Networking Basics

Pre-class work…read/watch all the material at least once before class…I will clarify in class.
Binary Training(Google search for “binary tutorial”):

http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary
http://www.codeconquest.com/tutorials/binary/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qjEkh3P9RE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBDoT8o4q00

Subnet Addressing and Masks(Google search for “subnet mask tutorial”:

http://www.techopedia.com/6/28587/internet/8-steps-to-understanding-ip-subnetting
http://www.subnetting.net/Tutorial.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aA-8owNNy_c

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 Table of Contents

(3)What is the OSI Model?

(6)What is a Hub, Switch, & Router/Access Server?
(10)Mac Addresses and IP Addresses
(15)The “3 GOLDEN PARAMETERS”
(16)Day in the Life of a Packet
(17)Duplex Issues
(18)PC Configuration Guidance
(21)Basic Discovery & Connectivity Tools
(23)IPv4 Layers and Port Numbers

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What is the OSI Model?
OSI – open systems interconnection
Main functions
 Network dependent
functions
 Application-oriented
functions
Seven layer model
 Each layer performs a well-
defined set of functions

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Data Encapsulation
Application
User data
Presentation converted for Data (PDU)
transmission
Session
Add transport Segments
Transport type header
Add network Packets
Network header (datagram)
Add datalink
Datalink header
Frames

Convert 11001010…100 Bits

Physical to bits

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 ISO’s OSI Reference Model
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network Network Network Router

Datalink Datalink Datalink Datalink Switch

Physical Physical Physical Physical Hub

link link link

End System Intermediate End System

Nodes
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 What is a Hub?

PC
PC
Hub Printer
10Base2
10Base5
IEEE 802.3
PC “Just like wire”
CSMA/CD
Server Shared bandwidth
Single collision domain
Single broadcast domain
This is a single local area network (LAN)
B=FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
M=0100.5Exx-xxxx
No Redundancy
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 What is a Switch?

PC1

Switch Printer
1 2

3
5 4
IEEE 802.3
PC2 Maps Mac’s to Port’s
Independent bandwidth
X Server 2 port collision domain
Single broadcast domain
B=FFFF.FFFF.FFFF
M=0100.5Exx-xxxx
This is a single local area network (LAN)
Redundancy via STP
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 What is a Router?

WAN

This is a single This is a single

local area network (LAN) local area network (LAN)

Printer
PC2 PC1
Printer
PC3
Server IEEE 802.3
Independent bandwidth
Isolates broadcast domains
Redundancy via routing
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What is an Terminal Server?
Terminal Server – provides RS-232 connectivity
Terminal
Ethernet Server

RS-232 Async Ports

PC 1 Relay A

Relay B PC 2

Relay C

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MAC Address at Datalink Layer

24 Bits 24 Bits

Vendor Code Serial Number Could also be displayed as follows:
0000.0c12.3456
00-00-0c-12-34-56
ROM
00.00.0c.12.34.56

RAM

•The MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card

•DOS prompt> ipconfig /all
•IEEE assigned Vendor Code portion

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IP Address at Network Layer
8, 16, or 24 bits from ARIN
Varies with subnet mask.

------------------------------ 32 Bits ---------------------------------

Network Host

Ethernet

•ARIN: American Registry for Internet Numbers

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IPv4 Addressing
Network part of address in BLUE
cannot be modified by owner.

Host part of address in RED and

can be used for more networks. Classful Mask

0nnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh Class A 255.0.0.0

10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh Class B 255.255.0.0

110nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.hhhhhhhh Class C 255.255.255.0

1110hhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh.hhhhhhhh Class D Multicast Addresses

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary counting is necessary!
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 Basics 10.12.16.0/30
10.12.16.13
4 Hosts and used for point to point links
between routers

10.12.16.4/30 4 Hosts
10.12.16.57
Powers of 2 The Subnet Mask represents how
20 = 1 10.12.16.8/30 4 Hosts
large an IP subnetwork is.
10.12.16.911
21 = 2 The first IP address within the
22 = 2 x 2=4 subnet is called Network ID IP 10.12.16.12/30 4 Hosts
23 = 2 x 2 x 2=8 address. 10.12.16.1315
24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2=16 The last IP address within the
25 = 32 10.12.16.16/28 16 Hosts and used for PMU subnets
subnet is called Broadcast IP
10.12.16.1731 (/28 must start on a 16 host boundary)
26 = 64 address.
27 = 128 We don’t use the first and last IP 10.12.16.32/30 4 Hosts
28 = 256 address within the subnet by 10.12.16.3335 (/30 must start on a 4 host boundary)
convention.
etc…

Hosts Mask Mask Binary

1 /32 255.255.255.255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 Known as a host mask
2 /31 255.255.255.254 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110
4 /30 255.255.255.252 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100
8 /29 255.255.255.248 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000
16 /28 255.255.255.240 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
32 /27 255.255.255.224 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
64 /26 255.255.255.192 11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
128 /25 255.255.255.128 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000
256 /24 255.255.255.0 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
512 /23 255.255.254.0 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
1024 /22 255.255.252.0 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000 etc…

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IP Masks
How to determine the Network part of an address versus the Host part.

128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Do the IP Addressing and Subnetting Lab!

How many networks and hosts for any given mask and the IP 10.20.31.0?
Mask Networks Hosts
255.255.0.0

255.255.240.0

255.255.255.0

255.255.255.252
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IP Rules, ALL devices adhere to!
The 3 Golden Parameters:

IP Address
IP Mask
Default Gateway (Router)

[Done by DHCP for laptops…

Dynamic Host Config Protocol]

1. A device is told to communicate to an IP Address via user input.

2. The device compares the local IP Address with the destination IP Address using
the IP Mask.

3. The device then chooses from the following options:

a. If the two network portions of the IP Address are the same, deliver the
packet without assistance from the Default Gateway.

b. If the two network portions of the IP Address are different, send the packet
to the Default Gateway, and let the router worry about delivery.

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 10.3.1.2
Day in the Life of a Packet! 66-02-87 D 10.3.3.10
ARP = Address Resolution Protocol
E 66-02-72

CAM
Port | MAC E0
10.1.1.5 All Masks are E1
10.3.1.1
255.255.255.0 33-02-55 10.3.3.1
66-02-99 A 33-02-56

E2 E2 R3
10.2.2.1 10.2.2.2
35-DD-55
10.1.1.6 36-CC-55
66-02-44
B 1 E1
10.1.2.2 E0
2 34-EE-55 R2 10.10.10.1 10.10.10.2
33-02-58
3 4 F 66-02-64
10.1.1.7
66-02-51 C
E0 E1
10.1.1.1 10.1.2.1
33-02-67 34-FF-55 D MAC | S MAC | D IP | S IP | DATA
R1
The default gateway is always a router’s interface on the same subnet as the device.
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Half/Full Duplex & Cable Issues!
Full Duplex Half Duplex

1 3
PC1 3 2 6 PC2
1
6 2

Balanced Line Receiver

Use a straight through cable Use a cross-over cable

2/10/2017 Switch blade Switch blade17

Checking the PC’s Speed & Duplex Settings
Is Your PC Firewall ON?

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 How is my PC set up? DOS> ipconfig /all
C:\Users\xxxxxxx>ipconfig/all

Windows IP Configuration

Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : xxx.bpa.gov
Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Hybrid
IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No
DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : xxx.bpa.gov

Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection:

Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : xxx.bpa.gov

Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Intel(R) 82579LM Gigabit Network Connection
Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : F0-1F-AF-4D-54-69
DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes
Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 10.10.10.10(Preferred)
Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : Tuesday, January 17, 2017 9:56:23 AM
Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : Tuesday, January 24, 2017 9:58:28 AM
Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.10.10.1
DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.10.10.100
DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.10.10.200
10.10.10.201
NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Disabled

C:\Users\xxxxxx>

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 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
A Windows-based computer that is configured to use DHCP can automatically assign itself an Internet
Protocol (IP) address if a DHCP server is not available. For example, this could occur on a network
without a DHCP server, or on a network if a DHCP server is temporarily down for maintenance.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved 169.254.0.0-169.254.255.255 for
Automatic Private IP Addressing. As a result, APIPA provides an address that is guaranteed not to
conflict with routable addresses.

Disable APIPA on the Entire Computer:

1. Use Registry Editor to create the following registry key:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters

2. Add the following value to this key:

Value name: IPAutoconfigurationEnabled
Value type: REG_DWORD
Value in hexadecimal: 0 (A value of 0 disables APIPA support on this computer)

NOTE: If the IPAutoconfigurationEnabled entry is not present, a default value of 1 is assumed, which
indicates that APIPA is enabled.

3. After you make this change, restart your computer.

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Testing Connectivity with Ping
C:\Users\xxxxxxx>ping www.google.com

Pinging www.google.com [172.217.2.196] with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49
Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49
Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49
Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49

Ping statistics for 172.217.2.196:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 68ms, Maximum = 68ms, Average = 68ms

C:\Users\JNA2267>
C:\Users\JNA2267>
C:\Users\JNA2267>
C:\Users\JNA2267>ping 172.217.2.196

Pinging 172.217.2.196 with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49
Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49
Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49
Reply from 172.217.2.196: bytes=32 time=68ms TTL=49

Ping statistics for 172.217.2.196:

Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 68ms, Maximum = 68ms, Average = 68ms

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Testing Connectivity with Tracert
C:\Users\xxxxxxx>tracert www.google.com

Tracing route to www.google.com [172.217.7.164]

over a maximum of 30 hops:

1 4 ms 1 ms 1 ms 10.10.10.1
2 21 ms 40 ms 25 ms 10.20.20.1
3 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 170.160.65.1
4 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 170.160.64.2
5 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms 174.127.154.237
6 * 2 ms 2 ms br1-spk-te-0-0-12.bb.spectrumnet.us [174.127.139.31]
7 13 ms 13 ms 13 ms 174.127.136.122
8 13 ms 13 ms 14 ms cr2-sea-a-te-0-0-0-16.bb.spectrumnet.us [174.127.140.185]
9 13 ms 13 ms 13 ms 216.243.15.243
10 13 ms 14 ms 13 ms 108.170.245.99
11 13 ms 14 ms 13 ms 74.125.37.211
12 53 ms 53 ms 53 ms 72.14.233.110
13 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 209.85.143.171
14 68 ms 73 ms 68 ms 216.239.48.100
15 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 108.170.240.97
16 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 216.239.54.15
17 68 ms 68 ms 68 ms 172.217.7.164

Trace complete.

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 Layer De-capsulation A TCP/IP Example
T
C C e P
i i l S T e
Upper Layers s s n F M F r
c c e T T T l
o o t P P P e
Port Numbers ~
6001 ~
2001 ~
23
~
21 ~
25 ~
69 ~
10001

TCP UDP
Transport
6 17 •Protocol Number
•Type, SAP, or
Network IP Packets ICMP == Internet Control
Message Protocol
Other Control Data Link Frames
•MAC or WAN Addressing
Physical Bits

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