CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE :

❖ organic liquids

❖ Inorganic aqueous waste

❖ organic aqueous waste
❖ oils
❖ organic sludges / Solids
❖ Inorganic sludges / Solids
INORGANIC AQUEOUS WASTE
Liquid waste composed primarily of water but containing acids/alkalis and/ or concentrated
solutions of inorganic hazardous substances (e.g. heavy metals, cyanide)

EXAMPLE:
✓ Rinse water from electroplating
✓ Spent sulfuric acid from
galvanizing
✓ Spent caustic baths from metal finishing
ORGANIC AQUEOUS WASTE
Liquid waste composed primarily of water but containing admixtures or dilutes concentrations of
organic hazardous substances (e.g. pesticides)
EXAMPLE:
✓ Rinse water from pesticides containers
✓ Washings of chemical reactors and formulation tanks

ORGANIC LIQUID
Liquid waste containing admixtures or concentrated solutions of organic hazardous substances.

EXAMPLE:
✓ Spent halogenated solvents from metal degreasing and
dry cleaning
✓ Distillation residues from production of chemical
intermediates

OILS
Liquid wastes comprised primarily of petroleum derived
Oils
 EXAMPLE :
✓ Used lubricating oils from internal
combustion engines
✓ Used hydraulic and turbine oils from heavy equipment operation

INORGANIC SLUDGES/SOLIDS
Sludges, dusts, solids and other non-liquid waste containing inorganic
hazardous substances.
EXAMPLE:
✓ Waste sand from coking operations
✓ Wastewater treatment sludge from mercury
cell process of chlorine production
✓ Emission control dust from steel manufacture and smelters

ORGANIC SLUDGES/SOLIDS
Tars, solids and other non liquid waste containing organic hazardous substances
EXAMPLE :
✓ Soil contaminated with spilled solvents
✓ Sludges from painting operations
✓ Tar residues from production of dyestuff intermediates

What are Free Radicals?

A radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence
electron. These unpaired electrons make free radicals highly chemically reactive towards other substances, or even
towards themselves: their molecules will often spontaneously dimerism or polymerize if they come in contact with each
other. Most radicals are reasonably stable only at very low concentrations in inert media or in a vacuum.

H-Ö
Hydroxyl Radical

Free radicals form when one of these weak bonds between electrons is broken and an uneven number of
electrons remain. This means the electron is unpaired, making it chemically reactive. Free radicals may form
spontaneously or they may be the result of exposure to heat, light or something in the environment.
Free radical chemistry is very important in the Earth's atmosphere. It
regulates ozone levels in the stratospheric 'ozone layer' - and leads
to severe ozone depletion in polar regions each spring. Lower down,
in the troposphere (the lowest 10 km of the atmosphere) free
radicals also drive photochemical smog formation.
 To seek stability, free radicals tend to try and steal an electron from
whatever molecule happens to be nearby. In turn, the molecule that loses an
electron to a free radical
becomes unstable, and becomes a new free radical. As such, free radicals
can be the cause of a never-ending chain reaction,