Membrane structure and

transport across membrane

S2 IKD & Biomedis

Matakuliah Biologi Sel dan Molekuler
September – Desember 2011
 What Are Cellular Membranes Made Of?

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Figure 10-1a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Lipid and protein in the cell membrane

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Figure 10-1c Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Phospholipids Are the Main Lipid Constituents of
most biomembranes

Principal membrane lipids %

Phosphoglycerides 50-90
Phosphatidylcholine 40-60
Phosphatidylethanolamine 20-30
Phosphatidylserine 5-15
Cardiolipin 0-20
Phosphatidylinositol 5-10
Sphingomyelin 5-20
Cholesterol 0-10

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Phospholipids Are the Main Lipid Constituents of
most biomembranes

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 Phospholipids Are the Main Lipid Constituents of
cell membranes

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Figure 10-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Major phospholipids in the mammalian biomembranes

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Figure 10-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Lipid bilayers tends to form sealed compartments

Lipid bilayer
separate two
water
compartments
and
serves as
relatively
impermeable
barrier

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Figure 10-8 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 10-9b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Lipid bilayer can be destroyed by detergents

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Figure 10-29a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 10-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Cholesterol takes part in lipid bilayer of cell membranes

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Figure 10-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 A lipid raft are small special areas in membranes where
some lipids (primarily sphingolipids and cholesterol)
are concentrated

Because the lipid

bilayer is thicker and
more stiff in the
rafts, certain
membrane proteins
accumulate

Lipid raft is
important in
intercellular
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signaling 11
Figure 10-14b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Functions of membrane proteins

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 Carbohydrate molecules attached to lipid and protein can be
found in the cell surface

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Figure 10-28b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008) Figure 10-28b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Carbohydrate molecules attached to lipid and protein can be
found in the cell surface

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Figure 10-18 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Glycolipids

A, B,O blood groups are examples

www.uic.edu
of glycolipids
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 Proteins are distributed to specific site of plasma membrane
(cell polarity)

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Figure 10-37 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Cell membrane is supported by membrane skeleton that
consists of cytoskeletal proteins attached to microfilaments

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Figure 10-42a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Only hydrophobic molecules may directly
move across the cell membrane

Hydrophilic molecules can

not move across cell
membrane

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Only hydrophobic molecules may directly
move across the cell membrane

Simple diffusion

Substance simply dissolves in the

phospholipid bilayer
no membrane proteins are involved
down their concentration gradient
a nonselective process
gases (such as O2 and CO2),
hydrophobic molecules (such as benzene),
and small polar but uncharged molecules
(such as H2O and ethanol)

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Hydrophilic molecules can not move across cell
membrane

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 To be able to move across the membrane, the hydrophilic
substances need help from membrane protein by facilitated
diffusion or active transport

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Figure 1-13b Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
 Facilitated diffusion vs simple diffusion:
similarities and differences?

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Figure 11-6 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Facilitated diffusion
• No external source of energy is
provided

• direction determined by their

concentration gradients

• the transported molecules do not

dissolve in the phospholipid
bilayer

• mediated by proteins

• Facilitated diffusion therefore

allows polar and charged
molecules, such as carbohydrates,
amino acids, nucleosides, and
ions, to cross the plasma
membrane
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Figure 11-5 and 11-3b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Facilitated diffusion: ion channel
ion channels can be divided into several types depend on the
mechanism to open the gate of the channel

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Figure 11-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Facilitated diffusion: transporter

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Selective transport by facilitated diffusion

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 Cells have to maintain ion concentration gradient to be
able to survive

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Figure 11-16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Energy is needed to transport solutes against (up)
concentration gradient

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Figure 11-4a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Energy is needed to transport solutes against (up)
concentration gradient

Transport system Membrane Substrate Transport direction Energy

protein specificity
Passive transport Simple diffusion No No Down concentration None
gradient
Facilitated diffusion - Yes Yes Down concentration None
Channel protein gradient
Facilitated diffusion - Yes Yes Down concentration None
Transporter gradient
Active transport Active transporter - Yes Yes Up to concentration Yes
using ATP directly gradient
Active transporter- Yes Yes Up to concentration Yes
ATP is used indirectly gradient

Primary active transport : using ATP directly

Secondary active transport : using ATP indirectly,

energy is supplied by an ion concentration gradient
established by primary active transport
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 The active transports
Secondary Primary
active active
transport transport

The actively transported molecule is shown in yellow, and the energy source is shown in red

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 Active transport driven by ATP hydrolysis

Ion pumps for setting up Turbin-like protein e.g. ATP

and maintaining synthase of the inner
gradients membrane of mitochondria

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Figure 11-12 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Active transport driven by ATP hydrolysis:
P-type pump Na+K+ATPase

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Figure 11-14 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Active transport driven by ATP hydrolysis:
Na+K+ATPse maintain concentration gradient

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 Active transport driven by ATP hydrolysis
ABC transporter is the largest family of
membrane transport proteins and has great clinical importance

ABC transporter: ATP-binding cassette transporter

e.g. cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter
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Figure 11-17b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Active transport driven by ion gradient
(secondary active transport)
Symporter e.g. glucose transport driven by a Na+ gradient

Na+ gradient is maintained by primary active transport Na + K + pump

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Figure 11-9 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Active transport driven by ion gradient
(secondary active transport)
Antiporter e.g Chloride/Bicarbonate Anion Exchanger 1 (AE1, Band 3)

http://reithmeier-lab03.med.utoronto.ca

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 Cells use the transport mechanisms
simultaneously

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Figure 11-11 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 In resting state the cell membrane potential is
negative

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Figure 10-16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Electrochemical gradient
combines the membrane potential & the concentration
gradient to regulate transport across membrane

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Figure 11-4b Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Membrane of the organelles has similar structure with
plasma membrane but they has specific protein content

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Table 12-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
 Endocytosis and Exocytosis
are used by eukaryotic cells to take up substances from and
release substances to the outside environment

Vesicle’s
membrane is
generated from
existing
membrane of the
organelles and
plasma
membrane

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Cells Import Selected Extracellular Macromolecules by
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Cells Import Selected Extracellular Macromolecules by
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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 Thank you

S2 IKD & Biomedis

Matakuliah Biologi Sel dan Molekuler
September – Desember 2011