Group Assignment On

ETIOLOGY OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS AND IDD

By
HAJRA WAQAR
SAIRA BANO
SABA KAMAL
UROOJ JAN
SHEEMA MUMTAZ
BS 6TH Semester,
Department of Psychology

Submitted To
MAM. KAINAT ZIA
The University of Malakand, Dir Lower
 Table Of Contents

Topic Name page number

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

 Biological factors 03
 Sociocultural factors 03
 Psychological factors 03
 Psychodynamic explanations 03
 Behavioral explanations 04
 Learned helplessness 04
 Cognitive explanations 04
 Etiology of dysthymia disorder 04
 Biological factors 04
 Environmental factors 04
 Psychological factors 04
 Temperamental factors 04
 Psychodynamic 05
 Cognitive 05
 Behavioral 05
 Biological factors of IDD 05
 Environmental conditions 05
 Other cuases of IDD 05
 Environmental hazard 05
 Prenatal 05
 Perinatal trauma 05
 Postnatal 06
 Emotional problems 06
ETIOLOGY OF MAJOR DEPRESSION
Factors in the aetiology of major depression .
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

 Both norepinephrine and serotonin have been implicated in the etiology of depression.
 Rampello et al. 2000 argued that mood is consequence of an imbalance between
several neurotransmitter including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and
acetylcholine.
 Low level of serotonin disrupt activity within brain system which results in depression.
 Although there have been some negative findings, there is increasing consensus that
genetics factors influence risk for major depression. McGuffin et al.1996.
 Genes thought to be associated with depression include those involved in the synthesis of
serotonin from tryptophan and the transmission of serotonin at the synapse.

SOCIO- CULTURAL FACTORS

 A number of social stresses have been shown to increase risk of major depression.
 Prevalence rates of depression are relatively high among the poor ethnic minorities and
those with poor social or marital support. Jenkinset et al .1998.
 More acute life stresses such as divorce or separation may also trigger episodes of
depression, conversely a good social support network can be protective. Paykel 1994.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

 Psychological factors also seems to be involved major life stresses especially separation
and losses, commonly of major depression.
 Childhood trauma also correlates with severity of depression
 Even good events such as starting a new job graduating or getting married can lead to
depression because these are major life events and if one is not fully mentally prepared
for it then it lead to depression because of adjustment issues are feeling overwhelmed by
situation .

Psychodynamic Explanation

Freud consider depression to be a similar process to grieving. During grieving the individual
regresses to the oral stage of development as a defense mechanism against overwhelming
distress.

Behavioral Explanation
Behavioral theories of depression typically focus on operant conditioning process low this lead
to low mood and reduction in behavioral intended to gain social reward . they gain sympathy or
attention as a result of their behavior .

Learned helplessness

There has been a shift from behavioral to cognitive behavioral explanation of the emotional
disorder.

They eventually stopped trying to avoid the shock even when the possibility of escape was open
to them. They had learned that they could not avoid the shock, and expressed their helplessness
by inertia and not trying to change the situation.

Cognitive Explanation

Seligman behavioral model of depression was revised in the late 1970s by Abramson et al.
(1978), partly in response to the developing paradigm of cognitive psychology.

Depressions tend to view negative event or outcomes as internal, stable, and

having global causes.

By contrast , psitive outcimes are attributed to external , unstable , specific

causes . there is strong reciprocity between mood and cognition . negitive
cognition lower mood andlow mood increase the silence of negative
cognition. In addition the frequency of negative cognition influenced the
duration of depression .

TREATMENT

 Cognitive behavior therapy CBT

 Interpersonal therapy IPT
 Mindfulness based cognitive therapy MBCT.

Etiology of dysthymia disorder

Following factors play role in developing dysthymia disorder.

Biological factors

Chemical imbalance in brain, low number of tester on in man, cognitive decline or bereavement,
physical disability, a family history of the condition etc.
Environmental factors

Situational variables such as stress , loss , grief , major life changes, trauma, chronic social/
academic difficulties , child neglect, social isolation etc.

Psychological factors

Antisocial,boderline, dependent, depressive, histrionic or schizotypal personality traits people

diagnosis with these are at an increased risk for devolving dysthymic disorder.

Temperamental factors (negative effectively)

Ruminative coping strategies (these as opposed to problem solving or cognitive restructuring

strategies are most common among people with dysthymia or may predispose to or sustain
dysthymia).

Psychodynamic

Stressful events in the childhood, repressed thoughts in the unconscious, conflicts between Id
and superego.

Cognitive

Wrong beliefs, irrational perception of self and the world.

Behavioral

It is learned (depression) behavioral psychologist suggest that it can be also unlearned.

TREATMENT

 Dysthymia is treated with many of the same approaches used to treat major depression
such as talk therapy , psychotherapy and antidepressants medications SSRIs TCAs
SNRIs

BIOLOGICAL Factors of IDD

Genetic conditions:

 These include things like down syndrome and fragile X syndrome.

 The two most common genetic causes of intellectual disabilities are Down syndrome and
Fragile X syndrome.
 Infection diseases: Including rubella, parental syphilis and encephalitis.
  Certain types of infections can lead to intellectual disabilities. .

OTHER CAUSES OF IDD

Environmental hazard:

 Environmental exposure during pregnancy may lead to intellectual disability.

 Poor sociocultural home environment
 Poverty
 Too much noisy Area and television view

Prenatal:

 Genetic syndromes
 Environmental influences
 Mental disease
 Inborn errors of metabolism

Perinatal trauma:

 Delivery related events

 Including asphyxia during birth.
 Syphilis and herpes simplex.

Postnatal

 Infection
 Traumatic Brian injury
 Severe and chronic social deprivation
 Toxic metabolic syndromes and intoxication Psychiatric Disorders:
 Depression or psychosis
Emotional problems
 Chronic neglect, sexual abuse, parents getting divorced or losing siblings.


TREATMENT
 These therapies are helpful for many people with intellectual
disabilities
ID formerly mental retardation, occupational therapy, speech therapy, physical
therapy .
 References
 Vishnugha kannapiran published on March 26 ,2015
 Jay W Ellison, Jill A Rosenfeld, Lisa G Shaffer
 Annual review of medicine 64, 441-450, 2013