.
]TahrN_TI 18>2³ KNnaCeNþIrdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>19 EdlRTbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI

5.7kN / m 2 . snμt;km<s;kaMesμInwg 18cm ehIyCMhankaMesμInwg 27.5cm . eK[ f 'c = 21MPa nig
f y = 400 MPa .
T.Chhay 624 Stairs

dMeNaHRsay³
1> RbB½n§eRKOgbgÁúM³ RbsinebIeKmineRbIFñwm stringer enaH eKGacTTYlykdMeNaHRsaymYykñúgcM
eNam dMeNaHRsaybYnEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>2. enAeBlTRmkNþalminRtUv)aneRbI
tYCeNþIrRtuv)anRTenAxagcugénfasCeNþIrxagelI nigxageRkam. RbB½n§rcnasm<½n§enHRtUv)an
ykmkeRbIkñúg]TahrN_enH.
2> bnÞúk³ snμt;kRmas;kRmal (waist) KW 20cm
Tm¶n;rbs;kaMmYy = trapezoidal area × 25
⎛ 0.239 × 2 + 0.18 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟0.275 × 25 = 2.26kN / m
⎝ 2 ⎠
Tm¶n;rbs;tYCeNþIr =
2.26
0.275
= 8.2kN / m 2
Tm¶n;fasCeNþIr = 0.2 × 25 = 5kN / m 2

edaysnμt;kargarbegðIyRKbelICeNþIrKW 1kN / m 2 .
Wu (on stair ) = 1.2(8.2 + 1) + 1.6 × 5.7 = 20.16kN / m 2
Wu (on landing ) = 1.2(5 + 1) + 1.6 × 5.7 = 16.32kN / m 2

edayKNnaCeNþIrkñúg 1m TTwgrbs;CeNþIrdUcenH
Wu (on stair ) = 20.16kN / m
Wu (on landing ) = 16.32kN / m

edaysarbnÞúkenAelIfasCeNþIrRtUv)anRTBIrTis dUcenHbnÞúkBak;kNþalRtUv)anKitenAkñúgTis
mYy².
3> KNnam:Um:g;Bt;Gtibrma nigEdkBRgwg ¬rUbTI 18>19 d¦³
a. m:Um:g;enAkNþalElVgKW
1.12
M u = 34.42 × 2.6 − 8.16 × 1.5 × 1.85 − 20.16 × = 54.65kN .m
2
yk d = 200 − 20 − 6 = 174mm
CeNþIr 625 T.Chhay

T.Chhay 626 Stairs

CeNþIr 627 T.Chhay

b. M u = φAs f y (d − a / 2); edaysnμt; a = 20mm

54.65 ⋅10 6
As = = 926mm 2
0.9 × 400 × (174 − 10)
As f y 926 × 400
RtYtBinitü a= =
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 × 21× 1000
= 20.75mm c = 24.4mm
brimaNEdkGb,brma As = 0.0033 ×1000 ×174 = 574mm 2 < 926mm 2

eRbIEdk DB12 @120 ¬ As = 942mm 2 ¦. sRmab;CeNþIrTTwg 1.5m eRbI 13DB12 .
d t = 174mm c = 24.4mm
bERmbRmYlrageFobTajsuT§ (net tensile strain)
⎛d −c⎞
εt = ⎜ t ⎟0.003 = 0.0184 > 0.005 dUcenH φ = 0.9
⎝ c ⎠
c. EdkTTwgRtUv)andak;edIm,ITb;karrYmmaD
As = 0.0018 × 1000 × 200 = 360mm 2
eRbIEdk DB12 EdlmanKMlat 300mm ¬ As = 377mm 2 ¦
d. RbsinebICeNþIr nigFñwmEdlRTvaRtUv)ancak;CamYyKña EdkbEnßmRtUv)andak;enAEpñkxagelI
nigEpñkxageRkamrbs;fasCeNþIr. srésEdklMGitRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>19.

4> kRmas;kRmalxNÐGb,brmasRmab;karBarPaBdabKW
= 0.208m ¬sRmab;kRmalxNÐTRmsamBaØ¦
L 5.2
=
25 25
kñúgkrNIEdlbgðajenATIenH edaysarcugkRmaltYCeNþIrRtUv)ancak;CamYynwgFñwmEdlRTva
ehIymandak;EdkbEnßmsRmab;m:Um:g;GviC¢man enaHkRmas;kRmalGb,brmaGacRtUv)ansnμt;
esμInwg
= 0.186m < 0.2m Edl)aneRbI
L
28
5> KNnafasCeNþIr³ edayBicarNafasCeNþIrkñúgRbEvgTTwg 1m bnÞúkenAelIfasCeNþIRtUv)an
bgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>20. EpñkkNþal 0.6m RTbnÞúkeBj EtEpñksgçag 1.5m RTbnÞúkEtBak;
kNþal.
2
m:Um:g;Bt; = 17.15 ×1.8 − 8.16 ×1.5 ×1.05 − 16.32 × 0.26 = 15.08kN .m
edaysarEdkenAkñúgfasCeNþIrRtUv)andak;enABIelIEdkCeNþIrem enaH
d = 200 − 20 − 12 − 0.6 = 167.4mm
T.Chhay 628 Stairs

edaysnμt; a = 10mm
15.08 ⋅10 6
As = = 258mm 2 < As (min) = 574mm 2
0.9 × 400 × (167.4 − 5)
eRbIEdk DB12 KMlat 180mm ¬ As = 628mm 2 ¦
6> FñwmTTwgenAcugfasCeNþIrRtUv)anKNnaeday[RTbnÞúkBICeNþIr 34.42kN / m bEnßmBIelI
bnÞúkpÞal;rbs;va nigbnÞúkrbs;CBa¢aMgEdlenABIelIva.
7> RtYtBinitükmøaMgkat;dUcFmμta.
]TahrN_TI 18>3³ KNnaCeNþIr run-riser stair EdlRTedayTRmsamBaØdUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI

18>21 sRmab;RTbnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 5.7kN / m 2 . eK[ f 'c = 21MPa nig f y = 400MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
1> bnÞúk³ snμt;kRmas;rbs;CMhankaM nigkm<s;kaMesμInwg 15cm .
bnÞúkcMcMNucenAelICMhankaMnImYy²RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam ¬eyagtamrUbTI 18>21 a ¦.
edayKitkñúg 1m TTwgrbs;CeNþIr
PD = (0.15 × 0.4 + 0.025 × 0.15) × 25 = 1.6kN
cMNaMfa bnÞúkefrcMcMNucenAelIfasCeNþIrmantémøtUcCag 1.6kN buEnþvaGacRtUv)ansnμt;esμI
nwg PD edaykarKNnay:agsRmYl. KitbnÞúkGefrenAelITTwgCeNþIr 1m ehIyRbmUlvaCa
bnÞúkcMcMNuc enaHeK)an
PL = 5.7 × 0.25 = 1.425kN
bnÞúkemKuN Pu = 1.2PD + 1.6PL = 1.2 ×1.6 + 1.6 ×1.425 = 4.2kN
CeNþIr 629 T.Chhay

T.Chhay 630 Stairs

2> KNnam:Um:g;Bt;enAkNþalElVg³ bnÞúkenAkñúg]TahrN_enHmanlkçN³sIuemRTIeFobnwgkNþal

ElVgRtg;muxkat; B . RbtikmμenARtg;cMNuc A
15
RA = 4.2 = 31.5kN
2
m:Um:g;enARtg;cMNuc B = R A (8S ) − 7 Pu (4S )
= 31.5(8 × 0.25) − 7 × 4.2(4 × 0.25) = 33.6kN.m
3> KNnasrésEdkcaM)ac;enARtg;muxkat;kNþalElVg³ sRmab; h = 15cm / d = 150 − 25 = 125
Mu 33.6 × 10 6
Ru = = = 2.15MPa
bd 2 1000 × 125 2
sRmab; f 'c = 21MPa / nig Ru = 2.15 enaHPaKryEdkKW
f y = 400MPa
ρ = 0.0064 < ρ max = 0.0135 / ¬ φ = 0.9 ¦
As = 0.0064 × 1000 × 125 = 800mm 2

eRbIEdk DB12 nigmanKMlat 14cm ¬ As = 807mm 2 ¦ tamTisedk nigTisQrkñúgTRmg;Edk
kgbiTCit.
sRmab;Edkrg eRbIPaKryEdkGb,brmasRmab;Tb;nwgsItuNðPaB nigkarrYmmaD ρ = 0.0018
As = 0.0018 × 400 × 150 = 108mm 2
eRbIEdk DB10 manKMlat 15cm ¬ As = 209.3mm 2 ¦. dak;Edk DB10 enARCugmYy²rbs;
kaM ¬ As = 235.5mm 2 ¦ dUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 18>21 c.
4> m:Um:g; nigsrésEdkEdlcaM)ac;sRmab;muxkat;muxkat;epSgeTotRtUv)aneFVICataragdUcxag
eRkam³
TItaMg A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 7.88 14.7 20.48 25.2 28.88 31.5 33.08 33.6

B.M .(kN .m)
0 0.5 0.94 1.31 1.61 1.85 2.02 2.12 2.15
Ru ( MPa)
0 0.14 0.27 0.38 0.47 0.55 0.60 0.63 0.64
ρ (% )
(
As mm 2 ) 0 175 338 475 588 688 750 788 800
CeNþIr 631 T.Chhay

eRbIEdk DB12 @ 200 sRmab;fas nig DB12 @150 sRmab;kaMCeNþIr. sRmab;

As = 588mm 2 eRbIEdk DB12 @ 200 enAkñúgfasCeNþIr. karlMGitsrésEdkRtUv)anbgðaj
enAkñúgrUbTI 18>21 c.
5> RtYtBinitübrimaNEdkcaM)ac;enAkñúgTisTTwgrbs;fas³ bnÞúkenAelIfaskñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvgKW
= 16.8kN / m dUcenH
4.2
0.25
16.8
Mu = × 3.6 2 = 27.2kN .m
8
27.2 ⋅10 6
Ru = = 1.74 MPa
1000 × 125 2
ρ = 0.0051 As = 638mm 2
eRbIEdk DB12 @175 As = 646mm 2
6> RbsinebIbnÞúkBRgayesμIRtUv)ansnμt;famanGMeBIelItYCeNþIr eKnwgTTYl)anlT§plRsedog
Kña.
]TahrN_ bnÞúkemKuNcMcMNucEdl)anKNnaKW 4.2kN manGMeBIelITTwgCMhankaM 0.25m . dUc
enHbnÞúkkñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvgKW 4.2 / 0.25 = 16.8kN / m . m:Um:g;GtibrmaenAkNþalElVgRtg;
muxkat; B ³
16.8 2
Mu = × 4 = 33.6kN .m
8
m:Um:g;enAmuxkat;déTeTotGacRtUv)anKNnay:agRsYl ehIykarKNnaGacRtUv)anerobcMCa
taragdUcBnül;kñúgCMhan 4.
T.Chhay 632 Stairs

CeNþIr 633 T.Chhay

XIX. esckþIENnaMBIebtugkugRtaMg
Introduction to Prestressed Concrete
19>1> ebtugeRbkugRtaMg (Prestressed Concrete)

19>1>1> eKalkarN_énkareFVIeRbkugRtaMg (Principles of Prestressing)
karGnuvtþeRbkugRtaMgeTAelIGgát;eRKOgbgáúMKWCakarbegáItkugRtaMgGciéRnþy_xagkñúgEdlmanGMeBI
RbqaMgnwgkugRtaMgTajenAkñúgebtugEdl)anbnÞúkxageRkA. karGnuvtþeRbkugRtaMgenHbegáItCaEdnkug
RtaMgEdlGgát;GacTb;Tl;)any:agmansuvtßiPaB. eKGacGnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgmun b¤kñúgeBldMNal
KñaénkarGnuvtþbnÞúkxageRkA. kugRtaMgenAkñúgGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMRtUvEtenAsl; ¬RKb;TIkEnøg nigsRmab;
RKb;sßanPaBénkardak;bnÞúk¦ enAkñúgEdnkMNt;rbs;kugRtaMgEdlsmÖar³GacRTRTg;)anKμanTIkMNt;. Ca
TUeTA karGnuvtþkugRtaMg ¬PaKeRcInCakugRtaMgsgát;¦ RtUv)anbegáIteLIgeday high-strength steel
tendon EdlrgkarTaj nig anchor eTAnwgGgát;ebtug. kugRtaMgRtUv)anepÞreTAebtugeday bond
tamépÞrbs; tendon b¤eday anchorage enAxagcugrbs; tendon.

edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarBnül; cUrBicarNaFñwmmYyEdleFVIBIebtugsuT§ ehIyFñwmenaHRtUvRTnUv
bnÞúkTMnajxageRkA (external gravity load) dUcbgðajkñúgrUbTI 19>1 a. muxkat;FñwmRtUv)aneRCIs
erIsCamYynwg tensile flexural stress EdlCalkçxNÐeRKaHfñak;sRmab;karKNna dUcenHeKTTYl)an
muxkat;EdlminmanlkçN³esdækic©. mUlehtuKWedaysarebtugxøaMgkñúgkarsgát;CagkarTaj. flexural
tensile strength b¤m:UDuldac; (module of rupture) rbs;ebtug f r esμInwg 0.62 f 'c ¬rUbTI 19>1a¦.
kñúgkarKNnaebtugGarem:Fmμta eKminKit tensile strength rbs;ebtugeT ehIyEdksrés

RtUv)andak;enAkñúgtMbn;Tajrbs;ebtugedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgTaj b:uEnþebtugTb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgsgát;
¬rUbTI 19>1 b¦.
kñúgkarKNnaebtugeRbkugRtaMg kugRtaMgsgát;dMbUgRtUv)anGnuvtþeTAkñúgFñwmedIm,I[manGMeBITb;
nwgkugRtaMgTajEdlekIteLIgedaysarbnÞúkxageRkA ¬rUbTI 19>1 c¦. RbsinebIkugRtaMgEdldak;
dMbUgenHesμInwgkugRtaMgTajenAsréseRkambMput enaHkugRtaMgTaMgBIrRtUv)anlubecal b:uEnþkugRtaMg
sgát;enAsrésEpñkxagelIbMputnwgmantémøDub. kñúgkrNIenH muxkat;Ggát;TaMgmUlrgkarsgát;. Rb
sinebIkugRtaMgsgát;EdlGnuvtþdMbUgtUcCagkugRtaMgTajenAsrésEpñkxageRkambMput enaHsrésenA
EpñkxageRkamenHrgkarTaj ÉsrésEpñkxagelIbMputrgkarsgát;.
T.Chhay 634 Introduction to Prestressed Concrete
kñúgkarGnuvtþ Ggát;ebtugGacrgeRbkugRtaMgtamviFImYykñúgcMeNamviFIxageRkam³
esckþIENnaMBIebtugeRbkugRtaMg 635 T.Chhay

!> karTajeRkay (Posttensioning): kñúgkareFVI posttensioning, eKTaj steel tendon

eRkayeBlebtugRtUv)ancak; nigkkrwg. kareFVI posttensioning RtUv)aneFVIeLIgtamviFI
saRsþdUcteTA³ dMbUgeKeRbI hydraulic jack Taj steel wire b¤ strand [lUt bnÞab;mk
CMnYs jack eday anchorage EdlGacrkSa[ steel strand enAEtrgkarTaj. CaTUeTA
tendon RtUv)aneFVIeLIgBI wire, strand b¤ bar. eKGacTaj wire nig strand CaRkum)an Et
eKTaj bar mþg)anEtmYy. kñúgdMeNIrkareFVI posttensioning, eKdak; steel tendon eTAkñúg

Bum<muneBlcak;ebtug ehIy tendon RtUv)ankarBarkars¥itCab;eTAnwgebtugeday water-
proof paper wrapping b¤ metal duct (sheath). tendon Edls¥itCab;eTAnwgebtugRtUv)an
eKehAfa boded tendon. Unbonded tendon/ RtUv)andak;edayKμan grout b¤RtUv)anlab

eRbg.
@> karTajmun (pretensioning): kñúgkareFVI prettensioning eKTaj steel tendon muneBlcak;
ebtug. eKTb; tendon CabeNþaHGasnñeday abutment ehIyeKkat;va bnÞab;ebtugRtUv)an
cak; nigkkrwg. kmøaMg prestessing RtUv)anepÞreTAebtugeday PaBs¥itenAtamRbEvgrbs;
tendon. CaTUeTA eKeRcIneFVI prettensioning enAkñúgkardæan b¤eragcRkpliteRKOgbgÁúMebtug
eRbkugRtaMgcak;eRsc EdlmankRmalrwgmaMCaGciéRnþy_.
#> kareFVIeRbkugRtaMgxageRkA (external prestressing): kñúgkareFVI external pretessing, eK
GnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgeday flat jack EdlRtUv)andak;enAcenøaHcugGgát;ebtug nig
permanent rigid abutments. Ggát;minman prestressing tendon dUcviFITaMgBIrxagelI
EdleKGacehAfakareFVIeRbkugRtaMgxagkñúgeT. External prestressing mingayRsYlkñúg

karGnuvtþeT edaysar shrinkage nig creep enAkñúgebtugEdlnaM[mankarkat;bnßykug
RtaMgsgát;EdlGnuvtþdMbUg.
Profile rbs; tenden GacRtg; ekag b¤ragrgVg;GaRs½yeTAelIkarKNnaGgát;eRKOgbgÁúM. CaTU
eTAeKeRbI straight tendon enAkñúg solid slab nig hollow-cored slab b:uEnþeKeRbI bent tendon enA
kñúgFñwm nigGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMPaKeRcIn. eKeRbI circular tendon enAkñúgeRKOgbgÁúMEdlmanTRmg;mUldUcCa
tank, silo nig pipe. eKGacGnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgEtkñúgmYydMNakkal b¤eRcIndMNakkaledIm,Ikar
BarebtugkMu[rgkugRtaMgelIs.

eK)anbegáItnUvRbB½n§eRbkugRtaMgCaeRcIn EdlkñúgcMeNamenaHman Freyssinet, Magnel Blaton,

B.B.R.V., Dywidag, CCL, Morandi, VSL, Western Concrete, Prescon, nig INRYCO. eBlxøH
eKCYbnUvbBaðakñúgkareRCIserIsRbB½n§eRbkugRtaMgsRmab;kargarBiess.
visVkrKYrBicarNanUvktþacMbgbIEdlnaMdl;kareRCIserIsRbB½n§enH³
!> GaMgtg;sIueténkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgEdlRtUvkar
@> ragFrNImaRtrbs;muxkat; nigKMlatEdlGacmansRmab; tendon
#> témøénRbB½n§eRbkugRtaMg ¬smÖar³ nigkmøaMgBlkmμ¦
]TahrN_xageRkambgðajBIlkçN³Biessrbs;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg.
]TahrN_ 19>1³ sRmab;FñwmTMrsamBaØEdlbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 19>2 cUrkMNt;kugRtaMgRtg;muxkat;

kNþalElVgEdlbNþalmkBITm¶n;pÞal;xøÜnva nigkrNIénkardak;bnÞúk nigeRbkugRtaMg³
!> bnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 13.15kN / m
@> bnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 13.15kN / m nigkmøaMgsgát;tambeNþaycMp©it P = 1132kN
#> bnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 30.61kN / m nigkmøaMgsgát;tambeNþaycakp©it P = 1132kN Edl
manGMeBIRtg;cMNakp©it e = 10cm
$> bnÞúkGefrBRgayesμI 39.28kN / m nigkmøaMgsgát;tambeNþaycakp©it P = 1132kN Edl
manGMeBIRtg;cMNakp©itGtibrmasRmab;muxkat; e = 15cm
%> bnÞúkGefrGtibrmaenAeBl P = 1132kN EdlmanGMeBIRtg; e = 15cm
eRbI b = 30cm / h = 60cm / f 'c = 31MPa nigkugRtaMgGnuBaØat f 'c = 14.14MPa
dMeNaHRsay³
!> kugRtaMgEdlbNþalmkEtBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr
bnÞúkpÞal;rbs;Fñwm = (0.3 × 0.6)24 = 4.32kN / m
m:Um:g;bnÞúkefr M D.L. = wL8 = 4.32(87.2) = 28kN .m
2 2
kugRtaMgenARtg;srésEpñkxageRkAbMputEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefrKW
Mc M (h / 2) 6M
σ= = 3 =
I bh / 12 bh 2

6 × 28
σD = 10 − 3 = ±1.56MPa
0.3 × 0.6 2
m:Um:g;EdlbNþþalBIbnÞúkGefr L1 = 13.15kN / m KW
13.15 × 7.2 2
M L.L. = = 85.2kN .m
8
kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkGefrKW
6M 6 × 85.2
σ L1 = = 10 − 3 = ±4.73MPa
bh 2
0.3 × 0.6 2
edayeFVIkarbUkbBa©ÚkkugRtaMgEdl)anBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr ¬rUbTI 19>2 a¦ eyIg)an

kugRtaMgxagelI = −1.56 − 4.73 = −6.29MPa ¬rgkarsgát;¦
kugRtaMgxageRkam = +1.56 + 4.73 = 6.29MPa ¬rgkarTaj¦
edaysarkugRtaMgTajFMCagm:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug f r = 0.62 31 = 3.45MPa dUcenHFñwmnwg)ak;.
@> kñúgkrNIEdlkugRtaMgbNþalBIeRbkugRtaMgesμI RbsinebIeKGnuvtþkmøaMgsgát; P = 1132KN
Rtg;TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat; enaHmuxkat;tambeNþyFñwmnwgrgkugRtaMgesμI
P 1132
σp = = 10 − 3 = ±6.29MPa
area 0.3 × 0.6
kugRtaMgcugeRkayEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkGefr nigbnÞúkefrbUknwgbnÞúkeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;srés
xagelI nigxageRkambMputKW 12.58MPa nig 0 erogKña ¬rUbTI 19>2 b¦. kñúgkrNIenH kmøaMg
eRbkugRtaMg)anebgáInkugRtaMgsgát;enARtg;srésEpñkxagelIbMput[mantémøBIrdg nig)ankat;
bnßykugRtaMgTajenARtg;srésEpñkxageRkam[esμInwg 0 . kugRtaMgsgát;Gtibrma12.58MPa
mantémøtUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaØat f 'c = 14.14MPa .
#> sRmab;kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIeRbkugRtaMgcMNakp©it ¬ e = 100mm ¦
RbsinebIeKGnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg P = 1132KN enARtg;cMNakp©it e = 100mm BI eRkamTI
RbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat; kugRtaMgenARtg;srésEpñkxagelI nigEpñkxageRkambMputRtUv)ankMNt;
dUcxageRkam. m:Um:g;EdlbNþalBIeRbkugRtaMgcMNakp©itKW Pe
P (Pe )c P 6(Pe )
σp =− ± =− ±
A I A bh 2
1132 6(1132 × 0.1) − 3
=− 10 − 3 ± 10
0.3 × 0.6 0.3 × 0.6 2
= −6.29 ± 6.29
enAsrésEpñkxageRkam σ p = −12.58MPa nig σ p = 0 enAsrésEpñkxageRkambMput.
BicarNaGMBIkardak;bnÞúkGefr L2 = 30.61kN / m
30.61× 7.2 2
M L. L. = = 198.36kN .m
8
6(198.36) − 3
σ L2 = 10 = ±11.02MPa
0.3 × 0.6 2
kugRtaMgcugeRkayEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefr/ bnÞúkGefr nigkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAsrésEpñkxagelI
nigEpñkxageRkambMputKW 12.58MPa nig 0 erogKña ¬rUbTI 19>2 c¦. cMNaMfa kugRtaMgcug
eRkaydUcKñanwgkrNIelIkmunenAeBlEdlbnÞúkGefresμInwg 13.15kN / m . edayGnuvtþkmøaMg
eRbkugRtaMgenARtg;cMNalp©it 10cm FñwmenHGacRTbnÞúkGefrEfmeTot ¬17.46kN / m ¦.

$> sRmab;kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIeRbkugRtaMgcakp©itRtg;cMNakp©itGtibrma
snμt;facMNakp©itGtibrmasRmab;muxkat;enHKW e = 15cm .
m:Um:g;Bt;EdlekItedaysarkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakp©itKW Pe = 1132 × 0.15 = 169.8kN .m

kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgKW
1132 6(169.8) − 3
σp =− 10 − 3 ± 10
0.3 × 0.6 0.3 × 0.6 2
= −6.29 ± 9.41
= −15.7 MPa nig + 3.12
begáInbnÞúkGefrdl; L3 = 39.28kN / m . m:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnÞúkenHKW

39.28 × 7.2 2
M L. L. = = 254.5kN .m
8
kugRtaMgEdlbNþalmkBIbnÞúkGefrKW
6(254.5)
σ L3 = 10 − 3 = ±14.14MPa
0.3 × 0.6 2
kugRtaMgcugeRkayenAsrésEpñkxagelI nigEpñkxageRkambMputEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúk

GefrKW 12.58MPa nig 0 erogKña ¬rUbTI 19>2 d¦. cMNaMfa kugRtaMgcugeRkaydUcKñanwgkrNI
mun²Edr b:uEnþbnÞúkGefr)anekIneLIgdl; 39.28kN / m . kugRtaMgTaj 1.56MPa RtUv)an
begáIteLIgenAsrésEpñkxagelIbMput enAeBlEdleKGnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg. kugRtaMgenH
mantémøtUcCagm:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug f r = 3.45MPa dUcenHvaminekItmansñameRbHenAelIFñwm
eT.
%> eKkMNt;bnÞúkGefrGtibrmaenAeBlkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgcakp©iteFVIGMeBIenARtg; e = 15cm dUct
eTA. kñúgkrNImun² kugRtaMgsgát;cugeRkayesμInwg 12.58MPa EdltUcCagkugRtaMgGnuBaØat
f 'c = 14.14MPa . dUcenH bnÞúkGefrGacekIneLIgdl; L4 = 43.6kN / m .
43.6 × 7.2 2
M L.L. = = 282.5kN .m
8
6 × 282.5 − 3
σ L4 = 10 = 15.7 MPa
0.3 × 0.6 2
kugRtaMgcugeRkayEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr L4 ehIynigkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg KW
− 14.14 MPa nig + 1.56 MPa ¬rUbTI 19>2 e¦. kugRtaMgsgát;KWesμInwgkugRtaMgGnuBaØat
14.14 MPa ehIykugRtaMgTajKWtUcCag modulus of rupture rbs;ebtug 3.45MPa . kñúg
krNIenH eKGacKNnabnÞúkGefrBRgayEdlesμμInwg 43.6kN / m dUcteTA³ bUkkugRtaMgsgát;

GnuBaØatGtibrma 14.14MPa CamYynwgkugRtaMgTajdMbUgenARtg;srésEpñkxagelIbMput
1.56 MPa edIm,ITTYl)an 15.7 MPa . m:Um:g;EdlnwgbegáItkugRtaMgenAsrésEpñkxagelIbMput

15.7 MPa esμInwg

⎛ bh 2 ⎞
M =σ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 6 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
=
15.7
(0.3)(0.6)2 ⋅103 = 282.6kN.m
6
W L2
M= L
8
eyIgTTYl)an
8 × 282.6
WL = = 43.6kN / m
7.2 2
cMNaMfa³
!> muxkat;ebtugTaMgmUlKWskmμkñúgkarTb;Tl;CamYykmøaMgxageRkA
@> kugRtaMgTajcugRkayenAkñúgmuxkat;tUcCag modulus of rupture rbs;ebtug Edlbgðaj
famuxkat;ebtugminmansñameRbHeRkamGMeBIrbs;bnÞúkGtibrma
#> bnÞúkGnuBaØatenAelIFñwmekIneLIgeRcInKYrsmedaysarkarGnuvtþrbs;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg
$> karekIneLIgnUvcMNakp©itrbs;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgk¾begáInkmøaMgGnuvtþn_GnuBaØat EdleFVI[kugRtaMg
enAelImuxkat;minFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaØat.
19>1>2> karGnuvtþeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñk (Partial Prestressing)

eKkMNt;Ggát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñk (partially prestressed concrete member) CaGgát;
Edl³
- kugRtaMgxagkñúgEdlmanGMeBITb;EpñkénkugRtaMgEdlekItBIbnÞúkxageRkA
- kugRtaMgTajekItmanenAkñúgebtugeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkeFVIkar (service load)
- EdkBRgwgminEmnCaEdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)andak;bEnßmedIm,IbegáInlT§PaBrbs;Ggát; edIm,ITb;
nwgm:Um:g;
eKGacBicarNa partially prestressed concrete tamBIrkrNI³
!> eKeRbIEdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkminEmneRbkugRtaMgenAkñúgmuxkat;EtmYy. ExSkabeRbkugRtaMg
begáItkugRtaMgxagkñúgRtUv)anKNnaedIm,ITTYl)an ultimate capacity rbs;muxkat;ebtugEt
mYyEpñkb:ueNÑaH. cMENkÉ capacity EdlenAsl;RtUv)anTTYlBIEdkminEmneRbkugRtaMg
Edldak;tamTisdUcKñanwgkabeRbkugRtaMg. EdkEdleRbICaEdkminEmneRbkugRtaMgGacCaRb

ePTEdkFmμta dUcCaEdk carbon steel b¤CaEdk high-tensile-strength. kabeRbkugRtaMgk¾

CaRbePTEdkFmμtadUcEdkminEmneRbkugRtaMgEdr Etvaman ultimate strength esμInwg
1725MPa ¬ 250ksi ¦. kareRCIserIsGaRs½ynwgktþacMbgBIrKW³ PaBdabGnuBaØat nigTMhM
sñameRbHGnuBaØat. dUcKña ACI Code kMNt;nUvpleFobGtibrmaénRbEvgElVgelIkkm<s;én

Ggát;ebtugGarem: sRmab;PaBdab. eKminGnuBaØat[manPaBdabFMelIslubCamYynwgkm<s;
rbs;muxkat;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgtUc nigedaysarkareRbIPaKryEdktic. sñameRbHekItmanenA
tMbn;rgkarTajrbs;muxkat;ebtug b¤enARtg;nIv:UEdkedaysareKGnuBaØat[kugRtaMgTajekIt
maneRkamGMeBI working load. eKGnuBaØatsñameRbHGtibrmaRtwm 0.016in. (0.41mm)
sRmab;Ggát;xagkñúg nig 0.013in. (0.33mm) sRmab;Ggát;xagkñúg.
@> kugRtaMgxagkñúgEdleFVIGMeBIelIGgát;)anEtBI prestrssed steel b:ueNÑaH b:uEnþvaRtUv)anTajCa
mYynwgEdnkMNt;TabCag. kñúgkrNIenHsñameRbHekItmanelOnCagGgát;rgeRbkugRtaMgeBj
eljeRkambnÞúkdUcCaKña.
eKGacBicarNa partially prestresssed concrete kñúgTRmg;kNþalrvagebtugGarem: nigebtug
eRbkugRtaMgeBj (fully prestressed concrete). enAkñúgGgát;ebtugGarem: sñameRbHekItmaneRkamGMeBI
bnÞúkeFVIkar dUcenHeKdak;EdkBRgwgenAkñúgtMbn;Taj. CaTUeTAenAkñúgGgát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg sñameRbH
minekItmaneRkamGMeBIbnÞúkeFVIkareT. kugRtaMgsgát;EdlbNþalBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgGacesμI b¤elIsBI
kugRtaMgTajEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkxageRkA. dUcenHeKGacBicarNaGgát; partially prestressed concrete
CaGgát;ebtugGarem:EdlkugRtaMgxagkñúgrbs;vamanGMeBITb;nwgEpñkxøH rbs;kugRtaMgEdl)anBIbnÞúkxag
eRkA dUcenHkugRtaMgTajenAkñúgebtugminRtUvFMCagtémøkMNt;eRkambnÞúkeFVIkareT. eKKitvaCaebtug
Garem:enAeBlNaEdlminmankugRtaMgxagkñúgeFVIGMeBIelIGgát;. ebtugeRbkugRtaMgeBjCakRmitx<s;bMput
rbs;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñk EdlenAkñúgenaHEdkminEmneRbkugRtaMgRtUv)ankat;bnßydl;sUnü.
enAcenøaHGgát;ebtugGarem:EdlmaneRbH nigGgát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgeBjEdlminmaneRbH eK
manEdnd¾FMsRmab;KNnaebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñk ¬rUbTI 19>3¦. kareRCIserIskRmiténkareFVIeRb
kugRtaMgd¾l¥ nwgbegáItnUveRKOgbgÁúMEdlmansuvtßiPaB nigmanlkçN³esdækic©.
rUbTI 19>3 bgðajBIExSekagPaBdab-bnÞúkrbs;FñwmebtugGarem:EdlmanbrimaNEdk nigRbePT
EdkxusKña. ExSekag a bgðajBIFñwmebtugGarem: EdlmansñameRbHFmμtaeRkambnÞúktUc Wcr . eKGackM
Nt;m:Um:g;EdleFVI[eRbH (cracking moment) dUcxageRkam³

fr I
M cr =
c
Edl m:UDuldac;rbs;ebtug = 0.62 f 'c
fr =
I = m:Um:g;niclPaBén gross concrete section
c = cm¶ayBIG½kSNWteTAsrésrgkarTajxageRkAbMput
eKGackMNt;ebtugEdleFVI[eRbH (cracking load) BI cracking moment enAeBlRbEvg ElVg

nigRbePTénkardak;bnÞúkRtUv)ankMNt;. sRmab;FñwmTRmsamBaØEdlrgbnÞúkcMcMnugenAkNþalElVg
Wcr = (4 M cr ) / L .
ExSekag e nig f bgðajBIFñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgeBjEdlmanEdktic nigEdkeRcIn erogKña. Fñwm

ebtugGarem:EdlmanbrimaNEdkeRcIn)ak;edaysarkarEbkebtugmunnwgEdkeTAdl; yield strength b¤

proof stress rbs;va. FñwmmanPaBdabtUc nwgrgkar)ak;edayPaBRsYy (brittle failure). FñwmEdlman

brimaNEdktic)ak;edaysarEdkeFVIkardl; yield nig ultimate strength rbs;va. vabgðajnUv)abdab
nigsñameRbHEdlbNþalBIkarlUtsac;rbs;EdkmuneBlebtugEbkCabnþbnÞab; ehIyFñwm)ak;rlM.
enAcenøaHExSekag a nig e CaEdnd¾FMrbs;FñwmebtugCamYynwgbrimaNERbRbYlrbs;Edk nigrg
nUvbrimaNERbRbYlrbs;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg. FñwmEdlrgkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgtUcenAEk,rExSekag a ehIy
FñwmEdlmaneRbkugRtaMgFMenAEk,rExSekag e . eKeRCIserIsbnSMEdkeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkminEmneRbkug
RtaMgsRmab;karKNnaKWGaRs½yelIkugRtaMgebtugGnuBaØat PaBdab nigTMhMsñameRbHGtibrma.
ExSekag b tMNag[FñwmEdlnwgeRbHeRkamGMeBIénbnÞúkeFVIkareBjelj. RbsinebIEtEpñkxøH
rbs;bnÞúkGefrekItmanenAelIeRKOgbgÁúMCaerOy² enaH W1 tMNag[bnÞúkefrsrub nigEpñkxøHrbs;bnÞúk
Gefr L1 .
ExSekag c tMNag[Fñwmcab;epþImeRbHeRkamGMeBI working load. kugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenA
kñúgebtug = f r = 0.62 f 'c .
ExSekag d tMNag[FñwmEdlmankmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgkMNt;. muxkat;eRKaHfñak;rbs;Fñwmnwgmin
eRbHeRkambnÞúkeFVIkareBjeljeT b:uEnþvanwgmankugRtaMgTajGtibrma 0 < f r < 0.62 f 'c . ACI
Code GnuBaØatkugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenAkúñgebtugRtwm 0.5 f 'c .
ExSekag e nig e' tMNag[FwñmebtugeRbkugRtaMgeBjeljEdlminmankugRtaMgTajeRkam

bnÞúkeFVIkar ¬emIlrUbTI 19>4¦.
sar³RbeyaCn_d¾sMxan;bMputrbs;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñkKWlT§PaBkúñgkarRKb;RKgkMeNag
(camber). edaykat;bnßykmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg camber nwgRtUv)ankat;bnßy ehIysnSMnUvbrimaNEdk
eRbkugRtaMg brimaNkargarkúñgkarTaj nigcMnYn end anchorage.

GaRs½ynwgGaMgtg;sIueténkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg sñameRbHenAkñúg partially prestressed member
ekIteLIgelOnCagenAkñúg fully prestressed concrete member eRkamGMeBIrbs; service load. enA
eBlEdlsñameRbHekItman m:Um:g;niclPaBRbsiT§PaBrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;RtUv)ankat;bnßy ehIyeK
nwgTTYl)anPaBdabFMCagmun. b:uEnþ kareRbIkmøagM eRbkugRtaMgedayEpñkKWeKTTYl)anlT§plKYrCaTI
eBjcitþ ehIyvaTTYl)ankareBjniym.

19>1>3> karcat;cMNat;fñak;Ggát;rgkarBt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg
(Classification of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members)
ACI Code, Section 18.3 )anEckGgát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCabIfñak;edayQrelIkugRtaMgTaj
enAelIsrésxageRkAbMput f t enAkñúgtMbn;TajeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkeFVIkardUcxageRkam³
!> fñak; U (uncracked section) Edlman f t ≤ 0.62 f 'c . enAkñúgmuxkat;ebtugEdlKμansñam

eRbHenH eKeRbIlkçN³én gross section edIm,IRtYtBinitüPaBdabeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkeFVIkar. Kμan
sñameRbHekItmanenAkñúgmuxkat; nigeKminRtUvkar skin reinforcement eT.
@> fñak; T (muxkat;enAkñúg transition zone) Edlman 0.62 f 'c < f t ≤ f 'c . muxkat;
RbePTenHmankugRtaMgTajenAkñúgebtugFMCagm:UDuldac; (modulus of rupture) rbs;ebtug
f r = 0.62 f 'c EdlbegáItnUvkrNIcenøaHmuxkat;eRbH nigmuxkat;Gt;eRbH. enAkñúgkrNIenH
eKeRbIlkçN³én gross section edIm,IRtYtBinitükugRtaMg ehIyeKeRbI bilinear section rbs;

muxkat;eRbHedIm,IKNnaPaBdab. eKmincaM)ac;eRbI skin reinforcement enAkñúgtMbn;TajeT.
#> fñak; C (cracked section) Edlman f t > f 'c . kugRtaMgTajenAkúñgmuxkat;FMCag
modulus of rupture rbs;ebtug 1.6 dg. dUcenH sñameRbHnwgekItmandUckñúgkrNIGgát;eb
tugeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñk. enAkñúgkrNIenH eKeRbIlkçN³énmuxkat;eRbHedIm,IRtYtBinitükug

RtaMg sñameRbH nigPaBdab. eKKYreRbIkarpþl;[edIm,IRKb;RKgsñameRbH nigeRbI skin

reinforcement dUckarBnül;enAkñúgEpñk 6>7 sRmab;Ggát;ebtugGarem:Edlmankm<s;
RbsiT§PaB d > 915mm .
19>2> smÖar³ nigtRmUvkarsRmab;beRmIbRmas; (Material and Serviceability Requirement)

19>2>1> ebtug (Concrete)
lkçN³rbs;ebtugRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgCMBUk 2. eTaHbICaerOy² Ggát;ebtugGarem:RtUv)anplit
BIebtugEdlmanersIusþg;sgát; 21MPa eTA 35MPa k¾eday k¾Ggát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anplitBI
smÖar³EdlmanersIusþg;x<s;Cag CaTUeTAsßitenAcenøaH 28MPa eTA 56MPa . eKeRbIebtugersIusþg;x<s;
sRmab;Ggát;ebtugcak;eRsc nigGgát;ebtugeRbHkugRtaMg Edlkarlay karcak; karbgðab; nigkarEfTaM
ebtugsßiteRkamkarRtYtBinitüy:agm:t;ct;.
kugRtaMgGnuBaØatenAkñúgebtugEdleyagtam ACI Code, Section 18.4 mandUcxageRkam³
!> kugRtaMgeRkayeBlepÞreRbkugRtaMg (prestress transfer) nigmuneBl)at;bg;eRbkugRtaMg
(prestress losses):
a. kugRtaMgsgát;GtibrmaesμInwg 0.6 f ci
b. kugRtaMgTajGtibrma ¬elIkElgGVIEdl)anGnuBaØatdUcxageRkam¦ esμInwg 0.25 f ci
c. kugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenARtg;cugénGgát;TRmsamBaØesμInwg 0.5 f ci
Edl f ci CaersIusþg;rbs;ebtugenAeBlepÞr
RbsinebIkugRtaMgTajmantémøFMCagenH eKRtUvdak;EdkenAtMbn;sgát;edIm,ITb;Tl;kmøaMgTaj
srubenAkñúgebtug ¬edayQrelI uncracked gross section¦.
@> kugRtaMgeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkeFVIkareRkayeBlkMhatbg; (loss) TaMgGs; ¬sRmab;fñak; U nigfñak;
T ¦ mandUcteTA³ kugRtaMgsgát;Gtibrma 0.45 f 'c EdlbNþalBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgbUknwgbnÞúk
efr nigkugRtaMg 0.05 f 'c EdlbNþalBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgbUknwgbnÞúksrub.

#> kugRtaMgTaMgenHGacmantémøFMCagenH RbsinebIkarBiesaF nigkarviPaKbgðajfakaRbRBwtþeTA
rbs;vaRKb;RKan;.

19>2>2> EdkeRbkugRtaMg (Prestressing Steel)

Edk tendon EdleKniymeRbICageKenAkñúgebtugeRbkugRtaMgCa strands ¬b¤kab¦ Edlplit
eLIgCamYynwglYssrésr (wire) CaeRcIn CaTUeTAmancMnYn 7 b¤ 19 . Wire nig bar k¾RtUv)aneKeRbI
R)as;pgEdr. Stand nig wire RtUv)anpliteLIgedayeKarBtam ASTM Standard A421 sRmab;
uncoated stress-relieved wire nig A416 sRmab; uncoated seven-wire stress-relieved strand.
lkçN³rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)an[enAkñúgtarag 19>1.
tarag 19>1
Diameter Area Mass
Type
(mm) (mm2) (kg/m)
Seven-wire strand (grade 250) 6.350 23.2 0.179
7.950 37.4 0.298
9.525 51.6 0.402
11.125 69.7 0.551
12.700 92.9 0.729
15.240 139.4 1.101
Seven-wire strand (grade 270) 9.525 54.8 0.432
11.125 74.2 0.595
12.700 98.7 0.789
15.250 138.7 1.101
Prestressing wire grades (250) 4.877 18.7 0.146
(250) 4.978 19.4 0.149
(240) 6.350 31.6 0.253
(235) 7.010 38.7 0.298
Prestressing bars (smooth) 19.050 283.9 2.232
(grade 145 or 160) 22.225 387.1 3.036
25.400 503.2 3.973
28.575 638.7 5.030
31.750 793.5 6.206
34.925 954.8 7.515
Prestressing bars (deformed) 15.875 180.6 1.458
(grade 150-160) 19.050 271.0 2.218
25.400 548.4 4.480
31.750 806.5 6.535
34.925 1006 8.274
EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdleRbIenAkñúgebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUvEtmanersIusþg;x<s; CaTUeTAman
ultimate strength f pu enAcenøaH 1730MPa eTA 1860MPa . eKcaM)ac;GnuBaØat[EdkersIusþg;x<s;
mansac;lUtFM nigrkSakugRtaMgenAkñúgebtug[RKb;RKan; nigGciéRnþy_bnÞab;BI inelastic shortening rbs;

ebtug.
kugRtaMgGnuBaØatenAkñúgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeyagtam ACI Code, Section 18.5 mandUcxageRkam³
!> kugRtaMgGtibrmaEdlbNþalBI tendon jacking force minRtUvFMCagtémøEdltUcCageKkñú
gcMeNam 0.8 f pu nig 0.94 f py . témøEdltUcCagminRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgEdlENnaMedayGñk
plit tendon b¤ anchorage eT.
@> kugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkñúg pretensioned tendon Pøam²eRkayeBlepÞrminRtUvFMCagtémøtUc

CageKkñúgcMeNam 0.74 f pu nig 0.82 f py .
#> kugRtaMgGtibrmaenAkñúg postensioned tendon eRkayeBl tendon RtUv)an anchor KW
0.70 f pu .
19>2>3> EdkBRgwg (Reinforcing Steel)
CaTUeTA eKeRbIEdkBRgwgminEmneRbkugRtaMgenAkúñgGgát;eRKOgbgÁúMebtugeRbkugRtaMg Ca
BiessenAkñúgsMNg;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgcak;eRsc. eKeRbIEdkBRgwgCaEdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg Ca
EdkbEnßmsRmab;kardwkCBa¢Ún nigkarelIkdak;Ggát;cak;eRsc ehIynigeRbIenAkñúgGgát;ebtugeRb
kugRtaMgedayEpñkEdlcUlrYmCamYynwgEdkeRbkugRtaMg. RbePT nigkugRtaMgGnuBaØatrbs;Edk
RtUvENnaMenAkñúgCMBUk 2 nigCMBUk 5 rYcehIy.
19>3> kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg (Loss of Prestress)
19>3>1> Lump-sum losses

kMhatbg;énkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgCabnþbnÞab;ekItmaneRkayeBlkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)an
epÞrBI jack eTaGgát;ebtug. kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgCakarkat;bnßykmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgkñúgmYy
CIviténeRKOgbgÁúM. brimaNkMhatbg;enAkñμúg tendon ERbRbYlcenøaHBI 15% eTA 30% énkugRtaMg
edIm edayGaRs½ynwgktþaCaeRcIn. sRmab;eRKOgbgÁúMebtugGarem:Tm¶n;FmμtaPaKeRcInEdlsagsg;
eday standard method, tendon stress loss bNþalmkBI elastic shortening, shrinkage, creep nig
relaxation rbs;EdkKWmantémøRbEhlnwg 35ksi(241MPa ) sRmab; pretensioned member

nigsRmab; posttensioned member KWRbEhlbwg 25ksi(172MPa) . kmøaMgkkit nig anchorage slip

minRtUv)an rab;bBa©ÚleT.
karENnaMBIrsRmab;kar)a:n;sμankMhatbg;srubenAkñúgGgát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anbgðajeday
AASTHO nig Posttensioning Institute (PTI). AASTHO ENnaM[ykkMhatbg;srub
(edayminKitkmøaMgkkit) 45ksi(310MPa ) sRmab; pretensioned strand nig 33ksi(228MPa )
sRmab; postentioned strand nig wire enAeBlEdleKeRbIersIusþg;sgát;ebtug f 'c = 35MPa . PTI

ENnaM lump-sum prestress loss sRmab; posttensioned member 35ksi(241MPa) sRmab;Fñwm nig
30ksi(207 MPa ) sRmab;kRmalxNÐ ¬edayminKitkmøaMgkkit¦. eKGaceRbItémøTaMgGs;enH)anluH
Rta EteK)aneFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedayRbPBénkMhatbg;nImYy²dac;edayELkBI
Kña)anl¥ dUcEdl)anENnaMy:agsegçb.
CaTUeTA RbPBénkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgKW
- Elastic shortening rbs;ebtug
- Shrinkage rbs;ebtug
- Creep rbs;ebtug
- Relaxation rbs;Edk tendon
- kmøaMgkkit
- Anchorage set
19>3>2> kMhatbg;edaysar (Elastic Shortening of Concrete)

kar)a:n;RbmaNkMhatbg; elastic shortening rbs;ebtugenAkñúg pretensioned member
RtUv)aneFVIeLIgdUcteTA. BicarNa pretensioned concrete member énmuxkat;efr nigkugRtaMgBRgay
esμItambeNþayG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;vaedaysarkmøaMg Fo . eRkayBIkarepÞrkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgFñwmebtug
nig prestressing tendon rYjxøIedaybrimaNesμIKña edaysarPaBs¥itrvagsmÖar³TaMgBIr. dUcenH kmøaMg
eRbkugRtaMgEdlcab;epþIm Fo Føak;mkRtwm Fi ehIykMhatbg;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgKW Fo − Fi . dUcKña
strain enAkñúgebtug ε c RtUvEtesμInwgbERmbRmYlrageFob (strain) rbs; tendon Δε s . dUcenH
ε c = Δε s b¤ ( f c / Ec ) = (Δf s / E s ) ehIykMhatbg;kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBI elastic shortening KW

Es nF nF
Δf s = × f c = nf c = i ≈ o (19.1)
Ec Ac Ac
Edl RkLaépÞrbs;muxkat;ebtug
Ac =
n = E s / Ec = pleFobm:UDul (modular ratio)
f c = kugRtaMgrbs;ebtugenARtg;TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
KuNkugRtaMgnwgRkLaépÞrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg Asp edIm,ITTYl)ankmøaMgsrub . Elastic loss KW

⎛ nF ⎞
ES = Fo − Fi = Δf s Asp = (nf c )Asp ≈ ⎜⎜ o ⎟⎟ Asp (19.2)
⎝ Ac ⎠
Fi = Fo − (nf c )Asp (19.3)
sRmab;karKNnaGnuvtþn_ kMhatbg;kugRtaMgénkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg ¬ Δf s kñúgmYyktþaépÞ Asp ¦ mantémø

Rbhak;RbEhlnwg nFo / Ac . RbsinebI kmøaMg Fo manGMeBIRtg;cMNakp©it e enaH elastic loss Edl
bNþalBIvtþmanén Fo nigbnÞúkefrGnuvtþn_enAeBlepÞrKW
ES = −(nf c )Asp ¬EdlbNþalBIeRbkugRtaMg¦ + (nf c )Asp ¬bnÞúkefr¦
⎛ F F e2 ⎞ ⎛M e⎞
ES = Fo − Fi = −⎜ i + i ⎟nAsp + ⎜ D ⎟nAsp (19.4)
⎜ A I ⎟⎠ ⎝ I ⎠
⎝
eKGaceRbItémøRbhak;RbEhlén Fi = (0.63 f pu )Asp enAkñúgsmIkarxagelI.
⎡ ⎛ 1 e 2 ⎞⎤
Fo + f c (D.L.)nAsp = Fi ⎢1 + nAsp ⎜ + ⎟⎥ (19.5)
⎜A I ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎝ ⎠⎦⎥
Fi =
( )
Fo + nAsp f c (D.L.)
⎛ 1 e2 ⎞
( )
1 + nAsp ⎜ + ⎟
⎜A I ⎟
⎝ ⎠
sRmab; posttensioned member Edl tendon nig individual strand minrgkugRtaMgdMNalKña enaHeK
GackMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgesμInwgBak;kNþaléntémø ES sRmab; prestensioned member.
dUcKña eKGacyk elastic shortening loss enAkñúgkRmalxNÐesμInwgmYyPaKbYnéntémø ES
sRmab; prestensioned member edaysarkarlUtrbs; tendon
mYyman\T§iBltictYceTAelIkugRtaMgén tendon d¾éTeTot.
19>3>3> kMhatbg;edaysarkarrYmmaD (Loss Due to Shrinkage)
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIkarrYmmaDKWGaRs½ynwgeBl. eKGac)a:n;RbmaNvadUcxag
eRkam³

SH = Δf s (shrinkage) = ε sh E s (19.6)
Edl Es = 2 ⋅105 MPa nig ε sh = shrinkage strain enAkñúgebtug
eKGacsnμt; Strain mFümEdlbNþalBIkarrYmmaDmantémødUcxageRkam³
- ε sh1 = 0.0003 sRmab; pretensioned member
- ε sh2 = 0.0002 sRmab; posttentioned member
RbsinebIeKGnuvtþ posttensioning kñúgcenøaH 5 eTA 7 éf¶eRkayBIcak;ebtug/ eKGacyk shrin-
kage strain esμInwg 0.8ε sh1 . RbsinebIeKGnuvtþ posttensioning kñúgcenøaH 1 s)aþh_eTA 2 s)aþh_ eK
GaceRbI ε sh = 0.7ε sh1 nigRbsinebIeKGnuvtþ posttensioning eRkayeBlcak;ebtugeRcInCag 2 s)aþh_

enaHeKGacyk ε sh = ε sh2 . eKk¾Gac)a:n;RbmaNkMhatbg;edaykarrYmmaD SH dUcxageRkam³
⎛ 0.06V ⎞
SH = 8.2 × 10 − 6 K sh E s ⎜1 − ⎟(100 − RH )
⎝ S ⎠
Edl V / S = pleFobmaDelIépÞ nig RH = average relative humidity. K sh = 1.0 sRmab;
pretensioned member nigesμInwg 0.8 / 0.73 / 0.64 nig 0.58 sRmab; posttensioned member
RbsinebIeKGnuvtþ posttensioning eRkayeBlcak;ebtug 5 / 10 / 20 nig 30 éf¶ erogKña.

19>3>4> kMhatbg;edaysar creep rbs;ebtug
Creep CakMhUcRTg;RTayGaRs½ynwgeBlEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgebtugeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkefr. kMhUc
RTg;RTayEdlekIteLIgedaysar creep eFVI[)at;bg;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgBI 5% eTA 7% .

Creep strain ERbRbYlCamYynwgGaMgtg;sIueténkugRtaMgedImenAkñúgebtug relative humidity
nigeBl. eKGackMNt;kMhatbg;kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBI creep dUcxageRkam³

CR = Δf s (creep) = Cc (nf c ) = Cc (ε cr E s ) (19>7)
creepstrain, ε cp
Edl emKuN
Cc = creep =
initial elastic strain, εi
eKGacyktémø Cc dUcxageRkam³
ersIusþg;ebtug f 'c ≤ 28MPa f 'c > 28MPa

Relative humidity 100% 50% 100% 50%
Cc 1− 2 2−4 0 .7 − 1 .5 1 .5 − 3

eKGaceFVI interpolation sRmab;témøEdlenAcenøaHtémøEdlenAkñúgtaragxagenH. edayKitfa

creep EtBak;kNþalekIteLIgkñúgGMLúg 134 ExdMbUgén 6 ExdMbUgbnÞab;BIkarepÞreRbkugRtaMgeTAebtug
nigeRkamlkçxNÐsMeNImFmμta enaHeKGacsnμt; creep strain sRmab;karKNnaGnuvtþn_dUcxageRkam³

!> sRmab; pretensioned members, ε cr = 7 ⋅10 −5 × kugRtaMgenAkñúgebtug
@> sRmab; postensioned members, ε cr = 5.2 ⋅10−5 × kugRtaMgenAkñúgebtug. eKeRbItémøenH
enAeBlEdleKGnuvtþ posttensionning kñúgGMLúg 2 eTA 3 s)aþh_. sRmab;karGnuvtþ
postensioning elOnCagenH eKGaceRbItémøkNþal.
eKeRbItémøTaMgenH enAeBlEdlersIusþg;rbs;ebtugenAeBlepÞrKW f 'c ≥ 28MPa . enAeBlEdl

f 'c < 28MPa creep strain KYrekIneLIgkñúgGRta 4 / ersIusþg;Cak;Esþg.
kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgsrubEdlbNþalBI creep = ε cr Es (19.8)
19>3>5> kMhatbg;edaysar Relaxation rbs;Edk

Relaxation rbs;EdkbNþal[mankMhatbg;enAkñúgEdkeRbkugRtaMgGaRs½ynwgeBl Edl
RsedogKñanwg creep enAkñúgebtugEdr. kMhatbg;edaysar relaxation ERbRbYleTAtamRbePTEdk.

CaTUeTA témørbs;vaRtUv)anpþl;[edayGñkplitEdk. CaFmμta eKsnμt;kMbaatbg;enHesμInwg 3% én
kugRtaMgedImrbs;EdksRmab; posttensioned member nig 2% eTA 3% sRmab; pretensioned
members. RbsinebIeKminmanB½t’manBIkarBiesaFeT eKGacPaKrykMhatbg;sRmab; relaxation enA
1000h dUcxageRkam³
!> enAkñúg low-relaxation strands, enAeBlEdleRbkugRtaMgedImesμInwg 0.7 f pu nig 0.8 f pu /

relaxation (RE) KW 2.5% nig 3.5% erogKña.
@> enAkñúg stress-relieved strand b¤ wire, enAeBlEdleRbkugRtaMgedImesμInwg 0.7 f pu nig

0.8 f pu / relaxation (RE) KW 8% nig 12% erogKña.
19>3>6> kMhatbg;edaysarkmøaMgkkit (Loss Due to Friction)

CamYynwgEdkrg pretensioning kMhatbg;edaysarkmøaMgkkitekItmanenAeBlEdl wires b¤
strand dabtam diaphragm. CaFmμtakMhatbg;enHmantémøtUc ehIyeKGacecalva)an.

enAeBlEdl strand dabtam concordant profile enaHkMhatbg;edaysarkmøaMgkkitGacmantémøFM.

enAkrNIEbbenH CaFmμtaeKeRbI]brkrN_Edlvas;bnÞúkCak;EsþgedIm,IkMNt;kmøaMgenAkñúg tendon.
CamYynwgEdkrg posttensioning, \T§iBlénkmøaMgkkitmantémøFMedaysarktþacMbgBIrKW
kMeNagrbs; tendon nigkar)at;bg;PaBRtg;rbs;bMBg; (wobble). RbsinebIeKTb;cugbgáb;mçagrbs;
tendon edaykmøaMg P2 nigeKTajcugTMenrmçageTotrbs; tendon edaykmøaMg P1 edIm,I[ tendon
enaHrGiltamTisrbs;kmøaMg P1 )anluHRtaEt
μα px
P1 = P2 e (19.9)
Edl μ = emKuNmMukkitsþaTic nig α px = mMurvag P1 nig P2 . CaTUeTAeKKit wobble effect tamviFI
RsedogKña
Px = Ps e −(μα + Klx )
Ppj = Ppx e
(
+ Kl px + μ pα px )
Ppx = Ppj e
(
− Kl px + μ pα px ) (19.10)
Edl Ppj = kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;cMNuc x

Ppx = kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARtg; jacking end
μ p = emKuNkmøaMgkkitedaysarkMeNag
α px = bMErbMrYlmMusrubénragtambeNþayrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgBI jacking end eTAdl;cMNuc x
KitCara:düg;
=
RbEvgkMeNag
kaMkMeNag
K = emKuNkmøaMgkkit wobble kñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvgrbs; tendon CakarsRmYl ACI Code
[nUvsmIkarxageRkamsRmab;krNI (μ pα px + Kl x ) ≤ 0.30 . lT§plEdlTTYl)anBI

smIkarCatémøRbEhl
(
Ppx = Ppj 1 + Kl px + μ pα px )−1 (AIC Code, eq. 18.2) (19.11)
emKuNkmøaMgkkit μ nig K GaRs½ynwgRbePTén strand b¤ wire, RbePTbMBg; niglkçxNÐépÞ

b:H. ACI Commentaru, Sectin 18.6 nigenAkñúgtarag 19.2 [nUvtémøRbhak;RbEhlrbs; μ nig K .
kMhatbg;edaysarkmøaMgkkitenAkñúg jack ERbRbYl nigGaRs½ynwgktþaCaeRcIn edayrab;bBa©Úl
TaMgRbEvgrbs; tendon. eKENnaM[eRbI accurate load ceel edIm,Ivas;kmøaMgedaypÞal;. kareRbI
pressure gauge pþl;nUvlT§plminsuRkit luHRtaEteKeFVIkarEktRmUveTAtamkmøaMgEdleKsÁal; enAkúñúg

tendon.
kMhatbg;edaysarkmøaMgkkitenAkñúg cnchorage KWGaRs½ynwgRbePT anchorage nigbrimaN
én deviation rbs; tendon Edlqøgkat; anchorage. CaFmμtakMhatbg;enHmantémøtUcEdlGac
ecal)an. karENnaMkñúgkrNIBiessKYrTTYl)anBIplitkr.
tarag 19>2 emKuNkmøaMgkkitsRmab; post-tensioned tendon

emKuNkmøaMgkkit wobble K emKuNkmøaMgkmøaMgkkit
RbePT tendon
kñúgmYyÉktþaRbEvg (10 −3 ) edaysarkMeNag μ
Tendon in flexible metal sheathing
(grouted)
Wire tendon
3.33 − 5.0 0.15 − 0.25
Seven-wire strand
1.67 − 6.67 0.15 − 0.25
High-strength bars
0.33 − 2 0.08 − 0.30
Pregreased unbonded tendon
Wire tendon and seven-wire strand

1− 6.67 0.05 − 0.15
Mastic-coated unbonded tendon
Wire tendon and seven-wire strand

0.33 − 0.67 0.05 − 0.15
19>3>7> kMhatbg;edaysar Anchor set

enAeBlkmøaMgenAkñúg tendon RtUv)anepÞrBI jack eTA anchorage unit, clnart;cUlkñúgbnþic
rbs; tendon ekIteLIgedaysarkardak; gripping device b¤ wedge. karrGilenHbNþal[man
tendon rYjxøI EdleFVI[)at;bg;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg. RbEvgrGilERbRbYlBI 2.5mm eTA 6mm ehIy
CaTUeTARtUv)ankMNt;edayplitkr. eKGacKNnakMhtabg; anchor set edayrUbmnþxageRkam³

ΔL
Δf s = ΔεE s = × Es (19.12)
L
Edl Δε = GaMgtg;sIueténkarrGil anchor
E s = 2 ⋅10 5 MPa
L= RbEvgrbs; tendon
edaysarkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgCacMras;smamaRteTAnwgRbEvgrbs; tendon ¬b¤RbEhlCaBak;kNþal

énRbEvgrbs; tendon RbsinebIvargkugRtaMgBIcugsgxagkñúgeBlEtmYy¦PaKrykMhatbg;enAkñúgkug
RtaMgEdknwgRtUv)ankat;bnßyenAeBlEdlRbEvgrbs; tendon ekIneLIg. RbsinebI tendon lUteday
Δε enAeBlepÞr enaHeKecalkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMgedaysarkarrGil.
]TahrN_ 19>2³ FñwmTRmsamBaØrg pretensionning RbEvg 11m manmuxkat;ctuekaNEkgCamYynwg

b = 45cm nig h = 80cm . KNnakMhatbg;eGLasÞic nigkMhatbg;EdlGaRs½ynwgeBlTaMgGs;. eK
[³ kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞrKW Fi = 1935kN / RkLaépÞrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgKW Aps =
1935mm 2 / f 'c = 35MPa / Ec = 34500MPa / E s = 2 ⋅105 MPa / profile rbs; tendon manrag
Ca)a:ra:bUl/ cMNakp©itenAkNþalElVg = 15cm nigcMNakp©itenAcug = 0 .

dMeNaHRsay³
!> kMhatbg;edaysar elastic shortening: kugRtaMgEdl)anBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞrKW
Fi 1935 3
= 10 = 1000MPa
A ps 1935
rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg = Efs = 21000

strain
⋅10 5
= 5 ⋅10 − 3
s
edayeRbIsmIkar 19>1
E 2 ⋅105
n= s = = 5.8 yk 6
E 34500
c
nFi 6 × 1935 3
Δf s = = 10 = 32.25MPa
Ac 450 × 800
edayKitbERmbRmYlcMNakp©ittambeNþayFñwm
Fi
strain enAmuxkat;xagcug =
1935
= 10 3 = 1.56 ⋅10 − 4
AE 450 × 800 × 34500
c c
Fi e 2
strain enAkNþalElVg = AFEi +
IEc
c c
bh 3
450(800 )3
I= = = 1.92 ⋅1010 mm 4
12 12
1935 × 150 2
strain = 1.56 ⋅10 − 4 + 103 = 2.22 ⋅10 − 4
1.92 ⋅10 × 34500
10
strainmFüm = (1.56 + 2.22)10 − 4 = 1.89 ⋅10 − 4

1
2

kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg = strain × Es = 1.89 ⋅10 −4 × 2 ⋅105 = 37.8MPa

PaKrykMhatbg; = 1000
37.8
= 3.78%
@> kMhatbg;edaysar shrinkage:

shrinkage strain = 0.0003
Δf s = ε sh E s = 0.0003 × 200000 = 60MPa
PaKrykMhatbg; =
60
1000
= 6%
#> kMhatbg;edaysar creep rbs;ebtug³ edaysnμt; Cc = 2.0 enaH Δf s = Cc (ε cr Es )

Fi
Elastic strain = = 1.56 ⋅10 − 4
Ac Ec
( )
Δf s = 2 1.56 ⋅10 −4 × 200000 = 62.4 MPa
PaKrykMhatbg; =
62.4
1000
= 6.24%
b¤edaytémøRbhak;RbEhl eyIgyk ε cr = 7 ⋅10 −5 × kugRtaMgenAkñúgebtug

⎛ 1935 ⎞
ε cr = 7 ⋅10 − 5 ⎜ 103 ⎟ = 3.76 ⋅10 − 4
⎝ 450 × 800 ⎠
Δf s = ε cr E s = 3.76 ⋅10 −4 × 200000 = 75.2MPa
PaKrykMhatbg; =
75.2
1000
= 7.52%
vaCatémøEdlmansuvtßiPaB ehIyeKnwgTTYl)anGRtadUcKñasRmab;karKNnaxagelIRbsinebIeKyk
Cc = 2.41 .
$> kMhatbg;edaysar relaxation rbs;Edk³ sRmab; low-relaxation strand eKsnμt;ykkMhatbg;

esμInwg 2.5%
Δf s = 1000 × 2.5% = 25MPa
%> snμt;kMhatbg;edaysarkarBt; kmøaMgkkitrbs; cable spacer nigbøúkxagcugrbs;RbB½n§
pretensioning KW 2% .
Δf s = 0.02 × 1000 = 20MPa

^> kMhatbg;edaysarkmøaMgkkitenAkñúg tendon KWsUnü.
&> kMhatbg;srubmandUcxageRkam

Elastic Shortening 37.8MPa 3.78%

Shrinkage loss 60.0MPa 6.00%
Creep of concrete loss 62.4MPa 6.24%
Relaxation of steel loss 25.0MPa 2.50%
Other loss 20.0MPa 2.00%
Total loss 205.2MPa 20.52%
eRbkugRtaMgRbsiT§PaB = 1000 − 167.4 = 832.6MPa
kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiT§PaB F = 832.6 ×1935 ⋅10−3 = 1611kN
F = (1 − 0.167 )Fi = 0.833Fi
sRmab; F = ηFi
dUcenH η = 0.833
]TahrN_ 19>3³ KNnakMhatbg;TaMgGs;én post-tensioned beam EdlmanRbEvg 36m . RkLaépÞ

rbs;muxkat;ebtug ( Ac ) = 49 ⋅10 4 mm 2 / m:Um:g;niclPaB (I g ) = 6.83 ⋅1010 mm 4 / kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg
enAeBlepÞr (Fi ) = 4950kN / RkLaépÞEdkeRbkugRtaMg (Aps ) = 4840mm 2 / f 'c = 35MPa /
Ec = 34500MPa / nig E s = 2 ⋅10 5 MPa . Profile rbs; tendon manragCa)a:ra:bUl/ cMNakp©itenA
kNþalElVg = 50cm nigcMNakp©itenAxagcug = 0 .

dMeNaHRsay³
!> kMhatbg;eday elastic shortening:
kugRtaMgEdkenAeBlepÞr = AFi =
4950 3
4840
10 = 1022.7 MPa
ps
kugRtaMgenAkúñgebtugRtg;muxkat;xagcug = 494950
⋅10 4
10 3 = 10.1MPa
2
kugRtaMgenAkúñgebtugRtg;muxkat;kNþalElVg = AFi + FiIe − MID e
c
Tm¶n;rbs;Fñwm = 49 ⋅10 −2 × 25 = 12.25kN / m

36 2
M D = 12.25 = 1984.5kN .m
8
3 4950 × 500 1982.5 × 500 6
2
kugRtaMgenAkNþalElVg =
4950
49 ⋅10 4
10 +
6.83 ⋅1010
10 3 −
6.83 ⋅1010
10
= 10.1 + 18.12 − 14.5 = 13.72 MPa

10.1 + 13.72
kugRtaMgmFüm =
2
= 11.9 MPa

mFüm = 11E.9 = 34500

strain
11.9
= 3.45 ⋅10 − 4
c
kMhatbg;eGLasÞicKW Δf s = ε c Es = 3.45 ⋅10 −4 × 2 ⋅105 = 69MPa edaysnμt;faeKTaj tendon

mþgBIrkñúgeBlEtmYy. KUTImYynwgmankMhatbg;FMCageK b:uEnþKUcugeRkaynwgmankMhatbg;esμIsUnü.
dUcenH kMhatbg;eGLasÞicmFüm Δf s = 69 / 2 = 34.5MPa .
34.5
.7
= 3.37%
@> kMhatbg;edaysarkarrYmmaDrbs;ebtug
Δf s (shrinkage) = 0.0002 E s = 0.0002 × 200000 = 40 MPa
PaKrykMhatbg; =
40
1022.7
= 3.91%
#> kMhatbg;;edaysar creep rbs;ebtug³ snμt; Cc = 1.5

Fi 4950
elastic strain = = 10 3 = 2.93 ⋅10 − 4
Ac Ec 49 ⋅10 × 34500
4
( )
Δf s (creep) = Cc (ε cr E s ) = 1.5 2.93 ⋅10 −4 × 200000 = 87.9 MPa
PaKrykMhatbg; =
87.9
1022.7
= 8.59%
$> kMhatbg;edaysar relaxation rbs;Edk³ sRmab; low-relaxation strand, kMhatbg;KW 2.5%

Δf s = 0.025 × 1022.7 = 25.6 MPa
%> karrGilrbs; anchorage: sRmab;karTajEtBIcugmçag snμt;RbEvgrGil 3.8mm
ΔL 3.8
Δf s = Es = 200000 = 21.1MPa
L 36000
edIm,IGnuBaØat[mankarrGilrbs; anchorage eKRtUvkMNt;kugRtaMgkñúgkarTaj 1022.7 + 21.1
= 1043.8MPa enAelI pressure gauge edIm,ITTYl net stress 1022.7 MPa enAkñúg tendon.
^> kMhatbg;EdlbNþalBIkmøaMgkit³ smIkar parabolic profile KW

e x = 2 (Lx − x 2 )
4e
L
Edl ex = cMNakp©itenARtg;cm¶ay x Edlvas;BITRm nig e = cMNakp©itenAkNþalElVg
d (e x ) 4e
= 2 (L − 2 x )
dx L
CaCRmal (slope) rbs; tendon enARKb;cMNucTaMgGs;. enARtg;TRm e = 0 eyIgTTYl)an slop
d (e x ) 4e 4 × 500
= = = 0.056
dx L 36000

slope enAkNþalElVgesμIsUnü. dUcenH α px = 0.056 . edayeRbI flexible metallic sheath,

μ p = 0.5 nig K = 0.00333 . enAkNþalElVg x = 18m . RtYtBinitüfaetI (μ pα px + Kl x ) ≤ 0.30
μ pα px + Kl x = 0.5 × 0.056 + 0.00333 × 18 = 0.088 < 0.3
(
Ppx = Ppj 1 + Kl px + μ pα px )
= Px (1 + 0.088) = 1.088 Px
= 1.088 × 1022.7 = 1112.7 MPa ¬kmøaMgenAcug jacking¦
Δf s = 1112.7 − 1022.7 = 90 MPa
PaKrykMhatbg; =
90
1022.7
= 8.8%
&> kMhatbg;srub
Elastic Shortening 34.5MPa 3.37%
Shrinkage loss 40.0MPa 3.91%
Creep of concrete loss 87.9MPa 8.59%
Relaxation of steel loss 25.6MPa 2.50%
Friction loss 90.0MPa 8.80%
Total loss 278.0MPa 27.17%
eRbkugRtaMgRbsiT§PaB = 1022.9 − 243.5 = 779.2MPa
kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiT§PaB (F ) = (1 − 0.238)Fi = 0.762Fi
F = 0.762 × 4950 = 3772kN
sRmab; F = ηFi
dUcenH η = 0.762
19>4> viPaKGgát;rgkarBt;begáag (Analysis of Flexural Members)
19>4>1> kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIlkçxNÐmanbnÞúk niglkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk

Stresses Due to Loaded and Unloaded condition
enAkñúgkarviPaKFñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMg CaTUeTAkardak;bnÞúkBIrmaneRKaHfñak;CageK. TImYyKWekIt
manenAeBlepÞr KWenAeBlFñwmrgkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg Fi ehIyTm¶n;rbs;Fñwm b¤bnÞúkefrGnuvtþn_enAxN³én
karepÞrkmøaMgkugRtaMg. eKminKitlkçxNÐbnÞúkefrbEnßm b¤bnÞúkGefreT. kñúglkçxNÐKμanbnÞúkenH kug
RtaMgenAsrésEpñkxagelIbMput nigEpñkxageRkambMputénmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;minRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgenA
eBlepÞr f ci nig f ti sRmab;kugRtaMgrgkarsgát; nigkugRtaMgrgkarTajrbs;ebtugerogKña.

krNITIBIrénkardak;bnÞúkekIteLIgenAeBlEdlFñwmrgkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgeRkayBIekItmankMhat
bg;TaMgGs; nigrgnUvbnÞúkefr nigGefr. enAkñúglkçxNÐmanbnÞúkenH kugRtaMgenAsrésEpñkxagelIbM
put nigEpñkxageRkambMputénmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;dac;xatminRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaØat f c nig f t
sRmab;kugRtaMgrgkarsgát; nigkugRtaMgrgkarTajrbs;ebtugerogKña.
lkçxNÐTaMgenHGacsresrCaTRmg;KNitviTüadUcxageRkam³
!> sRmab;lkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk ¬enAeBlepÞr¦
- enAsrésEpñkxagelIbMput
Fi (Fi e ) yt M D yt
α ti = − + − ≤ f ti (19.14)
A I I
- enAsrésEpñkxageRkambMput
Fi (Fi e ) yb M D yb
α bi = − − − ≥ − f ci (19.15)
A I I
@> sRmab;lkçxNÐmanbnÞúk ¬bnÞúkTaMgGs;RtUv)andak;eRkayBIkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg¦
- enAsrésEpñkxagelIbMput
- σ t = − FA + (FeI)yt − M DI yt − M LI yt ≥ − f c (19.16)
- enasrésEpñkxageRkambMput
- σ b = − FA − (FeI)yb − M DI yb − M LI yb ≤ f t (19.17)
Edl Fi nig F = kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞr nigeRkayBIkMhatbg;

f ti nig f t = kugRtaMgrgkarTajenAkñúgebtugenAeBlepÞr nigeRkayBIkMhatbg;
f ci nig f c = kugRtaMgrgkarsgát;enAkúñgebtugenAeBlepÞr nigeRkayBIkMhatbg;
M D nig M L = m:Um:g;EdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr
yt nig yb = cm¶ayBIG½kSNWteTAsrésEpñkxagelIbMput nigEpñkxageRkambMput
enAkúñgkarviPaK eKsnμt;fasmÖar³manlkçN³eGLasÞicenAkúñgEdneFVIkarénkugRtaMgEdlGnuvtþ.
19>4>2> EdnkMNt;sñÚl (Kern Limits)
RbsinebIeKGnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat; vanwgekItmankugRtaMg
BRgayesμI. RbsinebIGnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;cMNakp©it e BIeRkamTIRbCMuTm¶n; EdleFVIy:agNa
[kugRtaMgenAsrésEpñkxagelIbMputesμIsUnü enaHeKcat;TukkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenHmanGMeBIRtg;cMNuc

lower kern¬rUbTI 19>5¦. enAkñúgkrNIenH e RtUv)ansMKal;eday K b ehIIykarBRgaykugRtaMgman

ragRtIekaN EdlmankugRtaMgsgát;GtibrmaenAsréseRkameKbMput. kugRtaMgenAsrésxagelIbMputKW
Fi (Fi e ) yt
σt = − + =0
A I
I
e = K b = lower kern = (19.17)
Ayt
dUcKña RbsinebIeKGnuvtþkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenARtg;cMNap©it e' BIelITIRbCMum¶n; EdleFVIy:agNa[kug
RtaMgenAsrésEpñkxageRkambMputesμIsUnü enaHkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneKcat;TukfamanGMeBIRtg;cMNuc
upper lower ¬rUbTI 19>5¦. enAkñúgkrNIenHcMNap©it e' RtUv)ansMKal;eday K t ehIykarBRgaykug
RtaMgmanragRtIekaN EdlmankugRtaMgsgát;GtibrimaenAsrésEpñkxagelIbMput. kugRtaMgenAsrés

EpñkxageRkambMputKW
Fi (Fi e ) yb
σb = − + =0
A I
I
e' = K t = upper kern = (19.18)
Ayb
Kern limits énmuxkat;RtIekaNRtUv)anbgðajenArUbTI 19>5.
19>4>3> karkMNt;témøéncMNakp©it (Limiting Values of Eccentricity)
eKGacsresrsmIkarkugRtaMgTaMgbYn ¬BIsmIkar 19.13 dl; 19.16¦CaGnuKmn_éncMNakp©it e

sRmab;lkçxNÐénkardak;bnÞúkepSg². Ca]TahrN_ eKGacsresrsmIkar 19.13 dUcxageRkam

Fi (Fi e ) yt M D yt
σ ti = − + − ≤ f ti
A I I
(Fi e )yt ≤ f + Fi + M D yt
ti
I A I
I ⎛ Fi M D yt ⎞
e≤ ⎜ + + f ti ⎟ (19.19)
Fi yt ⎝ A I ⎠
RbsinebIeKeRbI lower kern limit K b = I / Ayt / enaH
M D f ti AK b
e ≤ Kb + + (19.20)
Fi Fi
témø e CacMNakp©itGtibrmaEdlQrelIsrésEpñkxagelIbMputsRmab;lkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk.
dUcKña BIsmIkar 19.14
I ⎛ Fi M D yb ⎞
e≤ ⎜− + + f ci ⎟ (19.21)
Fi yb ⎝ A I ⎠
M f AK
e ≤ − K t + D + ci t
(19.22)
Fi Fi
témø e CacMNakp©itGtibrmaEdlQrelIsrésEpñkxageRkambMputsRmab;lkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk.
eKKNna témøGtibrma e BIsmIkarelITaMgBIredayyktémøEdltUcCagmkeRbI.
BIsmIkar 19.15
I ⎛ F M T yt ⎞
e≥ ⎜ + − fc ⎟ (19.23)
Fyt ⎝ A I ⎠
M f AK
e ≥ Kb + T − c b (19.24)
F F
Edl M T = m:Um:g;EdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefr = (M D + M L ) . témøenHCacMNakp©itGb,-
brma EdlQrelIsrésEpñkxagelIbMputsRmab;lkçxNÐRTbnÞúk. BIsmIkar 19.16
I ⎛ F M T yb ⎞
e≥ ⎜− + − ft ⎟ (19.25)
Fyb ⎝ A I ⎠
M f AK
e ≥ Kt + T − t t
(19.26)
F F
témøenHCacMNakp©itGb,brmaEdlQrelIsrésEpñkxageRkambMput sRmab;lkçxNÐmanbnÞúk. eKKYr
KNnatémøGb,brma e TaMgBIrenHBIsmIkarTaMgBIrxagelI ehIyeKykcMNakp©itGb,brmaNaEdl
mantémøFMCageKmkeRbI.

19>4>4> témøkMNt;émkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞr
(Limiting Values of the Prestessing Force at Transfer)
edayKitfa F = ηFi Edl η CapleFobén net prestressing force eRkayBIkMhatbg; nig
sRmab;krNIepSg²énkardak;bnÞúk eKGacsresrsmIkar 19.20, 19.22, 19.24 nig 19.26 eLIgvijdUc
xageRkam³
(e − K b )Fi ≤ M D + f ti AK b (19.27)
(e + K t )Fi ≤ M D + f ci AK t (19.28)
(e − K b )Fi ≥ M D +
ML
−
1
( f c AK b ) (19.29)
η η η
(e + K t )Fi ≥ M D + M L − 1 ( f t AK t ) (19.30)
η η η
CMnYsmIkar 19.27 eTAkñúgsmIkar 19.30 eKTTYl)an
⎛1 ⎞ M f AK t
Fi (K b + K t ) ≥ M D ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ + L − t − f ti AK t
⎝η ⎠ η η
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ M L ⎛ f t AK t ⎞ ⎤
b¤ Fi ≥
1
⎢⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ M D +
(K b + K t ) ⎣⎝ η ⎠
− ⎜⎜
η ⎝ η ⎠
⎟⎟ − ( f ti AK b )⎥ (19.31)
⎦
témø Fi CatémøGb,brmaénkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞredaymin[FMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaØateRkam
lkçxNÐmanbnÞúk nigKμanbnÞúk. CMnYssmIkar 19.29 eTAkñúgsmIkar 19.28 edIm,ITTYl)an
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ M L ⎛ f c AK b ⎞ ⎤
⎟⎟ + ( f ci AK t )⎥
1
Fi ≤ ⎢⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ M D − +⎜ (19.32)
(K b + K t ) ⎣⎝ η ⎠ η ⎜⎝ η ⎠ ⎦
témø Fi CatémøGtibrmaénkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞredaymin[elIskugRtaMgGnuBaØateRkam
lkçxNÐmanbnÞúk nigKμanbnÞúk. edayCMnYssmIkar 19.31 eTAkñúgsmIkar 19.32
⎛ 1⎞ 2M L ⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ f ⎞
⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟2 M D − + ⎜⎜ fti + c ⎟⎟ AKb + ⎜⎜ f ci + t ⎟⎟ AKt ≥ 0 (19.33)
⎝ η⎠ η ⎝ η ⎠ ⎝ η⎠
smIkarenHbgðajfa Fi max − Fi min ≥ 0 . eKeRbIsmIkarenHsRmab;bgðajfamuxkat;NamYymanlkçN³
RKb;RKan;.
]TahrN_ 19>4³ FñwmTRmsamBaØEdlrgeRbkugRtaMgmunEdlmanRbEvg 14.4m manmuxkat;dUcbgðaj

enAkñúgrUbTI 19>6 a. FñwmenHRTnUvbnÞúkefr 13.15kN / m ¬edayminrYmbBa©ÚlTm¶n;pÞal;¦ nigrgnUvbnÞúk
Gefr 16kN / m . edaysnμt;faEdkeRbkugRtaMgpSMeLIgeday tendon 20 Edl tendon mYymanGgát;

p©it 11.125mm CamYynwg Es = 2 ⋅105 MPa / Fo = 1200MPa nig ultimate strength

f pu = 1725MPa .
!> kMNt;TItaMgEdnkMNt;xagelI nigEdnkMNt;xageRkamrbs; tendon profile ¬TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;

EdkeRbkugRtaMg¦ sRmab;muxkat;enAkNþalElVg nigsRmab;muxkat;bIepSgeTotenAcenøaH
muxkat;kNþalElVg nigcugFñwm.
@> dak; tendon cMTItaMgedIm,IbMeBjEdnkMNt;TaMgenH eday[ tendon xøHegIbeLIgcab;BIcMNuc
mYyPaKbIénRbEvgElVg. RtYtBinitütémøkMNt;énkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞr.
#> RtYtBinitüeLIgvijnUvkMhatbg; edayKit tendon profile Edl)aneRCIserIs nigbERmbRmYl
cMNakp©it e .
eRbI fci ¬enAeBlepÞr¦ = 28MPa / /

f 'c = 35MPa Ec = 27600MPa nig Eci = 24800MPa .
dMeNaHRsay³
!> kMNt;lkçN³rbs;muxkat;
RkLaépÞ = 600 × 150 + 450 × 150 + 300 × 250 = 23.25 ⋅104 mm2
kMNt;TIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat;edayKitm:Um:g;eFob)atrbs;muxkat;
yb =
1
23.25 ⋅ 10 4
(75 ⋅ 103 × 125 + 90 ⋅ 103 × 550 + 67.5 ⋅ 103 × 925) = 522mm
yt = 1000 − 522 = 478mm

KNna gross moment of inertia I g

⎡ 450(150)3 ⎤ ⎡150(600 )3 ⎤
Ig = ⎢ + (450)(150)(403)2 ⎥ + ⎢ + (150)(600)(28)2 ⎥
⎢⎣ 12 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 12 ⎥⎦
⎡ 300(250 )3 ⎤
+⎢ + (300)(250 )(397 )2 ⎥
⎢⎣ 12 ⎥⎦
= 2.607 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
I 2.607 ⋅ 1010
Kb = = = 235.6mm
Ayt 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 × 478
I 2.607 ⋅ 1010
Kt = = = 214.8mm
Ayb 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 × 522
@> )a:n;RbmaNkMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg eday Fo = 1200MPa
a. snμt; elastic loss esμI 4% b¤ 0.04 × 1200 = 48MPa
b. kMhatbg;edaysarkarrYmmaDKW 0.0003Es = 0.0003 × 2 ⋅ 105 = 60 MPa
c. kMhat;bg;edaysar creep rbs;ebtug ³ kar)a:n;RbmaNdMbUgd¾l¥bMputénkMhatbg;eday
sar creep KW 1.67 dgén elastic loss

1.67 × 48 ≈ 80 MPa
d. kMhatbg;edaysar relaxation énEdkKW 4% ³ 0.04 ×1200 = 48MPa
kMhatbg;GaRs½ynwgeBlKW 60 + 80 + 48 = 188MPa
188
= 15.7%
e. kMhatbg;srubKW 188 + 48 = 236MPa

PaKryénkMhatbg;srubKW
236
= 19.7%
1200
f. kugRtaMgkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg
Fi = 1200 − 48 = 1152 MPa ¬enAeBlepÞr¦
F = 1200 − 236 = 964 MPa
F = ηFi
η = 1− pleFobkMhatbg;GaRs½ynwgeBl
964
= = 0.837
1152

#> EdnkMNt;éncMNakp©it e Rtg;kNþalElVg³ kMNt;kugRtaMgGnuBaØat nigm:Um:g;. enAeBlepÞr

f 'ci = 28MPa / f ci = 0.6 × 28 = 16.8MPa nig f ti = 0.25 f 'ci = 1.32 MPa . enAeBlrgbnÞúk
eFVIkar f 'c = 35MPa / fc = 0.45 f 'c = 15.75MPa nig ft = 0.5 f 'c = 2.96MPa .
bnÞúkpÞal;rbs;Fñwm = 23.25 ⋅10−2 × 25 = 5.81kN / m
5.81(14.4 )2
M D ¬bnÞúkpÞal;¦ = = 150.6kN.m
8
2
Ma ¬bnÞúkbEnßm nigbnÞúkGefr¦ = wa8L
=
(13.15 + 16)14.4 2 = 755.6kN.m
8
m:Um:g;srub (M T ) = M D + M L = 906.2kN .m
Fi = kugRtaMgenAeBlepÞr × RkLaépÞEdkeRbkugRtaMg
RkLaépÞrbs; tendon 20 Edl tendon nImYy²manGgát;p©it 11.125mm KW

20 × 69.7 = 1394mm 2
Fi = 1394 × 1152 ⋅ 10 −3 = 1606kN
F = 1394 × 964 ⋅ 10 −3 = 1344kN

a. BicarNamuxkat;enAkNþalElVg
srésxagelIbMput kñúglkçxNÐminrgbnÞúk
M D f ti AK b
e ≤ Kb + +
Fi Fi
≤ 235.6 + 10 +
( )
150.6 3 1.32 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 (235.6) − 3
10 ≤ 374.4mm
1606 1606
srésxageRkambMput kñúglkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk
M D f ci AK t
e ≤ − Kt + +
Fi Fi
≤ −214.8 + 10 +
( )
150.6 3 16.8 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 214.8 − 3
10 ≤ 401.4mm
1606 1606
yktémø e EdltUcCageKkñúgcMeNamlT§plTaMgBIrxagelICatémøGtibrma.
dUcenH témøGtibrmarbs; e = 374mm
srésxagelIbMput kñúglkçxNÐrgbnÞúk
M T f c AK b
e ≥ Kb + −
F F

≥ 235.6 + 10 −
( )
906.2 3 15.75 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 235.6 − 3
10 ≥ 268mm
1344 1344
srésxageRkambMput kñúglkçxNÐmanbnÞúk
M T f t AK t
e ≥ − Kt + −
F F
≥ −214.8 + 10 −
(
906.2 3 2.96 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 214.8 − 3)
10 ≥ 349.5mm
1344 1344
témøGb,brmarbs; e CatémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNamlT§plTaMgBIrxagelI.
dUcenH témøGb,brmarbs; e = 350mm
b. BicarNamuxkat;EdlenAcm¶ay 2.4m BIkNþalElVg ¬muxkat;elx @ kñúgrUbTI 19>6 a¦³
w
M D ¬bnÞúkpÞal;¦ = R A (4.8) − D (4.8)2
2
= (5.81)(7.2)(4.8) − (4.8)2 = 133.9kN.m
5.81
2
M a = (29.15)(7.2)(4.8) − (4.8)2 = 671.6kN .m
29.15
2
M T = 133.9 + 671.6 = 805.5kN .m
srésxagelIbMput sRmab;lkçxNÐminrgbnÞúk³
133.9 3 1.32(23.25 ⋅ 10 4 )(235.6) − 3
e ≤ 235.6 + 10 + 10 ≤ 364mm
1606 1606
srésxageRkambMput sRmab;lkçxNÐminrgbnÞúk
133.9 3 16.8(23.25 ⋅ 10 4 )214.8 − 3
e ≤ −214.8 + 10 + 10 ≤ 391mm
1606 1606
témøGtibrmarbs; e = 364mm
srésxagelIbMput sRmab;lkçxNÐRTbnÞúk
805.5 3 15.75(23.25 ⋅ 10 4 )235.6 − 3
e ≥ 235.6 + 10 − 10 ≥ 193mm
1344 1344
sésrxageRkambMput sRmab;lkçxNÐRTbnÞúk
805.5 3 2.96(23.25 ⋅ 10 4 )214.8 − 3
e ≥ −214.8 + 10 − 10 ≥ 274.5mm
1344 1344
témøGb,brmarbs; e = 274.5mm
c. BicarNamuxkat;Rtg;cm¶ay 4.8m BIkNþalElVg ¬muxkat;elx # kñúgrUbTI 19>6 a¦³
M D ¬bnÞúkpÞal;¦ = 83.7kN.m

M a = 419.8kN .m
M T = 503.5kN .m
- srésxagelIbMput sRmab;lkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk e ≤ 333mm ¬Gtibrma¦
- srésxageRkambMput sRmab;lkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk e ≤ 360mm
- srésxagelIbMput sRmab;lkçxNÐrgbnÞúk e ≥ −32mm
- srésxageRkambMput sRmab;lkçxNÐrgbnÞúk e ≥ 50mm ¬Gb,brma¦
d. BicarNamuxkat;Rtg;cm¶ay 0.9m BIcugFñwm ¬RbEvg anchorage¦³
M D ¬bnÞúkpÞal;¦ = 35.3kN.m / M a = 177.1kN .m nig M T = 212.4kN .m
- srésxagelIbMput sRmab;lkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk e ≤ 303mm ¬Gtibrma¦

- srésxageRkambMput sRmab;lkçxNÐKμanbnÞúk e ≤ 330mm
- srésxagelIbMput sRmab;lkçxNÐrgbnÞúk e ≥ −248mm
- srésxageRkambMput sRmab;lkçxNÐrgbnÞúk e ≥ −167mm ¬Gb,brma¦
$> Tendon profile RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 19>6 b. cMNakp©itEdl)aneRCIserIsenAkNþalElVgKW
e = 364mm EdlvaRKb;RKan;sRmab;muxkat; B enAcm¶ay 2.4m BIkNþalElVg. TIRbCMuTm¶n;énEdk
eRbkugRtaMgmanlkçN³edkcenøaH A nig B nigbnÞab;mkeTreLIgEdlmanlkçN³CabnÞat;cenøaHBI

B eTA E . cMNakp©itenARtg;muxkat; C nig D RtUv)anKNnaedayeRbIbnÞat;eRTt BE Edlman
CRmal 364 / 4.8 = 75.83mm / m . cMNakp©itRtg; C KW 182mm nigRtg; D KW 68mm . Tendon

profile Edl)aneRCIserIsbMeBjlkçxNÐEdnkMNt;xagelI nigEdnkMNt;xageRkamrbs;cMNakp©it
enARKb;muxkat;TaMgGs;.
karelIk tendon eLIgRtUv)aneFVIdUcxageRkam³
a. dak; tendon TaMg 20 ¬Ggát;p©it 11.125mm ¦
enAmYyPaKbIénkNþalElVgrbs;FñwmedaymanKMlat 50mm BIKñadUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 19>6 a.

edIm,IKNnacMNakp©itCak;EsþgenARtg;muxkat;kNþalElVg Kitm:Um:g;sRmab; tendon eFob
nwg)at rbs;muxkat;³
cm¶ayBI)at = 201 (16 × 125 + 4 × 275) = 155mm
e ¬kNþalElVg¦ = yb − 155 = 522 − 155 = 367mm

EdlvaEk,rnwg 364mm Edl)ansnμt;. RbsinebIebIeKdak; tendon BIrenAcm¶ay 75mm BI

tendon EdlenAxageRkam enaHcm¶ayBI)atkøayeTACa
1
(16 × 125 + 2 × 250 + 2 × 325) = 158mm
20
enaHcMNakp©itnwgkøayeTACa 522 − 158 = 364mm EdlesμIweTAnwgcMNakp©itEdl)ansnμt;. Ca
karGnuvtþ eKdak; tendon TaMgGs;edaymanKMlatBIKña 50mm .
b. elIkEt tendon EdlenAkNþalcMnYn 12 [egIbeLIg. karBRgay tendon enAmuxkat;xagcug
RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 19>6 a. RtYtBinitücMNakp©itrbs; tendon edayKitm:Um:g;eFobTI
RbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat;ebtugsRmab; tendon 12 enAxagelI nig tendon 8 eTotEdlRtUv)andak;
enAxageRkam³
e=
1
(8 × 364 − 12 × 226) = 10mm
20
témø e enHtUc nigRKb;RKan;. cMNakp©itCak;EsþgenAcm¶ay 0.9m BImuxkat;xagcug
e=
0.9
(364 − 10) + 10 = 76mm
4.8
cMNakp©itCak;EsþgenAcm¶ay 2.4m BImuxkat;xagcugKW
e=
1
(364 − 10) + 10 = 187mm
2
%> témøkMNt;rbs; Fi ³ témørbs; Fi EdleRbIsRmab;karKNnaBIxagelIKW Fi = 1606kN .
RtYtBinitü Fi Gb,brmaedayeRbIsmIkar 19.31:
⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ M L ( f t AK t ) ⎤
− ( f ti AK b )⎥
1
Fi min = ⎢⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟ M D + −
(K b + K t ) ⎣⎝ η ⎠ η η ⎦
10 − 3
⎡⎛ 1
⎢⎜
⎞
− 1⎟150.6 ⋅ 106 + −
(
755.6 ⋅ 106 2.96 × 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 214.8 ⎤
⎥
)
= ⎢⎝ 0.837 ⎠ 0.837 0.837 ⎥
(235.6 + 214.8) ⎢
(
⎣− 1.32 × 23.25 ⋅ 10 × 235.6
4
) ⎥
⎦
= 1516.8kN
vamantémøtUcCag Fi EdleRbI. RtYtBinitü Fi GtibrmaedayeRbIsmIkar 19.32:
1 ⎡⎛ 1 ⎞ M L f c AK b ⎤
Fi max = ⎢⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ M D − + + f ci AK t ⎥
(K b + K t ) ⎣⎝ η ⎠ η η ⎦

10 −3
⎡⎛
⎢⎜ 1 −
1 ⎞
⎟150 .6 ⋅ 10 6 755.6 ⋅ 10
−
6
+
( )
15.75 23.25 ⋅ 10 4 235.6 ⎤
⎥
= ⎢⎝ 0.837 ⎠ 0.837 0.837 ⎥
(235.6 + 214.8) ⎢
⎣ + 16 .8 23.25(⋅ 10 4
214) .8 ⎥
⎦
= 2081.9kN
vamantémøFMCag Fi EdleRbI. dUcenHmuxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAkNþalElVgKWRKb;RKan;.
^> RtYtBinitükMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg edayeyIgman Fo = 1200MPa nig Aps = 1394mm2
kmøaMg Fo srub = 1200 × 1394 × 10−3 = 1672.8kN
Ec = 27600MPa
E
n= s =
Ec
200000
27600
= 7.25 yk n = 7
MD enAkNþalElVg = 150.6kN .m
Fo + nAps f c (D.L.) ×
2
Fi = 3
⎛ 1 e2 ⎞
(
1 + nA ps )
⎜ + ⎟
⎜A I ⎟
⎝ ⎠
témørbs; f c Edl)anBIkarBRgaybnÞúkefrRtUvKuNnwg 2 / 3 edIm,IbgðajBIbERmbRmYlrag)a:ra:
bUl rbs;kugRtaMgbnÞúkefrtambeNþayFñwm Edlpþl;[nUvtémøRbhak;RbEhlrbs; Fi )an
RbesIrCag.
a. kMNt;témømFümrbs; e2 EdlTTYlenAkñúgFñwm. ExSekagtMNag[ e2 RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUb
TI 19>6 c³
⎡1 ⎤
¬mFüm¦ = 71.2 ⎢⎢ 3 (5776 × 0.9) + (5776 × 3.9) + 3 (126720 × 3.9)⎥⎥
1
e2
⎣+ (2.4 × 132496 ) ⎦
= 70414.7 mm 2
e = 265mm
RkLaépÞrbs;)a:ra:bUlesμInwgRkLaépÞrbs;ctuekaNEkg.
b. kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefrenARtg;nIv:Urbs; tendon KW
150.6 × 265
f c (D.L.) = 10 6 = 1.53MPa
2.607 ⋅ 1010

1672.8 ⋅ 103 + 7(1394 ) × 1.53 ×

2
dUcenH Fi =
⎛
3
70414.7 ⎞
10 − 3 = 1575.1kN
1 + 7(1394 )⎜
1
+ ⎟
⎝ 23.25 ⋅ 10 4
2.607 ⋅ 1010 ⎠
elastic loss KW 1672.8 − 1575.1 = 97.7kN = 5.8% . témøenHKWFMCag elastic loss Edl)an
snμt; 4% .
kñúgmYyÉktþaRkLaépÞEdk = 1394
elastic loss
97.7 3
10 = 70 MPa
Fi kñúgmYyÉktþaRkLaépÞ =
1575.1 3
10 = 1130 MPa
1394
c. kMhatbg;GaRs½ynwgeBl
kMhat;bg;edaysarkarrYmmaDebtug = 60MPa ¬dUcelIkmun¦
kMhatbg;edaysar creep
Fi 1575.1
elastic strain = = 103 = 2.45 ⋅ 10 − 4
Ac Ec ( )
23.25 ⋅ 10 27600
4
Δf s = Cc (ε cr Es )
yk Cc = 1.5 enaH
( )
Δf s = 1.5 2.45 ⋅ 10 −4 200000 = 73.5MPa
PaKrykMhatbg; =
73.5
1130
= 6.5%
kMhatbg;edaysar relaxation rbs;EdkKW 48MPa ¬dUcelIkmun¦.

kMhatbg;GaRs½ynwgeBl esμInwg 60 + 73.5 + 48 = 181.5MPa ehIyPaKrykMhatbg;KW
181.5 / 1130 = 16% Edlman témøEk,rnwgtémøEdl)ansnμt; 15.7% .
F = ηFi = (1 − 0.16 )Fi = 0.84 Fi
η = 0.84
19>5> KNnaGgát;rgkarBt;begáag (Design of Flexural Members)
19>5>1> sBaØaNTUeTA (General)

EpñkBIedIm)anbBa¢ak;fakugRtaMgenAsrésxagelIbMput nigsrésxageRkambMputénmuxkat;eRKaH
fñak;rbs;Ggát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgminRtUvFMCagkugRtaMgGnuBaØatsRmab;RKb;krNITaMgGs; b¤dMNak;kalén
kardak;bnÞúk. bEnßmBIelIlkçxNÐTaMgenH eKRtUvKNnaGgát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgCamYynwgemKuNsuvtßi-
PaBRKb;RKan;edIm,IRbqaMgnwgkar)ak;. ACI Code tRmUv[m:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnÞúkemKuN M u minRtUvFM

CagersIusþg;rgkarBt; φM n énmuxkat;Edl)anKNna.
sRmab;krNI tension-controlled section, FñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgcab;epþIm)ak;enAeBlEdlkug
RtaMgEdkFMCag yield strength rbs;EdkEdleRbIenAkñúgmuxkat;ebtug. EdkeRbkugRtaMgersIusþg;nwgmin
bgðajcMNuc yield c,as;las;dUcEdkFmμtaEdleRbIenAkñúgebtugGarem:eT. b:uEnþeRkamkarbEnßmbnÞúk
strain enAkñúgEdkekIneLIgedayGRtay:agelOn ehIykar)ak;ekIteLIgenAeBl compressice strain
Gtibrmarbs;ebtugmantémøesμInwg 0.003 ¬rUbTI 19>7¦.
EdnkMNt;sRmab;EdkBRgwgrbs;Ggát;rgkarBt;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlGaRs½yeTAtam ACI
Code, Section 18.8 KWQrelI net tensile strain sRmab; tension-controlled, transition b¤
compression-controlled section edayeKarBtam ACI Code, Section 10.3

dUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgCMBUk 3. em KuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; φ RtUv)an[enAkñúgCMBUkTI 3 edayQrelI

ACI Code, Section 9.3.
19>5>2> muxkat;ctuekaN (Rectangular Sections)

eKGackMNt; Nominal moment capacity rbs;muxkat;ctuekaNdUcxageRkam ¬eyagtamrUb
TI 19>7¦³
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞
M n = C⎜ d − ⎟ = T ⎜ d − ⎟ (19.34)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
Edl T = Aps f s nig C = 0.85 f 'c ab . sRmab; C = T
A ps f ps ρ p f ps
a= = d (19.35|
0.85 f 'c b 0.85 f 'c
EdlpleFobEdkeRbkugRtaMgKW ρ p = Aps / bd ehIy Aps nig f ps CaRkLaépÞ nigkugRtaMgTajrbs;
EdkeRbkugRtaMg. yk
⎛ f ps ⎞
ω p = ρ p ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≤ 0.32 β1
⎝ f 'c ⎠
ωp
bnÞab;mk a=
0.85
d (19.36)
témø ω p CakmøaMgenAkñúg tendon EdlRtUv)anvas;edaypÞal;. edIm,IFananUv tesion-controlled

behavior, ACI Code, Section 18.8.1 kMNt;fa ω p minRtUvFMCag 0.32 β1 EdkRtUvKñanwg net tensile
strain ε t = 0.005 . cMNaMfa β1 = 0.85 sRmab; f 'c ≤ 28MPa nwgkat;bnßyeday 0.05 sRmab;ral;
7 MPa sRmab; 28MPa < f 'c < 56 MPa ehIyesμInwg 0.65 sRmab; f 'c > 56 MPa .
eKk¾Gacsresr
⎛ a⎞
M n = A ps f ps ⎜ d − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ ρ p f ps ⎞
M n = Aps f ps d ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ (19.37)
⎝ 1 .7 f ' c ⎠
⎛ ωp ⎞
M n = A ps f ps d ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟ (19.38)
⎝ 1 .7 ⎠
nig M u = φM n

enAkúñgsmIkarBImun f ps CakugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkeRbkugRtaMgenAeBl)ak;. eKminGackMNt;témø

Cak;Esþgrbs; f ps edaygayRsYleT. dUcenH ACI Code, Section 18.7.2 GnuBaØat[)a:n;RbmaN
témø f ps dUcxageRkam.
sRmab; bonded tendons
⎡ γp ⎛ f ⎞⎤
f ps = f pu ⎢1 − ⎜⎜ ρ p × pu ⎟⎟⎥ (19.39)
⎢⎣ β1 ⎝ f 'c ⎠⎥⎦
sRmab; unbonded tendon enAkñúgGgát;EdlmanpleFobElVgelIkm<s;tUcCag b¤esμI 35

⎛ f 'c ⎞⎟
f ps = ⎜ f se + 69 + ≤ f py (19.40)
⎜ 100 ρ ⎟
⎝ p ⎠
RbsinebI f se ≥ 0.5 f pu nigRbsinebI f ps sRmab; unbonded tendon minFMCag f py b¤ f se + 415MPa .
sRmab; unbonded tendon enAkñúgGgát;EdlmanpleFobElVgelIkm<s;FMCag 35
⎛ f 'c ⎞⎟
f ps = ⎜ f se + 69 + (19.41)
⎜ 300 ρ p ⎟⎠
⎝
b:uEnþminRtUvFMCag f py b¤ f se + 207MPa Edl
γ p = emKuNsRmab;RbePTrbs; tendon eRbkugRtaMg
= 0.55 sRmab; f py / f pu EdlmintUcCag 0.8
f pu = ersIusþg;TajEdlkMNt;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
f se = kugRtaMgRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkayeBlkMhatbg;TaMgGs;
f py = specified yield strength rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg
enAkñúgkrNIEdl ω p > 0.32β1 FñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgCa compression-controlled section.

edIm,IFananUv ductile failure eKkMNt; ω p RtwmtémøGtibrma 0.32β1 . sRmab; ω = 0.32β1 nig
a = 0.377 β1d eyIgTTYl)an
⎛ 0.32 β1 ⎞
M n = Aps f ps d ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ 1.7 ⎠
( )
= ρ p bd f ps d (1 − 0.188β1 )
= ω p f 'c (1 − 0.188β1 )bd 2

( )
= 0.32 β1 − 0.06β12 f 'c bd 2 (19.42)

sRmab; /
f 'c = 35MPa β1 = 0.8 . enaH
M n = 0.22 f 'c bd 2 = 1.09bd 2
dUcKña/ sRmab; /
f 'c = 28MPa M n = 0.915bd 2 nigsRmab; /
f 'c = 42 MPa M n = 1.238bd 2
19>5>3> muxkat;Edlmansøab (Flanged Sections)

sRmab;muxkat;mansøab (T- or I-section) RbsinebIkm<s;bøúk a sßitenAkñúgsøab eKnwgKitvaCa
muxkat;ctuekaNEkg. RbsinebI a sßitenAkñúgRTnug enaHeKKitRTnugCamuxkat;ctuekaNEkgedayeRbI
TTwgRTnug nigTTwgsøabEdlelIs (b − bw ) RtUv)anKitdUcKñanwgebtugGarem: T-section Edl)anBnül;
enAkñúgCMBUk 3 nig4. eKGacKNna design moment strength rbs; flanged section dUcxageRkam
¬emIlrUbTI 19>7¦.
M n = M n1 ¬ersIusþg;m:Um:g;rbs;RTnug¦ + M n2 ¬ersIusþg;m:Um:g;rbs;søabEdlelIs¦
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ hf ⎞
M n = Apw f ps ⎜ d p − ⎟ + A pf f ps ⎜⎜ d p − ⎟⎟ (19.43)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
A pw f ps
M u = φM n a=nig
0.85 f 'c bw
Edl A pw = Aps − Apf
[
A pf = 0.85 f 'c (b − bw )h f / f ps ]
kRmas;rbs;søab
hf =
cMNaMfaRkLaépÞEdkeRbkugRtaMgsrub Aps EckecjCaBIrEpñk Apw nig Apf EdlbegáIt web

moment capacity nig flange moment capacity. sRmab;muxkat;Edlmansøab snÞsSn_EdkBRgwg
(reinforcement index) ω pw minRtUvFMCag 0.32 β1 sRmab; tension-controlled section Edl

⎛ Apw ⎞⎛ f ps ⎞ ⎛f ⎞
ω pw = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = GRtaEdkRTnugeRbkugRtaMg × ⎜⎜ ps ⎟⎟
b d
⎝ w f'
⎠⎝ c ⎠ f' ⎝ c ⎠
19>5>4> EdkBRgwgrgeRbkugRtaMg (Nonprestressed Reinforcement)
kñúgkrNIxøH eKdak;EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg As enAkñúgtMbn;Tajrbs;Ggát;rgkarBt;ebtugeRbkug

RtaMgCamYynwgEdkeRbkugRtaMg Aps edIm,IbegáInersIusþg;m:Um:g; (moment strength) rbs;Fñwm. enAkñúg
krNIenH Edksrub ¬ Aps nig As ¦ RtUv)anBicarNaenAkñúgkarviPaKm:Um:g;.

sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEdl manEdkrgeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg eKKNna design

moment strength φM n dUcxag eRkam³
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞
M n = A ps f ps ⎜ d p − ⎟ + As f y ⎜ d − ⎟ (19.44)
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
A ps f ps + As f y
Edl a=
0.85 f 'c b
/ ehIy nig Cacm¶ayBIsrésrgkarsgát;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTm¶n;
dp d
rbs;EdkrgeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg erogKña. sRmab;muxkat;Edlmansøab

⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ hf ⎞
M n = Apw f ps ⎜ d p − ⎟ + As f s ⎜ d − ⎟ + Apf f ps ⎜⎜ d p − ⎟ (19.45)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
Edl A pw = A ps − Apf
Aps f ps + As f y
a=
0.85 f 'c bw
sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkgEdlmanEdkrgkarsgát; ehIym:Um:g;RtUv)anKiteFobnwgkmøaMg C
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛a ⎞
M n = Aps f ps ⎜ d p − ⎟ + As f y ⎜ d − ⎟ + A's f y ⎜ − d ' ⎟ (19.46)
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
Aps f ps + As f y − A's f y
Edl a=
0.85 f 'c b
smIkarenHmann½yEtenAeBlEdlEdkrgkarsgát; yield. lkçxNÐsRmab;Edkrgkarsgát; yield KW
⎛ Aps f ps + As f y − A' s f y ⎞ f ' d ' ⎛ 600 ⎞⎟
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ≥ 0.85β1 c ⎜
⎝ bd ⎠ d ⎜⎝ 600 − f y ⎟⎠
RbsinebIeKminCYblkçxNÐenHeT enaHEdkrgkarsgát;min yield eT. enAkñúgkrNIenH eKGacecal A's

¬yk A's = 0 ¦ b¤mü:ageTot eKGackMNt;kugRtaMgenAkñúg A's edaykarviPaKTUeTA dUcEdlBnül;enAkñúg
CMBUk 3.
enAeBleKeRbIEdkrgeRbkugRtaMg nigEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMgenAkñúgmuxkat;dUcKña eKKYrGansmIkar
19.39 dUcxageRkam³
⎡ γp ⎛ f ⎞⎤
f ps = f pu ⎢1 − ⎜ ρ p pu + d (ω − ω ')⎟⎥ (ACI Code, Eq. 18.3) (19.47)
⎢⎣ β1 ⎜ f 'c d p ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎦
RbsinebIeKKitEdkrgkarsgát;TaMgGs; enAeBlKNna f ps enaHtY
f pu d
ρp + (ω − ω ') ≥ 0.17
f 'c dp
nig d '≤ 0.15d p

Edl d / d ' nig d p Cacm¶ayBIsrésrgkarsgát;xageRkAbMputeTATIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EdkTajEdlminrg

eRbkugRtaMg Edkrgkarsgát; nigEdkrgeRbkugRtaMg erogKña.
γ p = emKuNsRmab;RbePTrbs; tendon eRbkugRtaMg
β1 = 0.85 sRmab; f 'c ≤ 28MPa nwgkat;bnßyeday 0.05 sRmab;ekIneLIg 7 MPa rbs; f 'c
Et β1 ≥ 0.65 .
!> sRmab;muxkat;ctuekaNEkg ACI Cose,Section 18.8 kMNt;pleFobEdkdUcxageRkam
¬ ε t ≥ 0.005 sRmab; tension –controlled section¦³
d
wp + ω ≤ 0.32β1
dp
⎛ f ps ⎞ Aps
Edl ω p = ρ p ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ nig ρp =
bd
¬EdkrgeRbkugRtaMg¦
⎝ f 'c ⎠
⎛ fy ⎞ As
ω = ρ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ nig ρ= ¬EdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg¦
⎝ f 'c ⎠ bd
@> RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkFmμta A's enAkñúgtMbn;sgát; enaHlkçxNÐkøayeTACa

d
ωp + (ω − ω ') ≤ 0.32β1
dp
Edl ω ' = ρ ' ( f y / f 'c ) nig ρ ' = A's / bd . EdnkMNt;Edk (reinforcement limitation)
mansar³sMxan;edIm,I Fana plastic failure rbs;FñwmebtugGarem:EdkmanEdktic.
#> sRmab;muxkat;mansøab RkLaépÞEdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbegáItersIusþg;rbs;RTnug Apw RtUv)aneRbI
edIm,IRtYtBinitü reinforcement index.
⎛ f ps ⎞
ω pw ¬RTnug¦ = ρ pw ⎜⎜ ⎟ ≤ 0.32 β1
f' ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
A pw
Edl ρ pw =
bw d d
RbsinebIeKeRbIEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg enaH reinforcement limitation KW
d
ω pw + (ωw − ω 'w ) ≤ 0.32β1
d pw

As ⎛ f y ⎞ A's ⎛ f y ⎞
Edl ωw = ⎜ ⎟
bw d ⎜⎝ f 'c ⎟⎠
nig ω 'w = ⎜ ⎟
bw d ⎜⎝ f 'c ⎟⎠
enAeBleKmineRbIEdkrgkarsgát; A's enaH ω 'w = 0 . kñúgkarKNna nigkarviPaKGgát;

ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedayEpñk (partially prestressed concrete member) eKRtUvEtCYb
lkçxNÐEdkxagelI.
sRmab;fñak; C énGgát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgrgkarBt; Edl ft > f 'c ¬muxkat;Edl
eRbH¦ eKKYreRbI crack control provision EdlBnül;enAkñúgEpñk 6>7 . enAeBleRbIsmIkar
6.18 sRmab;KMlatGtibrma s / ACI Code, Section 18.4 kMNt;dUcxageRkam³
a. sRmab; tendon eRbIKMlat s = 17 mm .
b. sRmab;bnSMénEdkminrgeRbkugRtaMg nig tonden eRbIKMlat s = 20mm .
c. sRmab; tendon eRbI Δf ps CMnYs[ f s Edl Δf ps CaPaBxusKñarvagkugRtaMgEdl
KNnaenAkñúg tendon eRbkugRtaMgeRkambnÞúkeFVIkaredayQrelImuxkat;eRbH nig

decompression stress f dc enAkñúg tendon eRbkugRtaMg EdlRtUv)anKit[esμInwgeRb
kugRtaMgRbsiT§PaB (effective prestress) f se . cMNaMfa Δf ps minKYrelIsBI 250MPa .

RbsinebIvaticCag b¤esμInwg 140MPa eKminGacGnuvtþKMlatEdlTamTareT.
eKGacsresrsmIkar 8.18 dUcxageRkam³
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎡⎛ 3700 ⎞⎟ ⎤
s = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢⎜ − 2.5Cc ⎥
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎣⎢⎜⎝ Δf ps ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥
19>6> m:Um:g;eRbH (Cracking Moment)

sñameRbHekItmanenAkñúgFñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajenAsrésEpñkxageRkA
bMputrbs;muxkat;eRKaHfñak;esμI b¤elIs modulus of rupture rbs;ebtug f r . eKGacsnμt;témørbs;
f r sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;Fmμta[esμInwg 0.62 f 'c . kugRtaMgenAsrésxageRkambMputrbs;FñwmTRm
samBaØEdlbegáItedaykmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg nig cracking moment KW

F (Fe ) yb M cr yb
σb = − − +
A I I
enAeBlEdl σ b = f r = 0.62 f 'c enaH cracking moment KW

I ⎛ F (Fe ) yb ⎞
M cr = ⎜ 0.62 f 'c + + ⎟ (19.48)
yb ⎝ A I ⎠
kugRtaMgTajGtibrmaeRkayBIkMhatbg;KW 0.62 f 'c EdltMNag[ f r . enAkñúgkrNIenH Fñwmebtug
eRbkugRtaMgenArkSamuxkat;minmansñameRbHeRkamGMeBIbnÞúkefr. edIm,IFanaPaBRKb;RKan;ersIusþg;Rb
qaMgnwgsñameRbH ACI Code, Section 18.8.3 TamTarfa ultimate moment strength rbs;Ggát; φM n
y:agticRtUvesμInwg moment cracking 1.2 dg.
]TahrN_ 19>5³ sRmab;Fñwmén]TahrN_ 19>4 cUrRtYtBinitü design strength nigtRmUvkarrbs; ACI

Code EdlRbqaMgnwg cracking moment.
dMeNaHRsay³
!> RtYtBinitüemIlfakm<s;bøúkkugRtaMg a sßitenAkñúgsøabb¤Gt;.
A ps f ps
a= (19.35)
0.85 f 'c b
¬én 20 tendon Edl tendon mYy²manGgát;p©it 11.125mm ¦= 1394mm2
A ps
yk f py / fu = 0.85 / ρ p = 0.4 nig γ p / β1 = 0.4 / 0.8 = 0.5 . sRmab; bonded tension

⎛ γp f pd ⎞
f ps = f pu ⎜⎜1 − ρp × ⎟ (19.39)
⎝ β1 f 'c ⎟⎠
d = 1000 − 158 = 842mm

A ps 1394
ρp = = = 3.68 ⋅ 10 − 3
bd 450 × 842
edayeK[ f pu = 1725MPa
⎡
(
f ps = 1725⎢1 − 0.5 3.68 ⋅ 10 − 3
⎣
)
1725 ⎤
35 ⎥⎦
= 1568.6 MPa
1394(1568.6)
a= = 163.3mm
0.85(35)450
edayvamantémøFMCakRmas;søab 150mm . dUcenH muxkat;enHeFVIkarCamuxkat;mansøab.
@> sRmab;muxkat;mansøab
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ hf ⎞
M n = A pw f ps ⎜ d − ⎟ + A pf f ps ⎜⎜ d − ⎟⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Edl Apw = Aps − Apf
A pf =
1
f ps
[
0.85 f 'c (b − bw )h f ]

=
1
[0.85(35)(450 − 150)150] = 853.5mm 2
1568.6
A pw = 1394 − 853.5 = 540.5mm 2
Apw f ps 540.5(1568.6 )
a= = = 190mm
0.85 f 'c bw 0.85(35)150
⎛ 190 ⎞ − 6 ⎛ 150 ⎞ − 6
M n = 540.5(1568.6 )⎜ 842 − ⎟10 + 853.5(1568.6 )⎜ 842 − ⎟10 = 1660.2kN .m
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
φM n = 0.9(1660.2) = 1494.2kN .m
RtYtBinitü reinforcement index sRmab;muxkat;mansøab
A pw 540.5
ρ pw = = = 4.28 ⋅ 10 − 3
bw d 150 × 842
f ps
ω pw = ρ pw
f 'c
≤ 0.32 β1 = 0.32 × 0.8 = 0.256 ¬ φ = 0.9 ¦
#> KNnam:Um:g;emKuNxageRkAEdl)anBIbnÞúkefr nigGefr
bnÞúkefr = Tm¶n;pÞal; + bnÞúkefrbEnßm
= 5.81 + 13.15 = 18.96kN .m
bnÞúkGefr = 16kN / m
U = 1 .2 D + 1 .6 L
14.4 2
Mu = [1.2 × 18.96 + 1.6 × 16] = 1253.3kN .m
8
m:Um:g;emKuNxageRkAenHmantémøtUcCag ultimate moment capacity rbs;muxkat; 1494.2kN .m
dUcenHmuxkat;enHRKb;RKan;.
$> cracking moment ¬smIkar !(>$*¦ KW
I ⎛ F y ⎞
M cr = ⎜ 0.62 f 'c + + (Fe ) b ⎟
yb ⎝ A I ⎠
BI]TahrN_ 19>4 F = 1344kN / A = 23.25 ⋅104 mm2 / e = 364mm / yb = 522mm /
I = 2.607 ⋅ 1010 mm 4 / f 'c = 35MPa nig 0.62 f 'c = 3.67 MPa
+ (1344 ⋅ 103 × 364 )

2.607 ⋅ 1010 ⎛⎜ 1344 ⋅ 103 522 ⎞ −6
⎟10
M cr = 3.67 +
522 ⎜ 23.25 ⋅ 10 4
2.607 ⋅ 10 ⎟
10
⎝ ⎠
= 961.2kN.m
RtYtBinitüemIlfa 1.2M cr ≤ φM n
1.2 M cr = 1.2(961.2 ) = 1153.4kN .m

témøenHKWtUcCag φM n = 1494.2kN .m . dUcenH FñwmenHRKb;RKan;kñúgkarTb;nwgkareRbH.
19>7> PaBdab (Deflection)
PaBdabrbs;cMNucmYyenAelIFñwmCabMlas;TIsrubrbs;cMNucenaH eTaHCaeLIgelI b¤cuHeRkam

EdlbNþalBIkarGnuvtþrbs;bnÞúkenAelIFñwmenaH. enAkñúgFñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlRTedayTRmsamBaØ
CaTU eTAkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)aneKGnuvtþenABIeRkamTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat; EdlbegáItCaPaBdabeLIg
elI EdleK[eQμaHfa camber. Tm¶n;pÞal;rbs;Fñwm nigbnÞúkTMnajxageRkAEdlmanGMeBIenAelIFñwmnwg
eFVI[manPaBdabcuHeRkam. Net deflection CaplbUkBiCKNiténPaBdabTaMgBIr.
enAkñúgkarKNnaPaBdab eKcaM)ac;RtUvBicarNaTaMgPaBdabry³eBlxøI(short-term deflection)
b¤PaBdabPøam² (immediate deflection) nigPaBdabry³eBlyUr (long-term deflection). edIm,IFa
na[eRKOgbgÁúMGaceFVIkareTA)an PaBdabry³eBlxøIGtibrma nigPaBdabry³eBlEvgGtibrmaenARKb;
dMNak;kalénkardak;bnÞúkEdlmanlkçN³eRKaHfñak;TaMgGs;minRtUvFMCagtMénkMNt;Edl)ankMNt;
eday ACI Code ¬emIlEpñk 6>3¦.
eKGacKNnaPaBdabrbs;Ggát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgedaysmIkarPaBdabsþg;dar b¤eday con-
ventional method EdlmanenAkñúgesovePAviPaKeRKOgbgÁúM. ]TahrN_ PaBdabenAkNþalElVgrbs;
FñwmTRmsamBaØEdlrgbnÞúkTMnajBRgayesμI w esμInwg 5wL4 / 384EI . m:UDuleGLasÞicrbs;ebtugKW

Ec = 0.043w1.5 f 'c = 4780 f 'c sRmab;ebtugTm¶n;Fmμta.
eKKNnam:Um:g;niclPaBrbs;muxkat;ebtug I edayQrelIlkçN³rbs; gross section sRmab;

FñwmEdlKμansñameRbH. eKGaceRbIkrNIenH)anenAeBlEdlkugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenAelIsrésxageRkA
bMputrbs;ebtugminelIs modulus of rupture rbs;ebtug f r = 0.62 f 'c ¬Fñwmfñak; U ¦. enAeBl
EdlkugRtaMgTajGtibrmaenAelIsrésxagelIrbs; gross section FMCag 0.62 f 'c eKRtUveRbIm:Um:g;
niclPaBRbsiT§PaB (effective moment of inertia) I e EdlQrelImuxkat;EdlmansñameRbH b¤Gt;
mansñameRbH dUcEdl)anBnül;enAkñúgCMBUk 6 ¬Fñwmfñak; T nig C ¦. PaBdabkNþalE;lVgsRmab;
FñwmTRmsamBaØEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkTMnaj nigkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgtarag 19>3.

]TahrN_ 19>6³ sRmab;FñwmenAkñúg]TahrN_ 19>4 cUrKNna camber enAeBlepÞr nigbnÞab;mk

KNnaPaBdabPøam²EdlrMBwgTukcugeRkayEdlrgbnÞúkeFVIkar.
dMeNaHRsay³
!> PaBdabenAeBlepÞr
a. KNnaPaBdabcuHeRkamEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefrenAeBlepÞr ¬kñúgkrNIenHbnÞúkefrCabnÞúkpÞal;¦
sRmab;FñwmTRmsamBaØEdlrgbnÞúkBRgayesμI
5wL4
Δ D ¬bnÞúkefr¦ =
384 EI
BI]TahrN_ 19>4/ wD = 5.81kN / m / L = 14.4m / Eci = 24800MPa nig
I = 2.607 ⋅ 1010 mm 4
5(5.81)14400 4
ΔD =
384(24800 )2.607 ⋅ 1010
= 5mm ¬cuHeRkam¦
b. KNna camber EdlbNþalBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg
sRmab;FñwmTRmsamBaØEdleKelIk tendon xøHenAcMNucmYyPaKbI
CamYynwgcMNakp©itenAcMENkmYyPaKbIkNþalFñwm e1 = 364mm nigenAcugFñwm e2 = 0 .
23(Fi e1 )L2
Δp =
216 Eci I
=
( )
23 1606 ⋅ 103 × 364 14400 2
= −20mm ¬eLIgelI¦
216(24800 )2.607 ⋅ 1010
Camber cugeRkayenAeBlepÞrKW − 20 + 5 = −15mm ¬eLIgelI¦
c. PaBdabeRkambnÞúkeFVIkar
bnÞúkeFVIkarBRgayesμIsrubKW WT = 5.81 + 13.15 + 16 = 35kN / m

nig Ec = 27600MPa . PaBdabcuHeRkamEdlbNþalBI WT KW
5WT L4 5(35)14400 4
Δw = =
384 E I 384(27600 )2.607 ⋅ 1010
= 27 mm ¬cuHeRkam¦
c
Camber EdlekItBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg F = 1344kN nig Ec = 27600MPa KW

23(1344 ⋅ 103 × 364 )14400 2
Δp =
216(27600 )2.607 ⋅ 1010
= −15mm ¬eLIgelI¦
PaBdabPøam²cugeRkayeRkambnÞúkeFVIkarKW
Δ = Δ w − Δ p = 27 − 15 = 12mm ¬cuHeRkam¦

19>8> KNnasRmab;kmøaMgkat;TTwg (Design for Shear)

viFIKNnaedIm,IkMNt;EdkkmøaMgTTwg (shear reinforcement) enAkñúgFñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgesÞIr
EtdUcKñanwgviFIKNnasRmab;FñwmebtugGarem:. eKsnμt;sñameRbHedaysarkmøaMgkat;TTwg (shear
crack) ekIteLIgtammMu 45o edayvas;BIG½kSrbs;Fñwm. CaTUeTA TRmg;énsñameRbHEdlTak;TgnwgkmøaMg
kat;TTwgcMnYnBIrRbePT. mYyRbePTKWbNþalBI\T§iBlEdlrYmpSMénkarBt; nigkmøaMgkat;TTwg³

sñameRbHcab; epþImeLIgedaysñameRbHedaykarBt; ehIybnÞab;mksñameRbHenHcab;epþImgak ehIy

raltamTiseRTt EdlbNþalBI\T§iBlénkmøaMgTajGgát;RTUg. RbePTTIBIrCa web-shear cracking
ekItmanenAkñúgFñwm EdlkugRtaMgTajem b¤kugRtaMgTajGgát;RTUg (principal tensile stress) enAkñúg
RTnugd¾tUcrbs;vamantémøFMebIeRbobeFobnwgkugRtaMgBt;. eKRtUveRbIEdkkgedIm,IFana principal
tensile stress enAkñúgkrNI TaMgBIr. eyIgnwgeRbIlkçNvinicä½ykñúgkarKNnarbs; ACI sRmab;kmøaMg
kat;TTwg.
19>8>1> viFIcMbg (Basic Approach)
QrelItRmUvkarersIusþg;cugeRkay (ultimate strength requirement)

ACI design approach
edayeRbIemKuNbnÞúkEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgCMBUk 3. enAeBlEdlkmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuN Vu FMCagBak;

kNþalén nominal shear strength ( φVc / 2 ) eKmindak;EdkkgeT. . kmøaMgkat;TTwgKNnaEdlRtUv
kar Vu enARtg;muxkat;nImYy²minRtUvFMCag nominal design strength φVn rbs;muxkat;EdlQrelI
nominal shear capacity Edl)anBIkarbUkpSMénebtug nigEdkRTnug.
Vu ≤ φVn ≤ φ (Vc + Vs ) (19.49)
Edl rbs;ebtug
Vc = nominal shear strength
Vs = nominal shear capacity rbs;Edk
φ = emKuNkat;bnßyersIusþg; = 0.75
enAeBlEdlkmøaMgkat;emKuN Vu tUcCag φVu / 2 eKRtUvkardak;EdkkmøaMgkat;Gb,brma.
19>8>2> ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;Edlpþl;edayebtug
Shear Strength Provided by Concrete
ACI Code, Section 11.4bgðajsmIkary:agsamBaØEdl)anBIkarBiesaFedIm,I)a:n;RbmaN
nominal shear capacity rbs;Ggát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMg EdlenAkñúgGgát;enaH tendon mankmøaMgeRb
kugRtaMg f se y:agtic 40% ersIusþg;Taj f pu ³

⎛ V d⎞
Vc = ⎜⎜ 0.05 f 'c + 4.8 u ⎟⎟bw d (ACI Code, Eq. 11.9) (19.50)
⎝ Mu ⎠
Edl Vu nig M u = kmøaMgkat;emKuN nigm:Um:g;emKuNenARtg;muxkat;EdlBicarNa

bw = TTwgrbs;RTnug

¬kñúgtY VMu d ¦ = cm¶ayBIsrésrgkarsgát;eTATIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg

d
u
d ¬enAkñúgsmIkar Vci b¤ Vcw ¦ = témøEdlFMCageKkñúgcMeNam d xagelI nig 0.8h (ACI Code,

Section 11.4.2)
kareRbIsmIkar 19.50 RtUv)ankMNt;tamlkçxNÐxageRkam³
!> Vu d / M u ≤ 1.0 ¬edIm,IKittémøtUcén Vu nig M u ¦
@> Vc ≥ (0.17 f 'c )bwd ¬ Vc Gb,brma¦
#> Vc ≤ (0.42 f 'c )bwd ¬ Vc Gtibrma¦
karERbRbYlén shear capacity rbs;ebtugsRmab;FñwmebtugeRbkugRtaMgEdlRTedayTRmsamBaØrgnUv
bnÞúk BRgayesμIRtUv)anbgðajenAkúñgrUbTI 19>8. cMNaMfa eKcaM)ac;dak;EdkkmøaMgkat;GtibrmaEk,rTRm
nig Ek,rcMNucmYyPaKbYnénElVgEdl φVs manxiteTArktémøGtibrma. pÞúymkvij FñwmebtugGarem:
RtUvkar EdkkmøaMgkat;TTwg ¬b¤KMlatGb,brma¦ EtEk,rTRmEdl φVs mantémøGtibrma.

eBlxøH témø Vc EdlKNnaedaysmIkar 19.50 GacmantémøtUc dUcenH ACI Code, Section

11.4.2 [nUvviFImü:ageTotsRmab;KNna Vc EdlKitBicarNaersIusþg;bEnßmrbs;ebtugenAkñúgmuxkat;.
enAkñúgviFIenH Vc CatémøEdltUcCageKkñúgcMeNamersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;rbs;ebtug Vci nig Vcw ¬rUbTI

19>8¦.
ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat; Vci RtUv)anQrelIkarsnμt;fa flexural-shear cracking ekIteLIgEk,rEpñk
q¶aybMputrbs; flexural cracking EdlenAcm¶ayRbEhl d / 2 BIcMNucrgbnÞúkénkarfycuHm:Um:g;.
ACI Code kMNt;fa Vci RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkam³
Vci = (0.05 f 'c )bw d + ⎜⎜Vd + i cr ⎟⎟

⎛ VM ⎞
(19.51)
⎝ M
max ⎠
b:uEnþvaminRtUvtUcCag (0.14 f 'c )bwd Edl
Vd = kmøaMgkat;TTwgEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefrKμanemKuN
Vi = kmøaMgkat;TTwgemKuNEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkEdlGnuvtþBIxageRkA EdlekItmandMNalKña
CamYynwg M max
M max = m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrmabNþalBIbnÞúkEdlGnuvtþxageRkA
M cr = m:Um:g;eRbH (cracking moment)
eKGackMNt; cracking moment BIsmIkarxageRkam³

M cr = (0.5 f 'c + f pe − f d )
I
(ACI Code, Eq. 11.11) (19.52)
yt
Edl I = m:Um:g;niclPaBEdlTb;Tl;nwgbnÞúkemKuNxageRkA
yt = cm¶ayBIG½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;én gross section EdlminKitsrésEdkeTAsrésrgkarTajeRkA
bMput
f pe = ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;enAsrésxageRkAbMputrbs;muxkat;ebtugedaysarkmøaMgeRbkug
RtaMgeRkaykMhatbg;
f d = kugRtaMgEdlbNþalBIbnÞúkefrKμanemKuNenAsrésxageRkAbMput EdlkugRtaMgTaj
bNþalBIbnÞúkxageRkA
Web-shear strength Vcw KWQrelIsñameRbHedaykmøaMgkat;TTwgenAkñúgFñwmEdlminEmneRbH
edaysarkarBt;eT. sñameRbHEbbenHekItmanenAEk,rTRmEdlmanRTnugtUc. ACI Code, Section

11.4.2 bBa¢ak;fa Vcw RtUv)anKNnatamsmIkarxageRkam³

( )
Vcw = 0.29 f 'c + 0.3 f pc bw d + V p (19.53)
Edl V p = bgÁMúkM;laMgeRbkugRtaMgbBaÄrenARtg;muxkat;EdlBicarNa
f pc = kugRtaMgsgát;enAkñúgebtug ¬eRkaykarGnuBaØatsRmab;kMhatbg;eRbkugRtaMg¦ enARtg;TI
RbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat;EdlTb;Tl;nwgbnÞúkEdlGnuvtþ b¤enARtg;TIRbsBVrvagRTnug nig

søabenAeBlEdlTIRbCMuTm¶n;sßitenAkñúgsøab
müa:gvijeTot eKGackMNt; Vcw CakmøaMgkat;EdlbegáItkugRtaMgTajem (principle tensile
stress) 0.33 f 'c enARtg;G½kSTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;Ggát; b¤Rtg;RbsBVénsøab nigRTnugenAeBlEdlTIRbCMu
TMgn;sßitenAkñúgsøab. eKGacsresrsmIkarG½kSdUcxageRkam³
2
⎛ f pc ⎞ f
f t = 0.33 f 'c = vcw
2
+ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − pc
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ f pc ⎞
b¤ Vcw = f t ⎜ 1 +
⎜ f
⎟b d
⎟ w
(19.54)
⎝ t ⎠
Edl ft = 0.33 f 'c . enAeBlGnuvtþsmIkar 19.51 nig 19.53 b¤ 19.54 témørbs; d RtUv)anKitCa
cm¶aycenøaHsrésrgkarsgát; nigTIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs; tendon eRbkugRtaMg b:uEnþvaminRtUvtUcCag 0.8h .
muxkat;eRKaHfñak;sRmab;kmøaMgkat;GtibrmaRtUv)anykRtg; h / 2 BIépÞrbs;TRm. eKRtUveRbI
EdkkmøaMgkat;dUcKñaRtg;muxkat;cenøaHTRm nigmuxkat;Rtg; h / 2 .
19>8>3> EdkkmøaMgkat; (Shear Reinforcement)
eKRtUvKNnatémø Vs edIm,IkMNt;RkLaépÞcaM)ac;rbs;EdkkmøaMgkat;
Vu = φ (Vc + Vs ) (19.49)
Vs = (Vu − φVc )
1
(19.55)
φ
sRmab;EdkkgbBaÄr
Av f y d
Vs = (19.56)
s
Vs Av f y d
nig Av = s
f yd
b¤ s=
Vs
(19.57)
Edl Av = RkLaépÞrbs;EdkkgbBaÄr nig s = KMlatrbs;Edkkg. smIkarsRmab;Edkkg

eRTt dUcKñanwgsmIkarEdl)anbgðajenAkñúgCMBUk 8.

19>8>4> EdnkMNt; (Limitation)
!> KMlatGtibrma s rbs;EdkkgminRtUvFMCag 3h / 4 b¤ 60cm . RbsinebI V FMCag

max s
enaHKMlatGtibrmaxagelIRtUv)ankat;bnßymkRtwmBak;kNþal (ACI Code,

(4 f 'c )bw d
Section 11.5.4).
@> kmøaMgkat;Gtibrma Vs minRtUvFMCag (8 f 'c )bwd . RbsinebImindUcenaHeT eKRtUvbegáInTMhM

rbs;muxkat; (ACI Code, Section 11.5.6).
#> EdkkmøaMgkat;Gb,brma Av EdlTamTareday ACI Code KW
0.35bw s ⎛b s⎞
Av min = ≤ 0.062 f 'c ⎜ w ⎟ (19.58)
fy ⎜ fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠
enAeBlEdlkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiT§PaB f pe ≥ 0.4 f pu EdkkmøaMgkat;Gb,brma Av Kw
Aps f pu s d
Av = (19.59)
80 f y d bw
eKmincaM)ac;ykkm<s;RbsiT§PaB d < 0.8h eT. CaTUeTA smIkar 19.59 pþl;[nUvEdkkmøaMg

kat;Gb,brmaFMCagkarpþl;[edaysmIkar 19.58.
]TahrN_ 19>7³ sRmab;FñwmenAkñúg]TahrN_ 19>4 cUrkMNt; nominal shear strength nigEdkkmøaMg

kat;caM)ac;. RtYtBinitümuxkat;Rtg; h / 2 nig 3m BIcugrbs;Fñwm. eRbI f y = 400MPa sRmab;Edk
kmøaMgkat; nigbnÞúkGefr = 19.4kN / m .
dMeNaHRsay³
!> sRmab;muxkat;enARtg; h / 2
h 1000
2
=
2
= 500mm BIxagcug
@> bnÞúkBRgayesμIemKuNenAelIFñwm
Wu = 1.2(5.81 + 13.15) + 1.6 × 19.4 = 53.8kN / m
h
enAcm¶ay
Vu
2
= 53.8(7.2 − 0.5) = 360.5kN
kMNt; M u enARtg;muxkat; h / 2
0.52
M u = 53.8(7.2 )0.5 − 53.8 = 187kN .m
2
témørbs; d Rtg;muxkat; h / 2 BIxagcug ¬rUbTI 19>6 b¦ KW

d = (1000 − 158) −
(4.8 − 0.5) 364 = 516mm
4.8
Vu d 360.5 × 0.516
= = 0.995 ≤ 1.0
Mu 187
dUckarTamTarrbs; ACI Code
⎛ V d⎞
Vc = ⎜⎜ 0.05 f 'c + 4.8 u ⎟⎟bw d
⎝ Mu ⎠
( )
= 0.05 35 + 4.8 × 0.995 150 × 516 × 10 −3 = 392.6kN
témøGb,brmarbs; Vc = 0.17 f 'c bwd = 0.17 35 (150)516 ⋅10−3 = 77.8kN
témøGtibrmarbs; Vc = 0.42 f 'c bwd = 0.42 35 (150)516 ⋅10−3 = 192.3kN
témøGtibrmarbs; Vc = 192.3kN manlkçN³lub.
#> viFIepSgeTotEdlbgðajeday ACI Code KWfaeKGacyktémø Vc CatémøtUcCageKkñúgcMeNam Vci
nig Vcw
a. edayQrelI flexural-shear cracking strength
Vci = (0.05 f 'c )bw d + ⎜⎜Vd + i cr ⎟⎟

⎛ VM ⎞
M ⎝ max ⎠
KNnatYnImYy²dac;edayELkBIKña
(0.05 f 'c )bwd = 0.05 35 (150)516 ⋅10−3 = 22.9kN
Vd = kmøaMgkat;efrKμanemKuN = (5.81 + 13.15)(7.2 − 0.5) = 129.4kN
M max = m:Um:g;emKuNGtibrma ¬elIkElgTm¶n;rbs;Fñwm¦
bnÞúkemKuN = 1.2 × 13.15 + 1.6 × 19.4 = 46.8kN / m

⎡ 0.52 ⎤
M max = 46.8⎢7.2 × 0.5 − ⎥ = 162.6kN .m
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Vi = 46.8(7.2 − 0.5) = 313.6kN
M cr =
I
yt
(
0.5 f 'c + f pe + f d )
/
I = 2.607 ⋅ 1010 mm 4 yb = 522mm
f pe = kugRtaMgrgkarsgát;EdlbNþalBIkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg
F Feyb
= +
A I
1344 ⋅ 103 1344 ⋅ 103 × 38 × 522
= + = 6.8MPa
23.25 ⋅ 10 4 2.607 ⋅ 1010

fd = kugRtaMgbnÞúkefr = M DI yb
⎡ 0.52 ⎤
M D = 18.96⎢7.2 × 0.5 − ⎥ = 65.9kN .m
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
65.9(522 ) ⋅ 10 6
fd = = 1.32 MPa
2.607 ⋅ 1010
M cr =
2.607 ⋅ 1010
522
( )
0.5 35 + 6.8 − 1.32 ⋅ 10 − 6 = 412.4kN .m
dUcenH Vci = 22.9 + 129.4 + 313.6

412.4
162.6
= 947.7kN
Vci minRtUvtUcCag (0.14 f 'c )bw d = 0.14 35 (150)516 ⋅ 10 −3 = 64.1kN
b. ersIusþg;kmøaMgkat;EdlQrelI web-shear cracking KW

Vcw = (0.29 f 'c + 0.3 f pc )bw d + V p
1344 ⋅ 103
f pc = = 5.78MPa
23.25 ⋅ 10 4
d = 516mm b¤ 0.8h = 800mm
yk d = 800mm
1
V p = 1344 × = 101.8kN
13.2
Edl 1 / 13.2 = slop rbs; tendon profile = 364 / 4800
0.29 35 = 1.72 MPa
dUcenH Vcw = (1.72 + 0.3 × 5.78)× 150 × 800 ⋅10−3 + 101.8 = 516.3kN
c. edaysar Vcw < Vci dUcenH Vcw = 516.3kN Ca nominal shear strength enARtg;muxkat; h / 2
BIcugrbs;Fñwm. kñúgkrNICaeRcIn Vcw lubRtg; h / 2 BITRm.

$> EdkRTnug (web reinforcement)
Vu = 360.5kN φVcw = 0.75 × 516.3 = 387.2kN
edaysar Vu < φVcw / Vs = 0 dUcenHeRbIEdkkgGb,brma. eRbIEdkkg DB10 .
Av = 2 × 10 2 π / 4 = 157mm 2
KMlatGtibrmaCatémøEdltUcCageKkñúgcMeNam
3
s1 = h = 750mm s2 = 600mm
4
KNna s3 BIsmIkarEdkRTnugGb,brma

Aps f pu s d
Av min = × × ×
80 fy d bw
1394 1725 s3 516
157 = × ×
80 400 516 150
s3 = 581mm yk s3 = 500mm
0.35bw s ⎛b s⎞
müa:gvijeTot Av min =
fy
≤ 0.062 f 'c ⎜ w ⎟
⎜ fy ⎟
0.062 f 'c = 0.367
⎝ ⎠
Av f y 157 × 400
s4 = = = 1140mm
0.367bw 0.367 × 150
dUcenHeyIgeRbI DB10 @ 500 .
%> sRmab;muxkat;enAcm¶ay 3m BIxagcug viFIsaRsþkñúgkarKNnaKWRsedogKñasRmab;muxkat;enARtg;
h / 2 . edayeRbIviFIEdlsRmYlrbs; ACI
Vu = 53.8(7.2 − 3) = 226kN
⎡ 32 ⎤
M u = 53.8⎢7.2 × 3 − ⎥ = 920kN .m
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
d = (1000 − 158) −
(4.8 − 3) 364 = 705mm
4.8
Vu d 226 × 0.705
= = 0.173 < 1.0
Mu 920
⎛ V d⎞
( )
Vc = ⎜⎜ 0.05 f 'c + 4.8 u ⎟⎟bw d = 0.05 35 + 4.8 × 0.173 150 × 705 × 10 − 3 = 119.1kN
Mu ⎠
⎝
Vc min = 77.8kN nig Vc max = 192.3kN
dUcenH Vc = 119.1kN ¬lub¦
^> eRbIsmIkar ACI Code edIm,IKNna Vci nig Vcw . dMbUgKNna Vci ¬EdllubsRmab;muxkat;enH¦
(0.05 f 'c )bwd = 0.05 35 (150)705 ⋅10−3 = 31.3kN
Vd = (5.81 + 13.15)(7.2 − 3) = 79.6kN
⎡ 32 ⎤
M max = 46.8⎢7.2 × 3 − ⎥ = 800.3kN .m
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
Vi = 46.8(7.2 − 3) = 196.6kN
1344 ⋅ 103 1344 ⋅ 103 × 227.5 × 522
f pe = + = 11.9 MPa
23.25 ⋅ 10 4 2.607 ⋅ 1010

⎡ 32 ⎤
M D = 18.96⎢7.2 × 3 − ⎥ = 324.2kN .m
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
324.2(522 ) ⋅ 106
fd = = 6.5MPa
2.607 ⋅ 1010
M cr =
2.607 ⋅ 1010
522
( )
0.5 35 + 11.9 − 6.5 ⋅ 10 − 6 = 417.4kN .m
dUcenH Vci = 31.3 + 79.6 + 196.6

417.4
800.3
= 213.4kN
( )
Vci min = 0.14 f 'c bw d = 0.14 35 (150)705 ⋅ 10 −3 = 87.6kN
dUcnH Vci = 213.4kN
bnÞab;mkKNna Vcw
f pc = 5.78MPa V p = 101.8kN ¬dUcelIkmun¦
d = 705mm b¤ 0.8h = 800mm
yk d = 800mm
dUcenH Vcw = (1.72 + 0.3 × 5.78)× 150 × 800 ⋅10−3 + 101.8 = 516.3kN
témørbs; Vcw minmaneRKaHfñak;eT. enARtg;mYyPaKbYnénRbEvgElVg témøkmøaMgkat;eRKaHfñak;KW
Vci ¬rUbTI 19>8¦.
&> KNnaEdkRTnug
Vu = 226kN φVci = 0.75 × 213.4 = 160kN
Vu = φ (Vc + Vs )
Vs =
1
(226 − 160) = 88kN
0.75
Edkkg DB10 / Av = 157mm2 . RtYtBinitüKMlatGtibrma smax = 500mm ¬dUcelIkmun¦
⋅ 103 × 500
muxkat;EdlEdlRtUvkar Av = Vf sds = 88400 × 705
= 156
y
Av EdleRbIKW 157mm2 > 156mm2 . dUcenH yk DB10 @ 400 .

19>9> KNnaCMhandMbUgénGgát;ebtugeRbmugRtaMgrgkarBt;
Preliminary Design of Prestressed Concrete Flexural Members
19>9>1> rUbrag nigTMhM (Shapes and Dimensions)
kar)a:n;sμanTMhMrbs;muxkat;d¾RtwmRtUveFVI[karKNnacMNayeBltic nigminsμúKsμaj. dUc enH

karKNnaCMhandMbUgmansar³sMxan;Nas; edIm,IFanafaTMhMmuxkat;manlkçN³smrmümunnwgcab;epþIm
KNnalMGit.
enAkñúgdMNak;kalKNnaCMhandMbUg CaFmμtaeKmanTinñn½yxøHEdlGacCYykñúgkareRCIserIsTMhM
d¾smRsb. ]TahrN_ m:Um:g;Bt;Edl)anBIbnÞúkGnuvtþn_xageRkA kugRtaMgGnuBaØat nigTinñn½ysRmab;
kMNt;kMhatbg;RtUv)andwg b¤RtUv)ankMNt;.
rUbragrbs;muxkat;Ggát;ebtugeRbkugRtaMgGacCactuekaNEkg GkSr T GkSr I b¤RbGb;. km<s;
srubrbs;muxkat; h RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarBicarNakm<s;rbs;lMh b¤k¾minRtUv)ankMNt;. kareRCIs
erIsTMhMrbs;muxkat;sRmab;karKNnaCMhandMbUgmandUcxageRkam ¬rUbTI 19>9¦³
!> km<s;srubénmuxkat;KW h = 1 / 20 eTA 1 / 30 énRbEvgElVg. sRmab;karrgbnÞúkF¶n; h = L / 20

nigsRmab;karrgbnÞúkRsal h = L / 30 b¤ h = 43.6 M D + M L Edl h KitCa mm nig
M KitCa kN.m .
@> kRmas;rbs;søabxagelIKW h f = h / 8 eTA h / 6 .

#> TTwgrbs;søabxagelIKW b ≥ 2h / 5 .
$> kRmas;rbs;RTnugKW bw ≥ 100mm . CaTUeTA eKyk bw = h / 30 + 100 .

%> kareRCIserIs bw nig t KWERbRbYleTAtamkarBRgay tendon eRbkugRtaMg edayeFVIy:agNa

rkSakRmas;ebtugkarBarEdk.
^> RkLaépÞEdlsmrmürbs;muxkat;ebtugEdlRtUvkarKW
M + ML
Ac (m 2 ) = D
1450h
¬Edl M D + M L KitCa kN.m nig h KitCa m ¦
sRmab;karKNnakñúgkarGnuvtþ nigkarKNnaEdlmanlkçN³esdækic© ]sSahkmμpliteRKOg
sMNg;BIebtug)anbegáItnUvrUbrag nigTMhMbTdæanCaeRcIn EdlGñkKNnaGaceRCIserIsnUvGgát;NaEdl
RtUvkar. taragénmuxkat;sþg;darmanenAkñúg PCI Design Handbook. AASTHO k¾)anENnaMnUv
girder sþg;daredIm,IeRbIR)as;enAkñúgsMNg;s<an ¬tarag 19>4¦.
tarag 19>4 AASTHO Girders, ebtugTm¶n;Fmμta

A I yb Zb Zt Tm¶n;
RbePT
(in. )
2
(in. )4
(in.) (in. )
3
(in. )
3
(lb / ft )
Type II 369 50979 15.83 3220 2527 384
Type III 560 125390 20.27 6186 5070 593
Type IV 789 260741 24.73 10544 8908 822
19>9>2> kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigRkLaépÞEdk (Shapes and Dimensions)
enAeBlEdleKeRCIserIsrUbrag km<s; nigTMhMepSgeTotrbs;muxkat;rYcehIy eKGac)a:n;sμantM-

élRbhak;RbEhlrbs;kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg nigRkLaépÞrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg Aps . BIm:Um:g; couple

xagkñúg m:Um:g;srub M T EdlekItBIbnÞúkefr nigbnÞúkGefreFVIkaresμInwgkmøaMgTaj T KuNnwgédXñas;

jd .
M T = T ( jd ) = C ( jd )
MT
M T = Aps f se ( jd ) A ps =
f se ( jd )
Edl Aps CaRkLaépÞEdkeRbkugRtaMg nig f se CakugRtaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiT§PaBeRkaykMhatbg;.
témørbs;édXñas; jd ERbRbYlBI 0.4h eTA 0.8h EdlkñúgkarGnuvtþeKykvaenAkñúgcenøaH 0.6h eTA
0.7 h . eKGaceRbItémømFüm 0.65 )an. dUcenH
MT
A ps = (19.60)
(0.65h ) f se
ehIykmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgKW
MT
F = T = A ps f se = (19.61)
0.65h
kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgenAeBlepÞrKW Fi = F / η Edl η CaemKuNénkMhatbg;GaRs½ynwgeBl.
kmøaMgsgát; C enAelImuxkat;esμInwgkmøaMgTaj T ³
C = T = Aps f se
KitCakugRtaMg AC = ApsA f se = f c1
c c
Edl fc1 CakugRtaMgBRgayesμIEdlsnμt;enAelImuxkat;

sRmab;karKNnaCMhandMbUg
eKsnμt;srésxageRkArbs;karEbgEckkugRtaMgragRtIekaNesμInwg kugRtaMgsgát;GnuBaØatGtibrma f ca .
dUcenHkugRtaMgmFümKW 0.5 fca = fc1 . kugRtaMgsgát;GnuBaØat enAkñúgebtugKW fca = 0.45 f 'c . dUcenH
eKGacsnμt;RkLaépÞebtugEdlRtUvkar Ac BIkmøaMgTaj T dUc xageRkam³
T A ps f se A ps f se Aps f se
Ac = = = = (19.62)
f c1 f c1 0.5 f ca 0.225 f 'c
T MT MT MT
Ac = = = = (19.63)
0.5 f ca (0.65h )(0.5 f ca ) 0.33 f ca 0.15 f 'c
karviPaKenHKWQrelIkarKNnasRmab;bnÞúkeFVIkar minEmnsRmab;bnÞúkemKuNeT. cMNakp©it e RtUv)an
vas;BITIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;muxkat;eTATIRbCMuTm¶n;rbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMg ehIyeKGacKNnaCatémøRbhak;
RbEhl dUcxageRkam³

MD
e = Kb + (19.64)
Fi
Edl Kb Ca lower kern limit ehIy M D Cam:Um:g;Edl)anBIbnÞúkefrKμanemKuN.
19>10> kugRtaMgbøúkxagcug (End-Block Stresses)

19>10>1> Ggát;rgkugRtaMgTajmun (Pretensioned Members)
dUcKñanwgEdkenAkñúgGgát;ebtugGarem:EdlRtUvkarRbEvgbgáb;Cak;lak; enaHkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMg
enAkñúgGgát;ebtugrgkugRtaMgmunRtUv)anepÞreTAebtugedaykarbgáb; b¤edaykarf<k;cug b¤edaybnSMTaMgBIr.
enAkñúgGgát;rgkugRtaMgmun eKehARbEvgrbs;EdkeRbkugRtaMgEdlkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anepÞreTAeb-
tugfa RbEvgepÞr (transfer length) lt . eRkayeBlepÞr kugRtaMgenAkñúg tendon Rtg;cugbMputrbs;Ggát;
esμInwgsUnü b:uEnþkugRtaMgenARtg;cm¶ay lt BIcugGgát;esμInwgkmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRbsiT§PaB f pe . transfer
length lt GaRs½ynwgTMhM nigRbePTrbs; tendon, lkçxNÐépÞb:H ersIusþg;ebtug f 'c kugRtaMg nigviFIén
karepÞrkmøaMg. kar)a:n;RbmaN lt EdlGacTTYlyk)anKWesμInwg 50 dgénGgát;p©itrbs; tendon b:uEnþ

sRmab; single wires eKyk lt esμInwg 100 dgénGgát;p©itrbs; wire.
edIm,I[kmøaMgTajenAkñúgEdkeRbkugRtaMgbegáIt ultimate flexural strength eBjelj vaRtUv
karnUvRbEvgcMNg (bond length). eKalbMNgKWedIm,IkarBarkarrGilTUeTAmunnwgkar)ak;rbs;Fñwm
eRkam design strength eBjelj. RbEvgbgáb; ld (development length) esμInwgplbUkrvag bond
length nig transfer length. edayEp¥kelIkarBiesaF ACI Code, Section 12.9.1 [nUvsmIkarxag
eRkamsRmab;KNnaRbEvgbgáb;én three- or seven-wire pretensioning strand:

⎛ 2 ⎞
ld = ⎜ f ps − f se ⎟d e (19.65)
⎝ 3 ⎠
Edl f ps =kugRtaMgenAkñúgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkam nominal strength
f se = kugRtaMgRbsiT§PaBenAkñúgEdkeRbkugRtaMgeRkaykMhatbg;
d b = nominal diameter rbs; wire b¤ strand
enAkñúg pretensioned member kugRtaMgTajx<s;manenAtMbn;xagcug EdleKRtUvkardak;EdkBiess.

EdkenHmanTRmg;CaEdkkgbBaÄrehIyRtUv)anBRgayesμIkñúgKMlat h / 5 Edlvas;BIxagcugrbs;Fñwm.
CaTUeTA eKdak;EdkkgTImYyenAcm¶ay 25mm eTA 75mm BIxagcugFñwm. vaCaKarGnuvtþFmμtakñúgkar

bEnßm nominal reinforcement sRmab;cm¶ay d Edlvas;BIcugrbs;Fñwm. RkLaépÞrbs;EdkbBaÄr Av

EdlRtUv)aneRbIenAtMbn;xagcugGacRtUv)anKNnaedaytémøRbhak;RbEhlBIsmIkarxageRkam³
Fi h
Av = 0.021 (19.66)
f sa lt
Edl f sa = kugRtaMgGnuBaØatenAkñúgEdkkg ¬CaTUeTA 140MPa ¦ nig ld = 50 dgénGgát; tendon
]TahrN_ 19>8³ kMNt;EdkkgcaM)ac;EdlRtUvkarenAtMbn;xagcugrbs;FñwmEdl[enAkñúg]TahrN_

19>4.
dMeNaHRsay³
/
Fi = 1606kN h = 1000mm / /
f sa = 140 MPa lt = 50 × 11.125 = 556mm
1606 ⋅ 103 × 1000
dUcenH Av = 0.021
140 × 556
= 433mm 2
h 1000
= = 200mm
5 5
eRbIEdkkgbiTCit DB10 cMnYnbYnkg EdlEdkkgTImYysßitenAcm¶ay 200mm BITRm
Av ¬Edldak;¦ = 157 × 4 = 628mm 2
19>10>2> Ggát;rgkugRtaMgTajeRkay (Post-tensioned Members)
enAkñúg post-tensioned concrete member kmøaMgeRbkugRtaMgRtUv)anepÞrBI tendon ¬sRmab;

bonded nig unbonded tendon¦ eTAebtugRtg;cugrbs;Ggát;eday special anchorage device. enA
kñúg anchorage zone Rtg;cugrbs;Ggát; kugRtaMgsgát;mantémøx<s;Nas; ehIy transverse tensile

stress ekItmandUcbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI 19>10. enAkñúgkarGnuvtþ eKeXIjfaRbEvgén anchorage zone
minFMCagkm<s;rbs;cugGgát;eT RbsinebImindUcenaHeT sßanPaBénkugRtaMgenAkñúgtMbn;enaHnwgman

lkçN³sμúKsμaj.
karBRgaykugRtaMgEdl)anBI tendon mYyenAkñúg anchorage zone RtUv)anbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI
19>11. enARtg;cm¶ay h BImuxkat;xagcug eKsnμt;kugRtaMgBRgayesμIelImuxkat;TaMgmUl. edayKit
ExSkmøaMg (trajectories) CaFatumYy²EdlmanGMeBICa curved strut enaHExSkmøaMgmanGMeBItamTisedk
eTArkExSG½kSrbs;FñwmenAkñúgtMbn; A edaybegáItCakugRtaMgsgát;. enAkñúgtMbn; B ExSkmøaMg)anbEgVr

Tis ehIy strut manGMeBIecjeRkAEdlbegáItCakugRtaMgTaj. enAkñúgtMbn; C strut esÞIrEtRtg;eday

begáItkarBRgaykugRtaMgesμI.

EdkBRgwgEdlRtUvkarsRmab; anchorage zone xagcugrbs; posttentioned member CaTU

eTApSM eLIgedayRkLaénEdkbBaÄr nigEdkedkEdlmanKMlatCit²KñaeBjRbEvgénbøúkxagcugedIm,I
Tb;Tl;nwgkugRtaMgpÞúH (bursting stress) nigkugRtaMgTaj. CakarGnuvtþTUeTAeKmin[KMlatEdkFMCag
75mm enAkñúgTisnImYy²eT ehIyminRtUvdak;EdkenAcm¶ayFMCag 50mm BIépÞxagkñúgrbs; bearing
plate eT.

]bsm<½n§
T.Chhay 702 Appendix

]bsm<½n§ 703 T.Chhay







Reinforced Concrete (Khmer)

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Reinforced Concrete (Khmer)

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sikSaKNnamuxkat;ebtugBRgwgedayEdk

Reinforced Concrete DESIGN

GñkniBn§³ M. Nadim Hassoun

bkERbeday³ etg qay

1>1> rcnasm<½n§BIebtugGarem: ................................................................................................1

2>11>2> m:UEDl B3 .............................................................................................................21

3>10>2> muxkat;GkSret T RtUv)anKitCaragctuekaNEkg ....................................................73

4>1> km<s;RbsiT§PaBsRmab;Fñwm nigkRmalxNÐ ...................................................................82

5>7>3> tRmUvkarsRmab;karKNna (Design Requirement) .................................................120

7>3>2> emKuN ACI Code sRmab;KNna l sRmab;srésEdkrgkarTaj ..........................158

7>3>3> rUbmnþsRmYlsRmab; l ..........................................................................................159

7>4> RbEvgbgáb;sRmab;tMbn;sgát; l ...............................................................................161

7>5> segçbkarKNna l kñúgtMbn;Taj.................................................................................162

7>6> muxkat;eRKaHfñak;enAkñúgGgát;rgkarBt; ..........................................................................165

7>7> TMBk;; .........................................................................................................................169

8>6>4> KMlatEdkkgGtibrma .............................................................................................193

11>8>2> dMeNaHRsayviPaKcMnYn (Numerical Analysis Solution) ......................................271

matika vii T.Chhay

12>3> emKuNRbEvgRbsiT§PaB (Effective Length Factor) K ............................................316

12>5>1> eRKagGt;eyal (Nonsway Frames) ....................................................................321

13>10> eCIgtagenAelIssrRKwH (Footings on Piles) .........................................................379

15>8>1> sBaØaNTUeTA (General) .....................................................................................423

15>8>4> m:Um:g;rmYllMnwg nwgm:Um:g;rmYlRtUvKña (Equilibrium Torsion and

16>7> esckþIepþImBIkarKNnasßanPaBkMNt; (Introduction to Limit Design) ....................473

17>7> ersIusþg;kMlaMgkat;TTwgrbs;kRmalxNÐ (Shear Strength of Slabs)...........................524

matika xiii T.Chhay

19>5>1> sBaØaNTUeTA (General)........................................................................................673

T.Chhay xiv Contents

bnÞúkxül;GacERbRbYlcenøaHBI 0.75kN / m → 1.5kN / m GaRs½ynwgel,Ónxül;. sm<aFxül;én

Sandstone 2.2-2.5 2356

man bnÞúkGefr nigbnÞúkefr ¬rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgTm¶n;pÞal;xøÜn¦.

RbEvgmanragCa ctuekaNEkg ctuekaNBñay nigRtIekaN.

- kar:UkRmas; 1cm = 0.01× 22 = 0.22kN / m 2

- )ayGrkRmas; 4cm = 0.04 × 22 = 0.88kN / m 2

- ebtug ¬Tm¶n;pÞal; self weight¦ kRmas; 12cm = 0.12 × 24 = 2.88kN / m 2

- kMe)arbUkkRmas; 2cm = 0.02 × 20 = 0.40kN / m 2

bnÞúkGefr EdlmanGMeBIelIkRmalxNÐsRmab;pÞH tamtaragxagelI L = 1.9kN / m 2

bnÞúkefr Dead )ayGr 0.88

load (D) ebtugkRmalxNÐ 2.88

bnÞúkGefr Live bnÞúkGefr 1.9

+ bnÞúkCBa¢aMg\dæ 10cm= (4 − 0.45) × 0.1 × 20 = 7.1kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaN

+ bnÞúkkRmalxNÐ = 4.38 × (2 − 0.1) = 8.32kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaNBñay

+ bnÞúkGefr = 1.9 × (2 − 0.1) = 3.61kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaNBñay

+ bnÞúkCBa¢aMg\dæ 10cm= (4 − 0.3) × 0.1 × 20 = 7.4kN / m CabnÞúkrayragctuekaN

+ bnÞúkkRmalxNÐ = 4.38 × (2 − 0.1) = 8.32kN / m CabnÞúkrayragRtIekaN

+ bnÞúkGefr = 1.9 × (2 − 0.1) = 3.61kN / m CabnÞúkrayragRtIekaN

+ bnÞúkCBa¢aMgenAelIFñwm B1 = (6-0.2)×(4-0.45)×0.1×20= 41.18kN

+ bnÞúkGefr = 1.9×(4-0.2)×(6-0.2) = 41.88kN

RkLaépÞbnÞúkmkelIFñwm = SL2 − S4 = S4 ( 2 −mm ) KitCa m

T.Chhay 12 Properties of Reinforced Concrete

Gayu 7 éf¶ éf¶

- lkçxNÐénkardak;bnÞúk³ ersIusþg;ebtugrgkarsgát; RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarBiesaFkarsgát;bMEbksM

pleFobkm<s;elIGgát;p©it 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1.1 1 0.75 0.5

emKuNkMEnersIusþg; 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.7 0.5

ersIusþg;eFobnwgsMNakKMrUbTdæan 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.11 1.18 1.43 2.00

TMnak;TMngersIusþg;énsMNakKMrUragsIuLaMg nigragKUbsRmab;ersIusþg;rgkarsgát;epSg² bgðajkñúg

CaTUeTAeKsnμt; f 'c (cylinder ) = 0.85 f 'c (cube) = 1.1 f 'c ( prisme)

muneKykvaeTABiesaF sMNakKMrURtUv)aneKEfTaMedaysMeNIm nigykeTABiesaFenAGayu 28 éf¶eday

T.Chhay 14 Properties of Reinforced Concrete

b. sMNakKMrU)anEbkedaymanlkçN³CaCYr² dUcCaeRcok. karEbkEbbenH ekIteLIgEtcMeBaHebtug

kñúgkrNI w = 2320kg / m eK)an

2>6> emKuNBr½sug b¤pleFobBr½sug

T.Chhay 16 Properties of Reinforced Concrete

maDxøaMgCagsIum:gt¾Br½ElnFmμta. sIum:gt¾EdlmanlkçN³m:t;pg;Cag rIkmaDCageRkamlkçxNÐ