Jimma University

Jimma Institute of Technology, Jit

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Turbomachinery course
By: Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc.)
October,2023/24

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Course Objectives

✓ To provide the knowledge of basic principles, governing

equations and application of turbomachine.
✓ To provide the students with opportunities to apply basic
thermo-fluid dynamics flow equations to Turbo machines.
✓ To explain design and working principle of turbomachines.
✓ To explain the performance characteristics of Turbo
Machines and their operating point.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Course outline

 Chapter One- Introduction

 Chapter Two-Pumps
 Chapter Three-Compressors
 Chapter Four – Blowers and Fans
 Chapter Five-Hydraulic Turbines
 Chapter Six-Wind turbines
 Chapter Seven –Steam Turbines
 Chapter Eight - Gas Turbines

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Strategies and Evaluation
Strategies
✓ Classroom lectures
✓ Class activities
✓ Homework's
✓ Laboratory demonstrations
Evaluation
✓ Quiz(20%)
✓ Assignments(20%)
✓ Project work(20%)
✓ Final Exam(40%)

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

 Chapter one
Introduction

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Turbomachines

✓ A turbo machine is a device where mechanical energy in the

form of shaft work, is transferred either to or from a
continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of rotating
blade rows. The word turbo is a Latin origin and implies that
which spins
✓ The rotating wheel is called a rotor /runner / impeller
✓ The fluid medium can be gas / steam /water / air
✓ The interaction between the fluid and the turbo machine
blades also results in fluid dynamic lift.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Examples of Turbo Machines

Centrifugal pump Fans Axial and Centrifugal Compressor steam turbine

Pelton turbine Kaplan turbine Francis turbine wind turbine

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Turbo machine - Classifications

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Cont’d

1. Based on energy transfer

a) Energy is given by fluid to the rotor - Power generating E.g. Turbines

b) Energy given by the rotor to the fluid – Power absorbing E.g. pumps

2. Based on fluid flowing in turbo machine

a) Water b) Air c) Steam d) Hot gases e) Liquids like petrol etc.
3. Based on direction of flow, with reference to the axis of shaft rotation
a) Axial flow – Axial pump, compressor or turbine

b) Mixed flow – Mixed flow pump, Francis turbine

c) Radial flow – Centrifugal pump or compressor

d) Tangential flow – Pelton water turbine

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Cont’d

4. Based on condition of fluid in turbo machine

a) Impulse type (constant pressure) E.g. Pelton water turbine

b) Reaction type (variable pressure) E.g. Francis reaction turbine

5. Based on position of rotating shaft

a) Horizontal shaft – Steam turbines

b) Vertical shaft – Kaplan water turbines

c) Inclined shaft – Modern bulb micro hydel turbines

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

 Main components of
turbomachines
The principle components of a turbo machine are:
✓Rotating element (vane, impeller or blades)

✓Shaft

✓Housing

centrifugal pump Pelton turbine

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Applications of Turbo Machines
Power Generation
Hydro electric- Hydro-electric turbo machinery uses potential energy stored
in water to flow over an open impeller to turn a generator which creates
electricity
Steam turbines- The overall principle is high pressure steam is forced over
blades attached to a shaft, which turns a generator. As the steam travels
through the turbine, it passes through smaller blades causing the shaft to spin
faster, creating more electricity.
Gas turbines- Air is forced in through a series of blades that turn a shaft.
Then fuel is mixed with the air and causes a combustion reaction, increasing
the power. This then causes the shaft to spin faster, creating more electricity.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Cont’d
Wind mills- As wind passes over the blades, it creates an area of low and
high pressure, causing the blade to move, spinning a shaft and creating
electricity. It is most like a steam turbine, but work with an infinite supply of
wind.
Power Consumption
Pumps- Pumps are used to move fluids around using some sort of
mechanical power.
Air compressors-Air compressors are another very popular turbo machine.
They work on the principle of compression by sucking in and compressing
air into a holding tank. Air compressors are one of the most basic turbo
machines.
Fans- They work opposite of wind turbines. Mechanical power spins the
blades, forcing air in through them and forcing out.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Cont’d
Power generation

Hydro-electric Thermal power plant

Wind farm Gas turbine

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Cont’d
Power Consuming

Water pumps centrifugal and axial compressors

Fans ship propeller blowers

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Basic Concepts in Thermo-Fluid
Fluid: A substance that deforms continuously when acted on by a shearing
stress. Liquids and Gases are fluids (water, oil, air).
 Fluid cannot resist a shear stress by a static deflection and it moves and
deforms continuously as long as the shear stress is applied.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Properties of Fluid
✓ Pressure
✓ Density
✓ Temperature
✓ Viscosity
✓ Thermal Conductivity
✓ Coefficient of compressibility/Bulk modulus(density vs pressure
@constant temperature)
✓ Coefficient of volume expansion (density vs temperature @constant
pressure)
✓ Specific heats
✓ Speed of sound
✓ Vapor pressure
✓ Surface Tension

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Types of Fluid Flow
✓ Steady and unsteady(time)
✓ Uniform and non uniform(velocity)
✓ Laminar and turbulent(layer)
✓ Compressible and incompressible(density)
✓ Rotational and irrotational (angular motion)
✓ One, two and three dimensional(dimension)
And
✓ Ideal fluid(incompressible and non viscos)

✓ Real fluid(viscos)

✓ Newtonian fluid(linearity in viscos stress rising)

✓ Non-Newtonian fluid(not obey newton's law of viscosity)

✓ Ideal plastic fluid(shear more than yield)

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Aero foil principle
 Since the top of the wing is curved, the air above the wing must move up
and down to follow the curve around the wing and stay attached to it
(Coanda effect), while the air below the wing moves very little. The air
moving on the top of the curved wing must travel farther before it reaches
the back of the wing; consequently it must travel faster than the air moving
under the wing.
 The air pressure on the top of the wing is therefore less than that on the
bottom of the wing, according to Bernoulli’s principle. And this pressure
difference creates lift.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Cont’d

Working principle

Nomenclature

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Boundary layer Theory
 A boundary layer is a thin layer of viscous fluid close to the solid surface
of a wall in contact with a moving stream in which (within its thickness δ).
 The flow velocity varies from zero at the wall (where the flow “sticks” to
the wall because of its viscosity) up to Ue at the boundary, which
approximately (within 1% error) corresponds to the free stream velocity.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

 Governing Equations of
Thermo-Fluid
❖ Basic Physical laws of Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics
used in Turbo machines are:

✓ First law of thermodynamics

✓ Steady Flow Energy Equation
✓ Continuity equation
✓ Momentum equation
✓ Bernoulli's equation

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

 The First Law of Thermodynamics
[conservation of energy]
 The first law of thermodynamics states that if a system is taken through a
complete cycle during which heat is supplied and work is done, then

 (Q − W ) = 0
where
-represents the heat supplied to the system during the cycle.
- the work done by the system during the cycle
❑ During a change of state from 1 to 2, there is a change in the property
internal energy and the law is written as

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Steady Flow Energy Equation

✓ First law of thermodynamics is applied to the steady flow of fluid through

a control volume so that the steady flow energy equation is obtained.
✓ Energy is transferred from the fluid to the blades of the turbo machine,
positive work being done (via the shaft) at the rate W. In the general case
positive heat transfer takes place from the surroundings to the control
volume.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Continuity equation

 When a fluid is in motion, it must move in such a way that

mass is conserved. To see how mass conservation places
restrictions on the velocity field, consider the steady flow of
fluid through a duct (that is, the inlet and outlet flows do not
vary with time).

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Momentum Equation

✓ The momentum equation relates the sum of the external

forces acting on a fluid element to its acceleration, or to the
rate of change of momentum in the direction of the resultant
external force.
✓ Considering a system of mass m, the sum of all the body and
surface forces acting on m along some arbitrary direction x is
equal to the time rate of change of the total x- momentum of
the system, For a control volume where fluid enters steadily
at a uniform velocity cx1 and leaves steadily with a uniform
velocity cx2, then

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Bernoulli's equation
 "Bernoulli effect" is the lowering of fluid pressure in regions where the
flow velocity is increased. Also called conservation of energy.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Nozzle and Diffuser

 A nozzle is a device which accelerates fluid. During this

process, velocity of fluid increases with decreasing pressure.
 A diffuser is a device which slows down fluid. That means,
velocity of fluid decreases with increasing pressure.

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

Assignment - I
1.Define turbomachine and list the main components of turbomachine.
2.Classify turbomachine broadly
3.List application areas of turbomachines
4.Differentiate between compressible and incompressible fluid flow
5.Draw and label nomenclature of Aerofoil(separately on A4 paper)
6.Derive steady flow energy equation and Bernoulli equation for a fluid
flow.

Due date: Next class Thursday, November 2,2023

Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24

 The end
Jimma Institute of Technology, Turbomachinery by Mr. Samuel Addisu(M.Sc) 2023/24