History of art

The history of art focuses on objects made by humans in visual

form for aesthetic purposes. Visual art can be classified in
diverse ways, such as separating fine arts from applied arts;
inclusively focusing on human creativity; or focusing on different
media such as architecture,sculpture,painting,film,photography,
and graphic arts. In recent years, technological advances have
led to video art, computer art, performance art, animation,
television, and videogames.The history of art is often told as a
chronology of masterpieces created during each civilization. It
can thus be framed as a story of high culture, epitomized by the
Wonders of the World. On the other hand, vernacular art
expressions can also be integrated into art historical narratives,
referred to as folk arts or craft. The more closely that an art
historian engages with these latter forms of low culture, the
more likely it is that they will identify their work as examining
visual culture or material culture, or as contributing to fields
related to art history, such as anthropology or archaeology. In
the latter cases, art objects may be referred to as archeological
artifacts.

Prehistory .Engraved shells created by Homo erectus dating

as far back as 500,000 years ago have been found, although
experts disagree on whether these engravings can be properly
classified as ‘art’. A number of claims of Neanderthal art,
adornment, and structures have been made, dating from around
130,000 before present and suggesting that Neanderthals may
have been capable of symbolic thought,but none of these claims
are widely accepted.
Paleolithic .The oldest secure human art that has been
found dates to the Late Stone Age during the Upper Paleolithic,
possibly from around 70,000 BC but with certainty from around
40,000 BC, when the first creative works were made from shell,
stone, and paint by Homo sapiens, using symbolic thought.
During the Upper Paleolithic (50,000–10,000 BC), humans
practiced hunting and gathering and lived in caves, where cave
painting was developed.During the Neolithic period (10,000–
3,000 BC), the production of handicrafts commenced.
The appearance of creative capacity within these early societies
exemplifies an evolutionarily selective advantage for artistic
individuals. Since survival is not contingent on the production of
art, art-producing individuals demonstrated agency over their
environments in that they had spare time to create once their
essential duties, like hunting and gathering were
completed.These preliminary artists were rare and "highly
gifted" within their communities.They indicated advancements
in cognition and understanding of symbolism.
However, the earliest human artifacts showing evidence of
workmanship with an artistic purpose are the subject of some
debate. It is clear that such workmanship existed by 40,000 years
ago in the Upper Paleolithic era, although it is quite possible
that it began earlier.
The artistic manifestations of the Upper-Paleolithic reached
their peak in the Magdalenian period (±15,000–8,000 BC). This
surge in creative outpourings is known as the "Upper Paleolithic
Revolution" or the "Creative Explosion".Surviving art from this
period includes small carvings in stone or bone and cave
painting. The first traces of human-made objects appeared in
southern Africa, the Western Mediterranean, Central and
Eastern Europe (Adriatic Sea), Siberia (Baikal Lake), India and
Australia. These first traces are generally worked stone (flint,
obsidian), wood or bone tools. To paint in red, iron oxide was
used. Color, pattern, and visual likeness were components of
Paleolithic art. Patterns used included zig-zag, criss cross, and
parallel lines.
Cave paintings have been found in the Franco-Cantabrian
region. There are pictures that are abstract as well as pictures
that are naturalistic. Cave paintings were symbolically
representative of activities that required learned participants –
they were used as teaching tools and showcase an increased
need for communication and specialized skills for early humans.
Animals were painted in the caves of Altamira, Trois Frères,
Chauvet and Lascaux. Sculpture is represented by the so-called
Venus figurines, feminine figures which may have been used in
fertility cults, such as the Venus of Willendorf. There is a theory
that these figures may have been made by women as expressions
of their own body.Other representative works of this period are
the Man from Brno and Venus of Brassempouy.
A function of Paleolithic art was magical, being used in rituals.
Paleolithic artists were particular people, respected in the
community because their artworks were linked with religious
beliefs. In this way, artifacts were symbols of certain deities or
spirits.
Mesolithic .In Old World archaeology, Mesolithic (Greek:
μέσος, mesos "middle"; λίθος, lithos "stone") is the period
between the Upper Paleolithic and the Neolithic. The term
Epipaleolithic is often used synonymously, especially for outside
northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in the Levant
and Caucasus. The Mesolithic has different time spans in
different parts of Eurasia. It refers to the final period of hunter-
gatherer cultures in Europe and West Asia, between the end of
the Last Glacial Maximum and the Neolithic Revolution.

Neolithic The Neolithic period began about 10,000 BC. The

rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin—dated between the
Mesolithic and Neolithic eras—contained small, schematic
paintings of human figures, with notable examples in El Cogul,
Valltorta, Alpera and Minateda.
Neolithic painting is similar to paintings found in northern
Africa (Atlas, Sahara) and in the area of modern Zimbabwe.
Neolithic painting is often schematic, made with basic strokes
(men in the form of a cross and women in a triangular shape). In
portable art, a style called Cardium pottery was produced,
decorated with imprints of seashells. New materials were used in
art, such as amber, crystal, and jasper. Common materials of
Neolithic sculptures from Anatolia, are ivory, stone, clay and
bone. Many are anthropomorphic, especially female,
zoomorphic ones being rare. Female figurines are both fat and
slender. Both zoomorphic and anthropomorphic carvings have
been discovered in Siberia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China.