Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386

7KH0HGLWHUUDQHDDQ*UHHQ(QHUJ\)RUXP0*()

$GDSWLYHVOLGLQJPRG
GHREVHUYHUIRUHVWLPDWLRQRIVVWDWHRI
FKDUJH

$KPHG%HOKDQL 1DFHU.0¶6LUGLEDQG$]L]1DDPDQHE
D

D&RQVWDQWLQH8QLYHUVLW\
&
)DFXOW\\RI6FLHQFHVDQGWHFKQRORJ\
(
(OHFWURQLFVGHSDUWPHQW
5
5RXWH$LQHO%H\
&RQVWDQWLQH$OJHULD
DKPPHGEHOKDQL#XPFHGXG]

E
/DERUDWRLUHGHV6FLHQFHVGGHO¶,QIRUPDWLRQHW6\VWqPHV/6,6&15
56805

'RPDLQH8QLYHUVLWDLUH6DLQQW-HURPH$YHQXH(VFDGULOOH1RUPDQGLH1 1LHPHQ
0DUVHLOOH&HGH[)UDQFH

QDFHUPVLUGL##OVLVRUJD]L]QDDPDQH#OVLVRUJ


$EVWUDFW

7KLVZRUNSUHVHQWVWKHGHVLJQRIDQHVWLPDWWRUEDVHGRQHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWIRUWKHVWDWHRIFKDUJHRIEDWWHU\LQRUGHUWR
VRPHEDWWHULHVEHKDYLRU
,QRUGHUWRDFKLHYHWKHJRDOZHSUHVHQWLQWKKHILUVWVWDJHWKHGLIIHUHQWEDWWHULHVDQGVRPHHTXLYDOHQWVFLUUFXLWVWUHDWHGLQ
OLWHUDWXUH,QWKHVHFRQGVWDJHZHGHVLJQWKKH$GDSWLYH6OLGLQJ0RGH2EVHUYHUEDVHG$602RQDWKKLUGRUGHUVWDWH
VSDFHPRGH
ZHLGHQWLI\WKHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWFKRVHQ WKHVHFRQGRQH
WZRSKDVHVLVFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHILUVWRQHZ
WUHDWWKH$602GHVLJQWDNLQJLQWRDFRXQWWWKHYDULDWLRQRIFDSDFLWRUDQGDQDGDSWDWLRQODZLVFRQVLGHUHHGIRUWKLV
7KH $602 UREXVW REVHUYHUV DUH GHYHORRSHG DQG FRPSDUHG LQ VRPH VLPXODWLRQV WR HPSKDVL]HH WKH REVHUYHU
SHUIRUPDQFH

© 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
‹$%HOKDQL1.0
VLUGL$1DDDPDQH3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of KES International

1876-6102 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of KES International
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2013.11.038
378 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386


.H\ZRUGV%DWWHU\0RGHOV6WDWHRI&KDUJH&LUFXLW0RGHO1RQOLQHDU'\QDPLFV62&HVWLPDWLRQUREXVWREVHUYHU6OLGLQJ0RGHV
)LQLWHWLPHHVWLPDWLRQ

,QWURGXFWLRQ

7KH VWRUDJH RI HOHFWULFDO HQHUJ\ LV D PDMRU FKDOOHQJH DQG FXUUHQWO\ RQO\ FDSDFLWRUV DQG VHFRQGDU\
EDWWHULHVDUHDEOHWRKDYHDUHVHUYHRIHQHUJ\LQGHSHQGHQW7KHUHDUHVHYHUDOW\SHVRIEDWWHULHVDQGVHYHUDO
HOHFWULFDODQGFKHPLFDOIDFWRUVFDQDIIHFWHGWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHVHEDWWHULHVSOD\DQ
LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ WKH LQGXVWU\ ERWK LQ WKH QHZ JHQHUDWLRQ RI HOHFWULF DQG K\EULG FDUV RU FRQVXPHU
HOHFWURQLFVVHUYLFH>@>@

7RXQGHUVWDQGWKHEHKDYLRURIWKHEDWWHU\LWLVQHFHVVDU\WREXLOGDPRGHODEOHWRSUHGLFWDQGVLPXODWH
LWVRSHUDWLRQ,QPRVWV\VWHPVLQYROYLQJDQHQHUJ\VWRUDJHV\VWHPLVDV\VWHPRIPDQDJHPHQWRIHQHUJ\
DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKLVVWRUDJHEDWWHU\DQGWRHQVXUHWKHHIILFLHQWXVHRIWKHHQHUJ\VXSSOLHGE\WKHEDWWHU\
2QHRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVRUIDFWRUVWKDW PDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPLVWKH VWDWHRIEDWWHU\FKDUJH62&6WDWH2I
&KDUJH>@
7KHDYDLODEOHSRZHULVGLUHFWO\REWDLQHGIURPWKHVWDWHRIFKDUJH62&RIEDWWHU\7KHQDQDFFXUDWH
HVWLPDWLRQ RI WKH 62& YDOXH LV YHU\ LPSRUWDQW IRU SHUIRUPDQFH DQG VDIH RSHUDWLRQ RI WKH EDWWHU\ LQ
V\VWHPVOLNHYHKLFOHDSSOLFDWLRQV
0DQ\ PHWKRGV IRU HVWLPDWLQJ WKH VWDWH RI FKDUJH RI WKH EDWWHU\ KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG RQH RI WKH
SURSRVHGPHWKRGVLQHDUO\LVEDVHGRQDPHDVXUHPHQWRIYROWDJHWKHQDVHWRIWHFKQLTXHVKDYHEHHQ
SURSRVHGVLQFHWKHQ7KHUHDUHWKUHHPDLQIDPLOLHV
x 'LUHFWPHWKRGV7KHVHPHWKRGVDUHEDVHGRQYDULDEOHVPHDVXUHPHQWVVXFKYROWDJHLPSHGDQF
DQGUHOD[DWLRQWLPHWKHVHYDULDEOHVDUHXVHGDVDQLQGH[RI62&GHSHQGHQWIXQFWLRQV>@
x 7KHPHWKRGVE\LQWHJUDWLQJWKHFXUUHQW7KLVLVWKHPRVWFRPPRQPHWKRGIRUFDOFXODWLQJWKH
FKDUJHEHFDXVHWKHFKDUJHDQGGLVFKDUJHLVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHFXUUHQWVXSSOLHGRUUHPRYHG
IURPWKHEDWWHU\
x 7KHDGDSWLYH PHWKRGVWKHDERYH PHWKRGVDUHEDVHGRQWKHXVHRIH[SHULPHQWV YDOXHVWKH\
EHFRPHXQXVDEOH ZKHQWKHWHUPVRIXVHVFDQODUJHUDQJHV6RDGDSWLYH PHWKRGVKDYHEHHQ
LPSOHPHQWHGWKURXJKREVHUYHUVDQGDUWLILFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFH>@

6HYHUDOPHWKRGVKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGIRUWKH62&HVWLPDWLRQOLNH(.)REVHUYHUVEDVHGRQVLPSOLILHG
PRGHOV RU EODFNER[ PHWKRGV OLNH IX]]\ORJLF RU DUWLILFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUNV >   @ 7KHLU ODUJH
FRPSXWDWLRQRYHUORDGFDQEHDSUREOHPIRURQOLQHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ,Q>@DQDSSUR[LPDWLRQRIWKHPRGHO
LVHPSOR\HGDQGWKH([WHQGHG.DOPDQ)LOWHULVXVHGIRUWKH62&HVWLPDWLRQ7KHPRGHOLVVLPSOLILHGLQ
RUGHU WR PDNH IHDVLEOH WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ HVWLPDWLRQ EDVHG RQ D VLPSOLILHG DQG DYHUDJHG PRGHO 7KH
HVWLPDWLRQ UHVXOWV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK SUHGLFWLRQ EDVHG RQ IXOO PLFURPDFURVFRSLF PRGHO 7KH PRVW
FRPPRQ XVH .DOPDQ ILOWHU IRU FRXORPE FRXQWLQJ QDPHO\ FXUUHQW LQWHJUDWLRQ PHDVXUHV WKH DPRXQW RI
FKDUJHWDNHQRXWRUSXWLQWRDEDWWHU\LQWHUPVRIDPSHUHKRXUV>@7KLVPHWKRGSURYLGHVD
UHFXUVLYHREVHUYDWLRQDQGSUHGLFWLRQ,WLVQRWH[SHQVLYHDQGUHDVRQDEO\DFFXUDWH7KHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKH
(.)LVOLPLWHGGXHWRWKHUHTXLUHGFRQGLWLRQVVWDWLRQDU\DQGEURDGEDQGQRLVHDQGWKXVFDQQRWEHXVHGLQ
WKHUHDODSSOLFDWLRQV>@$/XHQEHUJHUREVHUYHUDQGDGDSWLYHREVHUYHULVXVHGLQ>@IRUWKHEDWWHU\
62&HVWLPDWLRQ,Q>@VOLGLQJPRGHEDVHGREVHUYHUVRIWKHEDWWHU\62&HVWLPDWLRQDUHSURSRVHG
7KHVOLGLQJPRGHUREXVWQHVVRIREVHUYHULVDJRRGGHDOWRRYHUFRPHFRPSXWDWLRQGUDZEDFNVDQGPRGHO
XQFHUWDLQWLHV ,Q >@ WKH 5DQGOHV PRGHO LV PDSSHG WR DQ DOWHUQDWLYH HTXLYDOHQW FLUFXLW  6XEVSDFH
 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386 379

SDUDPHWHUHVWLPDWLRQ DOJRULWKPV DUH WKHQ DSSOLHG LQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK 8WNLQ REVHUYHU DQG .DOPDQ
(VWLPDWRU .( 7KH PRGHO LV FODLPHG WR EH PRUH DSSURSULDWH WKDQ WKH 5DQGOHV FLUFXLW IRU RQOLQH
HVWLPDWLRQDQGDGDSWLYHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHPRGHODVVRFLDWHGZLWK62&DQG62+
,QWKLVSDSHUZHSURSRVHDUHGXFHGFRPSOH[LW\DQGUREXVWVOLGLQJPRGHREVHUYHUIRURQOLQHEDWWHU\
62&HVWLPDWLRQ7KHIRFXVLVILUVWWRJHWDFFXUDWHG\QDPLFPRGHORIEDWWHU\RSHUDWLQJXQGHUKLJKVWUHVV
FXUUHQW WUDQVLHQWV DQG FKDUJHGLVFKDUJH VWDWHV :H FRQVLGHU RQO\ VLPSOH HOHFWULFDO PRGHOV EDVHG RQ
7KHYHQLQ HTXLYDOHQW FLUFXLWV 6HFWLRQ  UHYLHZV VRPH RI WKH OLWHUDWXUH PRGHOV FODLPHG WR EH HIILFLHQW
WKDW ZH KDYH FRQVLGHUHG DQG GHYHORS WKHLU VWDWH VSDFH IRUPXODWLRQ $ UREXVW REVHUYHU LV GHYHORSHG LQ
VHFWLRQ  DQG VHFWLRQ  SUHVHQWV VRPH VLPXODWLRQV UHVXOWV WR HPSKDVL]H WKH REVHUYHU SHUIRUPDQFH :H
WKHQFRQFOXGHWKDWUHVXOWLQJG\QDPLFREVHUYHUDQGSDUDPHWHUHVWLPDWHVPD\EHXVHIXOIRUGLDJQRVLVDQG
EDWWHU\HQGRIOLIHGHWHUPLQDWLRQ

9DULRXV'\QDPLF0RGHOVIRU%DWWHULHV

9DULRXV G\QDPLF PRGHOV ZLWK YDU\LQJ GHJUHHV RI FRPSOH[LW\ IRU VSHFLILF SXUSRVHV RI WKH EDWWHU\
KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG LQ OLWHUDWXUH DQG DUH DYDLODEOH IRU EDWWHU\ GHVFULSWLRQ DQG 62& HYDOXDWLRQ >@
6HYHUDONLQGRIGHVFULSWLRQPRGHOVH[LVW
x (OHFWURFKHPLFDOPRGHOV
x (PSLULFDOPRGHOV
x .LQHWLFPRGHOVIRUOLIHWLPHSUHGLFWLRQDQG
x (OHFWULFDOHTXLYDOHQWPRGHOV
(OHFWURFKHPLFDO PRGHOV >    @ DUH FRPSOH[ WLPH FRQVXPLQJ DQG LQYROYH WLPHYDULDQW
VSDWLDO SDUWLDO GLIIHUHQWLDO HTXDWLRQV >@ 7KH\ FKDUDFWHUL]H WKH IXQGDPHQWDO PHFKDQLVPV RI SRZHU
JHQHUDWLRQ WR RSWLPL]H WKH SK\VLFDO SDUDPHWHUV HJ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ HOHFWURFKHPLFDO
LQIRUPDWLRQV
6RPH HPSLULFDO PRGHOV >   @ DUH DOVR XVHG WR SUHGLFW WKH EDWWHU\ EHKDYLRU HIILFLHQF\ RU
FDSDFLW\ ,Q JHQHUDO WKH\ FDQQRW RIIHU G\QDPLFV GHVFULSWLRQ IRU FLUFXLW VLPXODWLRQ DQG RSWLPL]DWLRQ DQG
RIWHQRQO\ZRUNIRUVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQV
7KH.LQHWLF%DWWHU\0RGHOOLIHWLPHSUHGLFWLRQ>@HPSOR\VDGDPDJHPRGHODQDORJRXVWRWKDWXVHGWR
DVVHVVPDWHULDOIDWLJXH7KH\XVHF\FOHVWRIDLOXUHYVGHSWKRIGLVFKDUJHFXUYHWRJHWKHUZLWKDUDLQIORZ
F\FOHFRXQWLQJDOJRULWKPWRFDOFXODWHGDPDJHIURPWLPHVHULHVVWDWHRIFKDUJHYDOXHV7KHGDPDJHLVWKHQ
XVHG WR SUHGLFW OLIHWLPH 7KH PRGLILHG OLIHWLPH PRGHO FRQVLGHUV  PHDQ YDOXH RI HDFK F\FOH DQG 
F\FOHGLVFKDUJHUDWHV
$ PDFURVFRSLF EDWWHU\ PRGHO FDQ EH IRXQG LQ >@ DQG >@ ,W XVHV PLFURVFRSLF GHVFULSWLRQ RI
LQWHUIDFLDO SKHQRPHQD DQG WKH SRURXV HOHFWURGH WKHRU\ 7KHVH PRGHOV SUHGLFW WKH VROLG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
SURILOHGXULQJFKDUJHDQGGLVFKDUJH8QIRUWXQDWHO\VROLGFRQFHQWUDWLRQHVWLPDWLRQDORQJWKHHOHFWURGHVLV
GLIILFXOW WR UHDOL]H LQ UHDOWLPH IRU RQERDUG HVWLPDWRU GXH WR WKH PRGHO FRPSOH[LW\ 6HYHUDO
DSSUR[LPDWLRQDUHLQWURGXFHGWRUHGXFHWKHV\VWHPRUGHUDQGFRPSOH[LW\>@>@
7KH PRVW LQWHUHVWLQJ IRU RXU SXUSRVH DUH WKH HOHFWULFDO PRGHOV 7R KDQGOH G\QDPLFV DQG RQ OLQH
EHKDYLRUHOHFWULFDOPRGHOVDUHPRUHDGHTXDWHDQGXVHIXO>@7KH\FRQVLGHUWKHEDWWHU\EHKDYLRUDV
DQHTXLYDOHQWHOHFWULFDOFLUFXLWYROWDJHVRXUFHVUHVLVWRUVDQGFDSDFLWRUV7KHLUDFFXUDF\LVEHWZHHQWKH
RQHRIHOHFWURFKHPLFDODQGPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOVRQH7KH\EHORQJWRWKUHHFDWHJRULHV>@VHHILJXUH
‡7KHYHQLQHTXLYDOHQWPRGHOV>@
‡(TXLYDOHQWLPSHGDQFH>@DQG
‡(TXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWVEDVHGPRGHOV>@
)LJXUHDWRIVKRZVDOOHTXLYDOHQWVFLUFXLWVHDFKFLFXLWLVGHVFLEHGE\VWDWHYDULDEOHV\VWHPIRU

380 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386













 )LJ6WDWHRI$UWRQEDWWHULHVHOHFWULFDOHTXLYDOHQWPRGHO
 D,GHDO6RXUFH0RGHOE5HVLVWLYH7KHYHQLQ(TXLYDOHQWPRGHOF7KHYHQLQ%DWWHU\PRGHOG
/LQHDU&LUFXLWHTXLYDOHQWG\QDPLFVH0RGLILHG7KHYHQLQ%DWWHU\PRGHOI,PSHGDQFHEDVHGPRGHO

$GDSWLYH6OLGLQJ0RGH2EVHUYHU)RU6RF(VWLPDWLRQ

3UHOLPLQDULHV

7KHVOLGLQJPRGHFRQWURO60&LVDQDWWUDFWLYHDSSURDFKIRUUREXVWQHVV>@7KHSULPDU\FKDUDFWHUHVWLF

RI60&LVWKDWWKHIHHGEDFNVLJQDOLVGLVFRQWLQXRXVVZLWFKLQJRQRQHRUVHYHUDOPDQLIROGVLQWKHVWDWH
VSDFH,WDOORZVWRGHVLJQILQLWHWLPHFRQYHUJHQWFRQWUROOHURUREVHUYHU7KLVDSSURDFKLVUREXVWYHUVXVWKH
PRGHO DQG WKH SDUDPHWHUV XQFHUWDLQWLHV IRU VWDWH HVWLPDWLRQ DQG LV DEOH WR UHMHFW SHUWXUEDWLRQV DQG
XQFHUWDLQWLHVHIIHFWV
7KH6OLGLQJ0RGH2EVHUYHU602&RQVLGHUDVPRRWKG\QDPLFVIXQFWLRQV[5&RQVLGHUDV\VWHPLQ
FORVHG ORRS FRQWDLQLQJ WKLV YDULDEOH ZKHUH WKH FRQWURO WDVN LV WR NHHS WKH RXWSXW V[W   ZLWK
VZLWFKLQJLQSXW7KHVOLGLQJYDULDEOHRIWKHUWKRUGHUVOLGLQJPRGHLVGHILQHGE\
ܵ ൌ ܵሶ ൌ ܵሷ ܵሸ ൌ ‫ ڮ‬Ǥ ‫ ݏ‬ሺ௥ିଵሻ ൌ Ͳ 
ZKLFKJLYHVDQUGLPHQVLRQDOFRQGLWLRQRQWKHV\VWHPG\QDPLF>@

(TXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWIRUEDWWHU\PRGHO

,QWKLVSDSHUZHFRQVLGHUDQRQQRPLQDOVWDWHYDULDEOHPRGHORIEDWWHU\XVHGE\>@ILJXUH










)LJ(TXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWIRUEDWWHU\




 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386 381

ଵ
7KHFLUFXLWVKDVVWDWHYDULDEOHVVXFKDV9FE9FV9WDQG‫ן‬ൌ 
஼௕௨௟௞
7KHFLUFXLWFRQVLVWVRIDEXONFDSDFLWRU&EXONWRFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHDELOLW\RIWKHEDWWHU\WRVWRUHFKDUJHD
FDSDFLWRU &V WR PRGHO VXUIDFH FDSDFLWDQFH DQG GLIIXVLRQ HIIHFWV ZLWKLQ WKH FHOO &VXUIDFH D WHUPLQDO
UHVLVWDQFH5WVXUIDFHUHVLVWDQFH5VDQGWKHHQGUHVLVWDQFH5H7KH
YROWDJHDFURVVWKHEXONDQGVXUIDFHFDSDFLWRUVDUHGHQRWHG9FEDQG9FVUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHUHVLVWDQFHVDUHFKRVHQIRUVLPSOLFLW\VXFKDV5V 5HZLWKRXWDQ\SK\VLFDOMXVWLILFDWLRQQRWHWKDWLW
VHHPVWRXVDEDGFKRLFHUHJDUGWRV\VWHPREVHUYDELOLW\
8QGHUWKLVDVVXPSWLRQWKHFLUFXLWLVJRYHUQHGE\WKHV\VWHP
Į୚ Į୚ Į୍
‫ۓ‬ ሶୡୠ ൌ െ ౙౘ ൅ ౙ౩ ൅
ଶୖ౛ ଶୖ౛ ଶ
ۖ ୚ౙౘ ୚ౙ౩ ୍
ۖ ሶୡୱ ൌ െ ൅
ଶେ౩ ୖ౛ ଶେ౩ ୖ౛ ଶେ౩
ଵ Į Į ଵ Į ଵ
  
‫۔‬ሶ୲ ൌ ୡୠ ቂ െ ቃ ൅ ୡୱ ቂ െ ቃ ൅ ቂ ൅ ቃ
ଶେ౩ ୖ౛ ଶୖ౛ ଶୖౙ ଶେ౩ ୖ౛ ଶ ଶେ౩
ۖ
ۖ ଵ
‫ە‬ Įൌ
େౘ
:HGHILQHWKHVWDWHYHFWRU
š ൌ ሾୡୠ ǡ ୡୱ ሿ୘ DQGWKHRXWSXW› ൌ ୲ XQGHUWKHODZFRPPDQG— ൌ 
ZHFDQZULWH
šሶ ଵ ൌ െƒଵ šଵ ൅ ƒଵ šଶ ൅ „ଵ — ൅ Șଵ
ቐ šሶ ଶ ൌ ƒ ଶ šଵ െ ƒ ଶ šଶ ൅ „ଶ — ൅ Șଵ         
› ൌ …š ൅ †—
:LWK
Į
ƒଵ ൌ 
ʹ ୣ
ͳ
ƒଶ ൌ  
ʹୱ  ୣ
Į
„ଵ ൌ 
ʹ
ͳ
„ଶ ൌ 
ʹୱ
& ሾͲǤͷ ͲǤͷሿ
ୖ
G ୲ ൅ ౛
ଶ
Ʉଵ HWɄଶ DUHWKHXQFHUWDLQWLHVGXHVWjWKHPHDVXUPHQWV

,GHQWLILFDWLRQRI(TXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWSDUDPHWHUV

+HUH ZH XVH WKH EDWWHU\ VLPXODWLRQ PRGHO GHOLYHUHG LQ 0DWODE DV D GHPR H[DPSOH LW LV D /HDGDFLG
EDWWHU\ZLWK$KDVUDWHG&DSDFLW\ZLWK9ROWVDVQRPLQDOYROWDJHDQG2KPUHVLVWDQFH7KH
PDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVXVHGLQWKLVSURJUDPZKLFKZLOOEHFRQVLGHUGDVWKHUHIHUHQFHEDWWHU\DUHVKRZQLQ
ILJXUH6HHKWWSZZZPDWKZRUNVFRPKHOSWRROER[SK\VPRGSRZHUV\VUHIEDWWHU\KWPO
,GHQWLILFDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ GLVFKDUJLQJ WKH EDWWHU\ ZLWK FXUUHQWV SXOVHV RI DPSOLWXGH $ DQG SHULRG
PLQ7KHWHUPLQDOYROWDJHDQG6WDWHRI&KDUJHDUHLOOXVWUDWHGE\ILJXUH







)LJ %DWWHU\UHVSRQVHXQGHUGLVFKDUJLQJ
382 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386

%\$SSO\LQJWKH5/6ZHKDYHREWDLQHGWKLVSDUDPHWHUV

 ୧୬୲ ൌ ͲǤͲͲͺ͵͵͵͵ȍ
‫  ۓ‬ൌ  ൌ ͲǤͲͲ͸͹ȍ
ۖ ୣ ୱ
 ୲ ൌ ͲǤͲͲͶͻȍ

‫ ۔‬ୠ ൌ ʹͲͲͲͲ 
ۖ ୱ ൌ Ͷ͵ǡʹͺ͵ 
‫ ە‬IJ ൌ ͲǤͷͷ

2EVHUYHUG\QDPLFV

7KHREVHUYHULVJRYHUQHGE\WKHG\QDPLFV
šොሶଵ ൌ െƒଵ šොଵ ൅ ƒଵ šොଶ ൅ „ଵ — െ ଵ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ
ቐ šොሶଶ ൌ ƒ ଶ šොଵ െ ƒ ଶ šොଶ ൅ „ଶ — െ ଶ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ        
›ො ൌ …šො ൅ †—

8QGHUWKLVZHFDQGHGXFHWKHHUURUG\QDPLFVVXFKDV
š෤ሶଵ ൌ െƒଵ š෤ଵ ൅ ƒଵ š෤ଶ ൅ ଵ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ
ቐ š෤ሶଶ ൌ ƒ ଶ š෤ଵ െ ƒ ଶ š෤ଶ ൅ ଶ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ         
›෤ ൌ …š෤

&DVH&EXONFRQVWDQW

:HFRQVLGHUWKH/\DSRQRYIXQFWLRQ
ଵ ଵ
ሺšሻ ൌ ଶš෤ଵ ଶ ൅ ଶš෤ଶ ଶ 
,WVGHULYDWLYHLVJLYHQE\
ሶሺšሻ ൌ െƒଵ š෤ ଶଵ െ ƒ ଶ š෤ ଶ ଶ ൅ ሺƒଵ š෤ଶ ଵ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻሻš෤ଵ ൅š෤ଶ ሺƒ ଶ š෤ଵ ଶ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻሻ
7RHQVXUHWKHQHJDWLYLW\ZHWDNH
ƒଵ š෤ଶ ൅ ଵ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ ൌ Ͳ
ƒ ଶ š෤ଵ ൅ ଶ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ ൌ Ͳ
ଵ ൒ •—’ሺെܽଵ ‫ݔ‬෤ଶ ሻ
ଶ ൒ •—’ሺെܽଶ ‫ݔ‬෤ଵ ሻ

)RUଵ ൌ ͲǤͲ͸ଶ ൌWKHUHVXOWVVLPXODWLRQDUHVKRZQE\ILJXUH
  
62&REVHUYp

 
62&GX0DWODE






62&



 

 

 

    

7HPSVKHXUHV
  


 )LJ62&PHDVXUHGDQGLWVHVWLPDWLRQ

 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386 383

:HFDQGHGXFHWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQ62&PHDVXUHGDQGLWVHVWLPDWLRQLVGXHWRWKHFEXON
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ
7KH62&LVGHILQHGE\&EXONVRLWLVREYLRXVWKDWWKHGHFUHDVLQJRI62&UHVXOWVWKHGHFUHDVLQJRI&EXON
$WWKLVVWDJHZHPXVWFRPSXWHWKHDGDSWDWLRQ/DZRI&EXON

&DVH&EXONYDULDEOH

:HFRQVLGHUWKHV\VWHP
šሶ ଵ ൌ ȽሺെɅଵ šଵ ൅ Ʌଵ šଶ ൅ ͲǤͷ—ሻ
ቐ šሶ ଶ ൌ Ʌଶ šଵ െ Ʌଶ šଶ ൅ „ଶ —       
› ൌ ͲǤͷšଵ ൅ ͲǤͷšଶ ൅ ሺ†ଵ ൅ ͲǤͷƒଵ ሻ—

:LWK
ͳ
Ʌଵ ൌ 
ʹ ୣ
Ⱦ
Ʌଶ ൌ 
ʹ ୣ
Ƚ
„ଵ ൌ 
ʹ
Ⱦ
„ଶ ൌ 
ʹ
ƒଵ ൌ  ୣ 
†ଵ ൌ  ୲ 
7KHREVHUYHUG\QDPLFLVJLYHQE\
šොሶଵ ൌ ȽሺെɅଵ šොଵ ൅ Ʌଵ šොଶ ሻ ൅ „ଵ — െ ଵ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ
ቐ šොሶଶ ൌ Ʌଶ šොଵ െ Ʌଶ šොଶ ൅ „ଶ — െ ଶ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ       
›ො ൌ …šො ൅ †—


6RWKHHUURULV
š෤ሶଵ ൌ ȽሺെɅଵ š෤ଵ ൅ Ʌଵ š෤ଶ ሻ ൅ ଵ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ
ቐ š෤ሶ ଶ ൌ Ʌଶ š෤ଵ െ Ʌଶ š෤ ଶ ൅ ଶ •‹‰ሺ›෤ሻ 
›෤ ൌ …š෤
$QGZHFRQVLGHUWKH/\DSXQRYIXQFWLRQ

ͲǤͷ ଶ
ሺšሻ ൌ ͲǤͷš෤ሶଵଶ ൅ ͲǤͷš෤ሶଶଶ ൅ Ƚ
෥ 


6R
Ƚ
෥Ƚ෥ሶ
ሶሺšሻ ൌ  š෤ଵ š෤ሶଵ ൅ š෤ ଶ š෤ሶଶ  ൅ 

ሶሺšሻ ൌ െȽ ଶ
ෝɅଵ š෤ଵ െ Ʌଶ š෤ଶ ଶ ሺ•‹‰ሺ›ሻሺ
෤ ଵ š෤ଵ ൅ ଶ š෤ଶ ሻɅଵ Ƚ ෝš෤ଵ š෤ ଶ ൅ Ʌଶ š෤ଵ š෤ଶ ሻȽ ෝሶൗ ቁ
෥ ቀെɅଵ š෤ଵଶ ൅ Ʌଵ š෤ଵ š෤ ଶ െ Ƚ 

7KHQHJDWLYLW\LVDVVXUHGE\WDNLQJ

384 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386

•‹‰ሺ›෤ሻሺଵ š෤ଵ ൅ ଶ š෤ଶ ሻ ൅ Ʌଵ Ƚ

ෝš෤ଵ š෤ଶ ൅ Ʌଶ š෤ଵ š෤ ଶ ൑ Ͳ
ቊ ෝൗ ൌ Ͳ
െɅଵ š෤ଵଶ ൅ Ʌଵ š෤ଵ š෤ଶ െ Ƚ
ሶ


6RZHFDQGHILQHWKHDGDSWLYHODZ
Ƚሶ ൌ ࣥɅଵ š෤ଵ š෤ଵ െ š෤ଶ  
ෝ        


)RUଵ ൌ ͲǤͲ͸ଶ ൌWKHUHVXOWVVLPXODWLRQDUHVKRZQE\ILJXUH

 
62&REVHUYp
62&0DWODE


 
62&






 


      

 7HPSVKHXUHV

)LJ62&PHDVXUHGDQGLWVHVWLPDWLRQXQGHUDGDSWLYHODZ


$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

$ SDUW RI WKLV ZRUN LV UHDOL]HG E\ WKH PDVWHU VWXGHQWV 0 $QQDE DQG + 5HJJDE DW 2(% XQLYHUVLW\
$OJHULD



 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386 385

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ 'HNNLFKH $  ³0RGqOH GH EDWWHULH JpQpULTXH HW HVWLPDWLRQ GH O¶pWDW GH FKDUJH´0pPRLUH G¶LQJpQLHXU pFROH  GH
WHFKQRORJLHVXSpULHXUH8QLYHUVLWpGX4XpEHF
>@/XFD%HWDO³'LVFUHWH7LPH%DWWHU\0RGHOVIRU6\VWHP/HYHO/RZ3RZHU'HVLJQ´,(((YROSS
>@'LQK9'HWDO³6XUYHLOODQFHWHPSVUpHOGHEDWWHULH/,,21´&RQIpUHQFH()87&&RPSLqJQH 
>@$-6DONLQG&)HQQLH36LQJK7$WZDWHUDQG'(5HLVQHU'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIVWDWHRIFKDUJHDQGVWDWHRIKHDOWKRIEDWWV
E\IX]]\ORJLFPHWKRGRORJ\-3RZHU6RXUFHV±
>@&&&KDQ(:/RDQG6:HL[LDQJ³7KHDYDLODEOHFDSDFLW\FRPSXWDWLRQPRGHOEDVHGRQDUWLILFLDOQHXUDOQHWZRUNIRU
OHDGDFLGEDWWHULHVLQHOHFWULFYHKLFOHV´-3RZHU6RXUFHYROSS±
>@ 3 6LQJK & )HQQLH ' ( 5HLVQHU DQG $ 6DONLQG ³$ IX]]\ ORJLF DSSURDFK WR VWDWH RI FKDUJH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ LQ KLJK
SHUIRUPDQFHEDWWHULHVZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQVWRHOHFWULFYHKLFOH´LQ(OHFWULF9HKLFOH6\PS%UXVVHOV%HOJLXP6HS±YRO
(963URFHHGLQJVRQ&'520
>@$9DVHEL607%DWKDHH03DUWRYLEDNKVK3UHGLFWLQJVWDWHRIFKDUJHRIOHDGDFLGEDWWHULHVIRUK\EULGHOHFWULFYHKLFOHVE\
H[WHQGHG.DOPDQILOWHU(QHUJ\&RQYHUVLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW93DJHV±
>@'RPHQLFR'L'RPHQLFR*LRYDQQL)LHQJRDQG$QQD6WHIDQRSRXORX/LWKLXP,RQEDWWHU\6WDWHRI&KDUJHHVWLPDWLRQZLWKD
.DOPDQ)LOWHUEDVHGRQDHOHFWURFKHPLFDOPRGHO
>@ * / 3OHWWH ³([WHQGHG NDOPDQ ILOWHULQJ IRU EDWWHU\ PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP RI /L3%EDVHG +(9 EDWWHU\ SDFNV²3DUW 
0RGHOLQJDQGLGHQWLILFDWLRQ´-3RZHU6RXUFHYROSS±$XJ>@6,-DQJ0&6KLQ&'<RRQDQG5&
&DPSEHOO³$VWXG\RQDGDSWLYHDXWRUHFORVXUHVFKHPHZLWKUHDOWLPHWUDQVLHQWVWDELOLW\´-(OHFW(QJ 7HFKQROYROQRSS
±
>@%6%KDQJX3%HQWOH\DQG&0%LQJKDP³1RQOLQHDUREVHUYHUVIRUSUHGLFWLQJVWDWHRIFKDUJHDQGVWDWHRIKHDOWKRI
OHDGDFLGEDWWHULHVIRUK\EULGHOHFWULFYHKLFOH´,(((7UDQV9HK7HFKQROYROQRSS±0D\
>@ 6 3LOOHU 0 3HUULQDQG $ -RVVHQ ³0HWKRGV IRU VWDWHRIFKDUJH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ DQG WKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQV´- 3RZHU 6RXUFH
YROSS±
>@ ;LDRVRQJ +X )HQJFKXQ 6XQ DQG <XDQ =RX (VWLPDWLRQ RI 6WDWH RI &KDUJH RI D /LWKLXP,RQ %DWWHU\ 3DFN IRU (OHFWULF
9HKLFOHV 8VLQJ DQ $GDSWLYH /XHQEHUJHU 2EVHUYHU (QHUJLHV2SHQ $FFHVV -RXUQDO   
ZZZPGSLFRPMRXUQDOHQHUJLHV
>@ -LQJ\X <DQ *XRTLQJ ;X +XLKXDQ 4LDQ DQG <DQJVKHQJ ;X 5REXVW 6WDWH RI &KDUJH (VWLPDWLRQ IRU +\EULG (OHFWULF
9HKLFOHV)UDPHZRUNDQG$OJRULWKPV(QHUJLHV2SHQ$FFHVV-RXUQDO6HSWHPEHU
>@ ,O6RQJ .LP 1RQOLQHDU 6WDWH RI &KDUJH (VWLPDWRU IRU +\EULG (OHFWULF 9HKLFOH %DWWHU\ ,((( 7DQVDFWLRQ RQ 3RZHU
(OHFWURQLFV91R-XO\
>@6,-DQJ0&6KLQ&'<RRQDQG5&&DPSEHOO³$VWXG\RQDGDSWLYHDXWRUHFORVXUHVFKHPHZLWKUHDOWLPHWUDQVLHQW
VWDELOLW\´-(OHFW(QJ 7HFKQROYROQRSS±
>@;+X)6XQDQG<=RX(VWLPDWLRQRI6WDWHRI&KDUJHRID/LWKLXP,RQ%DWWHU\3DFNIRU(OHFWULF9HKLFOHV8VLQJDQ
$GDSWLYH/XHQEHUJHU2EVHUYHU(QHUJLHVZZZPGSLFRPMRXUQDOHQHUJLHV
>@,3DUNDQG6.LP³$VOLGLQJPRGHREVHUYHUGHVLJQIRUIXHOFHOOHOHFWULFYHKLFOHV´-3RZHU(OHFWURQYROQRSS
±$SU
>@&5*RXOG&0%LQJKDP'$6WRQHDQG3%HQWOH\1HZ%DWWHU\0RGHODQG6WDWHRI+HDOWK'HWHUPLQDWLRQ7KURXJK
6XEVSDFH3DUDPHWHU(VWLPDWLRQDQG6WDWH2EVHUYHU7HFKQLTXHV,(((7DQVRQ9HKLFXODU7HFKQRORJ\912FWREHU
>@0LQ&KHQDQG*5LQFRQ0RUD$FFXUDWH(OHFWULFDO%DWWHU\0RGHO&DSDEOHRI3UHGLFWLQJ5XQWLPHDQG,±93HUIRUPDQFH
,(((7UDQVRQ(QHUJ\&RQYHUVLRQ9RO1R-XQH
>@30*RPDGDP-::HLGQHU5$'RXJDODQG5(:KLWH³0DWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOLQJRIOLWKLXPLRQDQGQLFNHOEDWWHU\
V\VWHPV´-3RZHU6RXUFHVYROQRSS±$XJ
>@':'HQQLV96%DWWDJOLDDQG$%HODQJHU³(OHFWURFKHPLFDOPRGHOLQJRIOLWKLXPSRO\PHUEDWWHULHV´-3RZHU6RXUFH
YROQRSS±$XJ
386 Ahmed Belhani et al. / Energy Procedia 42 (2013) 377 – 386

>@/6RQJDQG-:(YDQV³(OHFWURFKHPLFDOWKHUPDOPRGHORIOLWKLXPESRO\PHUEDWWHULHV´-(OHFWURFKHP6RFYRO
SS±
>@-1HZPDQ.(7KRPDV++DIH]LDQG'5:KHHOHU³0RGHOLQJRIOLWKLXPLRQEDWWHULHV´-3RZHU6RXUFHVYRO±
SS±-XQ
>@&)&KLDVVHULQLDQG555DR³(QHUJ\HIILFLHQWEDWWHU\PDQDJHPHQW´,(((-6HO$UHDV&RPPXQYROQRSS
±-XO
>@ 0 3HGUDP DQG 4 :X ³'HVLJQ FRQVLGHUDWLRQV IRU EDWWHU\SRZHUHG HOHFWURQLFV´ LQ 3URF  'HV $XWRP &RQI SS
±
>@3(3DVFRHDQG$+$QEXN\³95/$EDWWHU\GLVFKDUJHUHVHUYHWLPHHVWLPDWLRQ´,(((7UDQV3RZHU(OHFWURQYRO
QRSS±1RY
>@55\QNLHZLF]³'LVFKDUJHDQGFKDUJHPRGHOLQJRIOHDGDFLGEDWWHULHV´LQ3URF$SSO3RZHU(OHFWURQ&RQI([SRYRO
SS±
>@-DPHV)0DQZHOO-RQ*0F*RZDQ8WDPD$EGXOZDKLGDQG.DL:X,PSURYHPHQWVWRWKH+\EULG%DWWHU\0RGHO
>@ &< :DQJ :% *X DQG %< /LDZ 0LFURPDFURVFRSLF FRXSOHG PRGHOLQJ RI EDWWHULHV DQG IXHO FHOOV SDUW L 0RGHO
GHYHORSPHQW-(OHFWURFKHP6RF
>@-1HZPDQDQG:7LHGHPDQQ3RUXVHOHFWURGHWKHRU\ZLWKEDWWHU\DSSOLFDWLRQV$,&K(-XUQDO
>@ 2 %DUEDULVL ) 9DVFD DQG / *OLHOPR 6WDWH RI FKDUJH NDOPDQ ILOWHU HVWLPDWRU IRU DXWRPRWLYH EDWWHULHV &RQWURO
(QJLQHHULQJ3UDFWLFH±
>@%3D[WRQDQG-1HZPDQQ0RGHOLQJRIQLFNHOPHWDOK\GULGH-RXUQDORI(OHFWURFKHPLFDO6RFLHW\
>@/%HQLQL*&DVWHOOL$0DFFL(0DFFL03RQFLQRDQG56FDUVL³'LVFUHWHWLPHEDWWHU\PRGHOVIRUV\VWHPOHYHOORZ
SRZHUGHVLJQ´,(((7UDQV9/6,6\VWYROQRSS±2FW
>@ = 0 6DODPHK0 $ &DVDFFD DQG: $ /\QFK ³$ PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHO IRU OHDGDFLG EDWWHULHV´ ,((( 7UDQV
(QHUJ\&RQYHUVYROQRSS±0DU
>@ 6 %DUVDOL DQG 0 &HUDROR ³'\QDPLFDO PRGHOV RI OHDGDFLG EDWWHULHV ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ LVVXHV´ ,((( 7UDQV (QHUJ\
&RQYHUVYROQRSS±0DU
>@09DOYR)(:LFNV'5REHUWVRQDQG65XGLQ³'HYHORSPHQWDQGDSSOLFDWLRQRIDQLPSURYHGHTXLYDOHQWFLUFXLWPRGHO
RIDOHDGDFLGEDWWHU\´LQ3URF(QHUJ\&RQYHUV(QJ&RQIYRO$XJSS±
>@3%DXGU\01HUL0*XHJXHQDQG*/RQFKDPSW³(OHFWURWKHUPDOPRGHOLQJRISRO\PHUOLWKLXPEDWWHULHVIRUVWDUWLQJ
SHULRGDQGSXOVHSRZHU´-3RZHU6RXUFHVYROQRSS±$SU
>@6%XOOHU07KHOH5:''RQFNHUDQG(.DUGHQ³,PSHGDQFHEDVHGVLPXODWLRQPRGHOVRIVXSHUFDSDFLWRUVDQG/LLRQ
EDWWHULHVIRUSRZHUHOHFWURQLFDSSOLFDWLRQV´LQ&RQI5HF,QG$SSO&RQIYROS
>@6*ROG³$SVSLFHPDFURPRGHOIRUOLWKLXPLRQEDWWHULHV´LQ3URFWK$QQX%DWWHU\&RQI$SSOLFDWLRQVDQG$GYDQFHV
SS±
>@0&HUDROR³1HZG\QDPLFDOPRGHOVRIOHDGDFLGEDWWHULHV´,(((7UDQV3RZHU6\VWYROQRSS±1RY

>@98WNLQ-*XOGQHUDQG-6KL6OLGLQJPRGHFRQWUROLQHOHFWURPHFKDQLFDOV\VWHPV/RQGRQ
>@ $ /HYDQW ³+LJKRUGHU VOLGLQJPRGHV GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQDQG RXWSXWIHHGEDFNFRQWURO´ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI &RQWURO YRO
QRSS±