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The Performance of the Nailed Slab System-Supported Embankment on Peat

Soil

Article  in  International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE) · September 2019

DOI: 10.15866/irece.v10i5.15757

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 International Review of Civil Engineering (I.RE.C.E.), Vol. 10, N. 5
ISSN 2036 - 9913 September 2019

The Performance of the Nailed Slab System-Supported

Embankment on Peat Soil

Aazokhi Waruwu1, Hary Christady Hardiyatmo2, Ahmad Rifa’i2

Abstract – This study presents the effect of pile length and connection with the performance of
the nailed slab system as supporting embankment load on peat soil. Various times-settlement
performances that have reflected different piles length and connection have been observed. The
consolidation settlement behavior at several models has been simulated using Asaoka method in
order to obtain the coefficient of consolidation. It has been obtained that the nailed slab system is
able to decrease the stress distribution in the soil foundation. This can have a significant effect on
the stability embankment, and hence, the type of connections pile with the slab will specify for the
embankment load on peat soil. The addition of the pile element under the slab can contribute to
the resisting forces, reducing consolidation settlement, increasing slab stiffness, and hence the
overall stability of the embankment. Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights
reserved.

Keywords: Peat, Nailed Slab System, Embankment, Pile, Influence Factor, Correction Factor

Nomenclature γd Dry density

γw Unit weight of water
Ac Ash content σo Effective pressure
B Width of the slab
Cc Compression index
Cv Coefficient of consolidation I. Introduction
D Diameter of the pile
Many constructions have been built crossing over
eo Initial void ratio
peatland areas consisting of fully saturated soils with
Fc Fiber content
Gs Specific gravity high organic fibrous content. The peaty ground is often
utilized as the sub-foundation of embankments such as
h Height of embankment
road construction and others. The general condition of
H Height of peat
Hb Height of solid layer the peaty ground is typically very high in water content
He Height of embankment and is usually of extremely low bearing capacity.
Unfortunately, peat soils as basic materials should be
I Influences factor
used in engineering. There are several methods to deal
Lp Length of the pile
Oc Organic content with peat soil around the road construction, i.e.
improving the properties of peat by preloading. There are
q Pressure of embankment load
many cases when the improvement of the peat material
s Space of pile
S Settlement as a foundation with the preloading method is the most
economical method [1]-[22]. When roads are built on
Sc Consolidation settlement
peat deposits, their surfaces require embankment [3].
Sf Final settlement
Sc(ns) Settlement of slab with piles This can accelerate peat soil compression and can
Sc(s) Sab without piles increase bearing capacity [14]. However, the large
embankment produces an excessive and differential
St Settlements at each time
settlement of unreinforced peat soil. Reinforced
Tv Time factor
wc Water content embankment constructed quickly on soft clay
foundations may fail due to excessive displacements
α Correction factor
before the reinforcement reaches its ultimate tensile
β0 Intersection
β1 Slope of the linear line strain or performance limit strain [6]. The large
deformation has taken place together with tension cracks
Δe Change in the void ratio
and heave when the height of embankment has rapidly
Δσ’ Vertical pressure increment
Δσz Vertical stress increase at point z increased [10]. The rapid addition of the embankment to
the soft soil can be carried out using reinforcement. The
γb Bulk density

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v10i5.15757

243
 A. Waruwu, H. C. Hardiyatmo, A. Rifa’i
most widely used methods of retrofitting under the
embankment are the ones reinforced with geogrid. It is
effective for heaps due to soil liquefaction [13],
geosynthetic reinforcement of pile on soft clay soil
foundations [6], geogrid and supporting piles of highway
over soft clay soils [7], embankments supported by grids
and bamboo piles [8], [9], and reinforced of the bamboo
grid in order to increase the modulus of subgrade and
shear modulus of peat soil [19]. Installation of bamboo
piles combined with bamboo grids can reduce the
deflection, can reduce the deflection of the bamboo grid
and can ultimately maintain stability. Retrofitting can
contribute to improve the stability of the embankment,
strengthening the peat shear that will withstand the lateral
force [12]. Slab without piles affects only the top layer of
the surface with a depth generally not higher than the
width of the foundation slab [15]. Another alternative to
the use of piles on soft soils is the nailed slab system [5],
[2]. Nailed slab systems are developed with simple, easy-
to-install, and cost-effective hardening systems, where
pavement slabs will be connected to mini piles that work
as a system. This nailed slab system cannot only
strengthen the clay layer, but it can also effectively resist
the uplift force of expansive clay [2]. Piles are installed
under slabs and connected monolithically by using slab-
thickening connections on soft clay soil [11]. Some of
the advantages of using a pile in support of the
embankment are the implementation of the embankment
construction can be completed in a short time, the pile-
backed pile can reduce the total settlement, and
differential settlement significantly [7]. Supporting slab
using mini piles has a significant effect on slab motion
reduction. The nailed slab system with monolith piles can
reduce displacement 30% better than the pile of
unsupported slab. While the non-monolith pile, the
reduced rate is only 20%. The soil around the pile and the
interaction between the ground-pile-slab makes the
system more rigid [2]. Initially, this proposed system is a
rigid pavement with slab thickness between 12-20 cm
and a diameter of 15-20 cm [5]. In general, the prototype
of the nailed slab system as the pavement has good
performance, according to differential settlement and
effective in reducing the upward movement [20], [21].
The nailed slab systems can also be used to support
embankments on peat soils. The installation of piles on
slabs has been able to reduce the settlement of slabs and
to increase the modulus of subgrade reaction. Piles can
reduce the settlement and deflection of the slab. Slab
with monolithic piles is more stable and stiffer than non-
monolithic piles under loading [17]. Piles length and
connection system with slabs have also affected the
compression behavior of peat soil. Longer and
monolithic piles have generated smaller settlement. Piles
installed on the embankment-supporting slabs could
increase the modulus of sub-grade reaction [18]. This
system is still not applied for some projects in any
country but it is limited to test models in the laboratory.
For this reason, continuous research is needed so that
this system can be applied as a support for future
Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved
244
embankment. This paper discusses the coefficient of
consolidation value, the analysis of consolidation
settlement, the influence factor of stress distribution, and
the correction factor of settlement. A careful analysis
shows how variations in pile length and connections
affect the performance of the nailed slab system in
support of the embankment load on peat soils. This paper
is part of a research on the compression behavior of peat
soils with the reinforcement of the nailed slab system.
The data in this paper use the results of tests on the
peat soil layer. The results of other studies still leave
some interesting parts to be published in between the test
results of embankment loads in the peat and clay layers,
the effect of dimensions and pile distance on behavior
peat soil. Several methods for estimating the settlement
in this paper include using the finite element method to
be developed in the following papers.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section
II describes the analysis of settlement as a phenomenon
of consolidation, stress distribution in soil, and time-rate
of Settlement. Section III presents the research methods.
Section IV discusses the result of study. Finally, Section
V presents the conclusions.
II. Settlement
The total settlement can be caused by embankment
loading. The phenomenon of consolidation occurs in soft
soil because the excessive initial pore water pressures
cannot be dissipated immediately owing to the low
permeability [4].
II.1. Consolidation Settlement
The consolidation settlement of embankment (Sc) can
then be given as:
e
Sc  H (1)
1 e
Cc H  '  '
Sc  log o (2)
1  eo o '
where Cc = compression index from slope of the e-log 
plot, H = initial height of soil layer, eo = initial void ratio,
o = effective pressure at the middle of the layer, and ’
= vertical pressure increment.
II.2. Stress Distribution in Soil
Stress in soil is caused by self weight and by the
embankment loading at the surface. The vertical stresses
at any depth z in soil (Δσz) under embankment loading
are calculated by Eq (3):
 z  qI (3)
where q = pressure of embankment loading and I =
influences factor.
International Review of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, N. 5
 A. Waruwu, H. C. Hardiyatmo, A. Rifa’i

II.3. Time-Rate of Settlement of the settlement from dial gauge installed in the middle
of the slab and some other points. A photograph of the
Time-rate of settlement depends on drainage
embankment model testing is shown in Fig. 2.
conditions. The total thickness if the soil layer is drained
on one side, or half the layer thickness have to be drained Reference beam
on double drainage. The time of consolidation can be Concrete pile
Embankment d 2 cm Lp 15 cm Dial gauge
estimeted from Eq. (4): load and 35cm Concrete
slab t 2 cm
Sand h 2 cm

TH2 50 cm
t v t (4) Peat

Cv
100 cm Solid layer
where Tv = time factor, Tv = -0,933 log (1-U) – 0,085, Ht
= length of the drainage part, and Cv = coefficient of
vertical consolidation.
350 cm

III. Research Methods Fig. 1. Test schematic of the small-scale model

The peat soil used in this study has been taken from
Bagansiapiapi - Riau. The peat used has been the same as
the research materials of [16]-[18]. The test results of
properties of peat soil have been specific gravity Gs =
1.34, bulk density b = 10.75 kN/m3, natural moisture
content wc = 970.86%, organic content Oc = 99%, fiber
content Fc= 35.21%, ash content Ac = 1%, eo = 9.04, Cc =
5.65, Soil sample tested has been fibrous peat because it
had an organic content of > 75% and a fiber content of >
20%. The peat samples have been compacted the test
boxes with the thickness of each layer 0.1 m. Each layer
has compacted close density b = 10.49 kN/m3 and wc =
699 %. The sand layer rests on top of the peat soil before
embankment loading is started. Fig. 1 illustrates the
model of embankment test over peat soil. Embankment
load test with a small-scale model has used box testing
sized 7 m × 3.5 m × 1.5 m. The embankment load has
been modeled from iron bar material sized 19 mm × 19
mm with the lengths of 40 mm placed on the surface of
peat soil. The unit weight of iron bars has been Fig. 2. Photographs of embankment model test
approximately 71.62 kN/m3. The embankment load has
TABLE I
been modeled from iron bars material in order to produce VARIATION OF TEST MODELS
a significant settlement [18]. The thickness of the peat No. Type of test Length of the pile (Lp) [cm]
layer is H = 50 cm, and the rest has been filled with the 1 Slab without pile -
solid layer. Cross sections and testing plan can be seen in 2 Slab with monolithic piles 15
Fig. 1. Five different tests have been conducted, 3 Slab with non-monolithic piles 15
4 Slab with monolithic piles 35
including slab without pile, slab with monolithic and 5 Slab with non-monolithic piles 35
non-monolithic piles with a length Lp = 15 cm and 35 cm
(Table I). Slab and piles have been made of concrete
materials, where the slab had a thickness t = 2 cm and an IV. Results and Discussion
area of 70×120 cm2, while the piles had a diameter of d =
2 cm cast monolithically or non-monolithically on the The result of embankment loading on peat soil with
slabs with a distance between center to center of s = 10 the nailed slab system can be seen in Fig. 3. The tests
cm. Stage load with the loading-unloading system was have been performed on the slab without piles, slab with
conducted by increasing the load for 24 hours, to be has monolithic piles (M), and slab with non-monolithic piles
been added to the second layer, followed by unloading (NM). The piles lengths are 15 cm and 35 cm.
stage and reloading of the third and fourth layers. The The results of the embankment load test are supported
height of embankment for a layer has been of 57 mm by slabs with and without pile groups accompanied by a
equivalent to the pressure (σ) of 4.08 kPa at each load coefficient of consolidation, analysis with Asaoka’s
stage. The total height of embankment for four layers method [1], estimated consolidation settlement, influence
was a h of 228 mm equivalent to the pressure (σ) of factor of stress distribution, and the correction factor of
16.32 kPa. Each loading and unloading required reading settlement.

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, N. 5

245
 A. Waruwu, H. C. Hardiyatmo, A. Rifa’i

IV.1. The Coefficient of Consolidation 0,7

Slab

Coefficient of consolidation,
The first step is to choose settlement observations 0,6
Lp 15cm (M)
generated by a constant duration from a series of Lp 15cm (NM)
observed data. 0,5
Lp 35cm (M)

Cv (m2/day)
The relationship between the Si and Si-1 can be plotted 0,4 Lp 35cm (TM)
as in Fig. 4. From this, it can be seen whether all these
point lines are on a slope of a straight line curve as β1. 0,3
The process of applying one of the Asaoka Methods 0,2
may be repeated for the different increment of
embankment using the time-settlement curves obtained in 0,1
each model for the slab with and without piles. The
0
coefficient of consolidation (Cv) can be determined by
subtracting β1. 0 4 8 12 16 20
In this study, the Δt is 2 hours or 0.08 days, and the Ht Pressure (kPa)
is 0.5 m. This was done by assuming that it was single
Fig. 5. The relation between pressure and coefficient of consolidation
drainage.
The relationship between pressure and coefficient of
consolidation calculated is presented in Fig. 5. It can be IV.2. The Result of Time-Rate Settlement
seen that the value of a coefficient of consolidation
The settlements at each time (St) are calculated at each
obtained has been essentially decreasing with increasing
U × final settlement (Sf). The Sf is estimated from the
pressure and pile length.
observed settlement at each model in the laboratory. It
The connections pile with slab had no influence on the
has been also attempted to derive a simplified method in
coefficient of consolidation.
order to estimate the consolidation settlement of peat soil
30 due to the embankment load supported by the nailed slab
system. By using Eq. (4), where all the values of Tv, Ht,
h (cm)

20 Embankment and Cv are known, the value t can be determined. The

10 consolidation settlements observed during the experiment
0 Time (day) in the laboratory showed estimated consolidation
settlement as can be seen in Fig. 6. From this estimate, it
-10 0 1 2 3 4 5 is clear that the consolidation settlement of peat soil is
-20 adequate. The estimated rate of settlement using the
coefficient of consolidation gives satisfactory results on
Settlement (mm)

-30
the loading of embankments on peat soils.
-40
-50 Time (day)
Slab
Lp 15 cm (M) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-60
Lp 15 cm (NM) 0
-70 Lp 35 cm (M)
Consolidation settlement (cm)

Lp 35 cm (NM) 1
-80
2
Fig. 3. The observed settlement at the center of an embankment [17]
3
4
5
Observed (slab) Calculated (slab)

6 Observed (Lp 15cm-M) Calculated (Lp 15cm-M)
Observed (Lp 15cm-NM) Calculated (Lp 15cm-NM)
7
Observed (Lp 35cm-M) Calculated (Lp 35cm-M)
8 Observed (Lp 35cm-NM) Calculated (Lp 35cm-NM)

Fig. 6. Comparison between observed

1 and calculated consolidation settlement

 1
IV.3. Stress Distribution
The influence factor of the nailed slab system (Ins) can
be determined from the ratio of the vertical pressure
Fig. 4. The relation between Si and Si-1 increment of the nailed slab system (Δσ=Δσns) with

Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, N. 5

246
 A. Waruwu, H. C. Hardiyatmo, A. Rifa’i
vertical stress due to embankment (q). The relationship
between the ratio of the length of the pile to the width of
the slab (L/B) and the influence factor of the nailed slab
system is presented in Fig. 7. The pressure at the slab
with monolithic piles is smaller than the one at the slab
with non-monolithic piles on the same pile length. Thus,
for the pile length of 35 cm, the pressure is smaller than
the one at the pile length of 15 cm. It can be that the
nailed slab system can reduce stress distribution. The
influence factor of stress distribution is very useful in
geotechnical engineering practice, especially in the
determination of the soil mass contributing to the
settlement of an embankment on peat soil.
IV.4. Correction Factor of Settlement Caused by
Length and Connections Pile
The correction factor of settlement is determined by
comparing the settlement of slab with and without piles.
The correction factor (α) is derived from Eq. (5) and
represents the relationship between the ratio of L/B and α
of the nailed slab system as presented in Fig. 8. In this
study, the installation of pile on the slab produces a
correction factor of about 0.27 to 0.81. The smaller
correction factor indicates a smaller settlement. This
happens on long piles and monolithic with slab.
Fig. 7. The relation between ratio Lp/B
and influence factor of stress distribution
Fig. 8. The relation between ratio Lp/B
and correction factor of settlement
Copyright © 2019 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved
247
The addition of the pile element under the slab can
contribute to the resisting forces, reducing total and
differential settlement, increasing slab stiffness, and
hence the overall stability of the embankment. The nailed
slab system is commonly more rigid than the slab
without piles. The rigidity of the nailed slab system is an
important factor which affects the settlement of peat soil
under an embankment load.
Sc ns    Sc s  (5)
where α is the correction factor, Sc(ns) is the settlement of
slab with piles, and Sc(s) is the slab without piles.
V. Conclusion
The results from a series of embankment load tests
have revealed that the reinforcement by nailed-slab
system reduces the settlement. Thus, it can be concluded
that the reinforcement slab using mini pile is effective to
support an embankment.The estimated of the time-rate
settlement by using the coefficient of consolidation gave
satisfactory results under certain embankment loading.
The coefficient of consolidation obtained has been
essentially decreasing with increasing pressure and pile
length. The connections pile with the slab had no
influence on the coefficient of consolidation. The
pressure at the slab with monolithic piles is smaller than
the one at the slab with non-monolithic piles on the same
pile length. For the pile length of 35 cm, the pressure is
smaller than the one at the pile length of 15 cm. It can be
seen that the nailed slab system can reduce stress
distribution. The suitable length of monolithic piles of
the nailed slab system is proposed ≥ 35 cm or Lp/B ≥ 0.5.
The installation of pile on the slab produces a
correction factor of about 0.27 to 0.81. The smaller
correction factor indicates a smaller settlement. This
happens on longer piles and monoliths with the slab. The
nailed slab system is more rigid than the slab without
piles and tends to cause a uniform settlement of peat soil
under an embankment load. For embankment over the
soft soil as peat soil, the use of the nailed slab system
increases the stability of embankments.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the head and the
technicians of the Soil Mechanics Laboratory of Gadjah
Mada University for their help during the experimental
work. Great appreciation is also given to the Ministry of
Research, Technology and Higher Education of the
Republic of Indonesia for financial support.
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Reinforcement above Buried Pipes on Surface Settlement, (2018)
International Review of Civil Engineering (IRECE), 9 (2), pp. 86-
90.
doi:https://doi.org/10.15866/irece.v9i2.13721
Authors’ information
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Institut Teknologi Medan, Indonesia.
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.
Aazokhi Waruwu born in Sitoluewali, August
27, 1973, received his Bachelor of Engineering
degree in Medan Institute of Technology (1998)
and Master's Degree in Department of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia
(2003), and Doctor Degree in Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia (2018). He joined
with Medan Institut of Technology in 1998. He is currently studying
doctor at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. He has experience
research, designing and education. He has published many papers in
National Conferences, National / International Journal. He has
published in the field of Civil Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering,
Peat Soil, Clay Soil, and Foundation. Mr Waruwu joined with
Indonesia Society for Geotechnical Engineering (ISGE/HATTI) - ID.
No. : 15.2223.OR.
Hary Christady Hardiyatmo born in Solo,
October 18, 1955, received Undergraduate, Civil
and Environmental Engineering Department,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia (1981) and
Master Engineering, Asian Institute of
Technology Bangkok, Thailand (1990),
Diplome d’Etude Approfondies (DEA),
Universite de Grenoble I, France, Doctor
Degree, University Joseph Fourier Grenoble, France (1995), and
Profesor (2013). Research Interest are Cakar Ayam System For Rigid
Pavement, Nailed Slab System For Rigid Pavement and Patent
P002007001, Cakar Ayam System For Pavement, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, 04/2007. He has published some papers in National/International
Conferences, National/International Journal. Prof. Hary Christady
Hardiyatmo joined with Indonesia Society for Geotechnical
Engineering (ISGE/HATTI).
Ahmad Rifa’i was born on July 12, 1969. In
1988 he continued his civil engineering
education at the faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. He
achieved his bachelor's degree in 1993. In 1994
he continued his Master's, Geotechnics, Institute
Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia and earned his
master's degree in 1996. His doctorate was
obtained in 2002 at The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology of
Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. Research interest in soil mechanics,
tunneling, and foundation has resulted in several publications in the
form of international journals. Dr. Ahmad Rifai is a member of
Indonesia Society for Geotechnical Engineering (HATTI) and ISSMG
(International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering).
International Review of Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, N. 5