ARCHITECTURE IN THE MODERN ERA - Sullivan wrote, “It is the very essence of every problem that it

contains and suggests its own solutions.” Thus Form follows

 The Industrial Revolution (1768’s)
Function.
- Wright’s architecture developed into the expression of
- directed toward the relevant and applied use of structures
asymmetrically composed masses and subtly interpenetrating
 The Arts and Crafts Movement (early 19th Century)
spaces more suited to stand alone, preferably in a natural rather
- movement for aesthetic and moral crusade
than an urban context.
- Wright wrote, “….as a physical raw materialism instead of the
- escape from the Industrial World
- John Ruskin(1819-1900) and William Morris(1834-1896) were
spiritual thing it really is: the idea of Life itself, bodily and
the key figures
spiritually, intrinsic organism. Form and Function as one.”

 The Office of Peter Behrens(1910’s)

 Eclecticism
- office at Berlin was the center of search and expression for new
- architecture of the borrowing and of free selection
principles
- Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe
 Joseph Paxton (1851) designed the Crystal Palace
 (1908) Spent 3 years in this office
 Elisha Graves Otis (1870, New York) developed the first safe
 “Less is More”
passenger elevator. In addition to this, was the development of
 Formulated “Cubism and Futurism
- Walter Gropius
techniques for manufacturing rolled steel.
 Behren’s chief designer
 The Great Chicago Fire (1870)
 The Creation of Space
- Montauk Building by Daniel Burnham (1881)
- Lao Tze, a Chinese Philosopher, said, “The reality of the building
- Home Insurance Company Building by William Le Baron Jenney
(1883) (first skyscraper free of the limitations of masonry)
does not consist in the roof and walls, but in the space within to
- Auditorium Building by Adler and Sullivan (1889)
be lived in.”
- Space has 3 Stages:
- Wainwright Building by Adler and Sullivan (1890)
- Guarranty Building by Adler and Sullivan (1894)
 Outer space - interplay and visual tension created in
the relationship of static volumes
- Reliance Building by Burnham and Root (1894)
 Inner Space - emphasis on the hollowed interior
volume and the continuity of interior space, where the
 The Chicago School (1880’s)
exterior form was the result of the defined space within
- concentration on high structures were built in Chicago
- William Le Baron Jenney
 Interpenetration of Space - the to former phases were
intermingled when a new period was initiated by the
- Louis Sullivan
discovery that sight is an organic process, one in
 born in Boston, 1856
which motion initiates a way of seeing and recording
 studied at Institute of Technology in Massachusetts
phenomena that is more than a passive transfer of
 Worked in the Chicago office of Jenney
images.
 Studied 6 months at the Ecole des Beaux Arts
- By motion, time (the 4th dimension) was introduced
 Returned to Chicago after the great fire
 “Form Follows Function”
 The BAUHAUS (1920’s)
- Daniel Burnham
- Germany was the center of development and study
 Born in New York, 1846
- “Art and Technology, the New Unity”
 Educated at Chicago and also had his apprentiship at
- Established by Walter Gropius
Loring and Jenney office
- “Functionalism”
 “Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s
blood.”
 The International Style (1930’s)
- Frank Lloyd Wright (America)
 The World Columbian Exposition (1890)
- Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe (Germany)
- Jackson Park, Chicago
- Walter Gropius (Germany)
- Burnham was the chief of construction
- Le Corbusier (France)
- John W. Root was the consulting architect
- Functional, Nontraditional, Nonregional
- Frederick Law Olmsted was the landscape architect
- Birth of the Modern American City Planning
 Reassessment
- Reversal of the direction in Sullivan’s vision. He had hardly any
- Universalism
commissions and died in 1924 a lonely and neglected figure.
 Mies Van Der Rohe’s work is more classical formal
architectural expression
 European Developments (1900’s)
- Otto Wagner
 Functions are resolved within a minimum of larger
elements
 Viennese architect
 Began eliminating Renaissance trappings from his
 Function is subject to an external order or discipline.
- Personalism
buildings and pursued the “more essential”
architecture
 Wright used the functional complexities of a building as
the integral means of form and expression.
- Adolf Loos
- Brutalism
 Reacted against the excesses of Art Nuveau
 Derived from “beton brut” (naked concrete)
 Published “Ornament and Verbrechen”
 “Ornament is a Crime”
 Postmodernism
- H.P. Berlage
- A trend away from the functional aesthetic of the International
 Dutch Architect
Style and the severity of Brutalism.
 Publicized the works of Frank Lloyd Wright in Europe
- Favored the return to the historical references
 “And thus in architecture, decoration and ornament are
- Robert Venturi
quite essential while space-creation and the
 “Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture”
relationships of masses are its true essentials.”
 “Less is Bore”
 Wright vs. Sullivan
- Frank Lloyd Wright began his architect’s career as an apprentice
at Louis Sullivan’s office
- Sullivan’s architecture was urban, restrained in character, and
classic in organization