Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ(QHUJ\5HVHDUFK,&$(5

(QKDQFHPHQWRI7KHUPDO6WRUDJH6\VWHPXVLQJ3KDVH&KDQJH
0DWHULDO
6$.KRWD 
D
3ULQFLSDO6,7&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ<DGUDY,FKDONDUDQML0DKDUDVKWUD,QGLD

$EVWUDFW

6RODUHQHUJ\WKHLQH[KDXVWLEOHVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\LVYHU\LQWHUPLWWHQWLQQDWXUH6RLWLVHVVHQWLDOWRGHYHORSHIILFLHQWHFRQRPLFDO
VRODUWKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJH7(6GHYLFHV6\VWHPVXVLQJ3&0DUHPRUHIDVKLRQDEOHLQODWHQWKHDWVWRUDJHWRGD\7KHSUHVHQW
ZRUN LV DERXW WKH VDY(Š +6SKDVH FKDQJH PDWHULDO 3&0 ILOOHG LQ PXOWLSOH VSKHULFDO FDSVXOHV IRU WKH LPSURYHPHQW RI WKH
WKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHPIRUGRPHVWLFVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJDSSOLFDWLRQ([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKH
LPSURYHPHQW RI SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKHUPDO VWRUDJH V\VWHP XVLQJ FRPELQDWLRQ RI ZDWHU 3&0 LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK RQO\ ZDWHU
([SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGIRUVDPHKHDWLQSXWGXULQJDFFHOHUDWHGFRQGLWLRQVLQERWKIRU:DWHU3&0DQGDOVRRQO\ZDWHULQVLGH
WKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHP,WLVH[SHULPHQWDOO\SURYHQWKDWIRUWKHODERUDWRU\PRGHORIOLWHUVSHUGD\FDSDFLW\RIV\VWHPZLWK
RIYROXPHRFFXSLHGE\3&0LPSURYHPHQWLQWKHUPDOVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\LVZKLFKLVFRPSDUDEO\VXEVWDQWLDOLPSURYHPHQWLQ
WKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJH7KXVWKHWKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHPXVLQJ3&0FDQEHXVHGZLWKKLJKHUVL]HVRODUFROOHFWRURUDPRXQWRI
VWRUDJHFDQEHUHGXFHGIRUWKHVDPHVL]HVRODUFROOHFWRU7KLVPRGHOKDVSURVSHFWVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIEHWWHUDQGHFRQRPLFDO
VWRUDJHV\VWHP

© 2014 S.A. Khot. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI,&$(5
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of ICAER 2013
.H\ZRUGV3KDVHFKDQJHPDWHULDO3&07KHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJH'RPHVWLFVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHP+66SKHULFDOFDSVXOH

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJH7(6LVEHFRPLQJDQLQFUHDVLQJFRQFHUQLQPRGHUQWHFKQRORJ\7KHIXQGDPHQWDOLGHDRI

D 7(6 V\VWHP LV WR VXSSRUW WKH HQHUJ\ PDQDJHPHQW E\ VWRULQJ WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ DW SHULRGV ZKHQ LW LV DEXQGDQWO\



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVVVDNKRW#JPDLOFRP


1876-6102 © 2014 S.A. Khot. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of ICAER 2013
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.257
 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151 143

DYDLODEOHDQGXVLQJLWZKHQUHTXLUHG$PRQJGLIIHUHQWSRVVLELOLWLHVV\VWHPVXVLQJ3KDVH&KDQJH0DWHULDOV3&0
DUHPRUHIDVKLRQDEOHIRULWVFRQVLVWHQF\LQODWHQWKHDWVWRUDJH+RZHYHUWKHUHVHDUFKZRUNRQWKH3&0VIRUWKHUPDO
HQHUJ\ VWRUDJHLVVWLOOLQLWVGHYHORSLQJVWDJH $YDVWUDQJHRI3&0VDUHDYDLODEOHIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWDQGXVHLQ
VRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHPV
7KHSUHVHQWZRUNLVWRZDUGVWKHHQKDQFHPHQWRI7(6V\VWHPXVLQJFRPPHUFLDOO\DYDLODEOH+63&0+6
LVDQLQRUJDQLFFKHPLFDOEDVHG3&0KDYLQJPHOWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHRI R&“R7KHVHDUHK\GUDWHGVDOWVWKDWKDYH
ODUJHDPRXQWRIHQHUJ\VWRUHGLQWKHIRUPRIODWHQWKHDWLQLWVFU\VWDOOLQHIRUPZKLFKLVDEVRUEHGRUUHOHDVHGZKHQ
WKHPDWHULDOVFKDQJHVWDWHIURPVROLGWROLTXLGRUYLFHYHUVD7KH3&0UHWDLQVLWVODWHQWKHDWZLWKRXWDQ\FKDQJHLQ
SK\VLFDORUFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHVRYHUWKRXVDQGVRIF\FOHV2QFKDQJLQJSKDVHWKLVODWHQWKHDWLVUHOHDVHGRUDEVRUEHG
DOORZLQJ WKH DPELHQW WHPSHUDWXUH ZLWKLQ WKH V\VWHP WR EH PDLQWDLQHG >@7KH XVH RI D ODWHQW KHDW VWRUDJH V\VWHP
XVLQJ3&0KDVWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIKLJKHUVWRUDJHGHQVLW\DQGWKHLVRWKHUPDOQDWXUHRIWKHVWRUDJHSURFHVV
6KDUPD HW DO >@ IRFXVHV RQ WKH DYDLODEOH WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH WHFKQRORJ\ ZLWK 3&0V IRU GLIIHUHQW
DSSOLFDWLRQV ,W PDLQO\ IRFXVHV RQ WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI WKHUPDO SURSHUWLHV RI YDULRXV 3&0V .HQLVDULCQ HW DO >@
GLVFXVVHV WKHUPDO SURSHUWLHV RI 3&0V PHWKRGV RI KHDW WUDQVIHU HQKDQFHPHQW EXLOGLQJ KHDW VWRUDJH VWUXFWXUHV IRU
SDVVLYH VSDFH KHDWLQJ DFWLYH VRODU KHDWLQJ V\VWHPV ZLWK XVLQJ 3&0 XVLQJ ODWHQW KHDW VWRUDJH PDWHULDOV LQ VRODU
JUHHQKRXVHVDQGVRODUFRRNLQJV\VWHPV
2JXHNHHWDO>@SUHVHQWHGDUHYLHZRQVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHPVIRUGRPHVWLFDQGLQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQV7KH\
DUH JURXSHG LQWR WZR EURDG FDWHJRULHV DV SDVVLYH DQG DFWLYH VRODU ZDWHU KHDWLQJ V\VWHPV 7KH DFWLYH V\VWHPV
JHQHUDOO\KDYHKLJKHUHIILFLHQFLHVWKDQWKHSDVVLYHRQHV0RUHUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWZRUNLVHVVHQWLDOIRUIXUWKHU
LPSURYHPHQWRIWKHH[LVWLQJOHYHORIHIILFLHQF\$QHIIRUWZDVPDGHE\6KDUPDHWDO>@WRJDWKHUWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ
IURPWKHSUHYLRXVZRUNVRQ3&0VDQGODWHQWKHDWVWRUDJHV\VWHPV7KLVDVVHVVPHQWZLOOKHOSIRUVHOHFWLRQRIVXLWDEOH
3&0IRUYDULRXVDSSOLFDWLRQV0HDVXUHPHQWWHFKQLTXHVRIWKHUPRSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVVWXGLHVRQWKHUPDOF\FOHVIRU
ORQJWHUPVWDELOLW\FRUURVLRQRIWKH3&0VDQGHQKDQFHPHQWRIKHDWWUDQVIHULQ3&0DUHGLVFXVVHG
=DOEDHWDO>@FDUULHGRXWDUHYLHZRQ7(6XVLQJVROLG±OLTXLGSKDVHFKDQJHZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRSRWHQWLDOPDWHULDOV
WRJHWKHU ZLWK WKHLU WKHUPRSK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV KHDW WUDQVIHU DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV &RPPHUFLDO 3&0V KDYH DOVR EHHQ
OLVWHG'LIIHUHQWPHWKRGVRIWKHUPDOSURSHUWLHVGHWHUPLQDWLRQDQGSUREOHPVLQORQJWHUPVWDELOLW\RIWKHPDWHULDOVDQG
WKHLUHQFDSVXODWLRQDUHGLVFXVVHG0DQ\DSSOLFDWLRQVRI3&0VDUHOLVWHG+LQWLHWDO>@HPSLULFDOO\LQYHVWLJDWHGWKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIZDWHU3&0VWRUDJHIRUXVHZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHPV3DUDIILQZD[FRQWDLQHG
LQ VPDOO F\OLQGULFDO DOXPLQXP FRQWDLQHUV LV XVHG DV WKH 3&0 7KH VWRUDJH SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV LQYHVWLJDWHG ZKHQ
FRQQHFWHG WR IODW SODWH FROOHFWRUV ZLWK QDWXUDO FLUFXODWLRQ 9LNUDP HW DO >@ KDYH H[SHULPHQWDOO\ LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH
WKHUPDOEHKDYLRUDQGIHDVLELOLW\RIDF\OLQGULFDOO\HQFDSVXODWHG3&0$VWRUDJHWDQNFRQWDLQLQJODWHQWKHDWVWRUDJH
PDWHULDO LV XVHG WR DQDO\]H WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI ODWHQW KHDW WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH V\VWHP /+7(6FRQFOXGHG WKDW
/+7(6 V\VWHPV DUH D FRPPHUFLDOO\ YLDEOH RSWLRQ IRU VRODU KHDW HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH DQG QHHGV IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK LQ WKLV
DUHD
6KLQJ HW DO >@ H[SHULPHQWDOO\ VWXGLHG WKH WKHUPDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI ODWHQW KHDW VWRUDJH LQ D WZRSKDVH
WKHUPRV\SKRQ VRODU ZDWHU KHDWHU ZKLFK XWLOL]HV WKH VXSHULRU KHDW WUDQVIHU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ERLOLQJ DQG
FRQGHQVDWLRQ DQG HOLPLQDWHV GUDZEDFNV IRXQG LQ WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO VRODU ZDWHU KHDWHU ([SHULPHQWV DUH ILUVW
FRQGXFWHGWRVWXG\WKHWKHUPDOEHKDYLRURIWULFRVDQH ZDWHUDQGVRGLXPDFHWDWHXVHGDVHQHUJ\VWRUDJH PDWHULDOV
7KH UHVXOWV LQGLFDWH WKDW WULFRVDQH SURYLGHV PDQ\ DGYDQWDJHV WR EH WKH HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH PDWHULDO LQ WKH ODWHQW KHDW
VWRUDJH V\VWHP 7KLV VWXG\ DOVR H[DPLQHV WKH IXQFWLRQV RI FKDUJH DQG GLVFKDUJH WKHUPDO EHKDYLRUV LQ D WZRSKDVH
WKHUPRV\SKRQVRODUZDWHUKHDWHU
&DQED]RR÷OX HW DO >@ FRPPXQLFDWHG WKH UHVXOWV RI LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI VRODU HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH SHUIRUPDQFH XVLQJ
VRGLXP7KLRVXOIDWH3HQWDK\GUDWHLQDFRQYHQWLRQDOVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHP,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHDGGLWLRQDOFRVW
UHTXLUHGIRUD3&0FRXOGEHFRPSHQVDWHGE\VPDOOHUVL]HRIVWRUDJHWDQNDVFRPSDUHGWRWKHVWRUDJHWDQNXVHGLQ
FRQYHQWLRQDOVRODUHQHUJ\VWRUDJHV\VWHPV
1DOOXVDP\ HW DO >@ UHSRUWHG H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ D FRPELQHG VHQVLEOH DQG ODWHQW KHDW VWRUDJH XQLW
LQWHJUDWHG ZLWK VRODU ZDWHU KHDWLQJ V\VWHP XVLQJ SDUDIILQ ZD[ ,W LV FRQFOXGHG IURP H[SHULPHQWDO UHVXOWV WKDW WKH
FRPELQHG VHQVLEOH DQG ODWHQW VWRUDJH FRQFHSWV UHGXFHV WKH VL]H RI WKH VWRUDJH WDQN TXDQWLWDWLYHO\ FRPSDUHG WR
FRQYHQWLRQDOVWRUDJHV\VWHP.XUNOXHWDO>@KDYHGHYHORSHGDQHZW\SHRIZDWHU±SDUDIILQZD[VRODUFROOHFWRU
DQGLQYHVWLJDWHGLWVVKRUWWHUPWKHUPDOSHUIRUPDQFH:DWHUSDUDIILQZD[VRODUFROOHFWRULVPXFKPRUHDGYDQWDJHRXV
WKDQWUDGLWLRQDOKRWZDWHUFROOHFWRUV%HFDXVHWRWDOV\VWHPZHLJKWDQGFRVWRI:DWHU3&0VRODUFROOHFWRULVORZDV
144 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151

FRPSDUHG WR WUDGLWLRQDO KRW ZDWHU FROOHFWRUV 7D\HE HW DO >@ GHYHORSHG D V\VWHP IRU GRPHVWLF KRW ZDWHU XVLQJ
1D62+2 DV D 3&0 DQG FRPSDUHG LW ZLWK WKH VLPXODWLRQ PRGHO ZKLFK JLYHV WKH RSWLPXP IORZ UDWH RI WKH
LQOHWZDWHUVXSSO\UHTXLUHGWRPDLQWDLQWKHFRQVWDQWWHPSHUDWXUHZDWHUDWRXWOHW
%DQVDO HW DO >@ KDYH K\SRWKHWLFDOO\ VWXGLHG D F\OLQGULFDO VWRUDJH XQLW LQ WKH FORVHG ORRS ZLWK D IODW SODWH
FROOHFWRUIRULWVFKDUJLQJDQGGLVFKDUJLQJ PRGH$VDUHVXOWDWKHRUHWLFDOPRGHOIRUF\OLQGULFDOODWHQWKHDWVWRUDJH
V\VWHP ZDV GHYHORSHG 7KH FDOFXODWLRQV IRU WKH LQWHUIDFH PRYLQJ ERXQGDU\ DQG IOXLG WHPSHUDWXUH ZHUH PDGH E\
XVLQJSDUDIILQZD[SDQGVWHDULFDFLGDV3&0V)RXGDHWDO>@VWXGLHGWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI*ODXEHU¶VVDOWDV
WKH3&0LQWKHVRODUVWRUDJHV\VWHP7KHHIIHFWRIVHYHUDOYDULDEOHVZDVVWXGLHGRYHUPDQ\FRPSOHWHF\FOHVRIWKH
XQLWLQFOXGLQJYDULDEOHKHDWWUDQVIHUIOXLGIORZUDWHDQGLQOHWWHPSHUDWXUHZDOOWKLFNQHVV
%HGHFDUUDWV HW DO >@ FRPPXQLFDWHG DQ H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI HQFDSVXODWHG SKDVH
FKDQJHHQHUJ\VWRUDJHGXULQJWKHFKDUJLQJDQGWKHGLVFKDUJLQJSURFHVVHV7KHVSKHULFDOFDSVXOHVFRQWDLQLQJZDWHU
ZLWKDQXFOHDWLRQDJHQWDVD3&0ILOOWKHWKHUPDOVWRUDJHWDQN7KHKHDWWUDQVIHUIOXLGZKLFKFLUFXODWHVWKURXJKWKH
WDQN DQG DURXQG WKH FDSVXOHV LV DQ DTXHRXV VROXWLRQ RI PRQRHWK\OHQH JO\FRO 7KH PDLQ UHVXOWV UHSRUWHG LV D
VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RI WKH VXSHU FRROLQJ SKHQRPHQRQ GXULQJ WKH FKDUJLQJ SURFHVV 7KH ORZHU WKH LQOHW FRRODQW
WHPSHUDWXUHDQGWKHODUJHUWKHFRRODQWIORZUDWHWKHIDVWHULVWKHVWRUDJH
+XVVDLQ HW DO >@ H[SHULPHQWDOO\ DQG QXPHULFDOO\ LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH WUDQVLHQW EHKDYLRU RI SDFNHG EHG WKHUPDO
HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH 7KH SURFHVVHV RI WKH H[SHULPHQWHG VWRUDJH V\VWHP ZHUH VLPXODWHG PDWKHPDWLFDOO\ DQG VROYHG
QXPHULFDOO\E\ILQLWHGLIIHUHQFHWHFKQLTXH7KHDQDO\VHVZHUHFDUULHGRXWDWWZRGLIIHUHQWPDVVYHORFLW\RIZRUNLQJ
IOXLG7KHUHVXOWFRXOGEHXVHGWRHQKDQFHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHWKHUPDOVRODUV\VWHPV
/LQ HW DO >@ LQYHVWLJDWHG SHUIRUPDQFH RI ,QWHJUDWHG 3KDVH &KDQJH 0DWHULDO 3&0  IODW SODWH VRODU FROOHFWRU
XVLQJ SDUDIILQ ZD[ 7KH DEVRUEHU SODWH ZDV PRGLILHG E\ LQVWDOOLQJ H[WHQGHG VXUIDFHV LQWR WKH 3&0 UHVHUYRLU WR
LQFUHDVHWKHKHDWWUDQVIHUDUHD([SHULPHQWDWLRQVZHUHGRQHZLWKDQGZLWKRXW3&0DWYDULRXVLQFOLQDWLRQVDQJOHV,W
ZDV IRXQG WKDW RQ WKH DYHUDJH  .JPLQ DQG RLQFOLQDWLRQ DQJOHV ZLWK 3&0 FDQ SURYLGH SURPLVLQJ R& KRW
ZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHVIRUGD\WLPHGHPDQGZLWKDERXWHIILFLHQF\3&0FDVHJLYHVWKHKLJKHVWSHUIRUPDQFHZKHQ
FRQVLGHULQJWKHGD\DQGQLJKWWLPHHIILFLHQF\FRPSDUHGWRWKHFDVHRIZLWKRXW3&0
,W FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW JUHDW HIIRUWV KDYH EHHQ SXW E\ UHVHDUFKHUV WR XVH FRQYHQWLRQDO 3&0V IRU VRODU ZDWHU
KHDWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV 7KHUH LV IXUWKHU VFRSH IRU LPSURYHPHQW LQ HIILFLHQF\ RI VRODU ZDWHU KHDWLQJ V\VWHPV 6WLOO
GHVLJQV DUH RI SUHOLPLQDU\ LQ QDWXUH DQG QR VWDQGDUGL]HG FRPPHUFLDO GHVLJQ DQG V\VWHP LV DYDLODEOH LQ WKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDO PDUNHW 7KHUH LV QHHG RI DQ H[WHQVLYH DQG V\VWHPDWLF LQYHVWLJDWLRQ IRU XVH RI FRPPHUFLDO 3&0V
DYDLODEOH LQ WKH PDUNHW KDYLQJ FRPSDUDEOH WKHUPDO SURSHUWLHV 7KHUHIRUH ODERUDWRU\ PRGHO RI VRODU ZDWHU KHDWLQJ
V\VWHPXVLQJFRPPHUFLDO3&0+6LVSURSRVHG/LWWOHZRUNLVUHSRUWHGRQWKHXVHRI+63&0IRUGRPHVWLF
VRODU ZDWHU KHDWLQJ V\VWHP DQG LW KDV VXLWDEOH WKHUPRSK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV FRPSDUHG WR RWKHU 3&0V 6R LW LV ZRUWK
LQYHVWLJDWLQJ

([SHULPHQWDWLRQ

$Q H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW WR FROOHFW UHOHYDQW GDWD WR EH XVHG WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH
LPSURYHPHQW RI SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKHUPDO VWRUDJH V\VWHP XVLQJ 3&0$Q H[SHULPHQWDO VHWXS ZDV GHVLJQHG
IDEULFDWHG DQG FRPPLVVLRQHG WR FROOHFW WKHUPDO SHUIRUPDQFH GDWD RQ WKH WKHUPDO VWRUDJH V\VWHP XVLQJ PXOWLSOH
VSKHULFDO FDSVXOHV $ VFKHPDWLF GLDJUDP RI WKH H[SHULPHQWDO VHWXS ZLWK 3&0 LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ,W FRQVLVWV RI D
WKHUPDOVWRUDJHWDQNVRODUFROOHFWRUVLPXODWLRQXQLWZDWHUUHVHUYRLUQRWVKRZQVSKHULFDOFDSVXOHVILOOHGZLWK+6
DQGDSSURSULDWHLQVWUXPHQWDWLRQIRUWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIUHOHYDQWSHUIRUPDQFHSDUDPHWHUV

 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151 145

)LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXSRIWKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHPZLWK3&0

7KHUPDO6WRUDJHWDQN

7KHUPDOVWRUDJHWDQNFRPSULVHVRIDPPWKLFNZDOOF\OLQGULFDOYHVVHOPPORQJDQGPPLQQHUGLDPHWHU
ZKLFK LV LQVXODWHG RQ WKH RXWVLGH LQ RUGHU WR UHGXFH KHDW ORVVHV 7KH FDSVXOHV ILOOHG LQWR WKH YHVVHO DUH KHOG LQ
SRVLWLRQE\ZLUHVFUHHQ7KHKRWKHDWWUDQVIHUIOXLGHQWHUVIURPWKHWRSOHIWVLGHDQGOHDYHVIURPWKHULJKWVLGHERWWRP
GXHWRGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHUPRV\SKRQFXUUHQWLQVLGHWKHV\VWHP ZKLOHFKDUJLQJ ZKHUHDVWKHFROGIOXLGLV PDGHWR
HQWHUIURPWKHERWWRPULJKWKDQGVLGHIURPZDWHUUHVHUYRLURIWKHWDQN

3&0&DSVXOHV

7KH HOHPHQW FRPSULVHV RI PP RXWHU GLDPHWHU VSKHULFDO FDSVXOHV PDGH XS RI +LJKGHQVLW\ 3RO\HWK\OHQH
+'3(PDWHULDOKDYLQJDZDOOWKLFNQHVVRIPPDQGILOOHGZLWK+63&0,WVWKHUPRSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVDUH
WDEXODWHGLQWDEOH(DFKFDSVXOHFRQWDLQVJRI3&07KHVSKHULFDOFDSVXOHVZHUHVWDFNHGLQWRIRXUOD\HUVHDFK
FRQWDLQLQJFDSVXOHVDQGKHQFHDWRWDORIFDSVXOHVLQWKHVWRUDJHWDQN

7KHUPRFRXSOHSRVLWLRQ

7KH WHPSHUDWXUH LQVLGH DQG RXWVLGH RI WKH FDSVXOHV GXULQJ FRPELQDWLRQ RI ZDWHU3&0 ZHUH PHDVXUHG E\ SUH
FDOLEUDWHGNW\SHWKHUPRFRXSOHV7KHUPRFRXSOHVDUHLQVHUWHGDW$$%%&&''&7&%&/
DQG&5$WRWDORIWKHUPRFRXSOHVKDYHEHHQHPSOR\HGRQHIRUHDFKLQOHWDQGRXWOHWWHPSHUDWXUHVRIWKHVWRUDJH
WDQNIRXUIRUWKH+7)WHPSHUDWXUHHLJKWLQVHUWHGLQWRWKHFHQWHURIWKHFDSVXOHVLQVLGHWKHVWRUDJHWDQN7KHGDWD
DFTXLVLWLRQXQLWUHFRUGVHVVHQWLDOGDWDZKLFKLVVWRUHGDQGSURFHVVHGLQWRWKHSHUVRQDOFRPSXWHU7KHGDWDFROOHFWHG
GXULQJH[SHULPHQWDWLRQZHUHSURFHVVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHP



146 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151

7DEOH7KHUPRSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI+6>@
3URSHUW\ 9DOXH 7HVW0HWKRG

0HOWLQJ7HPSHUDWXUH &  7+LVWRU\
/LTXLG'HQVLW\NJP  $670'
6ROLG'HQVLW\NJP  3/866Š,QWHUQDO
/DWHQW+HDWN-NJ  &DORULPHWU\
6SHFLILF+HDWN-NJ.  &DORULPHWU\
%DVH0DWHULDO ,QRUJDQLF 
7KHUPDO6WDELOLW\F\FOHV a 3/866Š,QWHUQDO
76ROLGXV&  7+LVWRU\
7/LTXLGXV&  7+LVWRU\

8QFHUWDLQW\$QDO\VLV

,W LV H[WUHPHO\ GLIILFXOW WR DYRLG HUURUV ZKLOH WDNLQJ REVHUYDWLRQV IURP WKH LQVWUXPHQWV IRU WKH GXUDWLRQ RI
H[SHULPHQWDOZRUNLQVSLWHRIWKHFDUHWDNHQ,QPRVWRIWKHLQYHVWLJDWHSUREOHPVYDOXHVRIDQXPEHURISDUDPHWHUV
DUHREWDLQHGIURPJUHDWHUQXPEHURIH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV/HDVWFRXQWRIWKHLQVWUXPHQWVXVHGPHWKRGHPSOR\HGWR
PHDVXUH DQG H[SHULPHQWDO OLPLWDWLRQV JLYH ULVH WR VRPH GHJUHH RI LQDFFXUDF\ LQ WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI SDUDPHWHUV
7DEOHSURYLGHVWKHOLVWRIYDULRXVPHDVXUHGSDUDPHWHUVLQVWUXPHQWVXVHGIRUWKHLUPHDVXUHPHQWZLWKOHDVWFRXQWRI
HDFKDQGXQFHUWDLQW\8QFHUWDLQW\GXHWRLQVWUXPHQWVKRXOGEHHTXDOWRKDOIWKHOHDVWFRXQWRIWKHLQVWUXPHQW7KLV
PHDQV WKDW WKH PHDVXUHPHQWV IURP D SDUWLFXODU LQVWUXPHQW DUH H[SHFWHG WR OLH ZLWKLQ “ KDOI RI LWV OHDVW FRXQW
+RZHYHULQJHQHUDOXQFHUWDLQW\LQPHDVXUHPHQWVLVWDNHQHTXDOWRWKHOHDVWFRXQWRIWKHLQVWUXPHQWWRHQVXUHWKH
PHDQRIWKHUHSHDWHGPHDVXUHPHQWVWROLHZLWKLQXQFHUWDLQW\

7DEOH8QFHUWDLQWLHVLQWKH0HDVXUHPHQW3DUDPHWHUV
3DUDPHWHUV /HDVWFRXQW 8QFHUWDLQW\
6\PERO ,QVWUXPHQWXVHG
0HDVXUHG RILQVWUXPHQW 8VHG
3&0PDVV 0 (OHFWURQLFZHLJKLQJEDODQFH J “J
&DSVXOHGLDPHWHU ' 9HUQLHUFDOOLSHU PP “PP
&DSVXOHWKLFNQHVV 7V 9HUQLHUFDOOLSHU PP “PP
7KHUPRFRXSOHSRVLWLRQ US 9HUQLHUFDOOLSHU PP “PP
7HPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHPHQW 7 3RZHU$QDO\]HU R& “&
9ROWDJH 9 'DWDDFTXLVLWLRQ 9 “9
&XUUHQW , 'DWDDFTXLVLWLRQ $ “,
    

5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQV

,Q RUGHU WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKHUPDO VWRUDJH V\VWHP XVLQJ 3&0 WZR GLIIHUHQW H[SHULPHQWDO
FRQGLWLRQVDUHGHVLJQHG)RUWKHVDPHKHDWLQSXWVUHDGLQJVZHUHUHFRUGHGZLWKFRPELQDWLRQRIZDWHU3&0DQGRQO\
ZDWHULQVLGHWKHVWRUDJHV\VWHP

,QWKHILUVWFDVHWKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHPRIOLWHUVFRQWDLQLQJVSKHULFDOFDSVXOHVILOOHGZLWK+63&0ZLWK
PHOWLQJSRLQWRIR&LVWDNHQ5HPDLQLQJYROXPHRIV\VWHPLVILOOHGZLWKZDWHU7KHKHDWHURIVRODUVLPXODWLRQ
XQLWLVWXUQHGRQIRUWKHSHULRGRIPLQWRVXSSO\N-RIKHDWWRWKHVWRUDJHV\VWHPIRUDFFHOHUDWHGFRQGLWLRQ
)LJ  D DQG )LJ  E VKRZ WKDW WKH WHPSHUDWXUH WLPH YDULDWLRQ RI WKH ZDWHU DQG 3&0 WHPSHUDWXUH DW GLIIHUHQW
SRVLWLRQVGXULQJFRQWUROOHGHQHUJ\LQSXWH[SHULPHQW







 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151 147

Ϭ ϭϬϬ
ϴϬ ϱd
ϭ ϵϬ
ϳϬ Ϭ ϱ
ϴϬ
ϲϬ

dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕Ž
ϭ ϳϬ ϲ>
dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ͕Ž

ϱϬ Ϭ ϲϬ ϲZ
ϰϬ ϭ ϱϬ
ϯϬ
Ϭ ϰϬ
ϭ ϯϬ
ϮϬ
ϮϬ
ϭϬ
ϭϬ
Ϭ Ϭ
Ϭ ϮϬ ϰϬ ϲϬ Ϭ ϮϬ ϰϬ ϲϬ
dŝŵĞ͕ŵŝŶ dŝŵĞ͕ŵŝŶ
;ĂͿ ;ďͿ

)LJD7HPSHUDWXUHWLPHYDULDWLRQRI3&0GXULQJFRQWUROOHGHQHUJ\LQSXWE7HPSHUDWXUHWLPHYDULDWLRQRI:DWHUGXULQJFRQWUROOHG

HQHUJ\LQSXW

)LJDDQG)LJEVKRZWHPSHUDWXUHWLPHYDULDWLRQRIZDWHUDQG3&0WLOO3&0FDSVXOHUHDFKHVWRLWVPHOWLQJ

SRLQWDQGSKDVHFKDQJHRFFXUVRIDOOWKHVSKHULFDOFDSVXOHV:KHQKHDWHULVWXUQHGRIIDQGWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHPHQW
FRQWLQXHGIRUIXUWKHUPLQDVXGGHQGURSLQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDWHULVVHHQDQGVORZULVHLQWHPSHUDWXUHRI3&0
LV QRWLFHG EHFDXVH PHOWLQJ RI 3&0 RFFXUV DW SKDVH FKDQJH WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH ,W LV UHSRUWHG WKDW DIWHU  PLQ RI
KHDWHURIIDYHUDJHWHPSHUDWXUHRIZDWHUDQG3&0UHDFKHVWRR&DQGR&UHVSHFWLYHO\

ϵϬ ϵϬ ϱd
Ϭ
ϴϬ ϱ
ϭ
ϴϬ ϲ>
ϳϬ Ϭ
dDWZdhZ͕Ž

dDWZdhZ͕Ž

ϲZ
ϲϬ ϭ ϳϬ
ϱϬ Ϭ
ϭ ϲϬ
ϰϬ
Ϭ
ϯϬ ϱϬ
ϭ
ϮϬ
ϰϬ
ϭϬ
Ϭ ϯϬ
ϱϬ ϳϬ ϵϬ ϭϭϬ ϭϯϬ ϱϬ ϳϬ ϵϬ ϭϭϬ ϭϯϬ
d/D͕ŵŝŶ dŝŵĞ͕ŵŝŶ
;ĂͿ ;ďͿ
)LJD7HPSHUDWXUHWLPHYDULDWLRQRI3&0GXULQJQRKHDWE7HPSHUDWXUHWLPHYDULDWLRQRI:DWHUGXULQJQRKHDW

,QRUGHUWRFRPSDUHDQGYDOLGDWHWKHDGYDQWDJHVREWDLQHGLQWKHILUVWFDVHE\XVLQJWKH3&0WKHVDPHH[SHULPHQW
LVUHSHDWHGXQGHUWKHVLPLODUFRQGLWLRQV,QWKHVHFRQGH[SHULPHQWWKH3&0FDSVXOHVDUHUHPRYHGDQGWKHUHPDLQLQJ
WDQN YROXPH LV ILOOHG ZLWK ZDWHU ,QVWHDG RI 3&0 FDSVXOHV  RQO\ ZDWHU DV D KHDW WUDQVIHU PHGLD LV WDNHQ IRU
H[SHULPHQWDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ 7RWDO WDQN FDSDFLW\ RI  OLWHUV LV ILOOHG ZLWK ZDWHU 7KLV LV GRQH WR FRPSDUH WKH
SHUIRUPDQFHRIVWRUDJHWDQNZLWK3&0DQGZLWKRXW3&0([SHULPHQWVZHUHFRQGXFWHGIRUVDPHKHDWLQSXWGXULQJ
DFFHOHUDWHGFRQGLWLRQVERWKIRUFRPELQDWLRQRI:DWHU3&0DQGRQO\ZDWHULQVLGHWKHUPDOVWRUDJHWDQN
)LQDOO\,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWIRUWKHWHQOLWHUVSHUGD\FDSDFLW\RIWDQNZLWKRIYROXPHRFFXSLHGE\3&0VWRUHV
 N- DJDLQVW  N- ZLWKRXW 3&0 LH RQO\ ZDWHU 7KXV LPSURYHPHQW LQ WKHUPDO VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ RI  LV
REVHUYHGDVFRPSDUHGWRHQHUJ\VWRUHGRQO\E\ZDWHUFRQVLGHULQJKHDWORVVHV7KLVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
148 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151

ϮϱϬϬ
ϮϬϬϬ
dŽƚĂů,ĞĂƚ͕Ŭ:
ϭϱϬϬ
ϭϬϬϬ
tĂƚĞƌ^ĞŶƐŝďůĞ,ĞĂƚǁŝƚŚWD
dŽƚĂů,ĞĂƚ͗tĂƚĞƌнWD
ϱϬϬ
dŽƚĂů,ĞĂƚ͗tĂƚĞƌ
dŽƚĂů^ĞŶƐŝďůĞ,ĞĂƚ͗tĂƚĞƌнWD
Ϭ

Ϭ ϱϬ dŝŵĞ͕ŵŝŶ ϭϬϬ ϭϱϬ


)LJ7RWDOKHDWYHUVXV7LPHZLWKDQGZLWKRXW3&0

$ERYHH[SHULPHQWLVUHSHDWHGIRUGLIIHUHQWFDSDFLWLHVRIVWRUDJHWDQNV,WKDVEHHQREVHUYHGWKDWIRUDVWRUDJHWDQNRI
OLWHUVSHUGD\/3'DQGZLWKRIYROXPHRFFXSLHGE\3&0LPSURYHPHQWLQWKHUPDOVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\FRXOG
EHSUHGLFWHG6LPLODUO\IRUGLIIHUHQWFDSDFLWLHVRI/3'ZLWK3&0YROXPH/3'ZLWK3&0
 /3' ZLWK  3&0 LPSURYHPHQWV LQ VWRUDJH FDSDFLW\ ZLWKRXW FRQVLGHULQJ KHDW ORVVHV DUH SUHGLFWHG DV
DQGUHVSHFWLYHO\2EVHUYDWLRQVDQGSUHGLFWLRQVRIDERYHLQYHVWLJDWLRQVDUHPHQWLRQHGLQ
7DEOH

$ERYHH[SHULPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVRI/3'DQG/3'FDSDFLW\RIVWRUDJHWDQNDQG3&0DUUDQJHPHQWVDUHEHVW
UHSUHVHQWHGLQILJ



)LJD3&0EDOOVLQWKHWDQNRI/3'FDSDFLW\E3&0EDOOVLQWKHWDQNRI/3'FDSDFLW\






 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151 149

7DEOH,PSURYHPHQWLQ7KHUPDO6WRUDJH(IILFLHQF\XVLQJ3&0

6WRUDJHFDSDFLW\     

'LDPHWHURI3&0%DOO     
5DGLXVRI3&0EDOO     
1RRI3&0%DOOV     
$SSUR[SFPFDSDFLW\LQOLWUV     
7RWDOYROLQOLWUV     
'HQVLW\RI3&0.J0     
6SJUDYLW\     
$SSUR[SFPFDSDFLW\LQ.JV     
(QWKDOS\.-.J     
9RORI3&0EDOO     
7RWDOYRORIEDOO     
7RWDOYRORIEDOOLQOLWUV     
7RWDOYRORIVRODUWDQNLQOLWUV     
7RWDOYRORIVRODUWDQNLQOLWUV     
RIYROXPHRFFXSLHGE\3&0     
9RORIZDWHULQVLGHWDQN     
$SSUR[TXDQWLW\RIZDWHU/LW     
2SHUDWLQJWHPS     
$PELHQWWHPS     
7HPSGLIIIRUZDWHU     
0HOWLQJWHPSRI3&0     
7HPSGLIIIRU3&0     
6S+HDWRIZDWHU     
6S+HDWRI3&0     
&$6(,
6HQVLEOHKHDWVWRUHGLQ3&0.-     
/DWHQWKHDWVWRUHGLQ3&0.-     
(QHUJ\VWRUHGLQZDWHU.-     
7RWDOKHDWVWRUHG.-     
&DVH,,
(QHUJ\VWRUHGE\ZDWHURQO\.-     
RIHIILFLHQF\LPSURYHPHQW     
6RODUUDGLDWLRQIDOOLQJRQFROOHFWRU
    
LV.:KPGD\
6XUIDFHDUHDRIFROOHFWRU0     
(IILFLHQF\DWRSHUDWLQJWHPS#R&     

(QHUJ\RXWSXWIURPFROOHFWRU.M     

7HPSGLIIGXHWR(QHUJ\RXWSXW
    
IURPFROOHFWRUR&


)RU/3'DQG/3'WDQNVVWRUDJHFDSDFLWLHVDUUDQJHPHQWVRI3&0EDOOVLQWKHWDQNDQGYROXPHRFFXSLHGE\
3&0DQGZDWHUDUHVKRZQLQILJ

150 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151



)LJD3&0EDOOVLQWKHWDQNRI/3'FDSDFLW\E3&0EDOOVLQWKHWDQNRI/3'FDSDFLW\

&RQFOXVLRQ

7KH XVH RI +6 DV 3&0 LQ +'3( VSKHULFDO FDSVXOH LQ FRQYHQWLRQDO KRW ZDWHU VWRUDJH WDQN UHSUHVHQWV DQ
DSSURDFKIRUVLPSOHDQGLQH[SHQVLYHWKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHP6XFKVWRUDJHFDQEHUHOLDEO\XVHGZLWKH[LVWLQJ6'+:
V\VWHPV7KHVXLWDELOLW\RIPHOWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHRI+6HQDEOHVWKHVWRUDJHRIH[FHVVHQHUJ\DYDLODEOHLQGD\WLPH
KRXUVDVODWHQWKHDWDQGPDLQWDLQVWKHZDWHUWHPSHUDWXUHLQDQDFFHSWDEOHUDQJHRIKRWZDWHUVWRUDJHWDQNDQGVXSSO\
KRWZDWHUDWDOPRVWFRQVWDQWWHPSHUDWXUH

,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWIRUWKHWHQOLWHUVSHUGD\FDSDFLW\RIWDQNZLWKRIYROXPHRFFXSLHGE\3&0VWRUHVN-
DJDLQVWN-ZLWKRXW3&0LHRQO\ZDWHU7KXVLPSURYHPHQWLQWKHUPDOVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\RILVREVHUYHGDV
FRPSDUHGWRHQHUJ\VWRUHGRQO\E\ ZDWHUFRQVLGHULQJKHDWORVVHV )LQDOO\WKHWKHUPDOVWRUDJHV\VWHP XVLQJ3&0
FDQ EH XVHG ZLWK KLJKHU VL]H VRODU FROOHFWRU RU VL]H RI VWRUDJH V\VWHP FDQ EH UHGXFHG IRU WKH VDPH VL]H VRODU
FROOHFWRU,QRWKHUZRUGVKLJKHUWKHVL]HRIVWRUDJHWDQNZLWK3&0ZLOOEULQJODUJHUDQGFKHDSHUWKHUPDOVWRUDJH
FDSDFLW\ FRPSDUHG WR FRQYHQWLRQDO V\VWHP 7KH FRQFHSW FDQ EH XVHG IRU WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH VWRUDJH V\VWHP IRU
RSWLPXPSHUIRUPDQFHDQGHIILFLHQF\

5HIHUHQFHV 

>@ ZZZSOXVVFRLQ0DQXIDFWXUHUVWHVWFHUWLILFDWHDQGGDWDVKHHW3OXVV3RO\PHUV3YW/WG
>@ 6KDUPD $WXO 99 7\DJL  &5 &KHQ  ' %XGGKL  µ5HYLHZ RQ WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH ZLWK SKDVH FKDQJH PDWHULDOV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV¶
5HQHZDEOHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\5HYLHZV9ROSS±
>@ 0XUDW.HQLVDULQDQG.KDPLG0DKNDPRYµ$FWXDOSUREOHPVLQXVLQJSKDVHFKDQJH0DWHULDOVWRVWRUHVRODUHQHUJ\¶3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH
1$72 $GYDQFHG 6WXG\ ,QVWLWXWH 6XPPHU 6FKRRO RQ 7KHUPDO (QHUJ\ 6WRUDJH IRU 6XVWDLQDEOH (QHUJ\ &RQVXPSWLRQ 7(66(& dHúPH
,]PLU7XUNH\-XQH
>@ 2JXHNH19(($Q\DQZXDQG29(NHFKXNZXµ$UHYLHZRIVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHPV¶-RXUQDORI5HQHZDEOHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH
(QHUJ\9ROSS
>@ 6KDUPD 6' DQG .D]XQREXVDJDUD µ/DWHQW KHDW VWRUDJH PDWHULDOV DQG V\VWHPV $ UHYLHZ¶ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI *UHHQ (QHUJ\ 9RO
SS±
>@ =DOED %HOHQ -RV 0D 0DUÕQ D/XLVD ) &DEH]D E +DUDOG0HKOLQJ µ5HYLHZ RQ WKHUPDO HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH ZLWK SKDVH FKDQJH PDWHULDOV KHDW
WUDQVIHUDQDO\VLVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQV¶$SSOLHG7KHUPDO(QJLQHHULQJ9ROSS±
>@ +LQWL$*KDQGRRU$0DDO\$EX1DTHHUD=$O.KDWHHE2$O6KHLNKµ([SHULPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQWKHXVHRIZDWHU±SKDVHFKDQJH
PDWHULDOVWRUDJHLQFRQYHQWLRQDOVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHPV¶*FUHHGHU$PPDQ-RUGDQ0DUFKVW±$SULOQG
>@ 9LNUDP ' .DXVKLN  6 3UDVKDQWK 9 1DOOXVDP\ 1  µ$Q ,PSURYHPHQW LQ WKH 6RODU :DWHU +HDWLQJ 6\VWHPV XVLQJ 3KDVH &KDQJH
0DWHULDOV¶3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\IRU'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV
>@ :HQ6KLQJ/HH%R5HQ&KHQDQG6LK/L&KHQµ/DWHQWKHDW6WRUDJHLQD7ZR3KDVH7KHUPRV\SKRQ6RODU:DWHU+HDWHU¶$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\
RI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHUVYROSS
 S.A. Khot / Energy Procedia 54 (2014) 142 – 151 151

>@ &DQED]RJOX66DKLQDVODQ$(NPHN\DSDU$$NVR\<*$NDUVX)µ(QKDQFHPHQWRIVRODUWKHUPDOHQHUJ\VWRUDJHSHUIRUPDQFHXVLQJ
VRGLXPWKLRVXOIDWHSHQWDK\GUDWHRIDFRQYHQWLRQDOVRODUZDWHUKHDWLQJV\VWHP¶(QHUJ\DQG%XLOGLQJV9RO±
>@ 1DOOXVDP\ 1 /DNVKPL 1DUD\DQ 5DR 6DPSDWK 6 9HOUDM 5 µ(IIHFWLYH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI VRODU HQHUJ\ IRU ZDWHU KHDWLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV XVLQJ
FRPELQHG VWRUDJH V\VWHP¶ ,Q SURFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ µ1HZ 0LOOHQQLXP$OWHUQDWLYH (QHUJ\ 6ROXWLRQV IRU
6XVWDLQDEOH'HYHORSPHQW&RLPEDWRUH,QGLDSS
>@ .XUNOX $ 2
 =PHU]L $ DQG %LOJLQ 6 µ7KHUPDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI D ZDWHU SKDVH FKDQJH PDWHULDO VRODU FROOHFWRU¶ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\
9ROSS±
>@ 7D\HE $0 $ VLPXODWLRQ PRGHO IRU D SKDVH FKDQJH HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH V\VWHP H[SHULPHQWDO DQG YHULILFDWLRQ (QHUJ\ &RQYHUVLRQ DQG
0DQDJHPHQW9ROSS
>@ %DQVDO 1. DQG %XGGKL ' µ$Q DQDO\WLFDO VWXG\ RI D ODWHQW KHDW VWRUDJH V\VWHP LQ D F\OLQGHU¶ 6RODU (QHUJ\ 9RO SS 

>@ )RXGD$('HVSDXOW*-*7D\ORU-%DQG&DSHV&(µ6RODUVWRUDJHV\VWHPVXVLQJVDOWK\GUDWHODWHQWKHDWDQGGLUHFWFRQWDFWKHDW
H[FKDQJH,,&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRISLORWV\VWHPRSHUDWLQJZLWKVRGLXPVXOSKDWHVROXWLRQ¶6RODU(QHUJ\9ROSS
>@ %HGHFDUUDWV-3-&DVWDLQJ/DVYLJQRWWHV)6WUXE-3'XPDVµ6WXG\RIDSKDVHFKDQJHHQHUJ\VWRUDJHXVLQJVSKHULFDOFDSVXOHV3DUW,
([SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV¶(QHUJ\&RQYHUVLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW9ROSS±
>@ +XVVDQ+$O.D\OHP DQG 0RKDPPHG +$OKDPGR µ 7KHUPDO EHKDYLRU RI HQFDSVXODWHG SKDVH FKDQJH PDWHULDO HQHUJ\ VWRUDJH¶ -RXUQDO RI
5HQHZDEOHDQG6XVWDLQDEOH(QHUJ\9RO
>@ 6DZ &KXQ /LQ +XVVDLQ +$O.D\LHP DQG 0RKG 6KLUD] %LQ $ULV µ([SHULPHQWDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH (QKDQFHPHQW RI
,QWHJUDWHG3&0)ODW3ODWH6RODU&ROOHFWRU¶-RXUQDO$SSOLHG6FLHQFHV9RO