Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106

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Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Selection of type of warm mix asphalt additive based on the

rheological properties of asphalt binders
Ali Jamshidi a, Babak Golchin b, Meor Othman Hamzah b, *, Pamela Turner c
a
Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
b
School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
c
National Center for Asphalt Technology, 277277 Technology Parkway, Auburn, AL 36830, United States

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This paper presents a methodology to characterize the changes in the rheological properties of unaged
Received 13 July 2014 and aged asphalt binders incorporating various Sasobit® and Rediset® contents at high and intermediate
Received in revised form temperatures. The changes in the rheological properties of asphalt binders per 1% Sasobit® and Rediset®
15 February 2015
contents were measured using new proposed parameters namely the non-dimensional viscosity index
Accepted 12 March 2015
Available online 20 March 2015
(Vhs), gradients of the Superpave™ rutting factor (VNSRP) and relative G*sin (d) (VRG). The results of Vhs
showed that although both additives reduce binders' viscosities, the decrease per 1% additive depends on
test temperature, aging state, asphalt and additive type. The results of flow test also showed that
Keywords:
Warm mix asphalt
Rediset® does not change the Newtonian behavior of asphalt binder, while Sasobit® converts the New-
Sustainable asphalt tonian flow into non-Newtonian at some specific shear rates, which this effect was defined in terms of
Rheology threshold of non-Newtonian flow (TNF). Based on the results of the rheological binder tests, three viable
Rutting scenarios to select Sasobit® or Rediset® based on the sustainability and structural performance were
Viscosity introduced
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction produced exhibits better fatigue performance. Furthermore, Bussa

The history of the current WMA technology can be divided into
two main phases, as follows:
Phase I: WMA technology is developed through laboratory and
field studies in different countries. The aim of this phase is to
develop and verify the performance of additives by carrying out
rheological binder and mixture performance tests (Fig. 1). Mean-
while, new WMA additives that require further investigation to
prove their performance in this phase have emerged. Many addi-
tives are developed to produce WMAs using different mechanisms
(Rubio et al., 2012). For example, Wasiuddin et al., 2007 showed
that WMA produced using a type of synthetic wax, and a type of
Zeolite, namely Aspha-min®, improves rutting resistance of the
mixture, which was consistent with the results obtained by Hurley
and Prowell (2005) and (2006). WMA can result in better fatigue
life due to less stiffness. For example, Topal et al. (2014) showed
that WMA using synthetic zeolite improve fatigue life of the
mixture. Moreover, Goh et al. (2013) found that Cecabase®-WMA
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ60 45996210; fax: þ60 45941009.
E-mail address: cemeor@yahoo.com (M.O. Hamzah).
et al. (2014) showed that use of WMA and recycled asphalt shin-
gles (RAS) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) improves the
engineering properties of mixture in terms of fatigue life, dynamic
modulus and flow number. WMA also proved its sustainable per-
formance. As an evidence, a study conducted by Blankendaal et al.
(2014) demonstrated that the application of WMA technology re-
duces environmental impact of the asphalt mixture production by
33%. However, reduction in the environmental impact depends on
so many variables, such as construction technology, material
property, asphalt content, efficiency of the mixing facilities. For
example, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons may depend on the
instability of natural combustion reaction in the mixing plant
(Ventura et al., 2015). The effects of WMA technology in national
scale is also promising. For instance, Jamshidi and Hamzah (2014)
found that the amount of energy savings due to use of WMA and
the aggregate material with lower specific heat capacity is suffi-
cient to fuel 24,330 to 341,525 American households per annum.
However, further investigations have been carried out on the per-
formance of new additives performance in this phase.
Phase II: After obtaining promising results in laboratory studies
and field investigations, it is necessary to provide design guidelines

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.036
0959-6526/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
90 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of development and application of WMA technology.

to assist pavement engineers and asphalt researchers to choose the
optimum WMA type. The WMA additives will then be ranked based
on desired engineering properties and sustainability to produce
cleaner asphalt mixtures with acceptable structural consistency.
Therefore, an integrated system is required to enable users to
compare and characterize the changes in the properties of binders
and mixtures according to the different types of additives, their
content, aging state, test temperature, and binder type. Specifically,
phase II of the technology is for mature WMA technologies to be
used to define a new construction standard and user manual that
allows various WMA additive types under different service
conditions to be applied. In addition, a computerized infrastructure
is required to produce a database for sharing past experiences.
There is currently a lack of established guidelines or standards to
assist road pavement engineers to select the WMA additive type
based on the service condition. A wide range of variables can in-
fluence the rheological properties of asphalt binders and the en-
gineering properties of mixtures. The choice of WMA additives is
often made subjectively, in which the selection is based on the skill
of the engineer, the availability of construction technology and
materials. There is little guarantee that the chosen additive type is
optimal for the particular working conditions because relatively
 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106 91

few engineers and asphalt researchers are familiar with all types of
WMA additives. It is therefore helpful to identify the selection
criteria for WMA additives by comparing rheological properties of
asphalt binders at various aging conditions. The current study ex-
amines a unique combination of different WMA types, percentages,
various binder types, aging states, and test temperatures that, to
date, have not been tested together. This paper also proves that it is
possible to minimize the subjective inputs during the WMA addi-
tive selection process. Asphalt researchers and engineers can
instead objectively choose the most appropriate WMA additive for
a particular application based on the proposed parameters that
characterize the changes in the rheological properties of asphalt
binders per unit percent additive.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Materials

2.1.1. Asphalt binder

The asphalt binders used for this study were PG 64 and PG 76.
Table 1 shows the rheological properties of the control asphalt
binder (without WMA additives).

2.1.2. Additive properties

2.1.2.1. Sasobit®. Sasobit® is a long chain of aliphatic hydrocarbons
produced from natural gas reforming (Fig. 2(a)). Table 2 shows the
physical properties of Sasobit®. The mechanism of Sasobit® per-
formance depends on a reduction of viscosity at temperatures
higher than its melting point in hot binder, and an increase in the
asphalt binder viscosity at temperatures which are lower than the
melting point. This leads to a reduction in mixing and compaction
temperatures of Sasobit®-modified asphalt mixes and aging, and
increased rutting resistance for a given asphalt binder type and
source (Gandhi and Amirkhanian, 2007; Hurley and Prowell, 2005;
Jamshidi et al., 2013). Sasobit® reduces fuel consumption to pro-
duce asphalt mixtures by 20% (Kristj ansdo ttir et al., 2007). Sasobit®
Fig. 2. Wma additives.
also has no significant effects on optimum binder content and
volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures (Goh and You, 2009;
Hamzah et al., 2010a). Sasobit® decreases the construction tem-
peratures of asphalt mixes incorporating RAP, RAS, recycled coal
active adhesion and the other components reduce the binder vis-
ash (RCA), and crumb rubber (Mallick et al., 2007; Shivaprasad
et al., 2011; Akisetty et al., 2011) and allows for the production of cosity (Prowell et al., 2007).
asphalt mixtures incorporating high percentages of RAP (Mallick
et al., 2008).
2.2. Sample fabrication
2.1.2.2. Rediset®. Rediset® is a chemical water-free additive based
on WMA technology from Akzo Nobel, the Netherlands (Fig. 2(b)) The amount of warm binder additives ranged from 1% to 4% at
(Arega et al., 2011). Table 3 shows the physical properties of 1% increments by mass of the asphalt binder. Each percentage of
Rediset®. This material, as a fatty polyamine and a non-foaming warm binder additive and the PG 64 asphalt binder were blended
WMA additive, has a non-ionic component and contains a long using an electrical propeller mixer at 130  C, while the corre-
chain aliphatic hydrocarbon and a eNH3 þ group structure that sponding temperature for the PG 76 binder was 160  C for 30 mi-
promote both active and passive adhesion (Syroezhko et al., 2011). nutes. For equivalent simulation of aging conditions, the control
It is a combination of surfactants and organic additives in which the binder sample (without additives) was also heated at the same
surfactants improve the aggregate surfaces wetting with binder by temperature for 30 minutes.

Table 1
Rheological properties of asphalt binders.

Asphalt binder PG 64 PG 76

Aging state Test properties Value Value

Unaged (original state) Viscosity at 135  C (mPa.s) 465.0 2587.5

G*/sin (d) at 64  C (kPa) 1.23 at 76  C (kPa) 1.51
Short-term-aged G*/sin (d)at 64  C (kPa) 2.68 at 76  C (kPa) 3.07
Long-term-aged G*sin (d) at 25  C (kPa) 2959 1650
92 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106

Table 2
Physical characteristics of Sasobit® (Hurley, 2006; Sasolwax, 2008).

Properties Units Specification Values and range


Quantitative Congealing Temperature C Min 100 100
Penetration at 25  C 0.1 mm 1 max NR
Penetration at 65  C 0.1 mm 13 max NR

Melting point C Min75 Max115 75e115

Flash point C 290 NR
PH Neutral NR
Polydispersity Index 1.33 NR
Density kg/m3 622(Pastille) 590(Pill) NR
Brookfield viscosity at 135  C cP 10e14 12
Qualitative Odor No odor
Visual color Grayish-white to yellowish
Physical State Pastilles and pills

NR: No Range.

Table 3 2.3.5. Multiple stress creep and recovery

Physical characteristics of Rediset® (Xiao et al., 2012). In the multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) procedure, two
Properties Values and range shear stresses, 100 and 3200 Pa, were applied to the subjected
short-term-aged samples at the performance grade temperature
Quantitative Flash point >93.5  C
PH NR
according to ASTM D7405-08 (ASTM, 2008) procedures. The
Qualitative Odor Amin like average non-recoverable creep compliances (Jnr) for asphalt binder
Visual color Brown samples incorporating different amounts of Sasobit® and Rediset®
Solubility in water Insoluble in cold water were computed at the end of 1 second creep and 9 second recovery
Physical State Pallete (solid)
time after 10 cycle loading. The experimental procedures are
NR: No Range. illustrated in Fig. 3. Based on the results outlined from rheological
binder tests, three scenarios were proposed to choose Sasobit® or
Rediset® primarily.
2.3. Test procedures

2.3.1. Aging protocols

The control and warm asphalt binders were artificially aged
using the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFO) and Pressure Aging
Vessel (PAV) according to ASTM D2872 (ASTM, 2006a) and ASTM
D6521 (ASTM, 2006b) procedures, respectively, to simulate short-
term and long-term aging.
2.3.2. Rotational viscometer
Viscosity is one of the fundamental properties of fluid materials
showing resistance to flow. Asphalt binders should be fluid enough
to be handled and pumped at the refinery, terminal, or hot mixing
facility (SP-1, 2003). A Brookfield rotational viscometer (RV) was
used to determine viscosity of unaged and short-term-aged warm
asphalt binder incorporating different amount of additives. A
temperature sweep was applied from 120  C to 160  C and
130  Ce180  C for PG 64 and PG 76 binders, respectively.
2.3.3. Dynamic shear rheometer
G*/sin (d) of unaged and aged binders were measured using a
dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). For the unaged and subjected
short-term-aged conditions, the temperature sweep was per-
formed at 46  Ce82  C at 6  C increments according to Super-
pave™. The G*sin (d) of binder samples subjected to long-term
aging was tested from 16  C to 31  C, and 25  Ce37  C, at 3  C in-
crements, for PG 64, and PG 76 samples, respectively.
2.3.4. Flow test
This test was carried out to study the flow behavior of binders at
various shear rates. The absolute viscosity of asphalt binder sam-
ples with and without Sasobit® and Rediset® was measured at
various shear rates ranging from 0.01 to 10 s1, at 60  C according to
Kim et al. (2011).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. New parameters and aspects
In this research, three new parameters, namely the non-
dimensional viscosity index (Vhs), the non-dimensional gradients
of the Superpave™ rutting factor (VNSRP), and the non-
dimensional relative G*sin (d) index (VRG) were used to charac-
terize the rate of changes in the chosen rheological properties of the
asphalt binder due to the different variables (WMA type and con-
tent, test temperature, and aging conditions). These parameters
were also used to compare the effects of different WMA types in
terms of the chosen rheological properties of the asphalt binders.
An additional parameter called the threshold of non-Newtonian
flow (TNF) was defined to study the transition of the asphalt
binders from Newtonian to non-Newtonian behavior when the
binders with different contents incorporated various types of
WMAs. Because it is impossible to test all binder types, two
representative binders and WMA types were chosen to demon-
strate that the parameters could be used for different binder types.
Each parameter was used for a specific temperature range.
3.2. Characterization of changes in high temperature viscosity
Tables 4 and 5 show the normalized rotational viscosity of
unaged and short-term-aged asphalt binder samples containing
different amounts of Sasobit® and Rediset® additives. The addition
of Sasobit® and Rediset® decreased the normalized viscosity irre-
spective of the asphalt binder type at a given test temperature and
aging state. However, the extent of viscosity reduction was different
for each WMA additive. To characterize the effects of the warm mix
additive on decreasing viscosity, the non-dimensional viscosity
index developed by Hamzah et al. (2012) is defined as follows:
 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106 93

Fig. 3. Flowchart to illustrate the experimental design process.

Table 4 Table 5
The normalized rotational viscosity results for unaged and short-term aged PG 64 The normalized rotational viscosity results for unaged and short-term aged PG 76
binder. binder.

Ta ( C) Sasobit® (%) Rediset® (%) Ta( C) Sasobit® (%) Rediset® (%)

0%b 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 0%b 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

120 Unaged 1 0.91 0.84 0.78 0.74 0.82 0.76 0.70 0.66 130 Unaged 1 0.95 0.86 0.75 0.65 0.95 0.83 0.78 0.74
130 1 0.93 0.86 0.79 0.72 0.87 0.82 0.74 0.69 140 1 0.95 0.71 0.67 0.60 0.92 0.88 0.80 0.76
140 1 0.96 0.89 0.81 0.70 0.85 0.81 0.77 0.69 150 1 0.95 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.90 0.89 0.79 0.78
150 1 0.99 0.94 0.85 0.72 0.92 0.92 0.79 0.73 160 1 0.96 0.89 0.83 0.79 0.93 0.87 0.80 0.77
160 1 0.97 0.93 0.89 0.83 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.77 170 1 0.92 0.91 0.84 0.82 0.93 0.90 0.83 0.83
180 1 0.91 0.81 0.79 0.72 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.93
120 STAc 1 0.92 0.83 0.75 0.63 0.88 0.78 0.69 0.66
130 1 0.84 0.78 0.62 0.55 0.87 0.79 0.71 0.67 130 STAc 1 0.92 0.84 0.77 0.68 0.81 0.72 0.65 0.58
140 1 0.93 0.85 0.77 0.69 0.89 0.79 0.72 0.69 140 1 0.80 0.55 0.57 0.46 0.83 0.75 0.69 0.61
150 1 0.93 0.86 0.80 0.74 0.85 0.80 0.70 0.70 150 1 0.84 0.65 0.64 0.53 0.85 0.81 0.74 0.64
160 1 0.90 0.82 0.75 0.70 0.86 0.78 0.78 0.78 160 1 0.95 0.92 0.81 0.71 0.87 0.79 0.72 0.63
a 170 1 0.94 0.87 0.84 0.68 0.86 0.78 0.71 0.63
Test temperature.
b 180 1 0.82 0.46 0.44 0.38 0.89 0.81 0.73 0.67
Zero WMA additive percent (the control binder).
c a
Sort-term-aged condition. Test temperature.
b
Zero WMA additive percent (the control binder).
c
Sort-term-aged condition.


n Therefore, Vhs is proposed as an appropriate factor to evaluate
hs ¼ (1)
n0 trends of the normalized viscosity of asphalt binders modified by
the WMA additives. For example, Vhs is 6.53% for PG 64 incorpo-
      rating Sasobit® at 120  C, indicating the normalized viscosity per 1%
vhS DhS hSiþ1  hSi Sasobit® decreases by 6.53% at 120  C, Conversely, Vhs shows that
VhS ¼ ¼ ¼ (2)
vS DS Siþ1  Si the normalized viscosity per 1% Rediset® is reduced by 8.47% at the
same test temperature. The observed difference of 1.84% (8.47%e
where hs is the relative viscosity of the binder sample, S is the 6.53%) implies that there is a difference in the ability of Sasobit®
additive content, n is the binder viscosity and n0 is the binder vis- and Rediset® to reduce the viscosity in terms of Vhs at 120  C. The
cosity at the initial or control condition. reduction in binder viscosity can also be attributed to different
Vhs shows the amount of reduction in normalized viscosity per chemical properties and mechanisms in the Sasobit® and Rediset®
unit percent WMA additive. Table 6 shows the ANOVA results for additive. Fig. 4 illustrates the relationship between Vhs and tem-
Vhs.The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicate that Vhs perature for various binder types and their aging states. Equations
depends on asphalt binder type, aging condition, test temperatures, (3)e(6) present the mathematical relation between Vhs and
additive type, and their interactions. temperatures.

8
< 0:063T þ 16:19 R2 ¼ 0:91 120 C  T  160 C for Rediset®
VhS ¼ 7:065% 120 C  T  150 C for Sasobit®
Unaged PG 64 (3)
:
4:16% T ¼ 160 C
94 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106

8
>
> 0:07T þ 16:90 R2 ¼ 0:81 120 C  T  160 C for Rediset®
<
VhS ¼ 9:22% T ¼ 120 C for Sasobit® Short­term aged PG 64 (4)
>
> 11:20% T ¼ 130 C
:
7:27% 140 C  T  160 C

Table 6
Summary of ANOVA results for non-dimensional viscosity index.

Source DF Sum of squares Adj mean square F p-Value Significant

AT 1 13.319 13.319 6.35 0.013 Yes

AC 1 183.478 183.478 87.53 <0.01 Yes
TT 4 87.633 21.908 10.45 <0.01 Yes
AT  AB 1 8.561 8.561 4.08 0.046 Yes
AT  TT 4 99.055 24.764 11.81 <0.01 Yes
AB  AC 1 53.966 53.966 25.75 <0.01 Yes
AB  TT 4 47.044 11.761 5.61 <0.01 Yes
AC  TT 4 55.419 13.855 6.61 <0.01 Yes
Error 97 203.324 2.096
Total 119 755.527

* AT: Additive type; AB: Asphalt binder; AC: Aging condition; TT: Testing Temperature,  : Interaction. R2 ¼ 0.73 R2(adj) ¼ 0.66.

Fig. 4. Temperature versus non-dimensional viscosity gradient (VhS) relationship for different binders.
 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106 95

Table 7
Summary of ANOVA results for NSRP.

Source DF Sum of square Adjusted mean square F p-Value Significant

AT 1 164.9544 164.9544 1166.22 <0.01 Yes

AB 1 8.4931 8.4931 60.05 <0.01 Yes
AC 1 3.2842 3.2842 23.22 <0.01 Yes
PA 4 74.4979 18.6245 131.67 <0.01 Yes
TT 6 64.8237 10.8040 76.38 <0.01 Yes
AT  AB 1 19.0680 19.0680 134.81 <0.01 Yes
AT  AC 1 1.6317 1.6317 11.54 <0.01 Yes
AT  PA 4 86.8761 21.7190 153.55 <0.01 Yes
AT  TT 6 57.6901 9.6150 67.98 <0.01 Yes
AB  AC 1 1.9323 1.9323 13.66 <0.01 Yes
AB  PA 4 5.3388 1.3347 9.44 <0.01 Yes
AB  TT 6 12.1086 2.0181 14.27 <0.01 Yes
AC  PA 4 3.3384 0.8346 5.90 <0.01 Yes
AC  TT 6 2.6957 0.4493 3.18 <0.01 Yes
PA  TT 24 32.3053 1.3461 9.52 <0.01 Yes
Error 769 108.7702 0.1414
Total 839 647.8084

*R2 ¼ 0.83R2 (adj) ¼ 0.81; AT: Additive type; AB: Asphalt binder; AC: Aging condition; PA: Percent of additive; TT: Testing Temperature;  : Interaction.

term aged PG 64 binders. This implies that short-term aging pro-

cess has no effect on the linear relationship between Vhs and
temperature.
In the case of Sasobit®-modified PG 64 binders, Vhs remains
constant at 7.065% from 120  C to 150  C for the unaged condition
while increasing to 7.27% from 140  C to 160  C when the binder is
subjected to the short-term aging condition. In other words, Vhs is
temperature independent from 120  C to 150  C for unaged PG 64
incorporating Sasobit®; the same could be said for the short-term
aged sample from 140  C to 160  C.
In the case of the PG 76 binder, the values of Vhs for unaged
binder samples incorporating Sasobit® is often higher than those
modified by Rediset® as indicated in Fig. 4(c). This implies that the
effect of Sasobit® in reducing binder viscosity is higher than
Rediset® at the temperatures tested. In addition, Fig. 4(d) shows
that short-term-aged Rediset®-modified PG 76 follows a linear
trend, but the short-term aged Sasobit®-modified PG 76 exhibits an
Fig. 5. NSRP for Sasobit®-modified PG 64 binders.
amorphous relationship.
In Fig. 4, Vhs of Rediset®-modified asphalt binders exhibit
different trends over the temperature ranges at each aging state,
irrespective of binder type, while this type in behavior in terms of
( Vhs cannot be seen for Sasobit®-modified binders. For instance,
0:002T2 þ 0:076T þ 42:68 R2 ¼ 0:92 for Rediset® Rediset®-modified PG 76 binders follow a polynomial and linear
VhS ¼
0:05T þ 16:14 R2 ¼ 0:73 for Sasobit® (5) relationship in unaged and short-term-aged conditions, respec-
  tively. However, unaged PG 76 binder incorporating Sasobit® shows
130 C  T  180 C for Unaged PG 76
a linear trend but becomes amorphous when the binder is sub-
jected to short-term aging. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the

VhS ¼ 0:034T þ 14:60 R2 ¼ 0:92 130 C  T  180 C for Rediset® Short  term aged PG 76 (6)

Fig. 4 clearly shows that the relationship between Vhs and
temperature is different between the two additives. For instance,
Fig. 4(a) and (b) show that Vhs linearly decreases for unaged and
short-term-aged PG 64 binder incorporating Rediset® as tempera-
ture increases, while Vhs fluctuates around 7.065% for unaged PG
64 binder modified by Sasobit® from 120  C to 150  C. The different
relationships between Vhs and temperature may be attributed to
the performance of the additive in terms of Vhs. However, unaged
PG 64 incorporating Rediset® follows the same trend as the short-
degree of viscosity reduction by Sasobit® in terms of Vhs.
Differences in Equations (5) and (6) can be used to quantify the
effects of binder type and aging state in terms of Vhs. For example,
the difference between unaged and short-term-aged Rediset®-
modified PG 76 is shown in Equation (7).
½DVhS Shortterm ¼ 0:002T2 þ 0:11T þ 28:08 130 C  T  180 C
(7)
96 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106
Fig. 6. NSRP for Sasobit®-modified PG 76 binders.
Equation (7) illustrates the effect of the short-term aging pro-
cess in terms of Vhs as a function of temperature.
3.3. Characterization of changes of G*/sin d
Table 7 shows that aging state, binder type, and test tempera-
ture have significant effects on the non-dimensional Superpave™
rutting parameter (NSRP). Therefore, NSRP can be adopted as a
suitable parameter to evaluate Sasobit®-modified binder rheology
at different aging states at intermediate temperature.
Equations (9) and (10) were developed to characterize the
rheological properties of PG 64 based on Equation (8) developed by
Hamzah et al. (2012). Error averages of the equations are 2.68% and
1% for the unaged and short-term aged conditions, respectively.
½G =sinds
NSRP ¼ ½G =sinðdÞn ¼
½G =sindC
where [G*/sin (d)]S and [G*sin (d)]C are G*/sin (d) of asphalt binders
incorporating additives and the control asphalt binder (without
additive), respectively.
For the unaged condition:
NSRP ¼ ½G =sindn ¼ 0:004T þ 0:1675S þ 0:9084 46 C  T
 82 C
For the short-term aging condition:
Fig. 7. Temperature versus VNSRP for different binder types incorporating Sasobit®.
NSRP ¼ ½G =sindn ¼ 0:0041T þ 0:2963S þ 0:77 46 C  T
 82 C 
(10)
Fig. 5 illustrates the minimum and maximum boundaries of
NSRP for unaged and short-term aged PG 64 binder. The minimum
boundaries are the same for each aging condition, but the
maximum boundary of short-term-aged samples is lower
compared to the unaged samples. The effect of aging decreases the
(8) maximum boundary of short-term aged PG 64 samples by 16.7% in
comparison with the maximum boundary of the unaged samples,
as shown in Fig. 5. Developing equations similar to Equations (9)
and (10) for PG 76 was not straightforward due to variations in
the relationship between NSRP and temperature at each aging
state, as illustrated in Fig. 6.
From Fig. 6, it can be seen that the NSRP follows a constant linear
trend from 46  C to 70  C, irrespective of Sasobit® content. This
linear trend is converted into a polynomial trend beyond 70  C and
up to 82  C. Equation (11) was developed for unaged PG 76 binder.
Fig. 6 shows that the NSRP reaches a peak at 76  C, the high tem-
(9)
perature grade of the binder. The value of the NSRP at the peak
depends on Sasobit® content.
 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106 97

Fig. 8. NSRP for various binder types.

8
>
> 2:68 S ¼ 4% 46 C  T  70 C
>
> 0:085T2 þ 13:10T  498:3 S ¼ 4% R2 ¼ 0:92 70 C  T  82 C
>
>
>
>
>
> 2:04 S ¼ 3% 46 C  T  70 C
<
0:05T2 þ 8:71T  331 S ¼ 3% R2 ¼ 0:95 70 C  T  82 C
NSRP ¼ (11)
>
> 1:568 S ¼ 2% 46 C  T  70 C
>
>
>
> 0:041T 2
þ 6:44T  245 S ¼ 2% R2 ¼ 0:95 70 C  T  82 C
>
>
>
> 1:36 S ¼ 1% 46 C  T  70 C
:
0:033T2 þ 5:19T  196:10 S ¼ 1% R2 ¼ 0:91 70 C  T  82 C

Fig. 6(b) illustrates the relationship between NSRP and tem- The relationships between NSRP and temperature are different
perature for the short-term aged PG 76 binder samples. The trend between PG 76 and PG 64. The comparison between Figs. 5 and 6,
of NSRP versus temperature is similar for different Sasobit® con- indicates a more complicated relationship for PG 76 than for PG 64.
tents. Equation (12) was developed for short-term aged PG 76 The role of the binder type on the rheological properties of the
binder samples. The observed differences between unaged and asphalt samples can be observed by comparing Equations (9) and
short-term aged samples are shown in the mathematical relations (10) with Equations (11) and (12). The role of binder type on the
and constants in Equations (11) and (12), and the differences can be rheological properties of the asphalt samples can be observed by
considered as the effects of aging associated with the Sasobit® comparing Equations (9) and (10) with Equations (11) and (12).
content for the PG 76 binder. There is an observed change in trends when different binder
8 sources and binder additives are used. Therefore, NSRP was used to
>
> 0:018T2 þ0:868T11:61 S ¼ 4% R2 ¼ 0:94 characterize the trends of the effects of the WMA additive content
< 6 3 2
NSRP ¼ 8105 T3 þ0:002T2 0:311Tþ10:18 S ¼ 3% R2 ¼ 0:84 on binder properties at intermediate temperatures. The NSRP
>
> 610 T 0:008T þ0:334T2:97 S ¼ 2% R2 ¼ 0:94 trends were significantly different depending on the Sasobit®
:
9105 T3 0:014T2 þ0:717T10:91 S ¼ 1% R2 ¼ 0:92 content, binder type and aging state. Equation (13) characterizes
(12) the trends of NSRP dependency to a unit WMA additive content
98 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106

When subjected to short-term aging, two linear trends are

observed for the VNSRP of PG 76, while no obvious trend can be
seen for PG 64 as shown in Fig. 7(b). According to the results,
Equation (14) of a multiple function is valid for the short-term-aged
PG 76 binder.

0:55T12:44 R2 ¼ 0:98 46 C  T  70 C
VNSRP ¼ 0S4
8:92T590:60 R2 ¼ 0:94 70 C  T  82 C
(14)
Fig. 8 shows the relationship between NSRP and temperature for
the Rediset®-modified asphalts. Two trends can be seen in terms of
the asphalt type. Fig. 8(a) and (b) show that NSRP increases linearly
as temperature rises for PG 64, irrespective of the aging state.
Equations (15) and (16) show multiple NSRP functions for unaged
and short-term-aged Rediset®-modified PG 64 binders.
8
>
> 0:003T þ 0:58 R2 ¼ 0:88 Rediset® ¼ 1%
<
NSRP ¼ 0:007T þ 0:453 R2 ¼ 0:89 Rediset® ¼ 2% 46 C
>
> 0:011T þ 0:362 R2 ¼ 0:96 Rediset® ¼ 3%
:
0:017T þ 0:02 R2 ¼ 0:97 Rediset® ¼ 4%
 T  82 C
(15)

8
>
> 0:002T þ 0:731 R2 ¼ 0:72 Rediset® ¼ 1%
<
NSRP ¼ 0:003T þ 0:746 R2 ¼ 0:89 Rediset® ¼ 2% 46 C
>
> 0:008T þ 0:467 R2 ¼ 0:93 Rediset® ¼ 3%
:
0:012T þ 0:192 R2 ¼ 0:95 Rediset® ¼ 4%
 T  82 C
(16)


By comparing Equations  and (16), it can be seen that the
(15)
slope for the equation DNSRP
DT for short-term-aged Rediset®-PG 64
binders is often lower than the slope of the unaged counterparts,
irrespective of the Rediset® content. This implies that the NSRP-
temperature sensitivity of short-term-aged asphalts decreases
due to the increase in stiffness that comes from short-term aging.
However, the y-intercepts of the short-term-aged Rediset®-modi-
fied asphalts increased for all Rediset® contents. Therefore, changes
Fig. 9. Temperature versus VNSRP for different binder types incorporating Rediset®. in slope and y-intercept are used to measure the effect of aging on
the NSRP. Equations (17) and (18) show the relationship between
NSRP and temperature for unaged and short-term aged Rediset®-
(1%) incorporated in the asphalt binder for each binder type and PG 76 binders.
aging condition.
8
     
>
> 0:007T þ 1:412 R2 ¼ 0:87 Rediset® ¼ 1%
<
vNSRP DNSRP NSRPSiþ1  NSRPSi
NSRP ¼ 0:005T þ 1:29 R2 ¼ 0:88 Rediset® ¼ 2% 46 C
VNSRP ¼ ¼ ¼ (13)
vS DS Siþ1  Si >
> 0:004T þ 1:121 R2 ¼ 0:87 Rediset® ¼ 3%
:
0:003T þ 1:03 R2 ¼ 0:81 Rediset® ¼ 4%
where VNSRP is the relative G*/sin (d) (NSRP) gradient, S is the  T  82 C
WMA additive, NSRPSiþ1 and NSRPSi are the NSRPs of the asphalt
(17)
binders incorporating additives and the control asphalt binder,
respectively. The denominator of the fraction in Equation (13) 8
shows the difference in WMA additive content. >
> 0:004T þ 1:194 R2 ¼ 0:92 Rediset® ¼ 1%
< 2 ®
Fig. 7 illustrates the relationship between VNSRP and temper- NSRP ¼ 0:006T þ 1:134 R2 ¼ 0:96 Rediset® ¼ 2% 46 C
ature for PG 64 and PG 76 at the unaged and short-term-aged >
> 0:006T þ 1:179 R ¼ 0:99 Rediset ¼ 3%
:
conditions, respectively. Although VNSRP somewhat increases as 0:005T þ 1:011 R2 ¼ 0:9 Rediset® ¼ 4%
the temperature elevates, there is no obvious equation that can be  T  82 C
found for VNSRP for both unaged binders (Fig. 7(a)). As an example,
(18)
VNSRP was calculated using data obtained by Wasiuddin et al.,
2007. The results indicated that the unit Sasobit® percent in- Despite the positive relationship between NSRP and tempera-
creases the relative G*/sin d by17.035% for unaged PG 64-22 at ture for the Rediset®-modified PG 64 samples, Fig. 8(c) and (d)
64  C, while the result of this research indicates that VNSRP in- reveal that the NSRP values of the PG 76 samples decreases as
creases by 30.69%. This difference may be attributed to the different temperature increases, irrespective of aging conditions. It indicates
source of PG 64 binders. that the values of G*/sin (d) of Rediset®-modified PG 76 are lower
 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106 99

Table 8
Summary of ANOVA results for RG.

Source DF Sum of square Adjusted mean square F p-Value Significant

AT 1 59.3346 59.3346 1798.79 <0.01 Yes

AB 1 0.8796 0.8796 26.67 <0.01 Yes
PA 2 21.3610 10.6805 323.79 <0.01 Yes
TT 4 1.3001 0.3250 9.85 <0.01 Yes
AT  AB 1 2.5108 2.5108 70.26 <0.01 Yes
AT  PA 2 45.8750 22.9375 695.38 <0.01 Yes
AT  TT 4 1.5739 0.3935 11.93 <0.01 Yes
AB  PA 2 1.0510 0.5255 15.93 <0.01 Yes
AB  TT 4 0.1046 0.0261 0.79 0.532 No
PA  TT 8 0.6713 0.0839 2.54 0.013 Yes
Error 150 4.9479 0.0330
Total 179 139.6097

*R2 ¼ 0.96 R2 adj ¼ 0.95, AT: Additive type; AB: Asphalt binder; PA: Percent of additive; TT: Testing Temperature;  : Interaction.

Fig. 10. Relationship between RG and temperature of the modified asphalt binders.

than the control PG 76 (without Rediset®) with increasing tem-
peratures. For example, the NSRP of the unaged PG 76 incorpo-
rating 3% Rediset® at 70  C is 0.80, which is 20% lower than the
NSRP of the PG 76 control binder. Therefore, Rediset® reduces G*/
sin (d) of the PG 76 samples as temperature rises. This phenomenon
is consistent with results reported by Xiao et al. (2012). They also
found that Rediset® reduced G*/sin (d) of some PG 76 samples
supplied from one particular source, while it increased G*/sin (d) for
samples from other sources. As a result, the relationships between
NSRP and temperature for Rediset®-modified binders depend on
asphalt type for each aging condition and Rediset® contents.
Figs. 5, 6 and 8 are associated with Equations (11) and (12) and
(14)e(18). The figures show that the relationship between NSRP
and temperature can be easily compared, and a difference in the
performance of warm binder additive in terms of the relative G*/sin
(d) is observed. The results of VNSRP show a decrease in relative G*/
sin (d) per 1% of Rediset®, while an increase in relative G*/sin (d)
when 1% of Sasobit® is observed when 1% of Sasobit® is added. It
can be seen that all asphalt binders incorporating Rediset® show
the linear relationship between NSRP and temperature, irrespective
of binder type and aging condition; however, binders with Sasobit®
exhibit various relationships. As a result, asphalt binders modified
100 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106
Fig. 11. VRG versus temperature for different binders.
by Rediset® show a linear order trend compared to those modified
by Sasobit®. Therefore, the rheological characteristics of Rediset®-
modified binders can be determined by considering the NSRP
values. In contrast, the NSRP-temperature correlation can be
significantly different for various binder types. Fig. 9 presents the
relationship of VNSRP versus temperature at various aging condi-
tions. It can be seen that VNSRP is negative for unaged and short-
term-aged Rediset®-modified PG 64 samples until 58  C and
67  C, respectively, and positive beyond these temperatures.
Therefore, 58  C and 67  C are the boundaries between negative
and positive VNSRP, called critical temperatures. This means that
adding unit percentage of Rediset® to the PG 64 binder increases
the G*/sin (d) of asphalt binder when the test temperature is higher
than 58  C and 64  C for unaged and short-term-aged conditions,
respectively. Therefore, the increase in relative G*/sin (d) per 1%
Rediset® or VNSRP of PG 64 samples is restricted to high temper-
atures, irrespective of aging condition.
Fig. 9 also shows that VNSRP for all PG 76 samples are negative,
indicating that adding Rediset® decreases the relative G*/sin (d) for
all of aging conditions. Furthermore, VNSRP decreases further
when the temperature increases, indicating that the decrease in G*/
sin (d) for Rediset®-modified asphalt binders is more significant
compared the control binder sample at the corresponding tem-
perature. Fig. 9 shows that the performance of Rediset® in terms of
VNSRP significantly depends on the binder type at each aging
condition.
By comparing Figs. 7 and 9, the values of VNSRP for Sasobit®-
modified asphalt binders are shown to be positive (without any
critical temperature), while some values of VNSRP of the unaged
and short-term aged asphalt binders incorporating Rediset® are
negative.
3.4. Characterization of changes in G*sin (d)
G*sin (d) indicates the stiffness of the asphalt binder at inter-
mediate temperatures as a result of long-term aging (MS-26, 2011).
A lower value is more desirable because it represents higher
resistance to cracking and less energy dissipation. Hamzah et al.
(2010a, b) proposed some design charts to determine the appro-
priate Sasobit® content based on G*sin (d) and energy input
required to raise aggregate temperature to the mixing point.
Jamshidi et al. (2012a, b) also used G*sin (d) to determine the
proper amount of recovered asphalt binder content supplied from
various sources. Therefore, G*sin (d) can be used as an indicator to
predict appropriate amount of asphalt binder modifier with stiff-
ening effects at intermediate temperatures.
To characterize the effect of additive content in G*sin (d) with
respect to a unit of additive content (1%) at each test temperature,
the relative G*sin (d) gradient (RG) is calculated using Equations
(19) and (20), based on Equations (1) and (2).
½G sinðdÞS
RG ¼ (19)
½G sinðdÞC
   
vRG DRG RGiþ1  RGi
VRG ¼ ¼ ¼ (20)
vS DS Siþ1  Si
where VRG is the relative G*sin (d) gradient; RG is the relative G*sin
(d); S is the WMA content; [G*sin (d)]S and [G*sin (d)]C are G*sin (d)
of the asphalt binders incorporating additives and the control
asphalt binder (without additive), respectively. RGSiþ1 and RGi is
the relative G*sin (d) for the asphalt binders incorporating WMA
additives and for the control binder samples, respectively. Table 8
summarizes the ANOVA results for the RGs of all asphalt binders
tested.
Fig. 10(a) and (b) show the relationship between RG and tem-
perature. As seen in Fig. 10, all of the RGs are above base line, which
is the RG of the control asphalt binder. This indicates that Sasobit®-
modified asphalt binders have higher relative G*sin (d) compared to
control binders. In contrast, RGs of the Rediset®-modified binders
are under the base line, indicating lower G*sin (d) in comparison
with the control binders (shown in Fig. 10(c) and (d)). In other
words, Rediset® makes the asphalt binder more resistant to inter-
mediate temperature cracking as compared to Sasobit®. Further-
more, Fig. 10(a) and (b) show that RGs of the Sasobit®-modified PG
76 asphalt binders have higher RG than the PG 64 samples incor-
porating Sasobit®. Conversely, PG 76 binders containing Rediset®
exhibit lower RGs compared to PG 64 binders; thus, it is necessary
to carefully select the type of binder to produce WMA because one
warm binder additive improves the rheological property of the
binder in terms of G*sin (d) of the asphalt, while another additive
may have a negative impact with the same binder type. Ideally, the
binder type, an appropriate binder content and the WMA additive
should be selected simultaneously to improve the overall rheo-
logical characteristics of the unaged and aged asphalt binders at the
desired temperature ranges. It is possible to balance the perfor-
mance of warm binders at high, intermediate and low tempera-
tures via the selection of an appropriate asphalt binder type and
WMA additive content.
Fig. 11 shows that relationship between VRG and temperature
for the Sasobit®-and Rediset®-modified asphalts. VRG shows an
increase in the relative G*sin(d) (RG) per 1% WMA additive. For
example, Fig. 11(a) reveals that 1% Sasobit® increases the RG of the
PG 64 binder by 40% at 25  C, while the same content increases the
RG of the PG 76 binder by almost 50% at the same temperature.
Fig. 11 also clearly shows that the VRG of the Sasobit®-modified
 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106
Fig. 12. Flow viscosity curve versus shear rate.
binders gradually increases over the temperature range, indicating
superior relative G*sin (d) for each unit percent Sasobit® added at
each test temperature. In contrast, VRG remains almost constant
at 5.64% and 11.96% for Rediset®-modified PG 64 and PG 76,
respectively, which means that VRG for the Rediset®-modified
samples is independent of temperature.
The results obtained from VRG analysis clearly indicate that
G*sin (d) of warm binders decreases when Rediset® is added to the
asphalt binders, while Sasobit® increases VRG, irrespective of the
asphalt binder type. Consequently, Rediset® is a more desirable
WMA additive compared to Sasobit®. The use of Rediset®-modified
PG 76 is more desirable when intermediate temperature cracking
needs to be considered.
3.5. Effects of WMA additives on flow
Fig. 12 illustrates the viscous flow curves as a function of the
shear rate for the two asphalt binders, PG 64 and PG 76. Two
101
phenomena can be seen in the figures. The first phenomenon is that
the addition of Sasobit® increases the asphalt binder viscosity at
60  C for both binder types, while the addition of Rediset® shows no
significant effects on the asphalt binder flow as indicated in
Fig. 12(a). For instance, the average viscosity of the control PG 64
and PG 76 at a shear rate of 0.1 1/s are approximately 370 Pa.s and
3852 Pa s, respectively. The average viscosities of PG 64 and PG 76
increase to 2607 Pa.s and 63,154 Pa.s at the same shear rate after the
addition of 3% Sasobit®. However, the corresponding values in-
crease to 457 Pa.s and 5588 Pa.s for PG 64 and PG 76, respectively,
after 3% Rediset® is added. Therefore, the viscosity of PG 64 and PG
76 samples incorporating 3% Sasobit® are 6.05 times and 15.40
times higher than that of the control PG 64 and PG 76 samples,
respectively. Nevertheless, the addition of 3% Rediset® enhances
the viscosity of PG 64 and PG 76 by 1.24 times and 1.45 times
compared to the control PG 64 and PG 76 samples. Such differences
in viscosity can be attributed to the different mechanisms to pro-
duce warm mix for the Sasobit® and Rediset® additives. The
102 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106

Fig. 13. Boundary of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian flow in terms of TNF for different asphalt binders and Sasobit® and Rediset® contents (S: Sasobit®;R: Rediset®).

significant increase in viscosity of the binder samples modified by viscosity at temperatures higher than the melting point of the
Sasobit® at intermediate temperature improves the asphalt per- asphalt binders. The differences observed between the viscosity of
formance grade. Therefore, Sasobit® increases viscosity at inter- the asphalt binder samples are more pronounced at low shear rates
mediate temperatures, while it decreases the asphalt binder than high shear rates for both binder types and additives. In other

Fig. 14. Cumulative shear strain for at different stress levels.

 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106
Fig. 15. Cumulative shear strain for PG 76 binder at different stress levels.
words, the viscosities of WMA asphalt binders converge with
increasing shear rates.
The second phenomenon observed in Fig. 12, is that some
modified asphalt binder samples behave in non-Newtonian flow as
the Sasobit® content increases. The viscosity of the Newtonian flow
is independent of the shear rate, and conventional asphalt binders
often exhibit Newtonian flow at temperatures greater than 60  C
(Kim et al., 2011). From Fig. 12(a), it can be seen that PG 64 samples
incorporating none or 1% Sasobit® and Rediset® follow the behavior
of Newtonian flow at 60  C, while other samples show non-
Newtonian flow. Fig. 12(b) and (c) also show that all PG 76 sam-
ples have non-Newtonian behavior with both additives. Fig. 12(a)
shows that the viscosities of the PG 64 samples modified with
2%e4% of Sasobit® and all PG 76 samples decrease as the shear rate
increases, exhibiting a shear thinning flow at 60  C. This phenom-
enon is called pseudoplasticity and is commonly seen in polymeric
materials. Fig. 12(a) also shows that the reduction in viscosity of
Sasobit®-modified PG 64 samples with respect to the shear rates
can be different for different Sasobit® contents. To define this effect,
the threshold of non-Newtonian flow (TNF) is introduced. Beyond
this threshold shear rate, the viscosity of the binder decreases as
shear rate increases. More details regarding TNF are provided by
Jamshidi (2013). The TNFs for the control PG 64 sample, the PG 64
sample containing Rediset® and 1% Sasobit® and the PG 76 samples
cannot be defined. This is because the control PG 64 and PG 64
containing Rediset® and 1% Sasobit® exhibit Newtonian flow
behavior along the shear rates, while the Rediset®-modified and
control asphalt binder PG 76 and PG 76 samples incorporating 1, 2,
and 4% Sasobit® are totally non-Newtonian. Fig. 13 illustrates the
TNFs for different binder samples.
103
Fig. 13 shows that the increase in Sasobit® content facilitates the
change from Newtonian behavior to non-Newtonian for the Saso-
bit®-modified PG 64 samples. The TNF values of PG 64 samples
decrease significantly when the Sasobit® content increases from 2%
to 4%. For instance, the TNF of PG 64 decreases by 71.67% and 76.47%
when the Sasobit® content increases from 2% to 3% and 3%e4%,
respectively, as indicated by the dashed arrow in Fig. 13. In other
words, non-Newtonian behavior can take place at low shear rates
for the PG 64 samples with increasing Sasobit® content. Therefore,
the TNF is influenced by the asphalt binder type and Sasobit®
content.
3.6. Effects of WMA additives on creep recovery
Figs. 14 and 15 illustrate the cumulative permanent shear strain
for the Sasobit® and Rediset®-PG 64 and PG 76 samples, respec-
tively. From Fig. 14, it can be seen clearly that the cumulative shear
strain decreases as the Sasobit® content increases for each binder
type and stress level, while Fig. 15 show that the cumulative shear
strain increases compared to the control sample when Rediset® is
added. However, the PG 64 binder incorporating 4% Rediset® shows
somewhat lower cumulative shear strain than the control binder at
100 Pa. Fig. 15(a) also reveals that the PG 76 binder containing 4%
Rediset® shows lower cumulative shear strain compared to the
samples with 2% Rediset® at 100 Pa and vice versa at 3200 Pa. In
addition, Fig. 14 (c) and (d) also presents sharp peaks (tooth shape)
that correspond to instantaneous shear strain, which is designated
as A. Such peaks are not seen for PG 64 samples. Furthermore, 14 (c)
and (d) show that the peak can be sharper for Sasobit®-modified PG
76 binder samples, as indicated by the letter B.
104 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106

The reason for the sharper peaks in the data for the PG 76
samples is related to the viscoelastic properties of the material.
Fig. 16(a) and (b) illustrate the shear permanent strain of the control
PG 76 and PG 64 samples, respectively, in the first cycle of the MSCR
test at 100 Pa. As seen in Fig. 16(a), after the instantaneous point
that takes place at the end of the loading phase, recovery begins
during the unloading phase. The binder sample tends to recover
gradually in the unloading phase until the loading phase of the next
cycle. It is one cycle of MSCR test at a given stress level. On the
contrary, Fig. 16(b) shows no or little recovery after loading.
The higher peaks for the Sasobit®-modified PG 76 samples are
sharper than those in the control PG 76, as shown by the letter B.
Fig. 14(c) indicates that more recovery can be seen in the Sasobit®-
modified PG 76 samples. Therefore, peaks in Fig. 14(c) show that
more recovery occurs in the PG 76 binder, which is consistent with
the rheological character of a polymer-modified binder.
Fig. 17 shows the relationships between the additive contents
and the non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr) for various binder
types and stress levels. Fig. 17(a) and (b) indicate that Jnr decreases
for various Sasobit® contents, while Fig. 17(c) and (d) show that Jnr
increases for each Rediset® content, stress level and asphalt type.
This indicates that Rediset® increases residual strain in the binder.
Therefore, Sasobit® decreases rutting potentials in the asphalt
binders in terms of Jnr, while Rediset® increases it, irrespective of
the binder type and stress level. Consequently, when rutting is the
most important problem to tackle, Sasobit® outperforms Rediset®.

4. Selection of appropriate WMA additive type

When choosing the preliminary WMA additive, the rheological

properties of the asphalt binder that the additive is required to
improve should be an important factor. It is obvious that the
desirable rheological properties depend on service conditions such
as ambient temperature and traffic loading. Therefore, three viable
scenarios have been suggested to select the preliminary WMA
additive based on the results of the Superpave™ asphalt binder
tests. It should be noted that the proposed scenarios are based on
the following conditions: the availability of the construction tech-
nology of WMA for both Sasobit® and Rediset® in all scenarios and
the skill of the staff involved in the construction are identical. The
effects of short-term aging can be evaluated using the proposed
matrix analysis for each scenario.
4.1. Scenario 1
The reduction in asphalt binder viscosity at a given temperature
can be seen in Fig. 4(a) in which the percent per unit of Rediset®
content decreases the relative viscosity of the PG 64 binder more
than the same content of Sasobit® does. For example, each unit of
Rediset® reduces the relative viscosity (Vhs.) of the unaged PG 64 by
8.5% and 5.75% at 120  C and 160  C, respectively, while Sasobit®
decreases the relative viscosity by 6.5% and 4.25% at the same
temperatures. Therefore, Rediset® is a more desirable WMA addi-
tive than Sasobit® for reducing the PG 64 viscosity in this study
because the viscosity reduction potential of Rediset® is higher than
Sasobit® in terms of Vhs.
On the other hand, Fig. 4(c) reveals that each percent per unit of
Sasobit® significantly reduces the relative viscosity of PG 76 from
130  C to 150  C and 180  C. However, the viscosity reduction po-
tential of Sasobit® in terms of VhS is very close to Rediset® at
160  Ce170  C. Therefore, Sasobit® is considered a more appro-
priate WMA additive to reduce the viscosity of PG 76 when
compared to Rediset®.
Fig. 16. Shear strain at stress level 100 pa during one cycle of MSCR test.
4.2. Scenario 2
When the asphalt pavement is prone to rutting, such as during
periods of high in-service temperatures and heavy traffic volume,
Sasobit® is the preferred additive instead of Rediset®. This is
because each percent per unit of Sasobit® increases the relative G*/
sin (d) and VNSRP of both binder types at a given temperature, as
clearly shown in Fig. 7. In contrast, Fig. 9 shows that each percent
per unit of Rediset® decreases the relative G*/sin (d) (corresponding
to negative values of VNSRP) of PG 76 for each temperature tested.
In the case of PG 64, Fig. 9 shows that the increase in the relative G*/
sin (d) per percent per unit of Rediset® (corresponding to positive
values of VNSRP) is only observed from 58  C to 76  C for the
unaged and 67  Ce76  C for the short-term aged PG 64 binder.
Therefore, adding Rediset® decreases the relative G*/sin (d) of PG 64
samples at temperatures below these ranges. Consequently, asphalt
researchers and engineers are suggested to use Rediset® when the
asphalt pavement is facing service temperatures higher than 67  C
to ensure better performance in terms of G*/sin (d). On the other
hand, Sasobit® also decreases asphalt binder viscosity flow (Fig. 12),
cumulated shear strain (Fig. 14), and Jnr (Fig. 17), irrespective of the
binder type.
4.3. Scenario 3
When the asphalt pavement is prone to intermediate temper-
ature cracking, it is suggested to use Rediset® as an additive because
the results of VRG, as shown in Fig. 11, prove that adding a unit
 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106
Fig. 17. Effects of WMA content on Jnr for various binder type at different stress levels.
percentage of Rediset® reduces relative G*sin (d) of PG 64 and PG 76
binders by 5.64% and 11.96%, respectively. In contrast, Fig. 10 il-
lustrates how adding a unit percentage of Sasobit® increases the
relative G*sin (d) of asphalt binders at each test temperature.
Therefore, the asphalt binder stiffness is reduced when Rediset® is
added, while adding Sasobit® increases the stiffness, irrespective of
the binder type.
It should be noted that the scenarios proposed above are
intended to serve as primary guidelines based on the results from
rheological asphalt binder tests. It is obvious that asphalt mixture
performance tests such as wheel tracking, fatigue, moisture sensi-
tivity, and simple performance tests, are also recommended.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
In this work, three parameters were used to compare the per-
formance of Sasobit® and Rediset® additives at both high and in-
termediate temperatures. The parameters were non-dimensional
viscosity index (Vhs), gradient of the Superpave™ rutting factor
(VNSRP), and gradient of the G*sin (d) (VRG). In fact, these pa-
rameters have two main applications: (1) characterization of the
rate of changes in the rheological properties of asphalt binders due
to the use of various WMA types and content at different test
temperatures and aging states, (2) comparison of the performance
of various WMA types in terms of changes in the rheological
properties of binders.
The results of material property analyses in terms of Vhs indi-
cate that asphalt binders incorporating Rediset® have more
coherent behavior than those incorporating Sasobit®. Therefore, it
is difficult for asphalt researchers and engineers to predict the
behavior of Sasobit®-modified binders in terms of Vhs at different
test temperature and aging states. The results of Vhs also show that
105
each percent of added Rediset® decreases the viscosity of unaged
PG 64 to a greater degree than the same amount of Sasobit® at a low
testing temperature e approximately 120  Ce140  C. In contrast,
each percent of Sasobit® reduces the viscosity of unaged PG 76 at
low temperatures, indicating that the amount of reduction per unit
percent additive is dependent on binder type.
The positive values of VNSRP clearly indicate that each unit
percentage of Sasobit® increases the relative G*/sin (d) of all of the
binders at each test temperature and aging condition. On the
contrary, the negative results for VNSRP of Rediset®-modified PG 76
binder show that G*/sin (d) decreases per unit percent of Rediset®.
However, the VNSRP of Rediset®-modified PG 64 binder samples
were positive from 58  C to 76  C and from 67  C to 76  C for the
unaged and short-term aging conditions, respectively. The values of
VNSRP for PG 64 incorporating Rediset® below 58  C and 67  C for
unaged and short-term aging conditions were negative, indicating
that adding a unit percentage of Rediset® decreases G*/sin(d) for
each aging state. Therefore, these boundary temperatures were
critical points for VNSRP.
It is also found that the relative G*sin (d) per unit percent
Sasobit® (VRG) increases linearly with temperature, while VRG
remains constant for each binder type that incorporated Rediset®;
in the other words, VRG of Rediset®-modified binders were tem-
perature independent. As a result, the proposed parameters (Vhs,
VNSRP and VRG) can allow asphalt researchers and engineers to
compare the performance of a unit percentage (1%) of Sasobit® with
a unit percentage (1%) Rediset® in terms of changes in relative
viscosity and G*/sin (d) and G*sin (d) despite the difference in the
mechanisms of Sasobit® and Rediset® in reducing the construction
temperature of the asphalt mixtures.
The results of the flow test indicates that adding Sasobit® in-
creases the viscosity of both the PG 64 and PG 76 binders at 60  C,
106 A. Jamshidi et al. / Journal of Cleaner Production 100 (2015) 89e106
while adding Rediset® increases the PG 76 binder's viscosity. The
results of the flow tests also indicate that adding 2%e4% Sasobit®
turns the binder behavior of PG 64 from Newtonian into non-
Newtonian flow. To define this change in terms of rheological
character, TNF was defined. The results show that when the Saso-
bit® content increases, TNF decreases. This suggests that non-
Newtonian behavior can be observed at a low shear rate. The
flow test results also show that adding Rediset® does not change
the Newtonian behavior of the PG 64 binder. The MSCR results
showed that Sasobit® decreases the cumulative shear strain of
asphalt binders, while Rediset® increases it, irrespective of binder
type and stress level.
More research is required to characterize the changes in binder
and mixture properties due to the use of WMA additives. Moreover,
it is necessary to develop predicted scenarios and guidelines,
which, in turn, are based on the results of laboratory tests. In
conclusion, the rise and fall of WMA technology is linked to its
ability to address current and future requirements. These capabil-
ities depend on the current research addressing the predicted
requirements.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Universiti Sains Malaysia for
the financial support through the Research University Individual
(RUI) Grant Scheme (grant number 1001.PAWAM.814231) that has
enabled this paper to be written.
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