7-1

1. Week No. Topic Book

1 (Lect 1)
Recapitulation of Mechanics of Material I
1 (Lect 2) 2.9
Statically Indeterminate Problems
2 (Lect 3)
2 (Lect 4)
Thermal Stresses 2.10
3 (Lect 5)
3 (Lect 6)
4 (Lect 7) Analysis of stress in two dimensions 7.1 – 7.3
4 (Lect 8)
5 (Lect 9)
General State of Stress
5 (Lect 10) 7.5
Introduction to three dimensional stresses
6 (Lect 11)
6 (Lect 12)
7 (Lect 13) Yield Criteria / Failure Theories 7.7
7 (Lect 14)
8 (Lect 15)
Fatigue / Fatigue Failure Theories Ch-6 (Ref ‘b’)
8 (Lect 16)
9 Midterm 2
1. Week No. Topic Book
10 (Lect 17)
Fatigue / Fatigue Failure Theories Ch-6 (Ref ‘b’)
10 (Lect 18)
11 (Lect 19)
Transformation of Plane Strain 7.10
11 (Lect 20)
12 (Lect 21)
12 (Lect 22) Measurement of strain 7.13
13 (Lect 23)
13 (Lect 24)
14 (Lect 25) Thin walled cylinders 7.9
14 (Lect 26)
15 (Lect 27)
15 (Lect 28)
Stresses Under Combined Loadings 8.4
16 (Lect 29)
16 (Lect 30)
17 (Lect 31)
Introduction to theory of columns 10.3
18 (Lect 32)
18 FINAL EXAM 3
At least 2 Quizzes and 2 Assignments spread over 16 weeks will be given.
4
7-5
Problem 2-19
Two members of uniform cross section 50 × 80 mm are glued together along
plane a-a that forms an angle of 25O with the horizontal. Knowing that the
allowable stresses for the glued joint are 𝝈 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 and 𝝉 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂,
determine the largest centric load P that can be applied.
𝑷𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓 = ?
𝑷𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓
𝝈𝒙ƴ = = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑨𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒅
𝑽𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒓
𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ = = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝑨𝒈𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒅

𝝈𝒙ƴ = 𝒇 𝝈𝒙 , 𝝈𝒚 , 𝝉𝒙𝒚 , 𝜽 −−− −

𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ = 𝒇 𝝈𝒙 , 𝝈𝒚 , 𝝉𝒙𝒚 , 𝜽 −−− −

𝝈𝒙 = 𝒇 𝑷, 𝑨 −−− −

𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇 𝑷, 𝑨 −−− −
7-6
Problem 2-19
Two members of uniform cross section 50 × 80 mm are glued together along
plane a-a that forms an angle of 25O with the horizontal. Knowing that the
allowable stresses for the glued joint are 𝝈 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 and 𝝉 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂,
determine the largest centric load P that can be applied.

𝝈𝒚

80 mm 50 mm

Inclined Plane
𝝈𝒚

7 – 7+
Problem 2-19
Two members of uniform cross section 50 × 80 mm are glued together along plane a-a
that forms an angle of 25O with the horizontal. Knowing that the allowable stresses for the
glued joint are 𝝈 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 and 𝝉 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂, determine the largest centric load P that
can be applied.
𝒚
𝑨 = 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟖𝟎 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐 𝒚ƴ 𝒙ƴ
𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎
65O 𝒙
𝑷 𝑵
𝝈𝒚 =
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐

𝝉𝒚𝒙 = 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟎 𝜽 = 𝟔𝟓𝑶 25O

𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙ƴ = + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
𝑷 𝑷
𝟎+ 𝟎−
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟎 = + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐 × 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎 × 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 × 𝟔𝟓 ⟹ 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟔 𝑵
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ =− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽
𝟐
𝑷
𝟎−𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
7-8
𝟎. 𝟔𝟎𝟎 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐 × 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎 × 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 × 𝟔𝟓 ⟹ 𝑷 = 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟓 𝑵
7-9
7 - 10
Normal stess on inclined plane x’-plane Shear stess on inclined plane i.e x’-plane in y”- direction
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙ƴ = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ = − sin 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 cos 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Both the stresses are function of angle with respect to global x-axis

7 - 12
 Applied Stresses MPa Calculations stresses on inclined planes MPa
Angle
shear stress Deg
stress x= stress y= (x+y)/2 (x-y)/2 Cos2xAngle Sin2xAngle Normal Stress Shear Stress
xy=
10 10 10 0 10.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 10.00 10.00
10 10 10 15 10.00 0.00 0.97 0.26 12.59 9.66
10 10 10 30 10.00 0.00 0.87 0.50 15.00 8.66
10 10 10 45 10.00 0.00 0.71 0.71 17.07 7.07
10 10 10 60 10.00 0.00 0.50 0.87 18.66 5.00
10 10 10 75 10.00 0.00 0.26 0.97 19.66 2.59
10 10 10 90 10.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 20.00 0.00
10 10 10 105 10.00 0.00 -0.26 0.97 19.66 -2.59
10 10 10 120 10.00 0.00 -0.50 0.87 18.66 -5.00
10 10 10 135 10.00 0.00 -0.71 0.71 17.07 -7.07
10 10 10 150 10.00 0.00 -0.87 0.50 15.00 -8.66
10 10 10 165 10.00 0.00 -0.97 0.26 12.59 -9.66
10 10 10 180 10.00 0.00 -1.00 0.00 10.00 -10.00
10 10 10 195 10.00 0.00 -0.97 -0.26 7.41 -9.66
10 10 10 210 10.00 0.00 -0.87 -0.50 5.00 -8.66
10 10 10 225 10.00 0.00 -0.71 -0.71 2.93 -7.07
10 10 10 240 10.00 0.00 -0.50 -0.87 1.34 -5.00
10 10 10 255 10.00 0.00 -0.26 -0.97 0.34 -2.59
10 10 10 270 10.00 0.00 0.00 -1.00 0.00 0.00
10 10 10 285 10.00 0.00 0.26 -0.97 0.34 2.59
10 10 10 300 10.00 0.00 0.50 -0.87 1.34 5.00
10 10 10 315 10.00 0.00 0.71 -0.71 2.93 77.07
- 13
 Normal stess on inclined plane x’-plane Shear stess on inclined plane i.e x’-plane in y”- direction
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙ƴ = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ = − sin 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 cos 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

Both the stresses are function of angle with respect to global x-axis

𝝈𝒙ƴ 𝒐𝒓 𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ 𝝈𝒙ƴ

How normal
stress 𝝈𝒙ƴ 𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ
varies with
change in angle
How shear
stress 𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ
varies with
change in angle
𝜽𝑶
−𝟏𝟖𝟎𝑶 −𝟏𝟑𝟓𝑶 −𝟗𝟎𝑶 −𝟒𝟓𝑶 𝟎𝑶 𝟒𝟓𝑶 𝟗𝟎𝑶 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝑶 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝑶
How normal
stress 𝝈𝒙ƴ
varies with 𝜎𝑥ƴ 𝜎𝑥ƴ
max max
change in angle

How shear
stress 𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ
varies with
change in angle
𝜏𝑥ƴ 𝑦ƴ 𝜏𝑥ƴ 𝑦ƴ
max max

Graph of normal stress 𝜎𝑥ƴ and shear stress 𝜏𝑥ƴ 𝑦ƴ versus the angle θ
7 - 15
Principal Stress

 As we change the angle 𝜽 for 𝒙ƴ − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 , value of normal stress 𝝈𝒙ƴ on this plane
changes.

 There will be one angle 𝜽 for 𝒙ƴ − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 where stress will be maximum.

 At angel θ, 𝒙ƴ − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 is oriented such that stress is maximum on it. Its know as
principal plane

 Corresponding stress at 𝒙ƴ - plane (principal plane) is called as principal stress_1

𝐨𝐫 𝝈𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝝈𝟏 .

 𝒚ƴ - plane would be oriented at angle 𝜽 + 𝝅 where stress will be minimum. It is also

know as principal plane and corresponding stress at 𝒚ƴ - plane is called as principal
stress_2 𝐨𝐫 𝝈𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝝈𝟐 .
7 - 16
Principal Stress
Principal stress is the maximum normal stress occurring at a given point. Once you know Principal
stress values you can go ahead with failure theories.

Figure below shows principal stress values induced at a point in a 2 dimensional complex loading
case

Stresses on segment due to Stresses on segment due to applied

applied loads along global loads along principal axes i.e.
axes i.e. 𝜎𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎𝑦 𝜎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜎2 7 - 17
The maximum and minimum stresses at any inclined plane 𝝈𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝟐 are known as the principal
stresses.
To find the principal stresses , we must differentiate the transformation equations for maximum and
minimum.

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙ƴ = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝝈𝒙ƴ 𝒅 𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚

= + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 (𝟐)
𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝟐

𝒅𝝈𝒙ƴ 𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝒅 𝒅

= + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 (𝟑)
𝒅𝜽 𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝜽 𝒅𝜽

𝒅𝝈𝒙ƴ 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
= −𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 (𝟒)
𝒅𝜽 𝟐

𝒅𝝈𝒙ƴ
The maximum and minimum stresses will be when slop is zero i.e. =𝟎
𝒅𝜽

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
−𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟎 𝟓
𝟐

From Equation (5) we can the plane angle 𝜽𝑷 on which stress will maximum or minimum
7 - 18
Principal Stresses
𝒅𝝈𝒙ƴ 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
= −𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 (𝟒)
𝒅𝜽 𝟐

𝒅𝝈𝒙ƴ
For maximum and minimum principal stresses =𝟎
𝒅𝜽
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
−𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟎 𝟓
𝟐

From this equation, we can find the angle at which the maximum and minimum
principal stresses will act This angle may be called principal plane angle 𝜽𝑷
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽𝑷 𝟔 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐

𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝑷
=
𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟕
𝟐𝜽𝑷
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽𝑷
𝟐 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝑷 =
𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟖 𝟐
𝟐

The Equation (9) gives the angle atwitch normal stress will be either maximum or
minimum and can be drawn trigonometrically
7 - 19
Principal Stresses
𝜽𝑷 are principal angles associated with the principal stresses. There are two values of 𝟐𝜽𝑷 in the range
of 0 – 360O , with values differing by 180O. There are two values of 𝜽𝑷 in the range 0 – 180O, with values
differing by 90O. So the planes which the principal stresses act are mutually perpendicular.

The maximum and minimum principal stresses will act at angle.

𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟗
𝟐

At this angle 𝝈𝒙ƴ will be maximum. We can find the magnitude of maximum stress or say 1st principal
stress by putting values of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽

For values of sin2θ and cos2θ, draw right angle tringle

𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 = (10)
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒔
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐𝜽𝑷
𝟐

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 = 𝟐
(11) 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚

This is the angle at which stresses will be maximum and minimum, i.e. principal stresses7 - 20
Pincipal Stresses
This is the angle at which stresses will be maximum and minimum, i.e. principal stresses

Thus putting values of sin2θ and cos2θ in equation (1) will give the magnitude of 𝝈𝒙ƴ
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙ƴ = + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 (𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 = (10)
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐
𝟐𝜽𝑷
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟐 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 = (11)
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝝈𝒙ƴ = 𝝈𝟏 = + + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟏𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 = + + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟏𝟑
𝟐 𝟐

This maximum principal stress 𝝈𝟏 7 - 21

principal Stresses
This maximum principal stress 𝝈𝟏
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 = + + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟏𝟑 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

The minimum stress will act at orthogonal plane i.e. 𝜃𝑃 = 𝜃𝑃 + 90𝑜 , so put 𝟐𝜽𝑷
this in equation (1) i.e.
𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒚ƴ = + cos 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 sin 𝟐𝜽 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝟐 = + cos 𝟐(𝜃𝑃 + 90𝑜 ) + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 sin 𝟐(𝜃𝑃 + 90𝑜 ) 𝟏𝟒
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝟐 = + cos(𝟐𝜃𝑃 + 180𝑜 ) + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 sin(2𝜃𝑃 + 180𝑜 ) 𝟏𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝟐 = − cos 𝟐𝜃𝑃 − 𝝉𝒙𝒚 sin 𝟐𝜃𝑃 𝟏𝟔
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝉𝒙𝒚
Putting 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 =
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 =
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐
𝟐
𝟐
(𝟏𝟏)
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝝈𝟐 = − − 𝝉𝒙𝒚 (𝟏𝟕)
𝟐 𝟐 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚
7 - 22
principal Stresses
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝝈𝟐 = − − 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟏𝟕
𝟐 𝟐 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒚

The is the minimum principal stress 𝟐𝜽𝑷

𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝝈𝟐 = − + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 18 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

The maximum principal stress is

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 = + + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟏𝟑
𝟐 𝟐

Usually equation 18 and (13) principal stresses 𝝈𝟏 and 𝝈 𝟐 are written as

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 19
𝟐 𝟐
7 - 23
Shear Stress is Zero On Principal Planes
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟐
𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 =
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒚ƴ 𝟐𝜽𝑷
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 =
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝑯𝒚𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒔
𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝉𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 𝟕−𝟔
𝟐

Putting values of 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽 and 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 in equation 7-6

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝝉𝟏 = − + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
+ 𝝉𝒙𝒚 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

⟹ 𝝉𝟏 =0
Similarly one can prove for 𝝉𝟐 on other orthogonal plane is also zero. 7 - 24
 Maximum Shear Stress
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
d   x  y 
d
 xy     sin 2   xy cos 2   0
d d  2 
d   x  y 
  sin 2   xy cos 2   0
d  2  𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
  x  y  𝟐
  cos 2  2    xy  sin 2  2   0 𝒚ƴ 𝟐𝜽𝒔
 2 
𝝉𝒙𝒚
 x  y 
 xy  sin 2  2   cos 2  2 
 2 
sin 2  x  y

cos 2  2 xy
 x  y 1  x  y
tan 2 s   i.e. shear stress is maximum at  S  tan 
1

2 xy 2 2 xy 7 - 25
 Maximum Shear Stress
 x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2
2
for maximum shear stress
σx  σy Max shear stress Plane
tan 2θ S  
2 τ xy
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
sin 2𝜃𝑠 = 𝒚ƴ
2𝑅
𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃𝑠 =
𝑅

 x  y
 max  sin 2 s   xy cos 2 s
2
 x  y  x  y  xy
 max     xy 
2 2R R 7 - 26
 Maximum Shear Stress

 x  y
 max  sin 2 s   xy cos 2 s
2
 x  y  x  y  xy
 max     xy 
2 2R R
  y 
2
  2

 max  
x xy

4R R
 x  y 
2

 

 2

   xy
2
 max
R R
 x  y
2

    xy 2
 max   2 
R 7 - 27
 Maximum Shear Stress

 x  y 
2

    xy 2
 
2
 max
R
 x  y 
2

    xy 2
 max   2 
 x  y 
2

    xy 2
 2 

 x  y
2

 max      xy 2
 2 

 x  y  x  y   x  y
2

 1, 2       2
xy
 1, 2    max
2  2  2
7 - 28
 Maximum Shear Stress Acts at 45o to Principal Planes
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy 𝝉𝟏
tan(-θ) = - tanθ , odd function 𝝈𝟏
 xy 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚 (𝟐𝜽𝒔𝟏 −𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 ) = 𝟗𝟎𝒐
tan 2 P 
 x  y 
  𝟐
 2  𝝉𝒙𝒚
 2 xy    x  y  2𝜃𝑠1 2𝜃𝑃1
tan 2 P  tan 2 s    
       2 xy 
 x y   
tan 2 P  tan 2 s  1 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒙 − 𝝈𝒚
𝜎𝑦
𝟐
𝟐𝜽𝒔𝟏 − 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 = −𝟗𝟎𝒐

𝟐𝜽𝒔𝟏 = 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 − 𝟗𝟎𝒐 𝜎𝑥

𝜽𝒔𝟏 = 𝜽𝑷𝟏 − 𝟒𝟓𝒐

𝜽𝒔 = 𝜽𝑷 − 𝟒𝟓𝒐
7 - 29
 Relation Between Stresses On 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 and 𝒙ƴ 𝒚ƴ − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆
𝜎𝑦

𝜎𝑥

 x  y  x  y
 x   y    cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 x  y  x  y 
   cos 2   xy sin 2 
 2 2 

 x   y    x   y
7 - 30
 Summery Principal Stresses
𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 = + + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝝈𝟐 = − + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒚
𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝒔 =
𝝉𝒙𝒚

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 = 𝝈𝒙ƴ + 𝝈𝒚ƴ 7 - 31
𝟐
 Initial Force
Constitute
couple

Point where
Force to be
Transmitted

Equivalent and opposite Resultant Force-Couple

Forces to be applied System 7 - 32
The bracket is acted upon by a 600-N force at A. Determine the moment of this force about the y axis.

Magnitude of the moment along y axis:

Fz
M y  ˆj  (r  F)
Fy 0 1 0
Fx  -0.1 0 0.15
300 300 424.26
=0-1 (-0.1)(424.26)-(300)(0.15)  0
 87.4 N  m
In cartesian vector form:
M y  87.4 j N  m
Two couples act on the frame. If d = 6 ft, determine the resultant couple moment. Compute the
result by resolving each force into x and y components and (a) finding the moment of each couple
(Eq. 3-14) and (b) summing the moments of all the force components about point A

(a)
Fy Fy M 1  100cos30(6)
 519.6 lb  ft CW
A 4
Fx Fx M 2  (150)(4)  480 lb  ft CCW
5
M R  M 1  M 2  519.6-480
 39.6 lb  ft CW
Two couples act on the frame. If d = 4ft, find the resultant couple moment by (a) direct method,
and (b) resolving the x and y components (take moment about A).

Fy Fy a. Find the normal distance for each case first.

M c  40 cos 30(4)  60  54  (4)

Fx Fx  53.4 lb.ft (CW)

M c  40 cos 30(2)  40 cos 30(6)

60  54  (3)  60  53  (7)  60  54  (7)  60  53  (7)
 53.4 lb.ft (CW)

7 - 35
Principal Stresses

7 - 36
7 - 37
 Summery Principal Stresses
𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝑷 = 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏 = + + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝝈𝟐 = − + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝝈𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐 𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒚
𝟐
𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝜽𝒔 =
𝝉𝒙𝒚

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒙 + 𝝈𝒚 = 𝝈𝒙ƴ + 𝝈𝒚ƴ 7 - 38
𝟐
Given
𝝈𝒙 = −𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Find
a) principal planes b) principal stresses c) Max shear stress angle 𝜽𝒔
c) maximum shear stress c) normal stress at maximum shear stress plane

𝟏 −𝟏 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝒂) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝜽𝑷 = tan 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟐
𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 2 2
𝒃) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟏
𝒄) for maximum shear stress plane 𝜽𝒔 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 𝟐
𝟐 𝝉𝒙𝒚

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐
𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝟏
𝒆) normal stress at maximum shear stress plane 𝜽𝒔 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 𝟐
, 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝝈𝒙ƴ 7 - 39
𝟐 𝝉𝒙𝒚
 Given
𝝈𝒙 = −𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Find
a) principal planes b) principal stresses c) Max shear stress angle 𝜽𝒔
c) maximum shear stress c) normal stress at maximum shear stress plane

𝟏 −𝟏 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟏 𝟑𝟓 𝟏
𝒂) 𝜽𝑷 = tan 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 = tan−𝟏 −𝟔𝟎+𝟒𝟎 = tan−𝟏 −𝟑. 𝟓 = −𝟑𝟕𝒐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟓𝟑𝒐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝒃) 𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = −𝟓𝟎 ± 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝝈𝟏 = −𝟖𝟔. 𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝝈𝟐 = −𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂
7 - 40
Given
𝝈𝒙 = −𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Find
a) principal planes b) principal stresses c) Max shear stress angle 𝜽𝒔
c) maximum shear stress c) normal stress at maximum shear stress plane

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 −𝟔𝟎+𝟒𝟎
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒄) 𝜽𝒔 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 𝟐 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 𝟐
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−𝟏 −𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟕
𝟐 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝟐 𝟑𝟓 𝟐

𝜽𝒔 = 𝟖𝒐 , 𝟗𝟖𝒐

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟔𝟎+𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅) 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = + 𝟑𝟓
𝟐 𝟐

𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂

7 - 41
 Given
𝝈𝒙 = −𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝈𝒚 = −𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Find
a) principal planes b) principal stresses c) Max shear stress angle 𝜽𝒔
c) maximum shear stress c) normal stress at maximum shear stress plane

𝒆) normal stress at 𝜽𝒔 = 𝟖𝒐 ,
𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒙ƴ = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
−𝟔𝟎−𝟒𝟎 −𝟔𝟎+𝟒𝟎
𝝈𝒙ƴ = + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 × 𝟖𝒐 + 𝟑𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐 × 𝟖𝒐
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝒙ƴ = −𝟓𝟎 − 𝟗. 𝟔 + 𝟗. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

𝝈𝒙ƴ = −𝟓𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂

7 - 42
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of
lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 1.2 400 lbs
in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H
and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.
200 lbs

7 - 43
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of
1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H. 𝝈𝒚
𝑦

𝝉𝒚𝒙

𝑥
𝑦 𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝝈
𝒚𝒚
𝒚

𝝈𝒛
𝒛 𝒙
𝑧 𝝈𝒙 𝑥
𝝈𝒛 𝝈𝒙

7 - 44
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of
1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.

P×18 in

P×14 in
𝒙
P×10 in
7 - 45
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing
that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides
parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.
𝑻𝑪
𝝉𝑯 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙 =
𝑱

𝑴𝑪
𝝈𝑯−𝒚 = 𝝈𝒚 =
𝑰

𝝈𝑯−𝒙 = 𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎

𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕

C = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏

𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝒅
𝟑𝟐

𝝅 𝟒
𝑰= 𝒅 7 - 46
𝟔𝟒
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of
1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.
𝑻𝑪
𝝉𝑯 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙 = 𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝒊𝒏 C = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏
𝑱

𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝑴𝑪 𝑱= 𝒅 𝑰= 𝒅
𝝈𝑯−𝒚 = 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟑𝟐 𝟔𝟒
𝑰

𝝈𝑯−𝒙 = 𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎

𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝟒
𝟑𝟐

𝝅 𝟒
𝑰= 𝟏. 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝒏𝟒
𝟔𝟒

𝑻 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 × 𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 − 𝒊𝒏

M= 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 × 𝟏𝟎 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 − 𝒊𝒏

7 - 47
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of
1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.

𝑻𝑪
𝝉𝑯 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙 =
𝑱
C = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒊𝒏
𝑴𝑪 𝑱 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝟒 𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝒏𝟒
𝝈𝑯−𝒚 = 𝝈𝒚 =
𝑰
𝑻 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 − 𝒊𝒏 M= 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 − 𝒊𝒏

𝝈𝑯−𝒙 = 𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎

𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟔 𝒊𝒏−𝒍𝒃𝒔×𝒊𝒏
𝝉𝒚𝒙 = = 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝟒

𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟔 𝒊𝒏−𝒍𝒃𝒔×𝒊𝒏
𝝈𝒚 = = 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒊𝒏𝟒

7 - 48
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of
1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.

𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎 𝝈𝒚 = 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝝉𝒚𝒙 = 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

𝟎+𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝟎−𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕 = 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟎 ± 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐, −𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐

𝟎−𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕 = 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟐

7 - 49
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of
1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.

𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎 𝝈𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝝈𝒚 = 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝝈𝟐 = −𝟒𝟔𝟖𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝝉𝒚𝒙 = 𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕 𝒑𝒔𝒊 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 = 𝝈 −𝝈
𝒙 𝒚
𝟐

𝟕𝟗𝟓𝟕
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 =
𝟎 − 𝟖𝟖𝟒𝟎
𝟐
𝟐𝜽𝑷𝟏 = −𝟔𝟏𝒐

𝜽𝑷𝟏 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝒐
7 - 50
7.23 A 400-lb vertical force is applied at D to a
gear attached to the solid 1-in. diameter shaft AB.
Determine the principal stresses and the maximum
shearing stress at point H located as shown on top
of the shaft.

7 - 51
7.23 A 400-lb vertical force is applied at D to a gear attached to the solid 1-in. diameter shaft AB. Determine the
principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as shown on top of the shaft.
𝝈𝒚
𝑧 𝑦
𝝈𝝈𝒛 𝒛
𝝈𝒙 𝒛 𝑦 𝝉𝒚𝒙
𝝈𝒚
𝒙 𝑦 𝝈𝒚
𝑥
𝝈𝒙
𝑦 𝒙
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 𝑥
𝝈𝒙

7 - 53
7.23 A 400-lb vertical force is applied at D to a gear attached to the solid 1-in. diameter shaft AB. Determine the
principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as shown on top of the shaft.

𝑧
𝝈𝒛 𝑦
𝒛 𝒚 H
𝝈𝒛 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒚

𝑥
𝝈𝒙
𝒙
𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒚
𝒚
𝝉𝒚𝒙
𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝑻 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟐 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒊𝒏

From top , 𝝉𝒚𝒙

𝒙
orthogonal view A 𝝈𝒙
𝝉𝒚𝒙 7 - 54
7.23 A 400-lb vertical force is applied at D to a gear attached to the solid 1-in. diameter shaft AB. Determine the
𝑧 and the maximum
principal stresses 𝑦 shearing stress at point H located as shown on top of the shaft.
𝝈𝒛
𝝈𝒚

𝑥
𝝈𝒙

𝝈𝒚
𝑧 𝑦 𝒚
𝝈𝒛
𝝈𝒚 From top ,
orthogonal view
𝝉𝒚𝒙
𝒙
𝑥 A 𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒙 𝝉𝒚𝒙
𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑴𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑴 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 × 𝟔 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒊𝒏 7 - 55
7.23 A 400-lb vertical force is applied at D to a gear attached to the solid 1-in. diameter shaft AB. Determine the
principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as shown on top of the shaft.
𝑻𝑪
𝝉𝑯 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙 =
𝑱

𝑴𝑪
𝝈𝑯−𝒚 = 𝝈𝒚 =
𝑰

𝝈𝑯−𝒙 = 𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎

𝑻 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 × 𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 − 𝒊𝒏

M= 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 × 𝟔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒍𝒃𝒔 − 𝒊𝒏

𝒅 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 𝒅𝒊𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 C = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒊𝒏

𝝅 𝟒 𝝅 𝟒
𝑱= 𝒅 𝑱= 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟒
𝟑𝟐 𝟑𝟐
𝝅 𝟒
𝑰= 𝒅 𝝅 𝟒
𝟔𝟒 𝑰= 𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝟒
𝟔𝟒
7 - 56
7.23 A 400-lb vertical force is applied at D to a gear attached to the solid 1-in. diameter shaft AB. Determine the
principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as shown on top of the shaft.
𝟖𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒔−𝒊𝒏×𝒊𝒏
𝝉𝑯−𝒚 = 𝝉𝒚𝒙 = = 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟑 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟎.𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟐 𝒊𝒏𝟒
𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎×𝟎.𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒔−𝒊𝒏×𝒊𝒏
𝝈𝑯−𝒚 = 𝝈𝒚 = = 𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝟎.𝟎𝟒𝟗𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝟒

𝝈𝑯−𝒙 = 𝝈𝒙 = 𝟎

𝝈𝒙 +𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝟐 𝟐

𝟎+𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝟎−𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = ± + 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟑
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝟏,𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟎 ± 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟎 = 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟎𝟎, −𝟔𝟔𝟎 𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝝈𝒙 −𝝈𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝟎−𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = + 𝝉𝒙𝒚 = + 𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟎 𝒑𝒔 7 - 57
𝟐 𝟐
7.24 A mechanic uses a crowfoot wrench to loosen a bolt at E. Knowing
that the mechanic applies a vertical 24-lb force at A, determine the
principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as
𝟑 𝝈𝒚
shown on top of the -in. diameter shaft.
𝟒
𝑦
𝑧 𝝉𝒚𝒙
𝝈𝝈𝒛 𝒛
𝒛 𝑦 𝑥
𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒚
𝒙 𝑦 𝝈𝒙

𝑦 𝒙
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 𝑥
𝝈𝒙

7 - 58
 𝝈𝒚
𝑦

𝑧 𝝉𝒚𝒙
𝝈𝝈𝒛 𝒛
𝒛 𝑦 𝑥
𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒚
𝒙 𝑦 𝝈𝒙

𝑦 𝒙
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 𝑥
𝝈𝒙

7 - 59
7.24 A mechanic uses a crowfoot wrench to loosen a bolt at E. Knowing that the mechanic applies a vertical
24-lb force at A, determine the principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as
𝟑
shown on top of the -in. diameter shaft.
𝟒

𝝈𝒛
𝒛 𝝈𝒙 𝝈𝒛
𝝈𝒙 𝒙 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒚 z
𝒙 𝑦 𝑦

𝑦 𝒙
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 𝒙
𝑦
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙

Only shear stress here

Torque 24 x 10 in-lb
due to torque
7 - 60
7.24 A mechanic uses a crowfoot wrench to loosen a bolt at E. Knowing that the mechanic applies a vertical
24-lb force at A, determine the principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as
𝟑
shown on top of the -in. diameter shaft.
𝟒

𝝈𝒛
𝒛 𝝈𝒙 𝝈𝒛
𝝈𝒙 𝒙 𝝈𝒚
𝝈𝒚 z
𝒙 𝑦 𝑦

𝑦 𝒙
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙 𝒙
𝑦
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙

Bending moment Only bending stresses

24 x 6 in-lb (tensile) alone x-axis
7 - 61
due to bending moment
7.24 A mechanic uses a crowfoot wrench to loosen a bolt at E. Knowing that the
mechanic applies a vertical 24-lb force at A, determine the principal stresses and the
𝟑
maximum shearing stress at point H located as shown on top of the 𝟒-in. diameter shaft.
𝑇𝐶
𝜏𝐻 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 =
𝐽

𝑀𝐶
𝜎𝐻−𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐼

𝜎𝐻−𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 = 0

𝑇 = 24 𝑙𝑏𝑠 × 10 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 240 𝑙𝑏𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛

M= 24 𝑙𝑏𝑠 × 6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ = 144 𝑙𝑏𝑠 − 𝑖𝑛

C = 0.375 𝑖𝑛
3
𝑑 = = 0.75 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
4
𝜋
𝐽=
𝜋 4
𝑑 𝐽= 0.75 4 = 0.03106 𝑖𝑛4
32 32
𝜋
𝜋 4 𝐼 = 0.75 4 = 0.01551 𝑖𝑛4 7 - 62
𝐼= 𝑑 64
64
7.24 A mechanic uses a crowfoot wrench to loosen a bolt at E. Knowing that
the mechanic applies a vertical 24-lb force at A, determine the principal
stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as shown on top
𝟑
of the 𝟒-in. diameter shaft.
240×0.375 𝑙𝑏𝑠−𝑖𝑛×𝑖𝑛
𝜏𝐻−𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 = = 2898 𝑝𝑠𝑖
0.03106 𝑖𝑛4

144×0.375 𝑙𝑏𝑠−𝑖𝑛×𝑖𝑛
𝜎𝐻−𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 = = 3482 𝑝𝑠𝑖
0.01551 𝑖𝑛4

𝜎𝐻−𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 = 0

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜎1,2 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

0+3482 0−3482 2 2
𝜎1,2 = ± + 2898 = 1741 ± 3381 = 5122, −1640 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 2 0−3482 2 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 2898 = 3381 𝑝𝑠𝑖 7 - 63
2 2
7 - 64
7 - 65
 𝝈𝒚 𝑦
𝝉𝒚𝒛
𝑦
𝝈𝒚 𝑧
𝝈𝒛

𝑧
𝑥
𝝈𝒛 𝝈𝒙

7 - 66
 𝝈𝒚

𝑥
𝑦
𝝈𝒚 𝑧 𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒛

𝑧
𝑥
𝝈𝒛 𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒚
𝑦 𝝈𝒚 𝑦
𝝉𝒚𝒛
𝝉𝒚𝒛
𝝉𝒛𝒚
𝑧 𝑧

𝝈𝒛

7 - 67
View

𝑧
𝝈𝒛
𝝉𝒚𝒛
𝑥
𝝈𝒙
7 - 68
𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝑵
𝝈𝒚
𝒚

k 𝒙

7 - 69
𝝈𝒚
𝒚

k 𝒙

7 - 70
 𝑇𝐶
𝜏𝐾 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 =
𝐽

𝑀𝐶
𝜎𝐻−𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 =
𝐼

𝜎𝐻−𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 = 0

𝑇 = 10000 𝑁 × 200 𝑚𝑚 = 2 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

M= 10000 𝑁 × 150 𝑚𝑚 = 1.5 × 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑂 = 102 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖 = 90 𝑚𝑚 C = 51 𝑚𝑚

𝜋 𝜋
𝐽= 𝑑𝑜4 − 𝑑𝑖4 𝐽= 1024 − 904 = 4.18 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
32 32
𝜋 4 𝜋
𝐼= 𝑑𝑜 − 𝑑𝑖4 𝐼= 1024 − 904 = 2.09 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
64 64
7 - 71
 (2×106 )(51) 𝑁−𝑚𝑚×𝑚𝑚
𝜏𝐾−𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = = 24.40 𝑀𝑃𝑎
4.18×106 𝑚𝑚4

(1.5×106 )(51) 𝑁−𝑚𝑚×𝑚𝑚

𝜎𝐻−𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = = 36.6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2.09×106 𝑚𝑚4

𝜎𝐻−𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 = 0

𝜎𝑥 +𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜎1,2 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

0+36.6 0−36.6 2 2
𝜎1,2 = ± + 24.4 = −18.3 ± 30.5 = 48.8.8, 12.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2

𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 2 0−36.6 2 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = + 24.4 = 30.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
7 - 72
 𝑧
𝝈𝒛

𝑥 𝝈𝒙
𝝈𝒙 𝑦
𝝈𝒚 𝝉𝒙𝒚
𝝈𝒚
𝑦

7 - 73
 ෡ 𝒌𝑵 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒊Ƹ 𝒎
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒌 𝑭𝟐 = −𝟑𝒌෡ 𝒌𝑵 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝒊Ƹ 𝒎
𝑴𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒌 ෡ 𝑵−𝒎
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝑴𝟏 = 𝒓𝟏 × 𝑭𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟑
𝑴𝟏 = 𝒊 𝟎 × 𝟑 − 𝟎 × 𝟎 − 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟑 − 𝟎 × 𝟎 + 𝒌 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 × 𝟎 − 𝟎 × 𝟎 𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑴𝟏 = 𝟎𝒊 − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝒋 + 𝟎𝒌 𝑵 − 𝒎
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝑴𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐 × 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟑
𝑴𝟏 = 𝒊 𝟎 × 𝟑 − 𝟎 × 𝟎 − 𝒋 −𝟎. 𝟐 × 𝟑 − 𝟎 × 𝟎 + 𝒌 −𝟎. 𝟐 × 𝟎 − 𝟎 × 𝟎 𝑵 − 𝒎
𝑴𝟏 = 𝟎𝒊 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝒋 + 𝟎𝒌 𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑴𝑯 = 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒊 + −𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎 𝒋 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 𝒌 𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑴𝑯 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒊 + −𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝒋 + 𝟎 𝒌 𝑵−𝒎 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝑴𝑯 = 𝑴𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑴𝒚 𝒋 + 𝑴𝒛 𝒌 𝑵−𝒎

𝑴𝒙 = 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝑯 𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆

𝑴𝒚 = 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒔 𝑩𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒕 𝑯 𝒔𝒐 𝒄𝒂𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒏 𝒏𝒚 − 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 7 - 74
 ෡ 𝒌𝑵 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝒊Ƹ 𝒎
𝑭𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒌 ෡ 𝒌𝑵 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝒊Ƹ 𝒎
𝑭𝟐 = −𝟑𝒌
𝑴𝒙 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒌෡ 𝑵−𝒎

𝑴𝟏 = 𝟎𝒊 − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝒋 + 𝟎𝒌 𝑵 − 𝒎 𝑴𝟏 = 𝟎𝒊 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝒋 + 𝟎𝒌 𝑵 − 𝒎

𝑴𝑯 = 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝒊 − 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝒋 + 𝟎𝒌 𝑵−𝒎

𝑻𝒄 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝝉𝒙𝒚 = = 𝝅 ≈ 54.4 MPa
𝑱 𝟒 𝟐
𝟑𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝝈𝟏 =
−𝟏𝟒𝟎 + 𝟎
±
−𝟏𝟒𝟎 − 𝟎
+ 𝟓𝟒. 𝟒 𝟐 = −𝟕𝟎 ± 𝟖𝟖. 𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟐 𝟐

𝝈𝟏 = −𝟏𝟓𝟖. 𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑴𝒄 −𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔
𝝈𝒙 = = 𝝅 ≈ −𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝑰 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝟒 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂
𝟔𝟒

𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 7 - 75

7 - 76
7 - 77
SAMPLE PROBLEM 7.1
A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that portion AB of the lever has a diameter of
1.2 in., determine
(a) the normal and shearing stresses on an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes,
(b) the principal planes and the principal stresses at point H.
𝝈𝒚
𝑦
𝝉𝒚𝒙

𝑥
𝑦
𝝈𝒚 𝝈𝒙

𝑧
𝑥
𝝈𝒛 𝝈𝒙

7 - 78
7.24 A mechanic uses a crowfoot wrench to loosen a bolt at E. Knowing that the mechanic applies a vertical
24-lb force at A, determine the principal stresses and the maximum shearing stress at point H located as
𝟑
shown on top of the -in. diameter shaft.
𝟒

𝝈𝒛
𝑧

𝝉𝒙𝒚 𝑦
B 𝝈𝒚
𝝉𝒙𝒚